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Rak dojk je znotraj ženske populacije v Sloveniji najpogostejši rak, saj je vsak peti nov primer raka pri ženskah rak dojk ("Rak dojk", 2021). Zdravljenje raka je fizično in psihično zelo naporno (Dollinger idr., 1995). Bolezen vedno prizadene človeka kot celoto, zato gre pri rehabilitaciji za dinamičen in multidisciplinaren proces (Borštnar idr., 2006). Pomemben del celostne rehabilitacije je zdrav življenjski slog, katerega del je tudi telesna aktivnost, ki pomaga nadzorovati zdravo telesno težo in izboljša kakovost življenja (Ruiz-Vozmediano, 2020). Trenutno je vadba priznana kot ključni element pri rehabilitaciji bolnic z rakom za zmanjšanje negativnih učinkov zdravljenja, izboljšanje kakovosti življenja in izboljšanje telesnega ter duševnega zdravja (Ten Tusscher idr., 2019). Razumevanje blagodejnega vpliva telesne dejavnosti na stranske učinke zdravljenja in na fizično ter psihosocialno zdravje bolnic z rakom dojk med rehabilitacijo in po zaključenem zdravljenju je pomembno za njihovo celostno obravnavo. V okviru magistrske naloge smo želeli preveriti stališča bolnic z rakom dojk in zdravstvenih delavcev, vključenih v proces zdravljenja raka dojk, do vodene kineziološke vadbe, vključene v osnovno zdravljenje bolnic z rakom dojk. Uporabili smo kvalitativno raziskovalno metodo in za potrebe naloge razvili dva polstrukturirana intervjuja, namenjena bolnicam z rakom dojk in zdravstvenim delavcem, vključenim v proces zdravljenja raka dojk. Stališča so bila obojestransko zelo pozitivna z zavedanjem pomembnosti pravilne, tarčne in varne telesne dejavnosti za izboljšanje kvalitete življenja bolnic. Telesna aktivnost je bolnicam predstavljala zelo pomemben del življenja. Pomagala jim je blažiti mnoge stranske učinke terapije, kot so utrujenost, zmanjšana mišična moč in aerobna funkcija ter nespečnost. Vzbujala jim je pozitivna čustva, kot so sreča, veselje, zadovoljstvo in ponos. Na vodeni vadbi so spoznale bolnice s podobno zgodbo, ki so jim nudili socialo oporo in z njimi delile nasvete. V Sloveniji je takšna praksa le redko prisotna. Bolnice ob podani diagnozi in skozi proces rehabilitacije ne dobijo konkretnih informacij o gibanju in telesni aktivnosti med zdravljenjem, ki bi jim lahko izboljšala kvaliteto življenja. Vključitev kinezioterapije v osnovno zdravljenje in celostno rehabilitacijo bolnic z rakom dojk je v procesu zdravljenja raka fundamentalno, saj zdravljenje raka ni le zdravljenje tumorja, ampak vključuje veliko več. Vključuje tudi osebo. Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer in the female population in Slovenia, with one in five new cases of cancer in women being breast cancer ("Breast cancer", 2021). Cancer treatment is physically and psychologically very demanding (Dollinger et. al., 1995). The disease always affects the person as a whole, so rehabilitation needs to be a dynamic and multidisciplinary process (Borštnar et. al., 2006). An important part of holistic rehabilitation is a healthy lifestyle, of which physical activity is an important part. It helps to control a healthy weight and improves quality of life (Ruiz-Vozmediano, 2020). Currently, exercise is recognised as a key element in the rehabilitation of cancer patients to reduce the negative effects of treatment and improve quality of life, improving physical and mental health (Ten Tusscher et. al., 2019). Understanding the beneficial impact of physical activity on the side effects of cancer treatment is important for a holistic management of the process. Physical activity can ease the side effects of treatment and can be beneficial to the physical and psychosocial health of breast cancer patients during rehabilitation and after treatment. The aim of this thesis was to examine the attitudes of breast cancer patients and health professionals involved in breast cancer treatment that includes kinesiotherapy as a primary element. We used a qualitative research method and developed two semi-structured interviews for the purpose of the thesis, targeting breast cancer patients and health professionals involved in breast cancer treatment. The views were mutually very positive, with an awareness of the importance of correct, targeted, and safe physical activity to improve the quality of life of patients. Physical activity was a very important part of life for the patients. It helped them to mitigate many of the side effects of therapy, such as fatigue, reduced muscle strength, reduced aerobic function and insomnia. It gave them positive emotions, such as happiness, joy, satisfaction, and pride. Through the guided exercise, they met other patients with similar stories, who provided social support and shared advice with them. This practice is rare in Slovenia. Therefore, when patients are diagnosed and during the rehabilitation process, they do not receive concrete information on exercise and physical activity during treatment that could improve their quality of life. The inclusion of kinesiotherapy in the basic treatment and overall rehabilitation of breast cancer patients is fundamental in the cancer treatment process because cancer treatment is not just about treating the tumour, it involves much more. It also involves the person.

