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Historical sources often do not extensively feature architects, builders, and construction workers. In particular, written texts that focus on a structure itself and the patron who commissioned it either make no mention of the builder at all or content themselves with referring to these builders with generic professional titles such as architect, master, or apprentice. Architects’ names are rarely mentioned, and even for legendary and productive architects such as Mimar Sinan, information is quite limited. In fact, Sinan stated that he had dictated his autobiographies over time to ensure he would not be forgotten. Meanwhile, oral tradition revolves around architects’ and construction builders’ daily lives, achievements, and professional challenges, even their relationships with religious-mythological elements, which are aspects often overlooked in historical sources. Fictional narratives passed down through oral tradition often draw from real events rarely reflected in written sources, deriving stories from both well-known architects and anonymous builders, characterizing a semi-fictional architect or master. In a way, oral tradition, where the structures themselves and even the narratives serve as direct sources, complements the gaps in the history of architects and builders that do not appear in historical sources. This text focuses on compiling, classifying, and researching origins through written sources, as well as comparing the narratives of architects, craftsmen, and builders that are reflected in the oral tradition within Turkish culture and that are primarily shaped around 14 different motifs. The study aims to draw a fictionalized portrait of the history of Turkish architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Beykoz Akademi Dergisi is the property of Beykoz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background/Aim. The depth of invasion of oral cavity carcinoma (OCC) and the nodal involvement define the treatment selection, outcome, and prognosis of the disease. In determining the stage of OCC, the most widely applied methods are computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), whose limitations can be overcome to some extent by using intraoral ultrasound (IOUS). The aim of the study was to evaluate the imaging presentation of early-stage OCC, determine the depth of invasion (DOI) and the greatest diameter (GD) of the tumor using the IOUS and CT methods, and compare them with histopathological (HP) findings. Methods. The study was designed as a prospective one, with a time limitation of three months. Eleven patients with clinical early-stage OCC underwent a native CT examination of the head and neck as well as a contrast-enhanced phase, and then IOUS of the lesion was performed. Using both methods, DOI and GD values were measured, and the values were correlated with HP findings. The analysis of the obtained data was performed using the statistical package SPSS 22 and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results. A significant correlation (p = 0.001) was established between the DOI values measured by IOUS and CT examination with the measurements obtained by HP processing. On the other hand, by comparing the GD measured on IOUS and CT examination, no correlation was established with the HP report. Conclusion. Measurements of DOI obtained by IOUS significantly correlated with those in the HP report, while overcoming the limitations of the CT method in the evaluation of small-sized tumors and tumors that cannot be shown due to artifacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose of this research is to determine the effects of overtourism on ICH elements. The qualitative research method was chosen because it is appropriate for the research. In this direction, interviews were conducted with craftsmen who produce ICH elements in Cappadocia. During the interviews, five questions were asked of the craftsmen. Content analysis was applied to the findings obtained. The analysis determined that demand for the ICH elements has increased. It was determined that there was no change in the production techniques of the ICH elements but a change in the production objective of the ICH elements. The authenticity of the ICH elements was determined to have decreased, and their economic value increased. The results show that overtourism affects the elements of the ICH and that its negative impact is felt more intensely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim. Although essential oil-containing mouth rinses have some advantages, it is not well-known what effects they have on the bond strength of the universal resin adhesives system to the enamel. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of essential oilcontaining mouth rinses on the enamel bond strength of the universal adhesive system. Methods. A total of 96 bovine incisors were used in the study. The teeth were divided into four different groups according to the control group and three different mouth rinses: Group I (Control) - distilled water, Group II - Listerine Cool Mint (essential oil mouth rinse), Group III - Kloroben (0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate mouth rinse), and Group IV - Oxyfresh (0.05% sodium fluoride mouth rinse). Each group was divided into two subgroups according to the application mode of the universal adhesive (etch-andrinse mode or self-etch mode) (n = 12). Mouth rinses were applied daily for 30 sec to the enamel surfaces for a month, and the samples were soaked in distilled water. After the shear bond strength (SBS) tests were performed with the universal test machine at a speed of 1 mm/min, the SBS data were statistically analyzed (p = 0.05). Results. Two-way ANOVA showed that the enamel bond strength of universal adhesive was not affected by mouth rinse and was significantly affected by the application mode. Conclusion. The use of essential oil-containing mouth rinses and other mouth rinses tested in the study is safe in terms of the quality of enamel bonding of the tested adhesive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Motif Academy Journal of Folklore is the property of Motif Yayincilik and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article attempts to describe Witold Gombrowicz's oral system in Kosmos from the perspective of cultural interpretations of psychoanalysis (Jean-Paul Sartre, Guy Hocquenghem, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick) and schizoanalysis (Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari). Understood as a specific network of connections that organizes the map of Witold's unconscious mind, this system focuses on the mouth, tongue/language, speaking, eating, etc. The fantasy of spitting in the mouth plays a significant role here, read in the context of a similar motif from Jean Genet's novel Miracle de la rose. The novel interpretation revolves around an attempt to escape from the power of the Oedipus complex, presented as a network of familial heteronormative relationships and connections. The failure of heterosexuality is treated as an act of queer resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim. Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB) is characterized by distinct systemic and skin changes, as well as numerous oral manifestations. The aim of the study was to examine oral and perioral soft tissues and oral functions in DEB patients by monitoring changes over a period of one year. Methods. Twenty-four patients (1 month to 36 years old) were clinically examined initially (T0), after 6 months (T6), and after 12 months (T12). Appearance and localization of perioral and oral bullae and scars, maximum mouth opening, reduced vestibule depth, absence of lingual papillae and palatal rugae, and restricted tongue movement due to scarring were monitored. The values of maximum mouth opening at the initial examination were compared to those measured in the healthy control group of the same age. The age of patients and differences between the dominant and recessive subtypes of DEB were analyzed. Results. The average maximum mouth opening was significantly lower in DEB patients compared to healthy individuals. Oral and perioral bullae and scars, microstomia, and reduced vestibule depth were very common, with no statistically significant difference among T 0, T 6, and T 12. The p revalence of restricted tongue movement due to scarring and the absence of lingual papillae and palatal rugae increased significantly over one year. Patients with microstomia, vestibule depth, and restricted tongue movement due to scarring were significantly older than patients without these characteristics. Lingual papillae and palatal rugae were more frequently absent in recessive than dominant DEB. Conclusion. DEB causes significant changes in oral and perioral soft tissues and oral functions impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim. Identification of caries risk indicators involved in the disease development is of great importance. The aim of this study was to assess the association between distinctive risk indicators and different stages of caries disease process in children. Methods. The cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample (n = 327) of school children ages 7-11. A questionnaire submitted to parents was used to record the data regarding demographic characteristics, children's dietary habits, oral hygiene habits and oral health behaviors. Caries was assessed using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) II and subjects were stratified according to the highest and most prevalent caries lesion stage. The data obtained were analyzed using the χ2 or Fisher's exact test and multinomial logistic regression. Results. Caries lesions were detected in 56.6% of examinees observed in the study. Compared to cariesfree subjects, appearance of initial caries lesions was statistically significantly influenced by maternal education level (p = 0.021), paternal occupational status (p = 0.023), toothbrushing frequency (p < 0.001), and caries status of deciduous teeth (p = 0.027). Maternal educational level (p = 0.026), paternal occupational status (p = 0.003), sweets and snacks taking frequency (p = 0.005), toothbrushing frequency (p < 0.001), and fluoridate dentifrice usage (p = 0.027) were associated with moderate caries lesions. Maternal educational level (p < 0.001), sweets and snacks taking frequency (p = 0.022) and toothbrushing frequency (p < 0.001) were associated with extensive caries lesions. Maternal educational level (p = 0.02) and brushing frequency (p < 0.001) were statistically significantly associated with the highest prevalence of initial caries lesions. Maternal educational level (p = 0.025), toothbrushing frequency (p < 0.001) and frequency of dental check-ups (p = 0.016) were statistically significantly associated with the highest prevalence of moderate caries lesions. Conclusion. Parental socioeconomic indicators and children's behavior related to oral health were involved in the changes from caries-free status to different caries stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Art History / Sanat Tarihi Dergisi is the property of Ege University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background/Aim. Periodontal disease is the second most common diseases after dental decay. The aim of the study was to determine frequency and seriousness of the periodontal disease, and periodontal treatment needs among the participants of the Serbian Armed Forces (SAF). Methods. A prospective cross-sectional study carried out on 1,411 military personnel aged 19-64 years (mean age: 35.20 ± 8.46 years). Periodontal health was recorded following the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) of Treatment Needs (CPITN). The frequency distributions were studied with regard to age groups, gender and military rank. The mean number of sextants affected per person was assessed. Results. Only 3 % of the total SAF population had healthy periodontal tissue. The highest percentage of the studied population had the presence of calculus (42.7%), and the mean value of sextants with calculus was 1.77 per person. 35.8% of participants had the CPI score 3 (4-5 mm), and 5.4% of participants had the CPI score 4 (≥ 6 mm). Periodontal pockets (CPI score 3 and 4) were mostly present in the upper right (32%) and left (26%) sextant. Almost every subject needed better oral hygiene maintenance, but 41.2% of our participants required complex periodontal treatment. Conclusion. On the basis of all data, the treatment needs of SAF participants are big and vary in relation to the age, gender and military rank. Unfortunately, a dramatically small number of participants in the study had a completely healthy periodontium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction/Aim. The interest in oral health quality and the tendency to evaluate, provide, improve and compare it, are constantly improving. The main aim of this research was to examine the effectiveness of health education programme to change habits, attitudes and behaviours of dental students. Methods. The research was conducted at the Faculty of Dentistry in Pančevo. The first stage was related to the survey, the measurement of oral health status and the implementation of targeted health education. The second stage was conducted after the health education intervention, as a survey of attitudinal and behavioural changes and clinical measurement of oral health change. The sample consisted of 65 firstyear and 54 fourth-year students, a total of 119 students. The following were defined as research instruments: the research record, questionnaires [the original questionnaire, Hiroshima University Dental Behavioural Inventory (HU-DBI) questionnaire] and health education intervention for modelling factors that determine attitudes and behaviours related to oral health. The Decayed-missing-filled (DMF) index was used to evaluate oral health and hard dental tissue conditions. Results. At the beginning of the research we asked the students: "Do you think your mouth and teeth condition is good?" Contrary to our expectations, 15.4% of the first-year students and 37% of the fourth-year students did not know the answer, or thought they had a problem. 