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his research work studied Information on effective current awareness services display for utilization of resources in tertiary institutions libraries in Cross River South Metropolis. A descriptive survey research design was adopted with a sample of 600 respondents from three tertiary institutions. Questionnaire was the only instrument used for data collection. Data were analyzed using tables and simple percentage calculations. It was found that users had knowledge of many CASs. Prominent among them were; List of new arrivals, in-house shelve exhibition, telephone services, social media group, Facebook Selective dissemination of information and YouTube. Again, the study revealed that respondents make used of both the traditional, ICT based CASs, and they include: in-house shelve exhibition, list of new arrivals, magazines /newspaper clipping, telephone services, social media group, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, online database searching and publishers’ exhibition but majority of the later, were used outside libraries. However, it is always better when researchers know about present works already done in divers’ professions. This would spur up the planning and execution of other researches for the future of any profession and this is where CAS is a sine qua non in the picture, for an answer. Being that the advantages of CAS are notably less than the disadvantages, it is proper to put some structures in place to enable its effectiveness. While libraries are still struggling for the needful to be done by stakeholders, users’ have gone ahead to connect with their friends to get the information which libraries should be first in encouraging them upon. Therefore, let the Management of Universities give allowance to Librarians for fee-based services so they could push forward the needful services. This would cater for those things that should be done to boost library services but are marking time since the issue of budget cuts have become stagnant plagues. The originality in

This study was carried out to investigate postgraduate students’ perception, utilization and purposes of using cyberspace information resources and services in five federal universities in southwest Nigeria. The descriptive research design was adopted for this study. The purposive sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 1058 postgraduate students from five federal universities. Instrument for data collection include a well-structured questionnaire. The study witnessed a 95% return rate of the distributed questionnaire. The study used mean score () and Standard Deviation (SD) for data analysis. Results revealed that postgraduate students use cyberspace information resources and services for research purposes. The results also revealed that PG students’ perception of cyberspace information resources and services were positive. Results showed that there is no significant difference in the mean ratings of male and female postgraduate students on the utilization of cyberspace information resources and services for research in federal universities in southwest Nigeria. Also, it was found that there is no significant difference in the mean ratings of male and female PG students on the perception of cyberspace information resources and services used for research in federal universities in southwest Nigeria. Results further revealed that there is no significant difference in the mean ratings of male and female PG students on the purposes of using cyberspace information resources and services in federal universities in Southwest Nigeria. The study recommended that university should consider other means of generating funds as the need for further research increase daily, internet connection be improved and extended without limitation.

This is a master thesis done in the program of industrial design engineering at Luleå University ofTechnology, conducted during the spring of 2021. The project is a collaboration with Epiroc RockDrills AB which is a leading global company in the mining industries, and the workshop in which thisthesis is made manufactures and assembles rock drills sold worldwide. The aim of this thesis is toincrease the utilization of three lathes in the workshop that are often left unused when theiroperators have to leave the machines to perform other tasks. This is due to short operation timesthat require the operator to be present.The project follows a cyclic method in order to force the work forward without worrying aboutmissing information. There were three cycles with different aim. In the first cycle, the focus was onplanning the project and mapping the current state. In the second, a requirement specification wasmade and concepts were created. These concepts were further developed in the third cycle. Finally arecommendation was made.The current state was mapped using different methods like interviews and spaghetti diagram. Thesemethods showed that the lathes were unused mainly during setups, and that setups were timeconsuming due to equipment being placed far away from the lathes. The result showed that manyproblems could be related to bad layout design and lack of standardized work. In order to create abetter layout for the operators, a relationship chart was made and several suggestions constructedbased on it. The purpose of the layout changes was to get necessary equipment closer to the lathesin order for the setups to be performed faster. All suggestions were compared to the requirementspecification and only three were further developed during the third cycle.The lean tool SMED (Single Minute Exchange of Die) was used to create a standard for setups. Thisstandard was further developed into a work instruction to be better visualized for the operators.The final recommendati