Cilj magistrskega dela je bil prikazati primer trimesečnega programa športne vadbe s slepim dečkom starim osem let, ki obiskuje redni pouk drugega razreda osnovne šole. Pri sestavi programa smo sledili učnemu načrtu in dodali specifične pristope in dejavnosti za razvoj njegovih gibalnih sposobnosti. Cilj našega magistrskega dela je bil preučiti najpogostejše težave, ki se pojavljajo pri izvajanju športnih dejavnosti v različnih vsebinskih sklopih predmeta šport, pri izbranem učencu s posebnimi potrebami. Želeli smo tudi ugotoviti, katere prilagoditve so potrebne za optimalno izvajanje teh dejavnosti. V naši raziskavi smo želeli tudi preveriti, katere specifične cilje na področju znanja, gibalnih sposobnosti ter socialno-čustvenega razvoja bo izbrani učenec lahko dosegel pri vsakem od tematskih sklopov pri predmetu šport. Ugotovili smo, da je za uspešno izvajanje pouka športa s slepim učencem potrebno kar nekaj prilagoditev, znanja in predvsem razumevanja. Zato se potrebuje ustrezen kader, ki je sposoben delovati s to populacijo posebnih potreb. Potrebno je, da učitelj slepega učenca, ki poučuje šport, pozna primerne pristope in metode poučevanja slepih in slabovidnih oseb. Z magistrskim delom smo želeli tudi pomagati vsem športnim delavcem, ki se na kakršen koli način ukvarjajo ali z vadbami ali animacijami slepih in slabovidnih otrok, da lahko na enem mestu najdejo priporočila in nasvete kako se soočiti z delom pri tej specifični populaciji. The purpose of the study was to present a three months sports program with an eight years old blind boy attending regular second grade elementary school classes. In designing the program, we followed the curriculum and added specific approaches and activities to develop his motor skills. In the master's thesis, we aimed to investigate which difficulties the selected student most often encountered in performing sports activities in individual content areas of the subject of sports and which adaptations the selected student needed for their best performance. We also wanted to determine which goals in the field of knowledge, motor skills, and socio-emotional level the selected student would achieve in each thematic unit of the subject of sports. We have found that successful implementation of sports education for a visually impaired student requires several adjustments, knowledge and especially understanding. Therefore, it is necessary to have an appropriate staff capable of working with this population with special needs. The teacher who instructs visually impaired students in sports education needs to be familiar with appropriate approaches and methods of teaching for visually impaired individuals. With the master's thesis, we also wanted to help all sports workers who deal with sports or animations for blind and visually impaired children in any way, to find recommendations and advice on how to cope with work with this specific population in one place.

Namen magistrskega dela je bilo ugotoviti in celovito predstaviti značilnosti tekmovalnih disciplin dirkališčnega kolesarstva. S tem namenom je bil v magistrski nalogi izveden sistematični pregled obstoječih raziskav, ki so preučevale značilnosti vseh tekmovalnih disciplin dirkališčnega kolesarstva. Dirkališčno kolesarstvo velja v svetu za eno izmed najrazvitejših ter najbolj priljubljenih vej tekmovalnega kolesarstva. V Sloveniji omenjena panoga prav tako spada med bolj razširjene, ki je v zadnjih nekaj letih deležna še dodatnega razvoja. Izjemno pomemben delež k temu zagotovo prispeva izgradnja notranjega velodroma v Češči Vasi pri Novem Mestu, ki v slovenskem prostoru zagotavlja unikatne pogoje za izvedbo vadbenega procesa ter tekmovaj vseh kategorij tekmovalnega kolesarstva. Obravnavana veja kolesarstva spada med najbolj unikatne veje tekmovalnega športa nasploh, saj jo sestavlja kar 11 poddisciplin, ki jih delimo v dve skupini, in sicer v skupino šprinterskih disciplin ter v skupino vzdržljivostnih disciplin. Za vsako izmed poddisciplin so značilne specifične tekmovalne zahteve, ki posledično pogojujejo fiziološke, morfološke in psihološke značilnosti ter tehnično in taktično znanje tekmovalcev in tekmovalk. Zaradi morebitnih podobnosti dirkališčnih disciplin s preostalimi panogami ter disciplinami tekmovalnega kolesarstva smo v uvodu opisali njihove značilnosti in zahteve. Ugotavljanje morebitnih podobnosti disciplin lahko zaradi interdisciplinarnega prenosa znanj koristno vpliva tudi na sam vadbeni proces ter večjo tekmovalno uspešnost. Poleg tega smo v uvodu opisali tudi vse pomembne gibalne in funkcionalne sposobnosti v kolesarstvu, delovanje fizioloških energetskih sistemov ter navsezadnje tudi zgodovinski razvoj kolesarskega športa tako po svetu kot v Sloveniji. V razpravi smo opredelili dirkališčno kolesarstvo ter opisali vse posamezne poddiscipline. Ob tem smo navedli ter opisali vse zunanje dejavnike, ki v večji ali manjši meri vplivajo na kolesarje in kolesarke ter navedli in opisali smernice poteka vadbenega procesa tako šprinterskih kot tudi vzdržljivostnih disciplin. Magistrsko delo športni stroki tako nudi natančnejše razumevanje širokega področja dejavnikov, ki v končni fazi vplivajo na tekmovalno uspešnost v vrhunskem športu. The aim of this master's thesis is to identify and comprehensively present the characteristics of track cycling disciplines. For this purpose a systematic review of research was conducted, examining the characteristics of each competitive track cycling discipline for elite categories of men and women competitors. Track cycling is considered as one of the most developed and popular cycling disciplines of competitive cycling in the world. It is also one of the more widespread cycling disciplines in Slovenia, which recently began with additional development of this cycling branch. The recent construction of the indoor velodrome in Češča Vas near Novo Mesto certainly contributes an extremely important part to this, which provides unique conditions for carrying out the training process and competitions in all categories of competitive cycling. Track cycling is one of the most unique branches of competitive sports in general, as it consists of as many as 11 sub-disciplines, which are divided into two groups, namely the group of sprint disciplines and the group of endurance disciplines. Each of the sub-disciplines is characterized by specific competition requirements, which condition the physiological, morphological and psychological characteristics as well as the technical and tactical knowledge of male and female competitors. Due to possible multi-dimensional similarities of track disciplines with other disciplines of competitive cycling, we described characteristics and requirements of the latter in the introduction. Determining possible similarities between disciplines can also have a beneficial effect on the training process itself and subsequently greater competitive performance due to the interdisciplinary transfer of knowledge. In addition, in the introduction we also described all the important physical and functional characteristics of performance in cycling, physiological energy systems and, ultimately, the historical development of cycling in the world and on Slovenian territory. In the discussion, we defined track cycling and a detailed description of all individual sub-disciplines. At the same time, we also listed and described all external factors that have a greater or lesser influence on cyclists, and additionally listed and described the guidelines for organizing training process of both sprint and endurance disciplines. The sports profession will thus benefit from a more precise understanding of the wide range of factors that ultimately affect competitive performance in elite sports due to this thesis.

