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Završni rad naslova Ubanistički razvoj Splita od kasne antike do ranog srednjeg vijeka bavi se povijesnom analizom događaja koji su uvjetovali, ali i omogućili formiranje srednjovjekovnoga grada od kasne antike u 4. stoljeću pa sve do razvijenoga srednjega vijeka u 13. stoljeću. U Uvodu se u najkraćim crtama čitatelja upoznaje s glavnim smjernicama razvoja samog grada, dok se u prvom poglavlju pod naslovom Kasna antika prikazuje antički Spalatum i povijesno ga kontekstualizira s obzirom na Dioklecijana i njegovu vladavinu, te trenutak u kojemu se počela graditi Palača na splitskome poluotoku. Objašnjava se podrijetlo nastanka splitskoga toponima kao i njegovo smještanje u rimski ager centuriatus. Detaljno se prikazuje gradsko tkivo tadašnje Palače te se iscrpno seciraju najvažnije urbanističke značajke i navodi se njihova izvorna namjena. Nakon zaokružene cjeline o rimskoj urbanoj sredini koja je stvorila temelj za nastanak kasnijeg grada, čitatelja se upoznaje s glavnim poglavljem pod naslovom Prelazak iz antike u rani srednji vijek s ključnim preduvjetima zaslužnima za stvaranje srednjovjekovne urbane sredine. Zbog iscrpnosti podataka posljednje poglavlje Srednjovjekovni Spalatum ocrtava isključivo urbanističke zahvate splitskog komunalnog uređenja u razdoblju od 11. do 13. stoljeća. Naglasak se stavlja na primarne arhitektonske čimbenike, dotad ne viđene u antici ili ranom srednjovjekovlju, poput novog zapadnog predgrađa, širenja ulica i trgova, izgradnje prvih kuća i dr. U Zaključku se sumiraju osnovne komponente rada i izriče se temeljna svrha pisanja., This paper entitled URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF SPLIT FROM LATE ANTIQUE TO EARLY MIDDLE AGES in detail provides an overall picture of the urban changes in the period from the 5th to the 11th century, with a brief emphasis on the 12th and 13th centuries. The most important theses include those items related to the transformation of the ancient Palace into a medieval city. So, these are the changes in the city fabric that were influenced by urban, social, and even sacred factors after Diocletian's death until the settlement of the Salonitan neighboring population in the Palace. Their immigration leads to the re-use of the most important parts of the Palace, which change their sacred function to a profane one. In order to get the best possible overview of all architectural interventions and achieve a rounded picture of what is being discussed, a part of the urban interventions during the time of the Split municipal government is also mentioned. Consequently, there is a clear crystallization of the fundamental intentions that are being sought to be achieved in this work, which is about monitoring the development of the city space and the transformation of Diocletian's Palace into a medieval city. The goal is to inform the reader about the key items that influenced the transformation of the Palace in order to get a clear impression of ancient Spalatum as well as medieval Split.

Urbani razvoj odnosi se na urbana i metropolitanska područja oko grada koja se iz godine u godinu povećavaju kako raste broj stanovnika u tim područjima, a pri tome se mijenja i unutarnja struktura grada. Urbani razvoj pojedinih gradova kao i cijele EU sve je važniji za budućnost cjelokupnog čovječanstva i očuvanje okoliša. Zato je vrlo bitan izbor strategija i načina provedbe urbanizacije, međusobna suradnja svih sudionika, pametno financiranje i smisleno ulaganje, analiziranje provedenih strategija te na temelju rezultata stvaranje novih strategija kojima je cilj očuvanje stanovništva i ekosustava. Danas gotovo više od pola svjetskog stanovništva živi na urbanom području, a taj broj iz godine u godinu naglo raste. Brojni stručnjaci predviđaju kako će taj broj narasti i do 70% do 2050. godine. Tema ovog diplomskog rada je urbani razvoj EU u razdoblju od 2021. do 2027. godine. Rad se sastoji od sedam glavnih poglavlja, gdje su definirani pojmovi urbanog razvoja i grada. Nastoji se prikazati koje su urbano znanstvene discipline potrebne za daljnji razvoj grada, kakav utjecaj imaju ljudi, te što čini pametan grad i zašto je potrebno poticati stvaranje pametnih održivih gradova. Ukratko je prikazana povijest programskih razdoblja koja su se odnosila na urbani razvoj EU, te sadašnje programsko razdoblje koje traje do 2027. godine gdje su navedeni glavni ciljevi i zadaće koje države članice moraju postići. Posljednje poglavlje odnosi se na urbani razvoj grada Zagreba i Amsterdama. Amsterdam je izdvojen kao dobar primjer održivog urbanog razvoja, a ujedno je proglašen i najzelenijim gradom kako u Europi tako i u svijetu. Istraživanje i proučavanje razvoja urbanizacije EU te usporedba ova dva različita grada zapravo pokazuje da su potrebe i prioriteti na području cijele EU slični ili moglo bi se reći isti. Svi zapravo kao prioritete postavljaju očuvanje okoliša, smanjenje utjecaja na klimatske promjene, razvoj nove tehnologije i obrazovanje. Razlike su vidljive u planiranju strategija načinu i brzini povlačenja sredstava za provođenje istih te u brzini i načinu provođenja planiranih strategija i projekata. Svakako bi bilo dobro da se zemlje i gradovi koji su prepoznati na razini EU i na svjetskoj razini kao najurbaniji gradovi uključe u edukacije zemalja i gradova u kojima se svijest o takvom načinu razvoja tek počela razvijati. Urban development refers to urban and metropolitan areas around the city, which expand from year to year as the number of inhabitants in these areas grows, while the internal structure of the city also changes. The urban development of individual cities as well as the entire EU is increasingly important for the future of all humanity and the preservation of the environment. That is why it is very important to choose strategies and ways of implementing urbanization, mutual cooperation of all participants, smart financing and meaningful investment, analysing implemented strategies and, based on the results, creating new strategies aimed at preserving the population and ecosystem. Today, almost more than half of the world's population lives in urban areas, and this number is growing rapidly from year to year. Many experts predict that this number will grow to 70% by 2050. The topic of this master’s thesis is the urban development of the EU in the period from 2021 to 2027. The thesis consists of seven main chapters, where the concepts of urban development and city are defined. It tries to show which urban science disciplines are necessary for further development of cities, what influence people have, and what makes a smart city and why it is necessary to encourage the creation of smart sustainable cities. The history of program periods related to EU urban development is briefly presented, as well as the current program period that lasts until 2027, where the main goals and tasks that member states must achieve are listed. The last chapter refers to the urban development of Zagreb and Amsterdam. Amsterdam is highlighted as a good example of sustainable urban development, and at the same time it has been declared the greenest city both in Europe and in the world. The research and study of the development of EU urbanization and the comparison of these two different cities actually show that the needs and priorities in the entire EU are similar or even the same. In fact, everyone prioritizes environmental protection, reducing the impact on climate change, developing new technology and education. Differences are visible in the planning of strategies, the method and speed of withdrawal of funds for their implementation, and the speed and method of implementation of planned strategies and projects. It would certainly be good if the countries and cities that are recognized at the EU level and at the world level as the most urban cities are included in the education of countries and cities where the awareness of such a way of development has just begun to develop.