Print media usage presented some important qualities overtime, which have made it an advantageous medium of study regardless of the technological advancements of the contemporary times popularly described as the information age. The value, as perceived by scholars in training (users of academic libraries especially), were sort by this research to analyze why prints are still glamour for, in a digital era with all the improvements made by digital adoptions. This study revealed that 378 respondents returned their questionnaire copies out of the 500 sent out and constituted 75.6% returns. Results for objective 1, revealed among others that, clients’ have developed deeper relationships with prints media over a long time targeted around users’ study interest areas. Users revealed that these prints have brought enlightenment, education and enabled a smooth running of the global economy as well as its civil societies. It also revealed that users’ value for prints have been built on a strength that prints form the foundation for reading and learning. Users were loyal to prints publications as they provide high quality content on areas that settle their specific interest. Respondents further revealed prints as being friendly, flexible for accessibility and utilization, encouraging sequential personal study with ease and without posing health challenges. Objective 2 indicated users’ perceived value as associated to the library revealing that librarians’ who were once seen as obsolete can now develop new skills, perform their jobs better, become friendly to their clients, improve and update services while streamlining academic standards. Regrettably, in objective 3, users revealed a catalogue of challenges posed on them while utilizing print materials. They are, overcrowding the prints record library during examination time because of few copies of information materials, non-replacement of mutilated pages, disorganized catalogues, missing entries and outright un-even distribut

The aim of the study was to analyze an evaluative study for the acquisition of library resources: a case study of NITT library Zaria. To achieve this, the survey research method was used. Subjects were drawn from NITT library using the simple random sampling technique. The researcher used questionnaires as an instrument to collect data from a total of thirty five (35) respondents made up the total sample size for the study. Data collected were presented in tables while descriptive statistics which included percentages and frequency were used to analyze the bio-data of the respondents and to answer the research questions. Five research questions guided the study. Research findings showed that NITT library lack adequate and qualified professional staff to manage the library property and effectively. To this end, the researcher recommended that the library should employ a qualified and professional staff to manage the library, since it matters greatly in the acquisition and resources utilization in special libraries and services especially in the N.I.T.T library. The staff should be the type that has interest in the job, to create a balance between the NITT library staff and their users to avoid setbacks in the academic activities of the students. It is also important for the library to take inventories, of their stocks. This exercise will intimate the library management with the magnitude of whatever mal-practice may be presented with the library.

The purpose of the research is to increase the efficiency of decontamination of purulent waste of animal husbandry and their processing into high-quality biologically active organic fertilizers by developing a technical and technological solution for rapid composting in open areas.Research Methods: Research was conducted on the basis of ecosystem approach according to the formulated directions as a result of theoretical analysis. Testing of the developed technical and technological solution was performed experimentally, chemical analysis of the obtained final product of manure processing was carried out by laboratory method.Research results: methods of biological decontamination of purulent waste are analyzed.Phases of technological process of the biothermal composting method are presented and the main parameters and factors that influence its acceleration.The developed technical and technological solution of rational utilization of manure sludge from cattle farm with production of organo-defecating biologically active fertilizers is described.The estimated economic efficiency and results of testing of the developed technical and technological solution are given.Conclusions: The negative impact of secondary animal and poultry waste on the environment and the environment was noted;- determined that the most common and rational method of disposal of manure waste for industrial producers of livestock products is the method of composting manure on open areas;- developed technical and technological solution of rational utilization of manure waste on large farms and complexes by the method of rapid composting on open fields, provides complete disinfection of pus from pathogenic microflora, pathogens of infectious diseases and seeds of weed and obtaining high-quality organic biologicals;- the calculation of the economic efficiency of the technical and technological solution showed its high profitability and small payback period of investments., Цель исследований - повысить эффективность обеззараживания навозных отходов животноводства и переработки их в высококачественные биологически активные органические удобрения путем разработки технико-технологического решения ускоренного компостирования на открытых площадках.Методы исследований: исследования осуществляли на основе экосистемного подхода согласно сформулированным направлениям в результате теоретического анализа. Апробацию разработанного технико-технологического решения выполняли экспериментальным путем, химический анализ полученного конечного продукта переработки навоза осуществляли лабораторным методом.Результаты исследований. Проанализированы методы биологического обеззараживания навозных отходов.Приведены фазы технологического процесса биотермического компостирования и основные параметры и факторы, влияющие на его ускорение.Описано разработанное технико-технологическое решение рациональной утилизации навозных отходов с фермы КРС с производством органо-дефекатних биологически активных удобрений.Приведена расчетная экономическая эффективность и результаты апробации разработанного технико-технологического решения.Выводы: - отмечено негативное влияние вторичных отходов животноводства и птицеводства на окружающую среду и экологию;- определено, что наиболее распространенным и рациональным способом утилизации навозных отходов для промышленных производителей продукции животноводства является метод компостирования навоза на открытых площадках;- разработано технико-технологическое решение рациональной утилизации навозных отходов на крупных фермах и комплексах методом ускоренного компостирования на открытых площадках, которое обеспечивает полное обеззараживание навоза от патогенной микрофлоры, возбудителей инфекционных заболеваний и семян сорняков и получение высококачественных биологически активных органических удобрений;- расчет экономической эффективности технико-технологического решения показал высокую его рентабельность и короткий срок окупаемости инвестиц, Мета досліджень – підвищити ефективність знезараження гнойових відходів тваринництва та перероблення їх у високоякісні біологічно активні органічні добрива завдяки розробленню техніко-технологічного рішення пришвидшеного компостування на відкритих майданчиках.Методи досліджень: дослідження здійснювали на основі екосистемного підходу згідно зі сформульованими напрямками в результаті теоретичного аналізу. Апробацію розробленого техніко-технологічного рішення виконували експериментально, хімічний аналіз отриманого кінцевого продукту переробки гною здійснювали лабораторним методом.Результати досліджень: проаналізовані методи біологічного знезараження гнойових відходів.Наведені фази технологічного процесу методу біотермічного компостування та основні параметри і фактори, які впливають на його пришвидшення.Описане розроблене техніко-технологічне рішення раціональної утилізації гнойових відходів з ферми ВРХ з виробництвом органо-дефекатних біологічно активних добрив.Наведено розрахункову економічну ефективність та результати апробації розробленого техніко-технологічного рішення.Висновки: відмічено негативний вплив вторинних відходів тваринництва і птахівництва на довкілля та екологію;- визначено, що найбільш розповсюдженим та раціональним способом утилізації гнойових відходів для промислових виробників продукції тваринництва є метод компостування гною на відкритих майданчиках;- розроблено техніко-технологічне рішення раціональної утилізації гнойових відходів на великих фермах і комплексах методом пришвидшеного компостування на відкритих майданчиках, яке забезпечує повне знезараження гною від патогенної мікрофлори, збудників інфекційних захворювань та насіння бур’янів та отримання високоякісних біологічно активних органічних добрив;- розрахунок економічної ефективності техніко-технологічного рішення показав його високу рентабельність.