Uvod: Ženska se v obdobju, ko prevzema materinsko vlogo, srečuje z veliko spremembami. Poleg ostalih sprememb prehod v materinstvo zaznamujejo tudi lastna pričakovanja o videzu telesa, ki pa so velikokrat izoblikovana glede na kulturne in družbene norme okolja, v katerem živi. Rezultati vse več raziskav kažejo na negativne učinke tradicionalnih medijev na dojemanje telesne podobe, z rastjo uporabe novih medijskih kanalov pa raste tudi količina teh negativnih vplivov. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je s pregledom literature oceniti vpliv družbenih omrežij na samopodobo ženske v obdobju po porodu. Metode dela: Pri pisanju diplomskega dela je bila uporabljena deskriptivna metoda dela. Literatura je bila iskana v podatkovnih bazah Medline, Science Direct, Cinahl, ResarchGate (s strežnikom NCBI in iskalnikom Pubmed), in sicer v času med marcem 2022 in oktobrom 2022. Pri iskanju literature so bile uporabljene naslednje ključne besede v angleškem in slovenskem jeziku: telesna samopodoba IN družbena omrežja IN poporodno obdobje IN telo po porodu IN medicinska sestra body image AND social media AND postpartum AND body AND nurse. Rezultati: Ženske v poporodnem obdobju poročajo o slabšem fizičnem in psihičnem počutju kot v obdobju pred porodom. Največje izzive vidijo v sprejemanju telesnih sprememb,v omejevanju pridobivanja teže, partnerstvu in vzpostavitvi učinkovitega dojenja. Družbena omrežja imajo pri tem velik vpliv, saj tam velikokrat zasledimo nerealne prikaze fotografij žensk po porodu, kar mamicam znižuje telesno samopodobo, saj same ne dosegajo takšnih lepotnih idealov. Telesno samopodobo višajo dojenje, spolnost, telesna vadba, religioznost itd. Razprava in zaključek: Družbeni mediji nam s svojo vsebino posredujejo lepotne ideale neke družbe. Ženske se primerjajo z modeli na spletu, kar negativno vpliva na njihovo dojemanje lastne telesne podobe. Smiselno bi bilo razmisliti o strokovni podpori članov zdravstvenega tima. Pomoč bi se lahko izvajala tudi preko spleta, in sicer v obliki forumov ali skupin, kjer bi podajali strokovna mnenja ženskam po porodu in jim nudili pomoč, kadar jo potrebujejo. Prav tako bi bilo treba ženskam v Sloveniji kot del preventive po porodu omogočiti možnost obiska psihologa. Introduction: A woman faces many changes as she transitions into motherhood. Among other changes, this transition is marked by her own expectations of her body image, which are often shaped by the cultural and social norms of her environment. A growing body of research shows the negative impact of traditional media on body image perceptions, and more recently the negative impact of new media channels on body image perceptions. Purpose: The aim of this thesis is to assess the impact of social networking sites on women's self-image in the postpartum period through a literature review. Methods: The descriptive method of work was used for the elaboration of the thesis. Literature was searched in Medline, Science Direct, Cinahl, ResarchGate (with NCBI server) and Pubmed between March 2022 and October 2022.The following keywords in English and Slovenian were used in the literature search: telesna samopodoba AND družbena omrežja AND poporodno obdobje AND telo po porodu AND medicinska sestra body image AND social media AND postpartum AND body AND nurse. Results: Women in the postnatal period have a worse physical and mental well-being than in the antenatal period. They see the biggest challenges in accepting body changes, gaining weight, partnering and establishing effective breastfeeding. Social networks have a major influence in this respect, as they often show unrealistic images of postnatal women, which lower mothers' body self-esteem because they do not achieve such goals. Breastfeeding, sexuality, exercise, religiosity, etc., increase body self-esteem. Discussion and conclusion: Social media and the content of social media represent the beauty ideals of society in our lives. Women are susceptible to this and compare themselves to models online, which has a negative impact on their perception of body image. It would be good to consider professional support for members of the health care team also online, in the form of forums or groups, where they could give expert opinions to postnatal women and offer them help when they need it. It would also be good if women in Slovenia had the option of seeing a psychologist as part of their postnatal care.