Drugu naučnu konferenciju o urbanoj bezbednosti i urbanom razvoju u Republici Srbiji su nakon 5 godina ponovo organizovali Fakultet bezbednosti i Arhitektonski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu s ciljem da se nastavi akademska rasprava o kompleksnosti sve izraženijih bezbednosnih izazova u urbanom prostoru. Na dnevnom redu su se našle teme koje su na različite načine povezale dve akademske institucije, ali i više naučnih disciplina čija se polja rada i istraživanja vezuju za (urbani) prostor i koje su otvorile mogućnost za intelektualno i institucionalno nadmetanje u stvaranju širokog polja urbanih istraživanja ili angažovanja u istinski multidisciplinarnim i interdisciplinarnim pristupima u istraživanju. Bezbednost u gradovima je već dugo vremena ključna tema brojnih foruma, konferencija i seminara, kako na globalnom, tako i na regionalnom, nacionalnom, ali i lokalnom nivou. Pitanje urbane bezbednosti, iako je deo nacionalne bezbednosti, sve više dobija na značaju i zahteva posebnu pažnju istraživača, ali i praktičara. S druge strane, pitanje urbanog razvoja potražuje veću saradnju i interdisciplinarno povezivanje sa studijama bezbednosti, ali i drugim studijama i naučnim disciplinama koje se bave urbanim prostorom. Gradovi su sve više u središtu svetskih ekonomskih, ali i političkih i bezbednosnih aktivnosti, a procesi urbanizacije bezbednosti, globalizacije, urbanog razvoja i transformacije gradova dodatno čine ove aktivnosti još složenijim......

U svijetu se događaju različite prirodne katastrofe i katastrofe koje su posljedica djelovanja čovjeka. Cilj rada je prikazati važnost prilagodbe urbanih područja na rizike od katastrofa i istražiti mogućnosti koje se mogu koristiti u cilju upravljanja različitim rizicima. Nakon definiranja temeljnog pojma katastrofa, u radu se obrađuju vrste katastrofa, pri čemu se objašnjavaju obilježja prirodnih katastrofa i antropogenog utjecaja na okoliš. U okviru urbanog razvoja obrađen je pojam i uloga grada kao pokretača razvoja, slijede strateško planiranje razvoja grada, održivi razvoj, izazovi urbanog razvoja te održivi urbani razvoj. U zasebnom poglavlju obrađuje se Kohezijska politika Europske unije. Kako bi se tematika što bolje objasnila kreće se s glavnim strateškim dokumentom Europske unije, Europa 2020, zatim su prikazani Europski strukturni i investicijski fondovi te Fond solidarnosti Europske unije. Analizom djelovanja kohezijske politike Europske unije utvrđuje se sposobnost izravnog utjecaja na gradove, važnost politike u prilagodbi klimatskim promjenama i u upravljanju rizicima te se instrumentima kohezijske politike ujedno potiče održivi urbani razvoj, kao i kreiranje otpornih gradova. Poglavlje o prilagodbi urbanih područja na rizike od katastrofa, čini okosnicu rada, obuhvaća rizike od katastrofa te procjenu rizika od katastrofa u Republici Hrvatskoj, u okviru kojeg se prikazuje procjena rizika od velikih nesreća na primjeru Grada Pule. Kao važan segment ističe se potpoglavlje o smanjenju rizika od katastrofa te urbana otpornost i prilagodba gradova na rizike od katastrofa. U posljednjem dijelu rada analiziraju se posljedice pandemije COVID-19. U tom smislu izdvojeno je istraživanje socioekonomskih posljedica pandemije u Hrvatskoj kroz odabrane pokazatelje i odgovor Europske unije na pandemiju bolesti COVID-19, nakon čega se prikazuje vlastiti osvrt na prilagodbu gradova posljedicama pandemije. Komparacijom različitih primjera u radu, proizlaze zaključci da smanjenje rizika od katastrofa uvijek započinje izradom procjene rizika te je potrebno definirati strategiju za smanjenje rizika od katastrofa i poznavati primjenu različitih instrumenata koji se mogu koristiti za ublažavanje ili sprječavanje rizika (uključujući mogućnosti koje Europska unija nudi). Zaključci također upućuju da je pandemija COVID-19 unijela niz promjena. Iako su negativni učinci pandemije brojni, nazire se i suprotna perspektiva, koja unosi svojevrsno ohrabrenje, primjenjujući koncept otpornosti. Urbana prilagodba, na rizike od katastrofa, je neizbježna. Different natural disasters and man-made disasters are occurring in the world. This paper aims to show the importance of adjusting urban areas to disaster risks and research the possibilities that can be used to control different risks. After defining the basic concept - catastrophe, this paper covers different types of catastrophes. It also explains the features of natural disasters and the anthropogenic influence on the environment. Within the frame of urban development, the concept and the role of the city as drivers of growth is explained. This is followed by strategic planning of urban development, sustainable development, the challenges of urban development, and sustainable urban development. A separate chapter explores the Cohesion Policy of the European Union. To better explain the topic, the chapter starts from the main strategic document of the European Union - Europe 2020 - followed by the European Structural and Investment Funds and the European Union Solidarity Fund. The analysis of the implementation of the Cohesion Policy determines its ability to directly influence on the cities, the importance of politics in adapting to climate change and risk management. Cohesion Policy instruments also encourage sustainable urban development and the creation of resilient cities. The chapter on the adjustment of urban areas to disaster risks is the backbone of the paper. It encompasses disaster risks and disaster risk assessment in the Republic of Croatia which includes the risk assessment of major accidents using the City of Pula as an example. An important part is a subchapter on disaster risk reduction as well as urban resilience and the adjustment of cities to disaster risks. The final part of the paper analyzes the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. There is an emphasis on the research of the socio-economic consequences of the pandemic in Croatia through selected indicators as well as the response of the European Union to the COVID-19 pandemic. This is followed by a personal overview of the adaptation of cities to the consequences of the pandemic. The comparison of different examples throughout the paper leads to the conclusion that disaster risk reduction always begins with a risk assessment. It is also necessary to define a risk reduction strategy and be familiar with various instruments that can be used to mitigate or prevent risks (including the options offered by the European Union). The conclusions also suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic brought about a series of changes. Although the negative effects of the pandemic are numerous, there is an opposite, encouraging perspective, applying the concept of resilience. Urban adaptation to disaster risks is inevitable.