This study investigated information retrieval tools and library environment as correlates of library utilization by students of Rivers State University, Port Harcourt. Three research questions were posed and two hypotheses were formulated for the study. The study adopted a correlational design. The population of the study consisted of 682 registered undergraduate library users out of which a sample of 227 was drawn using YaroYamene’s statistical formula. The instrument used for data collection was researcher-made rating scale. The data collected for the research questions were analysed using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) and hypotheses tested at 0.05 level of significance using t-test. The result revealed that, students make use of the various information resources to a high extent; information retrieval tools are provided in the library to a high extent, there is a very strong and positive relationship between information retrieval tools available and students’ use of the library, which is also significant and a strong, positive and significant relationship exist between the library environment and students’ use of the library. It was recommended that students should be sensitized more on the use of periodicals and fiction for relaxation; even though the relationship between retrieval tools and use is significant, there is still need for students to be sensitized on how to use the library through adequate orientation on information retrieval tools. University management should ensure that the good library environment be maintained and sustained.

Utilization is a key aspect in the management of any societal resource not only when it is scarce but in all cases to allow for optimum benefits to be accrued to everyone in the society. Internet bandwidth, which is a rare commodity especially in rural areas is hardly available where needed at the same cost and quality due to various reasons. Tanzania as a case study is among countries that have invested much in international, national and metro backbone networks, but still, there are areas without or with inadequate internet access services implying a significant utilization problem. In this paper, we present as a case study, the status of broadband connectivity in selected rural areas in Tanzania (Arusha) and the status is used to make recommendations for optimized utilization of installed capacity., open access

This study investigates the influence of demographic factors on use of online library resources by undergraduate students in two private Nigerian university libraries. Descriptive survey design was adopted for the study and the study population consisted of 7500 undergraduates from Babcock University and 2200 from Redeemer’s University. Random sampling was used to select a sample of 291 and questionnaire was the main instrument used for data collection. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics consisting of tables of frequency and percentage for the demographic characteristics and spearman non-parametric correlation was used for the hypotheses. The findings revealed that there was significant relationship between level of study and utilization of online library resources (r=.933.; P= <0.05) and age and use of online library resources (r=.44.; P>0.05). There was no significant relationship between gender and use of online library resources (r=.95.; P<0.05) and between religion and use of online library resources (r=.46.; P>0.05). The internet and e-journals were important sources of information for the university undergraduate students. Students’ demographic factors should not be a barrier to e-resources use and as a result, students of all ages and gender should endeavor to acquire knowledge required to enable them make effective use of online library resources anytime and anywhere. Both young and old students should be encouraged and sensitized on the benefits available in the use of library online resources.