Uvod: Dihalni sistem ima ključno vlogo pri vzdrževanju vitalnih človeških procesov. Skupaj s srčno-žilnim in centralnim živčnim sistemom je odgovoren za vse procese, povezane z oksigenacijo in hemodinamiko. Njegova posebnost je, da nanj vpliva tudi gibanje telesa, še posebej če gre za periodično gibanje. V dihanje lahko posegamo hoteno, z vsiljevanjem frekvence ali z uporabo dihalnih vzorcev, s katerimi spreminjamo upor v dihalnih poteh. Učinki različnih moduliranih vzorcev dihanja na fiziološki odziv telesa med obremenitvijo niso dobro raziskani. Namen: Namen magistrskega dela je ugotoviti, kako uporaba določenega vzorca dihanja med srednje intenzivno telesno vadbo na cikloergometru vpliva na fiziološke prilagoditve telesa na napor ter kakšno je subjektivno zaznavanje napora. Metode dela: V raziskavi je sodelovalo 26 mladih zdravih preiskovancev. Po osnovnih meritvah smo izvedli raziskovalni protokol (5 - minut mirovanje, 5 - minut obremenitev na cikloergometru ter 10 - minut mirovanje), ki smo ga ponovili trikrat, vsakič z uporabo naključno izbranega dihalnega vzorca: spontan izdih, izdih z odprtimi usti ter izdih s priprtimi usti. Frekvence dihanja nismo vsiljevali. S sistemom Cosmed Quark CPET smo spremljali srčno frekvenco, dihalni volumen, frekvenco dihanja, porabo kisika, izdihan ogljikov dioksid ter izpeljane parametre. Po končanih meritvah so preiskovanci ocenili občutek napora. Za statistične razlike smo upoštevali vrednosti p

Cilj in hkrati namen magistrskega dela je bil ugotoviti, kakšne so možnosti uporabe sodobnega modela višinske vadbe »živi nizko – treniraj visoko« v kineziologiji. V ta namen je bil v okviru magistrskega dela opravljen sistematični pregled raziskav, ki so proučevale učinke sodobnega modela višinske vadbe na izboljšanje športne sposobnosti in zdravja v kliničnih populacijah. Višinska vadba postaja ena vse pogosteje dodanih vadbenih sredstev, s katerim športnikom ali bolnikom omogočimo, da ob enaki (ali manjši) mehanski obremenitvi izzovejo večjo metabolno obremenitev in posledično večje telesne prilagoditve. Sodobne metode višinske vadbe od posameznikov zahtevajo, da tekom bivanja na nižini izvedejo nekaj aktivnih ali pasivnih vadbenih enot v stalni ali intermitentni hipoksiji z močnejšo hipoksično obremenitvijo, kot so je navadno deležni med dolgotrajnejšimi pripravami in bivanjem na višini. V uvodu smo zato opisali in definirali stanje hipoksije ter pojasnili njene fiziološke posledice in telesne prilagoditve, ki so potrebne za uspešno soočanje s hipoksijo. V razpravi smo opredelili model višinske vadbe »živi nizko – treniraj visoko« ter natančno opisali oblike simulacije hipoksije na nižini in metode višinske vadbe, ki jih model zajema. Predstavili smo ugotovitve raziskav ter proučili glavne fiziološke in telesne prilagoditve, ki lahko vodijo do izboljšanja športne sposobnosti in zdravja na višini in/ali nižini ter na podlagi tega pripravili smiselne praktične smernice. Ugotovili smo, da sodobne metode višinske vadbe, ki jih model zajema, izzovejo predvsem prilagoditve v mišičnem tkivu. Največji potencial za izboljšanje športne sposobnosti na nižini so pokazale aktivne metode v sistemski hipoksiji, ki uporabljajo (supra)maksimalno intenzivne obremenitve. Uporaba pasivnih ali submaksimalno intenzivnih aktivnih metod v sistemski ali lokalni hipoksiji pa se je izkazala za koristno predvsem pri izboljšanju športne sposobnosti na višini, ergogenem učinkovanju pred športnimi nastopi in alternativnem zdravljenju različnih kroničnih bolezni ali mišično-skeletnih poškodb. Magistrsko delo športni stroki ponuja natančnejše razumevanje sodobnega modela višinske vadbe, njegove aplikacije v vrhunskem športu in kliničnih populacijah. Na podlagi ugotovitev narekuje, da je v vrhunskem športu najsmiselneje uporabljati metodo ponovljivih šprintov v hipoksiji, medtem ko je v kliničnih populacijah koristno uporabljati predvsem metodo intermitentne hipoksične izpostavljenosti v kombinaciji z vadbo in metode okluzijske vadbe. The goal and purpose of this Master thesis is to establish the possibilities of using modern model of altitude training »live low – train high« in kinesiology. For this purpose, a systematic review of research was conducted as part of the master thesis, studying the effects of the modern model of altitude training on the improvement of sports performance and health in clinical populations. Altitude training is becoming one of the most frequently added means of training that enable athletes or patients to challenge a greater metabolic load and consequently greater physical adaptations with the same (or lesser) mechanical load. Modern methods of altitude training require individuals to perform some active or passive training units when on lowland in continuous or intermittent hypoxia with a stronger hypoxic stimulus than usually experienced during longer preparations and staying at high altitudes. In the introduction we therefore described and defined the state of hypoxia and explained its physiological consequences and the physical adjustments that are necessary to successfully cope with hypoxia. In the discussion we defined the altitude training model »live low – train high« and accurately described the forms of hypoxia simulation on the lowlands and the altitude training methods covered by the model. We presented our research findings and examined the main physiological and physical adaptations that can lead to improved sports performance and health at altitude and/or lowland, and based on this, we prepared meaningful practical guidelines. We found that the modern methods of altitude training covered by the model mainly provoke adaptations in the local muscle tissue. Active methods in systemic hypoxia, which use (supra) maximal intense efforts, showed the greatest potential for improving sports performance on the lowlands. The use of passive or submaximal intensive active methods in systemic or local hypoxia has proven to be useful especially in improving sports performance at (high) altitudes, at ergogenic effect before sports performances and at alternative treatment of various chronic diseases or musculoskeletal injuries. This Master thesis offers the sports profession a more accurate understanding of the modern model of altitude training, its application in elite sports and clinical populations. Based on the findings, the thesis dictates to use the method of repeated sprints in hypoxia in elite sports for best results, while the method of intermittent hypoxic exposures combined with exercise and occlusive exercise methods is most useful in clinical populations.