80% of the first-year and 85.2% of the fourth-year students had positive attitude about the statement that once in six months they should go to the dentist for a check-up. 7.7% of the first-year students did not remember the last time they had visited a dentist. The implemented health education intervention led, to some extent, to changes in habits, attitudes and behaviours of students related to oral health. Conclusions. Students of dental medicine do not have sufficiently clear attitudes and safe behaviour regarding oral health. Targeted health education intervention represents the method of choice to take care of one's own health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim. The assessment of the impact of oral health on the quality of life presents the increasing need in testing oral health of an individual and of the entire population. The aim of the study was to translate the index of "Oral Health Questionnaire for Adults" of the World Health Organization into the Serbian language and to check its reliability in the Serbian Armed Forces professional staff. Methods. This study was designed as an observational, epidemiological study. The "Oral Health Questionnaire for Adults" was translated into the Serbian language. The classical test theory was used in the data analysis. The assessed characteristics included internal consistency and construct validity. Results. A total of 1,741 participants were included in this analysis. The mean age of the study group was 32.4 ± 9.7 years. In the last 12 months, problems which occurred frequently or very often regarding teeth and mouth were as follows: difficult biting of food (6.2%), difficult chewing (5.1%), difficult speech or difficult pronunciation of certain words (1.9%), dryness of the mouth (2.9%), the feeling of discomfort due to the esthetic appearance of teeth (6.8%). The reliability of the "Oral Health Questionnaire for Adults" (items considering Oral Health Self-Assessment) had high internal consistency (the Cronbach's coefficient was 0.879). The Principal component analysis and Promax rotation revealed 1 factor with Eigenvalue exceeding 1, accounting for 54.3% of the total variance. Conclusion. The Serbian version of the „Oral Health Questionnaire for Adults" provides very useful and reliable information on the condition of oral health of the Serbian Armed Forces professional members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim. A period of adolescence is characterized by turbulent emotional, physical and physiological changes. There are numerous risk factors that may endanger the oral health of adolescents as the influence of parents reduces, while the influence of the environment and peers increases. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to determine the behavior of adolescents concerning oral health, using a new statistical method - artificial intelligence algorithms. Methods. In the first part of the survey, data on the behavior of adolescents related to oral health were collected. Hiroshima University Dental Behavioral Inventory (HU DBI) questionnaire was used, and additionally expanded with three questions. The second part of the study included clinical examination. The research was conducted at the Faculty of Dentistry in Pančevo, Serbia. The first and second grade high school students were selected for the observation unit. The total sample consisted of 374 students (128 males and 246 females). We applied a special programming language called Python for parsing data, creating a database in digital form, processing data by standard statistical methods and through the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) method. Results. The artificial intelligence algorithms clustered the respondents into two groups, based on their responses from the HU DBI questionnaire. Thus, the quality of the method and the need for analysis of this type in dental studies are demonstrated and proven. Conclusion. Based on the results obtained through artificial intelligence algorithms, we could conclude that respondents should rather be clustered into characteristic groups and analyzed than divided and observed according to sex, as it is the intuitive division. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People use ceramic means of storage, as means of serving food, and as ornamentation. Ceramics can include bowls, plates, cubes, and jugs (just to name a few objects) and they reflect on daily life, socio-economic structure, trade, and cultural interaction in a given region. Ceramic masters - who teach their craft via apprenticeship - interact with the region they happen to be located, as well as with as their cultural background. The Seljuks of Anatolia had conducted many conquest, established many a new city, and transformed many an underdeveloped region. They also put up a struggle against Byzantium, but nevertheless succeeded in migrating wherever they conquered. The Ahi community - known for its ceramic masters - ensured that the everyday needs of the people were met. Moreover, they specialized in making ceramics for daily life and trade. They migrated throughout different parts of Anatolia in accordance with Seljuk conquest and trade routes. This study will look at why they migrated - and in particular to Crimea, after collapse of the Seljuk state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim. Dental caries represents a health problem of all ages, but it is especially significant in the earliest age of children. Early childhood caries can develop immediately after the eruption of deciduous teeth, resulting in many complications, such as tooth extraction, which is reflected in the quality of life and health. Early childhood caries is influenced by a large number of predictors. Considering that the data on predictors for the development of deciduous teeth caries are scarce, the aim of this paper was to determine the prevalence of deciduous teeth caries and detect the predictors for the development