Modeling of a manufacturing system enables one to identify the effects of key design parameters on the system performance and as a result make the correct decision. This paper proposes a manufacturing system modeling approach using computer spreadsheet software, in which a static capacity planning model and stochastic queuing model are integrated. The model was used to optimize the existing system utilization in relation to product design. The model incorporates a few parameters such as utilization, cycle time, throughput, and batch size. It is predicted that design changes initiated as a result of analysis using the model reduced subsequent manufacturing costs significantly and also can reduce the launch program by a few years, because confidence in the model justified the commissioning of full-scale manufacturing equipment when the product was still only at the concept stage.

The work was supported by a grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

The Chief of Staff Logistics Review of 1999 examined a multitude of process issues and their resulting impact on organizational structure. A resulting initiative was to transition the pick-up and delivery function from the Material Management flight (LGRM) to the Vehicle Operations section (LGRVO). The motivation of this initiative, more specifically referred to as Supply/Transportation Reengineering, was to streamline similar processes, and to effectively and efficiently utilize resources. The goal of this transition was to use fewer people and resources to provide pick-up and delivery service to wing customers with minimal adverse impact to customer service and to improve overall mission support. Concerned about actual or perceived degradation in pick-up and delivery service, some Logistics Readiness Squadron (LRS) commanders have chose to co-locate vehicle operators with LGRM to perform pick-up and delivery service, despite Air Force guidance that forbids it. This research is an analysis of actual or perceived impacts caused by the two different functional alignments in terms of pick-up and delivery service and vehicle operator utilization., The original document contains color images.

We describe two simulation and design tools, developed for large-scale distributed control applications. At present, these applications require extensive experimentation with hardware, which is costly, slow, and inflexible. The new simulators allow computerized evaluation of communication requirements and discovery of potential bottlenecks in large-scale systems of actuators, sensors, transport lines and communication networks. They provide designers with easy, quick, and inexpensive methodology to examine, rate, and compare proposed designs. The first tool, the Communication Simulator, is used in early phases of the design, for quick but somewhat rough comparison of architectures. It requires estimates of the basic communication parameters of the nodes. The second tool, the Network Simulator, simulates node dynamics and communication traffic simultaneously, and provides detailed and accurate estimates of parameters such as packet loss, bandwidth utilization, channel throughput, and channel capacity. The simulators were validated using a large-scale dynamic architecture, the Chilled Water Reduced-Scale Advanced Demonstrator.

Data from the 2000 Air Force Community Needs Assessment were used to assess the significance and strength of the effects of job characteristics and social supports on mental health service utilization. In this study, mental health services included anger management, mental health, stress management and substance abuse services. Job stressors were hypothesized to increase service utilization. Social support was hypothesized to decrease service utilization and buffer the effects of job stressors. Four job stressors were used: shift work, long work hours, frequency of deployments, and length of deployments. Social support was evaluated on five levels: family support, community integration, co- worker support, supervisor support, and support by superiors. Family support was measured in terms of being accompanied by family members and family instability (conflict and doubt). Co-worker support was measured in terms of co- worker conflict. Logistical regression was used in analyzing the predictive strength of job stressors and social supports on mental health service utilization. No main effects were found for job stressors. For social support, significant predictors of service utilization were family instability (OR = 1.293), co-worker conflict (OR = 0.975), community integration (OR = 1.208) and supervisor support (OR = 0.813). High family instability and high co-worker conflict emerged as the strongest risk factors for using mental health services. Additional analysis using ordinary least squares regression showed job stressors to have small direct effects on social support and marginal indirect effects on mental health service utilization. Additional risk factors included being female, being enlisted, and being first-term personnel.