Uvod: Osteoartroza je progresivna, degenerativna bolezen sinovialnih sklepov. Za artrozo so značilni lokalizirani predeli izgube sklepnega hrustanca na področju sinovialnih sklepov. Artrozo spremljajo podhrustančne spremembe kosti, tvorba kostnih izrastkov na področju obrobja sklepov, zadebelitev sklepne ovojnice ter vnetje sinovialne ovojnice. Prisotna je oslabelost mišic in ohlapnost ligamentov. Primarna simptoma osteoartroze sta bolečina v prizadetem sklepu ter jutranja okorelost. Telesna vadba je del fizioterapevtske obravnave posameznika z osteoartrozo kolenskega sklepa, ki igra pomembno vlogo pri zmanjšanju bolečine in izboljšanju mobilnosti posameznika. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je, da na podlagi pregleda literature ugotovimo vpliv različnih vrst vadbe za izboljšanje zmogljivosti mišic spodnjih udov in s tem posledično zmanjšati bolečino v kolenskem sklepu pri pacientih z artrozo kolena. Metode dela: Literaturo smo iskali v podatkovni zbirki PubMed, članki so ocenjeni po PEDro lestvici. Uporabljene so bile naslednje ključne besede in besedne zveze: osteoarthritis AND physiotherapy, knee osteoarthritis AND quariceps, osteoarthritis AND quadriceps strengthening exercise AND pain, quadriceps exercise AND pain. Rezultati: V pregled literature smo na podlagi vključitvenih in izključitvenih kriterijev vključili sedem randomiziranih kontroliranih raziskav, napisanih v angleškem jeziku. V raziskavah so izvajali vadbo za izboljšanje zmogljivosti mišic spodnjih udov. Vaba je trajala od 6 do 12 tednov. V vseh raziskavah so ocenjevali bolečino, medtem ko je bila v šestih raziskavah ocenjena tudi zmogljivost mišic spodnjih udov. Rezultati raziskav so pokazali, da je vadba za izboljšanje zmogljivosti mišic spodnjih udov vplivala na zmanjšanje bolečine, manj pa se kaže kot učinkovita pri izboljšanju zmogljivosti mišic spodnjih udov. Razprava in zaključek: Na podlagi rezultatov lahko potrdimo, da ima vadba za izboljšanje zmogljivosti mišic spodnjih udov pomembno vlogo pri obravnavi pacientov z osteoartrozo kolena zaradi pozitivnega učinka tako na bolečino kot mišično zmogljivost, vendar zaradi neprimerljivosti raziskav ne moremo podati jasnih zaključkov o najučinkovitejšem vadbenem programu in najbolj optimalnih parametrih vadbenih programov. Introduction: Osteoarthritis is a progressive, degenerative disease of the synovial joints. Arthrosis is characterised by localised areas of articular cartilage loss in the synovial joints. Arthrosis is accompanied by subchondral bone changes, bone spur formation at the joint margins, thickening of the joint capsule and inflammation of the synovial capsule. Muscle weakness and ligament laxity are present. The primary symptoms of osteoarthritis are pain in the affected joint and morning stiffness. Exercise is part of physiotherapy treatment, which plays an important role in reducing the reduction in improving the mobility of the individual. Purpose: The aim of this thesis is to determine the impact of different types of exercise on improving lower limb muscle performance and, consequently, reducing knee joint pain in patients with knee arthrosis based on a literature review. Methods used: We searched literature using the PubMed database, and articles were rated according to the PEDro scale. The following English keywords and phrases have been used: osteoarthritis AND physiotherapy, knee osteoarthritis AND quadriceps, osteoarthritis AND quadriceps strengthening exercise AND pain, quadriceps exercise AND pain. Results: We included seven studies written in English in the literature review based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Studies have been carried out to improve the performance of lower limb muscles. Exercise lasted 6 to 12 weeks. All studies assessed pain, while six studies also assessed muscle performance. Study results have shown that exercise aimed at improving lower limb muscle performance effectively reduces pain, but is less effective in improving lower limb muscle performance. Discussion and conclusion: Based on the results, we can confirm that exercise aimed at improving lower limb muscle performance plays an important role in the treatment of patients with knee osteoarthritis due to its positive effect on both pain as well as muscle performance however, due to the non-comparability of the studies, we cannot draw clear conclusions regarding the most effective exercise programme and the most optimal exercise programme parameters.