Europska prijestolnica kulture je projekt Europske unije pokrenut iz namjere očuvanja europske kulturne baštine i napretka u stvaranju jedinstvenog europskog identiteta. Međutim, EPK je doživio drugu dimenziju u svojoj svrsi: kultura i ovaj događaj postali su sredstvo za razvoj urbanih prostora, pritom pod time podrazumijevajući i razvoj tj. povezivanje lokalnih zajednica. Od osnutka EPK do danas više od 50 gradova bilo je domaćin ovom događanju, ali posljedice i utjecaji su različiti. Program EPK sa strane EU i strane domaćina doživjeli su konceptualne promjene, a utjecaj EPK postao je vrlo važan predmet istraživanja kako bi shvatili važnost kulture u razvoju grada, odnosno važnost jednog događaja ovog tipa. Rijeka je domaćin EPK 2020., a kroz nju možemo vidjeti kakvo je mišljenje građana i stanje slučaja unutar godine EPK. Na temelju svega, na kraju rada se može razmotriti ukupni utjecaj EPK i ostavština ovog projekta. European capital culture is a European union´s project started for reasons of protecting european cultural heritage and progress in creating unique european identity. However, ECC has grown to other dimensions in its purpose: culture and this event became tool for urban development with implied development and connection of local communities. From founding ECC till today more than 50 european cities were hosts of this event, but consequences and impact is different. ECC programme from EU´s side and host´s have lived many conceptual changes and ECC´s impact has also come in center of many researches so the importance of culture and this type of event in urban development could have been understood. Rijeka is city host of ECC 2020. – within its example it is possible to see persepctive of citizens and state-of-the-art in ECC year. At the end, whole impact of ECC and legacy of this project can be considered in the context of this work.

Klimatske promjene, vidljive kroz niz pojava, predstavljaju globalni, rastući izazov s prostorno različitim višestrukim utjecajima. Cilj rada je analizirati utjecaje klimatskih promjena na urbani razvoj, odnosno istražiti potrebe i mogućnosti prilagodbe urbanih područja na klimatske promjene. Obrađuju se poglavlja koja obuhvaćaju uzroke, dokaze i izazove klimatskih promjena, prikazuje se utjecaj klimatskih promjena u Hrvatskoj s naglaskom na ranjiva područja, a nakon toga slijedi detaljniji prikaz analize uloge gradova u prilagodbi klimatskim promjenama, opis strategija prilagodbe klimatskim promjenama na odabranim primjerima u Hrvatskoj te prikaz rezultata provedenog anketiranja o utjecaju klimatskih promjena na urbani razvoj. Anketiranjem se detaljnije nastojalo istražiti poznavanje utjecaja klimatskih promjena, svijest o mogućim posljedicama i poveznica s urbanim razvojem. Klimatske promjene je nemoguće izbjeći, ali je moguće dijelom spriječiti ili ublažiti posljedice. U radu je dokazano da gradovi imaju mogućnosti djelovati na urbanim područjima kako bi učinci smanjenja negativnih utjecaja klimatskih promjena bili što veći. Gradovi razvijaju strategije kojima nastoje ublažiti ili prilagoditi se postojećim klimatskim promjenama, što je jednim dijelom i posljedica nužnosti. Osim toga, provedba urbanih projekata doprinosi sprječavanju posljedica klimatskih promjena. Treba djelovati danas kako bi sutra stanovnici živjeli bolje te kako bi urbana područja i dalje predstavljala privlačne sredine. Na temelju anketiranja može se zaključiti kako je potrebno detaljnije informiranje o klimatskim promjenama i mogućnostima poticanja promjena na nižim razinama upravljanja, iako se svijest o uzrocima i posljedicama klimatskih promjena sve više razvija. Climate change effects, seen though various aspects, represent global, growing challenge with different spatial impacts. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the impacts of climate change on urban development, that is to investigate the needs and opportunities to adapt to climate change in urban areas. Different chapters that cover sources, evidences and challenges of climate change are presented, followed by the explanation of the impact of climate change in Croatia, with a highlight on vulnerable areas. After that, the analysis on the role of cities in adaptation to climate change is shown, with the description of the climate change adaptation strategies with the chosen examples in Croatia and with the presentation of the results of the survey research that deals with the impact of the climate change on urban development. Survey method was applied to investigate in more detail the understanding of the climate change impacts, awareness of the possible consequences as well as the connection between climate change and urban development. It is impossible to avoid climate change, but it is possible to partly prevent or mitigate the consequences. This study has proven that cities have the opportunity to implement solutions in urban areas in order to produce more successful results in reducing unfavourable impacts of the climate change. Cities create strategies that can mitigate or adapt to climate change. Partly, this arises from the need. Besides, the implementation of urban projects can contribute to prevention of the climate change consequences. It is necessary to act today for the better future and to assure that the urban areas continue to be attractive centres. Based on the results of the performed survey, it can be concluded that it is necessary to inform about climate changes and opportunities to encourage changes on lower levels of governance, even though the awareness about the sources and consequences of the climate change is more and more developing.