The Naval Hospital Corpus Christi Health Care System (NHCCHCS) provides care for an enrolled beneficiary population of approximately 23,000. Additionally, NHCCHS provides care for locally-residing beneficiaries who request care on a space available basis. Naval Hospital Corpus Christi Health Care System also experiences seasonal changes in the demand for health care services because of inflows and outflows of beneficiaries throughout the year. The group known as Winter Texans is one of many groups of individuals that alter demand for services on a seasonal basis, yet the exact number of these individuals remains unknown. This project provides an estimate of the number of Winter Texans and determines their impact on resource utilization. The issues identified in this project suggest that the impact on the NHCCHCS is substantial, to the degree that it could potentially completely overwhelm the resources of the NHCCHCS or any other facility that serves seasonal beneficiaries. Under the revised financing scheme of the TRICARE Next Generation Contracts, capitated funding to medical treatment facilities (MTFs) may worsen this impact. Creating a dual enrollment category for TRICARE beneficiaries could mitigate this impact and preserve MTF solvency., The original document contains color images.

Determining appropriate levels of staffing and appointment availability depends on the population served and their utilization. This project predicted the number of required providers based on the population at risk, its utilization patterns from Fiscal Years 2001 and 2002, and availability of Army Family Practice providers. The data included all visits from active duty to U.S. civilians, who are seen at the 121st General Hospital. Interestingly, active duty enrollees averaged three visits per year compared to the Department of the Army average of 7.2 in 2002. All utilization analysis was put into a model for predicting the level of capacity and services required, and for calculation of future provider requirements. The current model indicates 21,450 Family Practice visits per year and a shortfall of seven military providers or four civilian FTEs. Future increases in the population due to the Land Partnership Plan predict 33,833 visits and a shortfall of thirteen military or eight civilian FTEs., The original document contains color images.

In behavioral health (BH), considerable resources are allocated to the basic, standard processes of conducting initial evaluations. Patients present to BH clinics much like they do to an emergency room or sick call; problems range from minor to severe, urgent to routine, administrative to medical needs. Triaging patients is required to determine an appropriate immediate disposition. The critical yield of the evaluation is actuarial data used to predict risk. Historically, this has not been optimized for either resource allocation or quality of care, resulting in delays in service, additional cost to provide care, and inconsistent scientific application of BH. This project originally proposed to apply decision algorithms to an automated intake system to directly address quality, cost and access limitations. The key tasks were: 1. Defining an explicit knowledge base used to make triage and assessment decisions. 2. Providing a detailed analysis of current best practices and evidence-based decision- making criteria. 3. Creating symbolic logic using the identified criteria. 4. Designing output that is useful to providers. 5. Systematically evaluating the decisions and logic against clinician judgment. 6. Integrating the outcome of the project with larger initiatives (BHAVRS, DCSP, CHCSII).

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) allows users of network equipment (i.e. Network Administrators) to remotely query the state of any device being tested for system load utilization and configuration. Windows NT Windows 2000 and Windows XP Processional are all equipped with SNMP service so that an SNMP manager can communicate with an SNMP agent running on a wireless 802.11b client. However the rest of Windows operating systems including Windows CE and a Pocket PC have to run third party proxy SNMP agents in order to be recognized by an SNMP management application. This thesis describes an implementation of a Pocket PC SNMP agent for two Pocket PC mobile devices accessing a wired network via an 802.11b wireless link. As a result of the implementation performed in this thesis an SNMP manager can wirelessly communicate with a Pocket PC client. However other results found that only some of the commercially available SNMP managers are able to access the mobile SNMP client and its management information base due to incompatible implementations of the server and client software., The original document contains color images.

Telephone nursing services facilitate access to appropriate levels of care and provide valuable health care information to callers. Widely viewed as a cost-effective demand management strategy by health maintenance organizations, telephone nursing has seen tremendous growth in recent years. However, little is known about satisfaction with services and influence on self-care activities experienced by patients who use a telephone nursing service. Therefore, further research is needed to explore the usefulness and effectiveness of telephone nursing interventions on patient outcomes. The literature suggests that telephone nursing services, guided by standardized protocols, may provide safe, cost-effective care for patients while promoting home care, decreasing health care utilization, decreasing workload of primary care physicians, improving health care outcomes, and maintaining high levels of patient satisfaction. Guided by Donabedian's (1988) theoretical framework, the researcher contends that patient satisfaction is a primary indicator for assessing the quality of health care.