of early childhood caries. Methods. Our survey included 117 children of both genders, aged 3 to 6 years, from the territory of Kosovska Mitrovica and Zvečan. All respondents, including children and parents, were surveyed, and thus general data was obtained. A dental examination was performed on all children. The current state of dental health was inserted into special research cards that were in line with the recommendations of the World Health Organization. Those predictors of dental health level that were statistically significant in models of univariate ordinal logistic regression at the significance level of 0.05 were included in the model of multivariate ordinal logistic regression. Results. According to the full structure, there were 49.6% of boys and 50.4% of girls. Healthy teeth were present in 25 (21.4%) children, 19 had reversible changes (16.2%), while 73 (62.4%) children had irreversible carious changes on teeth. The most important detected predictors were sweets consummation, sleeping with a baby bottle, 6 and more meals per day, frequent usage of medical syrups, child's daily tooth-brushing frequency, child's independent tooth-brushing frequency, usage of non-fluoride toothpaste, a lack of professional fluoride application, and mouth breathing. Conclusion. This research contributed to the detection of a large number of predictors that are most important for the development of early childhood caries. In order to reduce the risk of caries development, it is necessary to act in more spheres. This certainly requires planning and implementing preventive dental programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim. The number of children with diabetes is constantly increasing. The aim of this study was to evaluate oral health in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) compared to healthy children. Methods. The study included 177 patients aged 10-15 years, divided into two groups. The group T1DM included children with type I diabetes mellitus, and healthy children were in the control group. Dental health was assessed using the decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) index. The Plaque Index (PI), according to Silness-Löe, and the Calculus Index (CI) by Green, were used to determine oral hygiene. Salivary status involved determining the amount of secreted stimulated saliva and buffer capacity of the same patient. Results. In terms of average values of the DMFT index of permanent teeth, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups. A significant difference (p = 0.001) was found in the PI value between the T1DM group (1.29 ± 0.56) and the control group (1.01 ± 0.50). Also, a significant difference was found in the CI value between the T1DM group (0.09 ± 0.23) and the control group (0.03 ± 0.14) (p = 0.047). The average amount of secreted stimulated saliva for diabetic children was significantly lower (0.99 ± 0.14 mL/min) compared to healthy children (1.06 ± 0.20 mL/min) (p = 0.020). Conclusion. Children with T1DM do not have more diseased teeth; however, they have more dental plaque, dental calculus, and lower salivation than the children in the control group. Also, our results point to the absence of preventive measures and programs in maintaining dental health in Montenegro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the idioms in the English and Serbian language, which contain the lexemes mouth and usta. The idioms are analysed from the perspective of cognitive linguistics, with the main aim of finding the cognitive mechanisms that underlie these idioms and make it possible to understand them. The idioms are grouped according to the concepts they express and are compared and contrasted in order to find similarities and differences among the idioms in the two languages. The analysis results show that there are not many similarities in the way the idioms are lexicalised in English and Serbian, but that there is significant overlapping in their conceptual­isation, which leads to the conclusion that these two languages share universality in conceptualising the world around us.

Bu çalışma Osmanlı Askeri sistemi içinde yer alan ancak üzerinde pek durulmamış ve diğer askeri birliklerle karşılaştırıldığında küçük bir topluluğu kapsayan ve üstelik muharip olmayan bir grubu, orducuları ya da ordu esnafını ele almaktadır. Günümüzde özellikle Osmanlı askeri yapısı, teknolojisi ve lojistiğine yönelik bilimsel çalışmalarda bir artış gözlenmektedir. Çeşitli yıllara ait askeri seferler, sefer lojistiği, ordu yapısı, taktikler ve savaş araç gereçlerindeki değişimler ya da tek başına savaşlar bilimsel bir gözle değerlendirilmekte, neden-sonuç ilişkileri kurulmaya çalışılmaktadır. Orducu esnafının Osmanlı savaş aygıtındaki yeri ve önemini ele alacak bir çalışma makale boyutunu aşacak düzeydedir. Kısmen de olsa bu çalışmamızda, sefer sırasında Osmanlı ordusunun çeşitli ihtiyaçlarını gideren ve orducu adıyla seferde istihdam edilen lonca üyeleri ve üretimleri hakkında bilgi verilmeye çalışılacaktır.

Background/Aim. Many studies on oral health of psychiatric inpatients reported schizophrenia as the most common psychiatric disorder among their sample population. The available evidence suggests the higher prevalence and severity of periodontal disease among the psychiatric inpatients. The aim of this study was to evaluate periodontal health among the inpatients with schizophrenia and to consider possible risk factors for their current periodontal diseases. Methods. This cross-sectional study comprised 190 inpatients with schizophrenia at the Clinic for Psychiatric Disorders "Dr Laza Lazarevic" in Belgrade, and 190 mentally healthy patients at the Clinic for Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University in Belgrade. The Community Periodontal Index for Treatment Needs (CPITN) and sociodemographic characteristics were registered in both groups as well as the characteristics of the primary disease among the inpatients with schizophrenia. Results. The patients in the study group had significantly higher scores of the CPITN (2.24 ± 0.98) than the patients in the control group (1.21 ± 1.10). Most of the patients in the study group had supra-, or subgingival calculi (46.8%), in contrast to the control group patients, who had in most cases gingival bleeding (45.8%). The periodontal pockets where detected in 35.8% of schizophrenic inpatients. The linear regression analysis showed that the gender and age were statistically significant predictors of the CPITN value among the inpatients with schizophrenia. Conclusion. The results of this study generally indicate the need for continuous research of psychiatric patients' oral health, in order to determine the modes of its improvement. Similar studies should elucidate significance