Demografski potencijali jedan su od najbitnijih faktora urbanog rasta i razvoja koji značajno utječu na razvoj urbanih procesa. Razvoj urbanih prostora također može utjecati na promjenu demografske strukture u pozitivnom i negativnom kontekstu. Cilj rada je analizirati i prikazati demografska obilježja i potencijale odabranih urbanih područja u Republici Hrvatskoj te objasniti poveznicu između navedenih karakteristika i gospodarskog razvoja. U radu je prikazana važnost urbanih sredina, opisan je hrvatski urbani kontekst, dokazana uloga stanovništva u poticanju urbanog razvoja, s detaljnijom analizom primjera Zagreba, Rijeke, Pule i Zadra. U analizi primjera rad prikazuje osnovna obilježja promatranih gradova, detaljnije analizira demografske karakteristike, šire sagledava međupovezane urbane procese, prikazuje SWOT analizu za područje demografije te se također prikazuju strateški okviri i mjere za budući urbani razvoj. U posljednjem dijelu rada prikazana je zasebna komparativna analiza odabranih gradova, uz kritički osvrt koji proizlazi iz analize demografskih potencijala promatranih urbanih područja. Potvrđena je važnost demografskih potencijala u razvoju urbanih područja, utvrđene su razlike među gradovima, ali i sličnosti u nepovoljnim demografskim trendovima. U daljnjem razvoju potrebno je djelovati na način da se demografski potencijali iskorištavaju u skladu sa specifičnim potrebama urbanih sredina, spriječiti da koncentracija stanovništva rezultira s negativnim učincima (posebno u gradovima koji prednjače prema razvoju poslovne moći), omogućiti da se područja u okruženju većih gradova samostalno dalje razvijaju te koriste pogodnosti aglomeracija kako bi privlačila stanovništvo. Povezivanjem aglomeracija, većih i manjih urbanih područja moguće je doprinijeti rješavanju brojnih ekonomskih, širih društvenih i ostalih pitanja. Uz navedeno, potrebno je ciljano djelovati putem mjera koji će spriječiti daljnje negativne demografske trendove. Urbani prostori trebaju se razvijati u skladu s javnim interesima i potrebama građana urbanih sredina, kako bi se povećao životni standard, pružila odgovarajuća kvaliteta javnih usluga, i daljnji razvoj, kojem će demografski potencijali biti glavni generatori. Demographic potentials are one of the most important factors of urban growth and development that significantly affect the development of urban processes. The development of urban spaces can also affect the change of demographic structure in a positive and negative context. The aim of this thesis is to analyze and present the demographic characteristics and potentials of selected urban areas in the Republic of Croatia and to explain the connection between these characteristics and economic development. The paper presents the importance of urban areas, describes the Croatian urban context, proves the role of the population in encouraging urban development, with a more detailed analysis of the examples of Zagreb, Rijeka, Pula and Zadar. In the analysis of examples, the paper presents the basic characteristics of the observed cities, analyzes demographic characteristics in more detail, looks at urban processes, including SWOT analysis for the field of demography, and also presents strategic frameworks and measures for future urban development. In the last part of the paper, a separate comparative analysis of selected cities is presented, with a critical review arising from the comparative analysis of demographic processes of the observed urban areas. The importance of demographic potentials in developing urban areas is confirmed, differences between cities have been identified, as well as the similarities in unfavourable demographic trends. In further development it is necessary to act in such a way that the demographic potentials are exploited in accordance with the specific needs of urban areas, prevent that population concentration results with negative effects (especially in cities which have strong business power), enable the development of the surrounding areas of the larger cities that will use the benefits of agglomerations to attract the population. By connecting agglomerations, larger and smaller urban areas, it is possible to contribute to solving numerous economic, wider social and other issues. In addition, it is necessary to act through targeted measures that will prevent further negative demographic trends. Urban areas should be developed in accordance with the public interests and needs of urban citizens, in order to increase living standards, provide adequate quality of public services and further development, where demographic potentials are the main generators.

In the major theories of economic development, the spatial aspect has often been neglected. Within the evolution of regional development theories, not only is there a shift in focus from exogenous to endogenous factors, but also an increasing importance of human capital in the development process. Agglomeration economies are ultimately driven by savings in transport costs, related not only to the exchange of goods and services, but also to people and ideas. Large cities play crucial role in knowledge spillover because the interaction of educated and creative people stimulates innovation. Also, it is obvious that there is a very pronounced feedback principle between urban growth and the knowledge spillover. Contemporary urbanization trends are perfectly matched with the technological advances of the new age which led to sharp decrease of costs of communication and transfer of information. These processes (that trigger pronounced agglomeration diseconomies, such as pollution, rising cost of living and congestion), accompanied by the demographic explosion that is especially evident in developing countries, bring into focus the problems of urban development. U vladajućim teorijama ekonomskog razvoja prostorni aspekt je bio vrlo često zanemarivan. U evoluciji teorija regionalnog razvoja uočava se ne samo pomeranje fokusa sa egzogenih na endogene faktore već i rastući značaj ljudskog kapitala u procesu razvoja. Aglomeracijske ekonomije, u krajnjoj liniji, nastaju usled ušteda u transportnim troškovima, vezanim ne samo za razmenu dobara i usluga, već i ljudi i ideja. Veliki gradovi imaju presudnu ulogu u prelivanju znanja budući da, interakcija obrazovanih i kreativnihljudi stimuliše inovacije. Očigledno je i da između urbanog rasta i prelivanja znanja postoji veoma izražen princip povratne sprege. Savremeni trendovi urbanizacije se savršeno poklapaju sa tehnološkim napretkom novog doba koji je doveo do značajnog opadanja troškova komunikacije i prenosa informacija. Ovi procesi (koji izazivaju sve izraženije aglomeracijske disekonomije poput zagađenja, narastajućih troškova života i zagušenja) praćeni demografskom eksplozijom, posebno istaknuti u zemljama u razvoju, stavljaju ufokus problematiku urbanog razvoja.