Women have played an ever increasingly important role in the United States Army enlisted force over the past few decades. Their proportional strength has risen from 2.6 percent in the early 1970's to 15.5 percent in the present day. While the opportunities for women to serve have grown substantially within the combat support and combat service support occupations, the growth of women has been concentrated mainly in the traditional fields of administration, supply and services, medical and transportation. As the Army moves forward with its transformation to the Stryker Brigade and to the Objective Force Unit of Action design, along with instituting reductions in the administration and logistics force structure, we must assess the potential impact this transformation may have on the continued success of integrating women into the enlisted force., The original document contains color images.

This report documents the current state of nuclear submarines and facilities involved in the dismantlement of nuclear submarines in the Russian Northern Fleet. in the first section of the report, all nuclear-powered units and installations involved in the process of nuclear submarine utilization in the northwest region of Russia are listed and considered in detail. The units and installations that were studied include: decommissioned nuclear submarines to be dismantled and salvages, maintenance support vessels, coastal servicing enterprises, and coastal sites. The second section of the report deals with the state of the environment within territories and water areas located close to nuclear-powered units and installations involved in nuclear submarine utilization processes in the northwest region of Russia. The third section considers the issues of creating the concept of environmental (ecological) monitoring within the northwest region. In the fourth section of the report, an analysis of standard and legal frame works for nuclear submarine utilization is given., The original document contains color images.

The purpose of this study was to identify variables that serve as predictors of a clinician s success in utilizing the clinical reminders software package to implement appropriate preventive medicine measures and meet performance standards. The sample consisted of 45 primary care clinicians practicing at the Central Texas Veterans Health Care System (CTVHCS). The relationship between fifteen predictor variables and two dependent variables (completion rate and success in meeting the performance measure) was assessed on a macro level and a micro level. Significant correlations at the macro level included: years out of professional school, gender, place of practice, patients treated per day, clinician s educational background, and clinician s age. At the micro level, significant correlations included: years practicing at the CTVHCS, years out of professional school, gender, patients treated per day, board certification, clinician s educational background, and clinician s age. The significant correlations and associated regression lines allowed the author to develop a clinician profile that identifies characteristics of clinicians more likely to utilize clinical reminders to implement preventive measures., The original document contains color images.

The 21st century American military finds itself deploying throughout the world. In many cases, military members perform the same jobs they would at a home base, but using different facilities, materials, and equipment. As was evidenced by the Gulf War, military members in these conditions can be exposed to a wide variety of chemical hazards.' Unfortunately, many of the current methods for quantifying these hazards are not applicable in deployed environments. Facilities may not exist to calibrate equipment properly, personnel expertise may not be available to operate the equipment, and lack of electricity sources can prevent utilization of the equipment. In these situations, an alternative is necessary to adequately characterize personnel exposures. One such alternative is diffusive samplers.

The Department of Defense Military Health System (MHS) is under constant pressure to decrease costs and increase operational efficiencies. One of the methods to decrease these inefficiencies is through the use of provider profiling systems. One such system is Provider Perspectives. This study shows that Provider Perspectives significantly decreased Emergency Room utilization and subsequently increased the usage of primary care clinics at Martin Army Community Hospital and Winn Army Community Hospital. A significant monthly cost avoidance of $49,000 was shown for Winn. Although, Martin Army Community Hospital showed an increase in monthly operating costs, access to health care increased. This study points out that although Provider Perspectives had a significant affect on usage and cost avoidance, it had a minimal affect on the two quality measures studied: cervical screenings and mammograms., The original document contains color images.

Child maltreatment in the United States has provoked considerable interest in recent years. Child abuse and neglect are prevalent in all parts of American society. Although children of military personnel experience maltreatment, little research has been completed which compares child abuse rates in the military with those for civilian populations. Studies that have assessed child abuse in the armed forces have been based on official reports recorded in military Family Advocacy central registries. Because a standardized method for recording child abuse does not exist, conclusions regarding the prevalence of abuse are often inaccurate. We explore this and other methodological constraints such as differences in definitions, data collection procedures, and utilization of records, which make estimating child abuse accurately in both military and civilian populations difficult. A review of the literature on child maltreatment in the services also reveals that there are many correlates of child abuse unique to the military family. Finally, we discuss both the risk and protective factors within military life that may influence the occurrence of child maltreatment.