Namen magistrske naloge je bil opraviti sistematičen pregled in meta-analitično ovrednotiti učinke različnih oblik vadb na zdravljenje sprednje kolenske bolečine (SKB) in izboljšanje gibalne učinkovitosti. V nalogi smo preverili ali obstajajo morebitne razlike v velikostih učinka med intervencijami, ki zajemajo posamezne tipe mišičnih krčenj pri vadbi proti uporu. Zanimalo nas je tudi, ali dopolnilne metode dodatno prispevajo k izboljšanju simptomov SKB. Iskanje člankov je potekalo v podatkovni bazi PubMed. V meta-analizo smo vključili 22 raziskav, ki so ustrezale vključitvenim kriterijem. Kot izhodno mero za opazovanje učinka intervencij smo vzeli samoocene jakosti bolečine z uporabo vizualne analogne lestvice, ocenjevalnega vprašalnika VISA-P ter testa enonožnega počepa z naklonom. Meta-analiza je pri vseh izhodnih merah pokazala zmanjšanje stopnje bolečine in s tem izboljšanje simptomov SKB po vadbeni intervenciji, ne glede na prevladujoč tip mišične kontrakcije (p < 0,001). Največje izboljšanje je bilo opazno po vadbi s poudarkom na ekscentrični kontrakciji, ter nekoliko manj po izometrični in izotonični vadbi. Vadba s poudarkom na koncentričnemu tipu mišičnega krčenja ni pokazala značilnih razlik v zmanjšanju bolečine (p = 0,51). Tako pri raziskavah z vadbeno intervencijo kot pri raziskavah, ki so vadbo kombinirale z drugimi oblikami zdravljenja, je prišlo do izboljšanja samoocenjene bolečine po vizualni analogni lestvici (p < 0,001) in ocenjevalnem vprašalniku (p < 0,001), vendar med učinki obeh tipov intervencij razlike niso bile statistično značilne (p = 0,34 in p < 0,26). Zaključimo lahko, da je vadba osrednji del učinkovitega zdravljenja SKB. V kombinaciji z vadbo se priporoča predvsem bandažiranje pogačice, igelna desenzibilizacija miofascialnih prožilnih točk ter nošenje ortopedskih vložkov. The aim of the thesis was to perform a systematic review and meta-analytically evaluate the effects of various forms of exercise on reducing anterior knee pain and improving motor skills. We examined the possible differences in the effects between interventions covering individual types of muscle contraction in resistance training. Furthermore, we researched whether additional treatment and prevention methods can complement exercise interventions. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed database. Twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in meta-analysis. Results in Visual analogue scale (VAS), Single leg decline squat (SLDS) and the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment–Patella (VISA-P) questionnaite showed pain reduction in all types of muscle contraction in exercise interventions (p < 0,001). The greatest improvement occured in interventions focused on eccentric exercises and slightly less in interventions with the isometric and isotonic exercises. The concetric type of muscle contraction did no show typical differences in pain reduction (p = 0,51). Both in exercise studies and in studies that combined exercise with other therapies, there was an improvement in pain reduction according to the VAL scale (p < 0,001) and the VISA-P questionnaire (p < 0,001). Comparing the effects of both interventions there were no statistically significant differences (p = 0,34 and p < 0,26). We conclude that exercise is a central part of effective AKP treatment. In combination with exercise, patellar taping, dry needling and foot orthoses are recommended.

The present review aims to examine the effects of high blood lactate levels in healthy adult humans, for instance, after a period of exhaustive exercise, on the functioning of the cerebral cortex. In some of the examined studies, high blood lactate levels were obtained not only through exhaustive exercise but also with an intravenous infusion of lactate while the subject was immobile. This allowed us to exclude the possibility that the observed post-exercise effects were nonspecific (e.g., cortical changes in temperature, acidity, etc.). We observed that, in both experimental conditions, high levels of blood lactate are associated with a worsening of important cognitive domains such as attention or working memory or stress, without gender differences. Moreover, in both experimental conditions, high levels of blood lactate are associated with an improvement of the primary motor area (M1) excitability. Outside the frontal lobe, the use of visual evoked potentials and somatosensory evoked potentials allowed us to observe, in the occipital and parietal lobe respectively, that high levels of blood lactate are associated with an amplitude’s increase and a latency’s reduction of the early components of the evoked responses. In conclusion, significant increases of blood lactate levels could exercise a double-action in the central nervous system (CNS), with a protecting role on primary cortical areas (such as M1, primary visual area, or primary somatosensory cortex), while reducing the efficiency of adjacent regions, such as the supplementary motor area (SMA) or prefrontal cortex. These observations are compatible with the possibility that lactate works in the brain not only as an energy substrate or an angiogenetic factor but also as a true neuromodulator, which can protect from stress. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms and effects of lactic acid products produced during an anaerobic exercise lactate, focusing on their action at the level of the central nervous system with particular attention to the primary motor, the somatosensory evoked potentials, and the occipital and parietal lobe.