of psychiatric patients' periodontal health and sensitize psychiatrists and psychiatric nurses to the oral problems of their patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intangible Cultural Heritage, oral expressions, oral traditions, performing arts, social practices, ritual and festivals, public knowledge, applications related to the universe and nature, cultural products such as crafts tradition and production processes is used as a concept covering. As set out in the Convention on the Protection of the Intangible Cultural Heritage adopted by UNESCO on 17 October 2003, 'Intangible Cultural Heritage [ICH] accepts the Convention, taking into account its importance as the pillar of cultural diversity and the assurance of sustainable development emphasizes that ducultural diversity has created a rich and diverse world that promotes diversity of. UNESCO's 2005 Convention on the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage choices and nurtures human capacities and values, and therefore is the main factor for sustainable development for societies, peoples and nations. Turkey is also directing the activities within the framework of agreements with the decision and the contribution of 195 countries, including UNESCO, the determination of humanity's shared cultural heritage all over the world, documenting and maintaining the creation of awareness for the intended cultural heritage and is working towards increasing the visibility. Within the framework of the Convention on the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage, two lists were created: Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage and National Inventory of Living Human Treasures. As of 2018, there are 30 registered in National Inventory of Living Human Treasures in order to identify and support the traders, producers and transferors of tradition. In this study, Living Human Treasures' policies and practices in Turkey, by considering cultural diversity and sustainable development perspective, Living Human Treasures' will be discussed in the context of compliance with the principles of sustainability of the 2003 convention. Living Human Treasures related policies and practices in Turkey are compared with Living Human Treasures policies and practices over the world. According to the data obtained, findings and recommendations will be made to support the living human treasures and to ensure the sustainability of the tradition in which these masters are producers, transmitters and carriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a dominant view among exegetes that the heart in the Bible is the seat of intelligence and will. However, it seems that the heart is initially focused on human senses, especially the ear and the eye. This scientific paper offers a new approach to understanding the biblical word n? leb ( : $ lebab) "heart". With a new etymological concept, the word may refer directly to the senses of hearing, sight, and speech, which would indirectly point to an extremely narrow connection between the heart and the head. The heart necessarily depends on the receptors in thehead. Their interdependence is not only unquestionable; it is the key to human psycho-religious dynamics. The heart transforms audible and visual information into logical and religious concepts. These concepts of the heart can be twofold: positive and negative. Positive concepts of the heart are thoughts, emotions, and conclusions in the relationship with the Lord. There can be no other way in a comprehensive Biblical correspondence that the heart is positive, active, and good unless it is affectionate, devoted, and subject to the rules of God. God's word, first and foremost, through the faculty of hearing, flows into the human heart. Only such a heart can bring about sound judgment, can discern the difference between good and evil, and govern the whole man. Therefore, in the light of contemporary vocabulary, the biblical heart signifies human judgment, or judgment that logically establishes the relationship between received information from the human audiovisual process. In the human heart, cognitive information is converted into judgments and conclusions. In the Old Testament, good judgments and conclusions are coherent with God's commandments, while in the New Testament they depend on the Gospel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Military aspect in the social and political structure of the Ottoman Empire which exist since the period of foundation, maintained its impact for long years and this situation created a way of life that in volved and contained the whole Ottoman World. Almost all the state in stitutions were started to function for this huge campaign organization. This, more or less, effected all the in stutions and formations. Timar regime, devshirmeh method, the Enderun, all the ordinary and extra ordinary taxes, road security, military constructions, and production and services of guilds, the local producers were the activities that determine the demands of the state with in the secampaign preparations. During the campaing organization that carried out under difficult conditions, needs Ottoman soliders like food, clothing, equipment, health and hygiene, equipment and fodder of the animals weapon care were fulfilled by the guild members who attended the campaing. In this study, guild members, who were employed during campaigns under the name of orducu (military artisans) and supplied the various needs of the Ottoman army, how and under which conditions they were appointed, their production activities during campaigns and what they produced will be revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim. Due to their primary medical condition, children with special needs often display lower levels of oral hygiene, larger prevalence of caries and other oral diseases. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of dental caries, oral cleanliness and presence of malocclusion in children with disabilities, as well as to evaluate eruption time of the permanent molars. Methods. Case-control study was carried out on a group of 107 children with disabilities at the Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia. The control group comprised of 104 healthy school children. Results. Children with disabilities had statistically higher mean [decayed missing and filled teeth - dmft for primary DMF for permanent dentition (dmft DMFT)] values in both dentitions than children from the control group (p < 0.05). Oral cleanliness level was much lower in children with disabilities. A significantly higher percentage of Class II malocclusions and a higher tendency to have a delayed time of eruption of permanent molars were observed in the test group in permanent dentition. Conclusion. Considering poor oral health status and higher tendency for development of malloclusions and delayed eruption, it is necessary to develop preventive dental programmes for children with special needs, as well as improve public awareness about these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim. Oral candidiasis frequently causes discomfort in patients treated for malignant diseases, acting as well as a potential source of systemic infection. This disease may present itself through different clinical manifestations of both acute or chronic type. The aim of this study was to identify different Candida species from oral cavities of patients suffering from malignant diseases. Methods. Thirty patients admitted to the hospital for diagnostics/treatment of malignant diseases were included in this investigation. All subjects had visible changes of oral mucosa in the form of pseudomembranes and inflammation corresponding to oral candidiasis. Control group included 30 non-hospitalized patients diagnosed with candidiasis. Diagnosis of oral candidiasis was confirmed in all patients by microbiological analysis of tongue swabs. For microbiota identification, three different tests were used: germination test, fungal growth test on corn meal agar and biochemical identification with commercially available ID 32 C kit (bio-Merieux, Marcy-l'Etoile, France). Results. Out of 30 isolates collected from hospitalized patients, 90% was related to Candida albicans, 7% was identified as Candida kefyr and 3% as Candida famata. In samples collected from non-hospitalized controls, we isolated Candida albicans in 90% of the cases, in 7% Candida kefyr, while in 3% we identified Candida glabrata. Conclusion. Based on this investigation, oral candidiasis in patients treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy is mainly caused by Candida albicans. It is to be expected that Candida albicans will remain the most significant causative agent of oral candidasis, although we must bear in mind the possibility of other pathogenic species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim. Epidermolysis bullosa is a group of rare, genetic connective tissue diseases that cause blisters in the skin and mucosal membranes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oral health status of patients with epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica and level of knowledge and opinion of parents about the implementation of preventive measaures and quality of dental care of affected children. Methods. This study included a group of 17 patients from Serbia suffering from dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa and matched control group. Dental caries status was assessed using the Klein-Palmer index. Oral hygiene status was verified with oral hygiene indices, simplified plaque index, and calculus index as described by Green and Vermillion. The gingiva was assessed as healthy or inflamed (gingivitis) on the basis of any changes in color, shape, size and surface texture. The condition of oral mucosa has been registered on the basis of inspection of the lips, tongue, a floor of the mouth, mouth vestibule and palate. The level of knowledge and the impressions of parents about the application of preventive measures were investigated through two questionnaires specifically designed for this study. Results. In both dentitions, there was the highest percentage of caries teeth. In primary dentition average value of the modified plaque index was 1.4 ± 1.14 and modified calculus was 0.7 ± 1. On permanent teeth average plaque index was 2 ± 0.4, and average calculus 1.6 ± 0.6. Statistically, significant higher values were found in permanent dentition in percentage distribution of decayed, missing, filled teeth and also for plaque and calculus indices between affected children and the control group. Most common findings on mucosa were microstomia (76.5%) and ankyloglossia (88.2%). Conclusion. The absence of protocol between the treating physician and the dentist and not sufficiently informed parents are leading to inadequate dental care. The implementation of preventive measures is of most importance to decrease the risk of severe complications that are difficult to be managed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim. Early childhood caries (ECC) is still unexplored in Vojvodina an autonomous province of the Republic of Serbia. The aim of this study was to determine its prevalence in preschoolers and to define the risk factors that affect the prevalence of this disease. Methods. The survey was designed as a cross-sectional analytical study of preschool children in the region of Vojvodina, the Republic of Serbia. Sample type has been projected as a systematic sample and contained both parents and their children from 13 to 71 months of age. The study was designed with a dental examination of children and self-administered questionnaire which included: gender of children, self-referred socioeconomic status, parental education, oral status and health information level about parents and their child, child oral hygiene habits, type of feeding during infancy, consumption of sweets and use of medical syrups. The data was further analyzed using the SPSS for Windows Microsoft Excel, version 21. The percentage of caries-free children was compared using χ2 test; one way ANOVA was used to compare the mean disease indices at the 5% level of significance. Categorical variables were compared for statistical difference across groups using contingency χ2 tests together with multinomial logistic regression modeling regarding the predictive model for ECC prevention. Results. The case group involved 452 (52.44%) males and 410 (47.56%) females. The prevalence of ECC in children 13-71 months old was 46.64%. Logistic regression model showed that those children who used sweets between meals were more likely to have ECC (OR=181.16; 95%, CI= 84.29--389.34) as well as those who used medical syrups more than five times a year in comparison to those who never used medicines (OR=8.08; 95% CI=3.78--17.27) among parents with poor oral status (OR=3.09; 95% CI =1.65--5.79) and low health informed parents (OR=217.57; 95% CI= 84.46--560.50). Conclusion. This study suggests an association between the examined risk factors and high ECC prevalence in preschool children in Vojvodina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim. Denture stomatitis (DS) is one of the most common oral health problems among elderly population with removable dentures. Despite the high prevalence, etiology of the disease is not completely understood. It appears to be multifactorial, with a predominance of local factors. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors that contribute to the development of DS in upper removable denture wearers. Methods. This clinical study comprised three groups of subjects with upper removable dentures: the DS group, and the positive and negative control groups. Swab samples were taken from the tongue and palatal mucosa for microbiological examination. Data of denture age, dentures night wearing, unstimulated salivary flow rate (USFR) and saliva pH values were evaluated for all the participants. Results. The prevalence of DS was found to be 26.5%. Significantly higher values of overnight wearing (p = 0.000) and the mean age of dentures (p = 0.022) were found in the DS group compared to the controls. In relation to the positive mycological finding, a borderline significance difference among the groups was confirmed (p = 0.053). No significant association was found between DS and gender, age, the type of dentures, USFR, pH of saliva and bacteria findings. The patients who wore dentures at night had 26 times more chances to get DS compared to the patients who did not wear them overnight. Conclusion. This study confirms similar characteristics of DS prevalence in elderly population of Vojvodina compared to European. Continuous (overnight) wearing of dentures is considered to be major direct risk factor for DS development, while secondary role is attributed to denture age and oral Candida infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the past, societies produced several different objects by using mostly hand crafted basic tools in order to provide their necessities. The producers of these indigenous objects have been successful in carrying their knowledge and experience to the modern times by handing them down from generation to generation. Wooden cradles, which fall into material culture and their raw material is derived from trees, have a special place among these objects. The answers to the questions about the stages of making cradles, the materials for the process, the competition, the bargain, the financial gain, the marketing of the products, the future and the problems of the craft, given by Arı Family who has dealt with this craft for three generations in Black Sea Region, particularly in Düzce, will be evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim. Within the elderly population, residents in nursing homes, there is a greather risk of caries, periodontal disease and teeth loss. Assistance of caregivers in maintaininig good oral hygiene besides improving oral health can improve of residents general health and the qulity of their lives. The aim of this study was to examine the attitudes of caregivers and knowledge about oral health, as well as the practice regarding oral care they apply at nursing homes in Serbia. Methods. The survey was conducted at the Gerontology Center Belgrade, consisting of four nursing homes located in the urban area. The study included 58 caregivers. They were contacted on working days, in all work shifts, during January, February and March of 2013. They were asked to fill in a self-administered questionnaire consisting of 26 closed-type questions. Results. The caregivers mostly considered that it was very important to take care of oral health of the residents, but 69% responded that the level of their oral health was low or very low. As the main barriers to oral hygiene maintenance, the caregivers indicated lack of time. The caregivers had more knowledge about periodontal disease than about the main cause of caries and its prevention. Formal medical education had the influence on the knowledge about oral diseases. Oral hygiene procedures carried out by the mayority of caregivers were denture cleaning and tooth brushing. Conclusion. The caregivers were aware of the limitations in everyday oral care of nursing homes residents in Serbia, although solving these problems requires the involvement of the entire public health service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jérôme Cler Traducción del francés: Alberto Leongómez Herrera Este artículo forma parte del libro Músicas de Turquía, de Jérôme Cler, profesor de etnomusicología de la Universidad de la Sorbona en París. En él se presentan los resultados de una extensa investigación etnomusicológica realizada por el autor en Turquía, a lo largo de la cual se narran, describen y analizan las costumbres rurales y urbanas de una cultura milenaria en cuyas celebraciones y fiestas la música ocupa siempre un lugar central.

Background/Aim. Cancers of the lip, oral cavity and pharynx (LOCP) are frequently grouped together mainly because they have similar risk factors. The incidence rate of these cancers varies worldwide depending on the geographic location. The aim of this study was to determine trends in age-standardized incidence rates of LOCP cancers in the Belgrade population during a 12-year period, from 1999 to 2010. Methods. From The Serbian Cancer Registry (The Registry), we extracted all cases of LOCP cancers registered in Belgrade from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2010. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to define trends and annual percentage change (APC). Results. A total number of 2,025 (1,509 in men and 516 in women) LOCP cancers were reported to the Registry during the study period. The age standardized rate (ASR) for the entire period and for all LOCP cancers, was 6.24 per 100,000 persons (10.35 for men and 2.86 for women). ASR for lip cancers decreased (p < 0.001) during the study period with APC of -8.4%. The ASR for oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers increased (p < 0.05). Conclusion. Our results show a significantly decreasing trend of the incidence rate for lip cancers in the population of the city of Belgrade between 1999 and 2010. On the contrary, the incidence of oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers increased for both men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article attempts to show the eschatological horizon of the Avestan prayer ahm vohü. Its placement in the Yasna at the threshold of the Old Avestan corpus and the virtues ascribed to it in other Avestan texts reveal its high stature in Zoroastrianism. The sense of the prayer remains obscure in its current translations. The problem is in part due to the fact that the text is syntactically defective. One must assume that the significance attributed to it in Avestan tradition is a reflection of what it says, its actual meaning. This is the guiding principle of its interpretation in this article. I critically consider the translations and interpretations of the prayer to date. Some of these are problematic even on the linguistic level. But the problem of sense remains even in those that are formally impeccable. The reason for this is that the translation reproduces