Bežanija - kao jedno od starijih naselja u današnjem gradu Beogradu, odnosno Opštini Novi Beograd, predstavlja mesto bogato ne samo urbanoistorijskim već i arhitektonskim obeležjima. Štaviše, etnološko i antropološko proučavanje Bežanije proširuje perspektive posmatranja ove celine i pokušava da sagleda trenutni društveno-kulturni okvir njenih stanovnika. Ovaj rad zasnovan je na sprovedenom arhitektonsko-antropološkom istraživanju u vidu mapiranja proučavanog prostora, opservacije i obavljenih neformalnih razgovora sa stanovnicima. Nastojaćemo da na osnovu raspoložive građe pokažemo da je Bežanija danas gotovo skrajnut gradski toponim, jer su joj granice delom neodređene i zamagljene usled specifičnog urbanog razvoja Novog Beograda tokom (post)socijalizma. Jedan od opštih nalaza je da lokalni identitet stanovništva takođe prati ove trendove, što znači da poistovećivanje ljudi s mestom življenja biva drugačije percipirano kod različitih generacija, u zavisnosti od promena u arhitekturi naselja. Being one of the older settlements in the present-day City of Belgrade, more precisely the municipality of Novi Beograd, Bežanija is a place boasting rich historical, urban planning, and architectural features. Moreover, the ethnological and anthropological study of Bežanija expands the perspectives of this urban neighbourhood, attempting to examine the current social and cultural framework of its inhabitants. This paper is based on the architectural and anthropological research conducted in the form of mapping the studied area, observation, and informal interviews with residents. On the basis of the available material, the author endeavors to show that Bežanija is nowadays almost a marginalised city toponym, due to partly indeterminate and blurred boundaries cased by the specific urban development of Novi Beograd in (post)socialist era. One of the general findings is that the local identity of the population also follows the trend, which means that people's identifying with a place of residence is differently perceived by different generations depending on changes in the architecture of the neighbourhood.

U ovoj su disertaciji opisane i analizirane etape nastanka, razvoja i urbanih promjena seksterija u Dubrovniku na primjeru jednog specifičnog predjela grada, seksterija Sv. Nikole, u razdoblju od četrnaestog do druge polovice petnaestog stoljeća. Primarna arhivska građa na kojoj se disertacija temelji su neobjavljeni i do sada rijetko korišteni svesci javno oglašenih kupoprodaja, Venditiones Cancellariae (sv. 1. – 13.), u istraživanju analizirani usporedno s relevantnim objavljenim arhivskim izvorima, spoznajama o urbanom razvoju Dubrovnika u povijesnoj i povijesno-umjetničkoj historiografiji te sačuvanim urbanističko-arhitektonskim strukturama. Nakon uvodnog dijela u kojem je ocrtano planiranje ulične mreže seksterija, raspravlja se o njegovoj izgradnji i mijenama cjelovite „urbane slike“ i njezinih sastavnica – stambenih građevina, drvenih i zidanih, te niza javnih, gospodarskih, sakralnih i obrambenih zdanja. Posebna je pozornost pritom posvećena privatnim kućama koje su analizirane prema tipu nekretnina, cijenama postignutim u oglašenim kupoprodajama i plaćanju tereta (zemljarine) za zemljište na kojem su bile podignute. Podaci iz dokumenata „smješteni“ su u fizički prostor ulica seksterija što je omogućilo analizu stambene arhitekture prema socijalnom, imovinskom i profesionalnom statusu njihovih vlasnika, poglavito s obzirom na promjene koje su se na tom planu odigravale u istraživanom vremenu u seksteriju Sv. Nikole u svjetlu analognih pokazatelja za ostale dijelove grada. Praćenjem stanja na tržištu nekretnina u gradu uočen je i interpretiran niz karakterističnih pojava, bilo da se radi o izgradnji kuća i pojavi reprezentativnih stambenih objekata, bilo o ulaganju u nekretnine i grupiranju nekretnina u vlasništvu imućnih pojedinaca ili rodova po kojima će pojedine ulice dobiti i ime. Na temelju obrađene arhivske građe analiziran je udio koji su u izgradnji kasnosrednjovjekovnoga grada imali na jednoj strani komuna, a na drugoj slojevi građanstva, urbanog plemstva i obrtnika te koje su konsekvencije njihove prisutnosti za specifične gradske predjele, u dubrovačkom slučaju seksterije. U prilogu disertacije doneseni su prijepisi relevantnih dokumenata i tablice sastavljene na temelju istraživanja kupoprodajne građe. The present thesis sets out to explore the development of the urban fabric of late medieval Dubrovnik (Ragusa), by paying particular attention to Saint Nicholas’ sexterium. The time span covered starts at the very end of the thirteenth century, but more nuanced analysis has been carried out for the period from the middle of the fourteenth to the second half of the fifteenth century. The research for this dissertation has been based on the yet unpublished and rarely consulted volumes of the proclamations of real estate sales, the Venditiones Cancellariae series (no. 1 – 13), kept in the State Archives in Dubrovnik. The data regarding the urban and social topography of St Nicholas, gleaned from this particular source, was integrated with other already published sources pertaining to the urban and social landscape of late medieval Dubrovnik. The dissertation is arranged into six consecutive chapters: 1. introduction, 2. urban planning of the St Nicholas sexterium, 3. urban development of the sexterium through the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, 4. chapter on the Venditiones Cancellariae series, the legal grounds of sales of immovable property, and the use of registers real estate sales in historical research, 5. social space of St Nicholas and 6. conclusions. At the end of the dissertation one can find a transcription of characteristic records of the real estate sales discussed in the main text, the regesta of sales, illustrations, as well as the extensive list of bibliography consulted. The introductory chapter aims at outlining the main historiographical concerns of the present research, including the short overview of the recent trends in urban history studies of eastern Adriatic cities. Particular attention has been paid to the characterisation of the nature of archival sources utilised in the research. Principal motifs for the choice of the topic have been laid out, the most important being the unequal treatment of St Nicholas’ sexterium in comparison to other Ragusan administrative districts. Furthermore, the availability of comprehensive sources on the houses and their owners in the streets of this particular part of the city (primarily from 1417 and 1481) were the key reasons that lay behind the choice of the topic, given that their analysis can offer new insight into the urban and social topography of this city area. The