The aim of the paper is to analyze the association between heart function among obese patients and Type D personality to predict the potential risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). Overall, 30 obese patients were evaluated for the DS14 score. Body mass with body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate (HR), and heart rate variability (HRV) were measured before and after a 3-month period. Half of the subjects had been instructed to exercise 4-times weakly (walking 5 km/h) for an hour, the other half did not exercise. Additionally, STAX-1, SWLS, and QOLLTI-P questionnaires had been used. All participants had a normal CRP and sedimentation rate at the enrolment and after 3-month follow up. None of the psychological tests (STAX-1, SWLS and QLLTI-P) showed statistical difference in results between June and October. Participants who exercised showed lower HR compared to participants who did not exercise. Obese patients with high DS14 score showed reduced HRV as an additional risk factor for the future cardiovascular and other stress-related diseases. Type D personality was associated with an increased risk of CHD proved by the HRV measures when the individual was not exercising. Thus, individual personality in fact correlates to autonomic regulation of the heart. Cilj rada je analizirati povezanost između srčane funkcije kod pretilih pacijenata i osobina ličnosti tipa D kako bi se predvidio potencijalni rizik za koronarnu bolest srca (CHD). Tip DS14 je procijenjen u ukupno 30 pretilih pacijenata. Tjelesna masa s indeksom tjelesne mase (BMI), sistolički i dijastolički krvni tlak, broj otkucaja srca (HR) i varijabilnost otkucaja srca (HRV) mjereni su prije i nakon tromjesečnog razdoblja. Polovica ispitanika dobila je upute da vježba 4 puta lakše hodanje (5 km/h) po sat vremena, druga polovica nije vježbala. Dodatno su korišteni STAX-1, SWLS i QOLLTI-P upitnici. Svi su sudionici imali normalan CRP i brzinu sedimentacije na početku studije i nakon 3 mjeseca praćenja. Nijedan psihološki test (STAX-1, SWLS i QLLTI-P) nije pokazao statističku razliku između rezultata u lipnju i listopadu. Ispitanici koji su vježbali imali su niži HR u usporedbi sa sudionicima koji nisu vježbali. Pretili pacijenti s visokim re-zultatom DS14 pokazali su smanjen HRV kao dodatni čimbenik rizika za buduće kardiovaskularne i druge bolesti povezane sa stresom. Ličnost tipa D bila je povezana s povećanim rizikom od CHD-a, a to je dokazano mjerenjem HRV-a kada osoba nije vježbala. Rezultati ukazuju da je individualni tip ličnosti zapravo u korelaciji s autonomnom regulacijom srca.

Uvod: Fiziološke spremembe v starosti vodijo v postopno zmanjševanje mišične zmogljivosti, upad kognitivnih sposobnosti in slabše ravnotežje. Za starejše odrasle sta tako ključnega pomena vadba za ravnotežje, ki vključuje tudi kognitivne naloge, in vadba za mišično zmogljivost, saj sta varna hoja in dobro ravnotežje glavna dejavnika za samostojno opravljanje vsakodnevnih dejavnosti in preprečevanje padcev. Namen: Namen magistrskega dela je bil primerjati vpliv specifične vadbe za ravnotežje z dodatkom kognitivnih nalog in specifične vadbe za mišično zmogljivost spodnjih udov na ravnotežje in hitrost hoje ter ugotoviti, katera vadba je učinkovitejša za izboljšanje ravnotežja. Metode dela: V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 22 preiskovancev. Skupina 1 je izvajala vadbo za ravnotežje z različnimi kognitivnimi nalogami, skupina 2 pa vadbo za mišično zmogljivost spodnjih udov. Vadba je potekala dva meseca, dvakrat tedensko po 30 minut, skupaj je bilo 16 vadbenih enot. Za ocenjevanje ravnotežja in hitrosti hoje smo uporabili Bergovo lestvico za oceno ravnotežja, Časovno merjeni test vstani in pojdi, Časovno merjeni test vstani in pojdi s kognitivno nalogo, Test hoje na 10 metrov in 30-sekundni test vstajanja s stola. Rezultati: V skupini 1 smo ugotovili izboljšanje rezultatov pri Bergovi lestvici za oceno ravnotežja (za 4 točke), Časovno merjenem testu vstani in pojdi (za 1,18 s) ter Časovno merjenem testu vstani in pojdi s kognitivno nalogo (za 1,22 s). Pri ostalih dveh testih (Test hoje na 10 metrov in 30-sekundni test vstajanja s stola) ni bilo opaziti statistično pomembnih razlik. V skupini 2 smo ugotovili izboljšanje rezultatov pri Bergovi lestvici za oceno ravnotežja (za 4 točke) ter Časovno merjenem testu vstani in pojdi (za 1,37 s). Pri ostalih treh testih (Časovno merjeni test vstani in pojdi s kognitivno nalogo, Test hoje na 10 metrov in 30-sekundni test vstajanja s stola) ni bilo statistično pomembnih razlik. Pri medsebojni primerjavi skupin pa smo ugotovili, da ni bilo pomembne razlike med skupinami pri doseženih izidih. Razprava in zaključek: Primerjava prve in druge skupine pred vadbo in po njej je pokazala, da se razlikujejo izidi vseh testov. Noben vadbeni protokol ni statistično bolje vplival na rezultate testov, zato ne moremo trditi, da ena od izvajanih vadb bolje učinkuje na ravnotežje in hitrost hoje pri starejših odraslih. Introduction: Physiological changes in old age lead to a gradual decrease in muscle performance, deterioration of cognitive abilities, and loss of balance. It is essential for older adults to do balance training combined with cognitive tasks and muscule performance training, as safe walking and good balance are major factors affecting the ability to independently carry out everyday tasks and prevent falls. Aim: The aim of this master's thesis was to compare the effect of specific balance training combined with cognitive tasks and the effect of specific muscule performance training of lower limbs on balance and walking speed. Another aim of this master's thesis was to determine what training is more effective for balance improvement. Methods: Our research included 22 subjects. Group 1 did balance training combined with different cognitive tasks, while Group 2 did muscule performance training of lower limbs. Training took place for two weeks and was performed twice a week for 30 minutes, which added up to 16 training units. In order to assess balance and walking speed, the Berg Balance Scale, the Timed Up and Go Test, the Timed Up and Go Test combined with a cognitive task, the Ten Meter Walk Test, and the 30-second Chair Stand Test were used. Results: Group 1 improved their results in the Berg Balance Scale test (for 4 points), in the Timed Up and Go Test (for 1.18 s), and in the Timed Up and Go Test combined with a cognitive task (for 1.22 s). In the other two tests (the Ten Meter Walk Test and the 30-second Chair Stand Test), no statistically significant differences were determined. Group 2 improved their results in the Berg Balance Scale test (for 4 points) and in the Timed Up and Go Test (for 1.37 s). In the other three tests (the Timed Up and Go Test combined with a cognitive task, the Ten Meter Walk Test, and the 30-second Chair Stand Test), no statistically significant differences were determined. Furthermore, when comparing both groups, we determined no significant difference in the achieved results. Discussion and conclusion: The comparison between Group 1 and Group 2 before and after training showed a difference in the results of all tests. However, a statistically significant importance was not determined for any training protocol, as none of them improved test results. For this reason, it cannot be claimed that one type of performed training has a greater impact on balance and walking speed in older adults than others.