the tautology that the original contains, instead of unfolding it. An attempt at unfolding the tautology can be seen in the Young Avestan exegesis of the prayer. Once the tautology is unfolded, the sense of the text becomes evident: those who support asa (the primordial order of creation) will have their wish for a blissful afterlife in asa (the divine sphere) fulfilled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, companies apply existing asset discovery approaches in an ad hoc manner over asset repositories to find the right assets. To precisely identify the right assets, the discovery engine should acquire different types of knowledge regarding: (1) the created assets, (2) the involved application domains, (3) the adopted software ontologies, (4) the adopted matching approaches, and (5) users' contexts and goals. Then the discovery engine uses all these types of knowledge to find the right assets. Hence, we need a framework that is able to manage all these types of knowledge in a dynamic, machine-understandable, and context-sensitive manner. Therefore, this article proposes USTA an aspect-oriented knowledge management framework for reusable assets discovery. USTA enables companies to define and manage their software ontologies in an aspect-oriented manner. It also enables them to define their corresponding matching schemes. USTA enables users to define their goals, contexts, and their preferred matching policies along with their aspect-oriented queries. USTA uses all this information to dynamically create a customized discovery process for every query. Experimental results show that the dynamic and customized discovery approach adopted by USTA provides better matching precision when compared to existing discovery approaches that adopt a static discovery process for all queries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim. Health education plays a very important role in maintaining health of individuals. Good oral health, as a part of general health, is largely dependent on the level of knowledge, attitudes and habits that children already have. The aim of this study is to examine the level of knowledge and habits in children regarding oral hygiene, diet and bad habits. Methods. The study included 506 school children aged 12 and 15 years in three towns (Foča, Čajniče, Kalinovik, Bosnia and Herzegovina). The survey was conducted in order to assess knowledge, attitudes and habits that children have in relation to their own oral health. Results. Most respondents stated that they began to brush their teeth at the age of 4, while a smaller number linked beginning of tooth brushing to the start of school. The parents more often help the boys during tooth brushing. A total of 54.9% of children brush their teeth after every meal, while 40.1% of them brush teeth only once during the day. Twelve year olds brush their teeth more often, especially after a meal. A total of 92.5% of children had never used fluoride tablets nor are the tablets recommended to them by anyone. More than half of the children (61.7%) visited the dentist for the first time before starting school that is on the regular examination that is performed upon enrollment to school. A pain as a reason for dental visits was present in 43.9%, while the preventive check in only 31.4% of the children. Conclusion. Children included in this study, particularly 15-year-olds, are quite well informed about teeth brushing frequency and proper selection of tools for hygiene maintenance, but this knowledge is not applied. Girls are more responsible for their own health, and come regularly to the preventive dental checkups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim. Orthodontic patients should be familiar with techniques of maintaining oral hygiene as well as with proper methods of checking maintenance of oral hygiene. The aim of this study was to determine a correlation between condition of periodontium and techniques of maintaining oral hygiene in patients treated with fixed orthodontic appliances. Methods. The research population included 100 patients, aged 15-25, treated by the orthodontist from 2005 to 2010. The maintenance of oral hygiene and the condition of periodontium was assessed using the following indices: plaque index, gingival index, bleeding index and oral hygiene index. The study was carried out using data obtained from the especially designed questionnaire as well as by objective examination of periodontal condition in accordance with the World Health Organization methodology, using adequate indicators and indices. Results. The results of the study show a significant correlation between condition of periodontium and oral hygiene in those with fixed orthodontic appliances. The use of interdental brushes and mouthwash liquid, as well as teeth brushing, were among the most significant predictors of healthy teeth and mouth. Conclusion. Teeth and mouth hygiene determined by frequency of teeth brushing, using of interdental brushes and mouthwash liquid are the basic preconditions for preservation and promotion of tooth and mouth health in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim. Severe dental anxiety (SDA) is the most severe form of dental anxiety, thus the aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with SDA in students of health-related disciplines. Methods. In this case-control study the cases were students with severe dental anxiety. The study was conducted at the Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia. The participants were undergraduate students attending lectures during spring semester 2010/2011 (n = 1,812). A random sample of 800 students was assessed for the association between various risk factors and the severe dental anxiety. The main outcome measures were the data on demographics, dental anxiety, habits concerning oral hygiene, nutrition, general anxiety and (co)morbidity which were collected from the study participants by semi-structured questionnaire. Results. Less frequent visits to the dentist (OR adjusted = 7.02 [2.65; 18.60]) and visiting the dentist only when there is a dental problem (OR adjusted = 8.08 [1.28; 50.93]) were associated with severe dental anxiety. The same was true for improper oral hygiene (OR adjusted = 4.25 [1.16; 15.60]). Factors as changing toothbrush more frequently (OR adjusted = 0.33 [0.14; 0.76]) and having chronic disease (OR adjusted = 0.01 [0.00; 0.09]) were inversely associated with severe dental anxiety. The level of education of students was not associated with severe dental anxiety. Conclusion. Inappropriate oral hygiene, less frequent changes of a toothbrush and less frequent visits to the dentist are important risk factors for severe dental anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]