second chapter is concerned with the urban development plan of St Nicholas’ sexterium in the last decade of the thirteenth century (as codified in the city’s statute of 1296), particularly regarding the hitherto suburbs of late medieval Dubrovnik, that were incorporated within the city walls. Special attention has been paid to structures (mostly churches) that predate the time of the laying out the orthogonal grid, and that were integrated into this new urban fabric. At issue here is a fundamental project of medieval urbanism in Dubrovnik, which is furthermore compared to the “boom” of suchlike undertakings in the Mediterranean and beyond. The aim of the comparison was to underline the similarities and differences that define the Ragusan project with regard to other analogous projects. In line with proposals already advanced, it is argued that the late-thirteenth-century deliberations did not devise only a new sexterium, but have also given new look to the principal communication in the city, that of the Placa street (modern day Stradun), which, consequently, made St Nicholas a desirable place for living and real estate investment. The chapter on the urban development is structured around different categories of buildings, namely public projects, church fabric and private dwellings. These building activities and campaigns (particularly the erection of the communal houses, large mendicant complexes, and buildings of public purpose) were roughly sketched on the basis of published scholarly literature. Considering the fact that the medieval residential architecture had suffered irreparable damages and loss in 1667 earthquake, the unpublished documents on the commissioning and furnishing of houses in the last decades of fourteenth century, from the Diversa Cancellariae series, have been consulted. As a result, a tentative reconstruction of a prominently placed house has been proposed, built under the project and supervision of Jean Antoine de Vienne, a prominent builder in the late trecento Dubrovnik. By pointing out to this particular example, common scholarly assumptions on the appearance of medieval houses in the St Nicholas’ sexterium (generally perceived as modest and unambitious) have been challenged. Given the prominence of the real estate sales registry books (Venditiones Cancellariae) for the present research, a separate chapter is devoted to its structure and its relevance for the research on urban and social topography of medieval urban fabric. The earlier research on the sales records in the State Archives in Dubrovnik has been scrutinised by giving prominent place to the unpublished research on these records carried out by Branimir Truhelka who, in the early 1940s, carefully drew up a catalogue of sellers, buyers, their properties and locations of houses for the period 1454 – 1482. Furthermore, this chapter is based on the research of yet unpublished sale records: the quantitative analysis of the categories of immovable sold, the reflection on the terminology employed in the documents analysed (such as casale, domus magna etc.), and the discussion on the prices of houses sold, and tax the owners of houses were obliged to pay annually to the owners of the terrains (angaridium, terraticum). Moreover, the data obtained from these analysis was compared to the urban topography of the sexterium as it appeared at the time. The starting point was a database of all the properties sold in Dubrovnik (ca. 1352 – 1454, including the Truhelka’s work that covered the period from 1454 to 1482), that altogether comprised more than 1500 registered sales of immovable property within the city walls. Furthermore, by combining different sources it was possible to locate a considerable number of privately- or church-owned terrains on which houses were build, as well as to identify the exact location of approximately one third of the owners mentioned in the sales. These results were encouraging to identify the most prominent sellers and buyers in the context of spatial organisation of their dwellings. In that sense, the in-depth scrutiny of the Venditiones Cancellarie registers offered valuable insight into the population residing in the sexterium. Following the basic remarks on state of research concerning the societal groups in late medieval and early modern Dubrovnik, further analysis have been concentrated on individuals and families that owned multiple houses. For instance, members of the Turčinović family, Radoslav, and his sons Cvjetko and Matko (joined in fraterna), owned several houses in the Fourth (present day Dropčeva) street. Similar grouping of houses of the same owner in particular streets of the sexterium, or directly on its principal street (Prijeki put) can be established for Petar Primović (Petrus Primi) in the first half of the fifteenth century, as well as for Miho Zizer (after 1440s). Primović’s case stands out for his debts constrained him to sell a number of houses he gradually accumulated, which testifies to the diverse social processes that have shaped the housing market and, concordantly, the ownership landscape. As can be deduced from the coeval sources (both literary and documentary), the amassing of houses was multipurpose: it secured the prosperity of the family in case their business (primarily trade) devitalises, while the renting of properties could also insure additional income for the family members. Finally, we should not fail to acknowledge the representational potential these houses could have embodied, particularly when – as in cases described – their owners were not members of urban nobility, but of the burgeoning class of citizens. In order to trace these processes, several prominent cases have been analysed, all of which include members of the confraternity of St Anthony, that had gathered the wealthiest non-noble citizens of late medieval Dubrovnik, mostly traders and merchants (colloquially called the “Antunines”). Analogous analysis has been conducted for other professional groups, in particular for the goldsmiths and stonecutters. Among these, several prominent individuals who possessed a number of houses were identified, such as goldsmith Radosav Utišenović and stonecutter Mihoč Radišić. Other artisan groups, on the contrary, were recorded far less as sellers or buyers of houses. Although the sources preserved enable locating of their houses as well, no patterns of their grouping in the streets of St Nicholas city district can so far be proposed. The solely exception, as tentatively advanced, could be that of the goldsmiths, residing in the south-west part of the sexterium. More generally speaking, it has been proposed that no far-reaching conclusions concerning the members of the professional groups can be drawn from the sales’ registries since the individuals who owned multiple houses were an exception, and that the grouping of the members of the Antunine confraternity does not have equivalents in other parts of the city. The sales of houses have been discussed in relation to their location and status of their owners, and, on the basis of a considerable number of documents, several cases can be made. First, regarding the social status of these owners, the most prominent locations were occupied by wealthy merchants, members of the Saint Antony confraternity. In that respect, the thesis has deepened the research on these distinguished Ragusan citizens. On a more general level, the view that is commonly accepted in the scholarly literature – that of St Nicholas sexterium as a “popular neighbourhood” – holds true only to a certain extent. In fact, this label can be attached to this peculiar district of medieval Dubrovnik in earlier phases of its development, while the analysis of its social structure in relation to transactions of real estate properties reveals a somewhat different picture. The contrast of the censuses of 1417 and 1481, both of which are benchmarks for the scrutiny of urban and social transformations in St Nicholas through the period under consideration, revealed several key change. As can be deduced for the comparison of northern part of the sexterium, a higher number of the houses owned by the members of urban nobility is recorded. Second, there was a greater number of property belonging to the church institutions in the 1480s. The gradual increase of prices of houses (although a more in-depth analysis of the market is still needed), as well as the increase of urban nobility in the district could point to social zoning during the fifteenth century. This research has, therefore, laid ground for the scrutiny of the social topography of Dubrovnik in the consecutive periods, and the analysis of the outcomes of the processes traced in this dissertation for the sexterium in the sixteenth century and beyond.

Urbani razvoj potrebno je promatrati kao skup djelovanja različitih odrednica koje mogu unaprijediti kvalitetu života u gradovima, što postavlja izazove u procesu upravljanja razvojem. Cilj rada je analizirati odabrane odrednice urbanog razvoja Rovinja, prikazati primjere dobre prakse implementacije projekata urbanog razvoja te detaljnije analizirati učinke ubrzanog rasta i razvoja turizma u Rovinju. U radu se stoga obrađuju temeljna obilježja urbanog razvoja, definiranje i mjerenje, značaj razvoja gradova, pri čemu se objašnjava važnost provođenja procesa decentralizacije, snažnijeg uključivanja jedinica lokalne samouprave u razvojne aktivnosti, a nakon toga se prikazuje važnost i obuhvat strategija upravljanja urbanim razvojem. Na primjeru Rovinja analiziraju se osnovna obilježja grada, razvijenost odabranih odrednica koje su bitne u poticanju rasta i razvoja, kao što su društvena i komunalna infrastruktura, prikazuje se strategija urbanog razvoja Rovinja, uključujući ciljeve i prioritete temeljem kojih se usmjeravaju razvojne aktivnosti, ali i komentira ostvareni učinak pojedinih strateških aktivnosti. Uspješno realizirani i planirani projekti urbanog razvoja Rovinja, različitih područja promatranja, prikazuju se u zasebnom poglavlju, s komentarom doprinosa razvoju. Tu se također ističu mogućnosti uključivanja stanovništva u razvoj grada, što potvrđuje nužnost uključivanja različitih dionika. U završnom dijelu rada detaljnije se analizira utjecaj turizma na razvoj Rovinja, pri čemu se objašnjava značaj turizma i prikazuju konkretni učinci, ali i kompariraju pozitivni i negativni aspekti razvoja turizma, s posebnim naglaskom na problematiku povećanja broja posjetitelja i prilagodbu razvoja urbanog područja. U radu je prikazana prilika za provođenje samostalnih razvojnih aktivnosti od stane gradova, dokazane su pozitivne razvojne aktivnosti na primjeru odabranog grada, ali je ujedno i potvrđeno da se Rovinj, kao mali grad, nalazi pred snažnim izazovima usklađivanja turističkog razvoja i ostalih razvojnih aspekata. Također je istaknuto da je u poticanju urbanog razvoja bitna suradnja različitih razina upravljanja i odgovarajuće strateško planiranje održivog razvoja. Urban development must be observed as the result of the effects of different determinants which can have an influence on the urban quality of life. This implies different challenges in managing urban development. The aim of this thesis is to conduct the analysis on the chosen determinants of the urban development of Rovinj, to present the examples of good practices about the implementation of different projects of urban development and to analyse in more detail the effects of strong growth and development of tourism. Main characteristics of urban development, defining and measuring, as well as the role of urban development are shown. The importance of the process of decentralisation, stronger including of the local units in development activities are explained, together with the aim and the characteristics of the strategies of urban development. On the example of Rovinj analysis is focused on the main characteristics, development of chosen determinants which are important in growth and development, such as social and communal infrastructure. Strategy of urban development of Rovinj is also presented, including its aims and priorities, as the basis for development activities. The impact of some of the strategic activities is commented. Successful and planned examples of urban development projects in Rovinj are shown, regarding different development areas, with its contribution to urban development. In this part of the paper, the opportunities to include local population in development activities are explained. This confirms the need to include different actors in urban planning. In the final part of the thesis, more detailed analysis is performed and presented about the impacts of tourism on the development of Rovinj, where the importance of tourism is described and concrete effects are presented with a comparison on positive and negative influences of tourism development. Special sections are given to problems which are the result of the increasing number of visitors and adjustment of the development of the urban area. In this thesis the opportunities for cities to perform independent development activities is confirmed, positive development activities on the example of chosen city are presented, but also it is concluded that Rovinj is faced with challenges of combining tourism needs and other development aspects. It is highlighted that in managing urban development, cooperation between different levels of government is necessary, as well as adequate strategic planning of the sustainable urban development.