Uvod: Nezgodna poškodba možganov je pridobljena poškodba, ki ima lahko za posledice okvare kognitivne funkcije, senzorike in motorike. Z izvajanjem vadbe za ravnotežje in hojo naj bi pripomogli k izboljšanju ravnotežja in premičnosti. Poleg standardne vadbe za ravnotežje in hojo se lahko uporabi tudi navidezno resničnost, tekoči trak z razbremenitvijo telesne teže ali robote za hojo. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je bil pregledati izsledke randomiziranih kontroliranih poskusov o učinkovitosti vadbe za izboljšanje ravnotežja in hoje pri pacientih z nezgodno poškodbo možganov. Metode dela: Literaturo smo iskali v podatkovnih zbirkah PubMed, PEDro, Cochrane in CINAHL. Vključeni so bili le randomizirani kontrolirani poskusi v angleškem jeziku, ki so bili objavljeni do septembra 2020. Rezultati: V pregled literature smo vključili pet raziskav o učinkovitosti vadbe za ravnotežje in štiri raziskave o učinkovitosti vadbe hoje. V raziskavah je skupno sodelovalo 292 preiskovancev, v različnih fazah po poškodbi in z različno stopnjo resnosti poškodbe. Primerjavo med raziskavami so oteževale različne izvedbe in primerjave vadbenih programov ter različna ocenjevalna orodja. V pregledanih raziskavah ni bilo prisotne razlike v učinkovitosti med standardno vadbo hoje in vadbo hoje na tekočem traku z razbremenitvijo telesne teže, med vadbo hoje z roboti in vadbo hoje na tekočem traku z razbremenitvijo telesne teže ter med standardno vadbo za ravnotežje in vadbo z uporabo navidezne resničnosti. V dveh raziskavah o učinkovitosti vadbe za ravnotežje so poročali o (večjem) izboljšanju ravnotežja, premičnosti in vrtoglavice po vadbi v primerjavi s skupino brez vadbe in po vadbi z navidezno resničnostjo v primerjavi z vadbo na ravnotežni plošči Biodex. Zaključek: V pregledanih raziskavah so poročali o vadbah za ravnotežje in hojo, ki so bile učinkovite za izboljšanje ravnotežja in premičnosti, vendar v večini raziskav (z izjemo dveh) niso ugotovili superiornosti določene vrste vadbe. Zaradi nizkega števila raziskav, majhnega in nehomogenega vzorca ter različnih merilnih orodij ne moremo z gotovostjo trditi, da nobena od vrst vadbe za ravnotežje in hojo ni superiorna za izboljšanje ravnotežja in premičnosti. Potrebno je izvesti raziskave z večjimi in bolj homogenimi vzorci preiskovancev, poenotiti merilna orodja in natančno opisati vadbene programe. Introduction: Traumatic brain injury is an acquired brain injury that can result in impairment of cognitive, sensory, and motor function. Performing balance and gait training should improve balance and mobility. In addition to standard balance and gait training, virtual reality, partial body weight-supported and robotic gait training can also be used. Purpose: The purpose of this diploma thesis was to review the results of randomized controlled trials on the effectiveness of exercise for improving balance and gait in patients with traumatic brain injury. Methods: We searched for literature in PubMed, PEDro, Cochrane and CINAHL. Only randomized controlled trials in English published up to September 2020 were included. Results: We included five randomized controlled trials on the effectiveness of balance training and four randomized controlled trials on the effectiveness of gait training in the literature review. The total number of 292 subjects participated in the study, with different time after the injury and with varying severity of the injury. Comparisons between surveys were hampered by different implementations and comparisons of exercise programs and different assessment tools. In the reviewed studies, there was no difference in effectiveness between standard gait training and body weight-supported training, between robotic gait training and body weight-supported training, and between standard balance training and virtual reality based balance training. Two studies of the effectiveness of balance training reported (greater) improvements of balance, mobility, and dizziness after exercise compared to the non-exercise group and after virtual reality training compared to training on Biodex balance platform. Conclusion: Balance and gait trainings that were effective in improving balance and mobility were reported in the reviewed studies, but the superiority of a particular type of training was not found in most studies (except two). Due to the low number of studies, the small and inhomogeneous sample, and the various measurement tools, it cannot be said with certainty that none of the types of balance and gait trainings are superior to improve balance and mobility. It is necessary to conduct research with larger and more homogeneous samples of subjects, to unify measurement tools and to describe training programs in detail.