Pod utjecajem neizbježnih procesa modernizacije, postindustrijskog društva, tehnokracije, globalizacije uslijedila se paralelno s njima i urbanizacija došlo je do nužnih promjena. Urbanizacija ima svoje prednosti, ali i nedostatke. Urbani razvoj je donio bolju povezanost, dostupnost i raznovrsnost pa i veću kvalitetu raznih usluga zdravstvene i socijalne skbi, bolje ponude poslova, razvoj uslužnih djelatnosti poput ugostiteljstva, trgovine... No, ubrzani razvoj je donio i određene izazove s kojima su se neke države lakše, neke teže nosile. Izazovi se pojavljuju na svim razinama funkcioniranja države: ekologija i okoliš, infrastruktura, arhitektonski raspored i uređenje područja, kapaciteti ustanova, promet i povezanost, porast socijalne nejednakosti, zaostatak ruralnog razvoja... Cilj rada je dobiti dublji uvid u pristup koji je ponudio rješenja za novonastale izazove s kojima se urbana područja pa i države susreću, a to je integrirani pristup urbanom razvoju koji se istovremeno usmjerava na sva područja funkcioniranja. Kako bi se što efektivnije implementirao IUR u gradove, EU je svojim članicama, a u svrhu regionalnog razvoja omogućila mjere i instrumente, a unutar regionalne razvojne i kohezijske politike. To uključuje raznolike strategije, financijske i nefinancijske instrumente te mehanizme pomoći i podrške kao što su fondovi, programi, udruženja, forumi, konferencije. S obzirom na potencijal i prednosti koje pružaju IUR i EU u njegovoj primjeni potrebno je shvatiti sve mogućnosti te ih iskorištavati, a za vlasitit razvoj i napredak. Hrvatska se također uključila u implementaciju IUR-a te je zabilježen napredak povećanim brojem prijavljenih i odobrenih projekata od strane EU fondova na području IUR-a. Sve veći broj gradova i poduzetnika različitih dijelova Hrvatske i djelatnosti je prepoznao mogućnosti koje EU i IUR nude. U sklopu toga su razvijeni i operativni programi, uspostavljeni pametni gradovi među kojima se istiće Rijeka svojom modernizacijom i digitalizacijom te udruge kao što je CUTER. Kao primjer grada se prikazuje i grad Labin koji je proveo i provodi brojne projekte na području revitalizacije i obnove kulturne i prirodne baštine, poboljšanje kvalitete života kroz obnovu ustanova koje omogućavaju sportske i zabavne aktivnosti, razvoj kulturnog i prirodnog turizma koji omogućava iskorištavanje postojećih resursa kako bi se izgradio identitet, povećao broj radnih mjesta, privukle investicije, povećao BDP itd. U svrhu dobivanja dubljeg uvida u implementaciju IUR-a u Labinu proveden je i intervju s predstavnicima Grada na području europksih fonodva i projekata te se zaključilo kako Labin uspješno provodi IUR kroz: iskorištavanje svojih potencijalna rudarstva i turizma, revitalizaciju urbanog područja izgradnjom novih i obnovom postojećih, a potrebnih ustanova i lokacija, nudi brojne pogodnosti za poticanje poduzetništva i obrazovanja, razvija suradnje i partnerstva te se provodi i CLLD pristup. Under the influence of the inevitable processes of modernization, post-industrial society, technology, globalization and parallel to them urbanization there happened necessary change. The relocation of life, activity, residents from villages to cities has led to a complete change of lifestyle, organization and functioning of the state at national and global levels. Urbanization has its advantages and disadvantages. Urban development has brought better connectivity, accessibility and diversity, and higher quality of various health and social services, better job offers, development of service activities such as catering, shops. Challenges occur at all levels of state functioning: ecology and environment, infrastructure, architectural layout and landscape design, capacity of institutions, traffic and connectivity, rising social inequality, rural development lags. The aim of the paper is to gain a deeper insight into the approach that has offered solutions to the emerging challenges that urban areas are coping with- an integrated approach that focuses on their area of work. In order to effectively implement the IUR in cities, the EU is offering to hers member states different measures and instruments within regional development and cohesion policy. That includes a variety of strategies, financial and non-financial instruments for assistance and support mechanisms such as funds, programs, associations, forums, conferences. Considering the potential and benefits of IUR and EU in its implementation, it is necessary to understand and exploit all possibilities for their national development and progress. Croatia has also been involved in the implementation of IAUs and progress has been made in growing number of applied and approved projects from EU funds in the IAU area. A growing number of cities and entrepreneurs from different parts of Croatia and industries have recognized the opportunities offered by the EU and the IUR. As part of this, operational programs were developed, smart cities discovered among them is Rijeka of its modernization and digitization ana associations such as CUTER. An example of the city showen in the paper is the city of Labin, which implemented different projects in the area of revitalization and restoration of cultural and natural heritage, improving the quality of life through the restoration of institution that provides sport and social activities, the development of cultural and natural tourism that uses existing resources so Labin can build its identity, increase jobs, increase investment, increase GDP and at the same time promote integrated and sustainable urban development. In order to gain a deeper insight into the implementation of the IUR in Labin author had an interview with City representatives in the field of European foundations and projects which proved that Labin is successfully implementing the IUR through: exploiting his potential in field of mining and tourism, revitalizing urban areas- building new ones and redeveloping existing institutions and locations that are needed, offers benefits to foster entrepreneurship and education, develop collaboration and partnerships, and implement CLLD access as well.

A paradigm shift in understanding cities and landscape as holistic, comprehensive and participatory was enhanced by the Council of Europe Landscape Convention and the Historic Urban Landscape approach. The recognition of shift markers which establish the city and landscape connections is set as the research aim and explored through review of literature covering historic development of landscape, city and landscape architecture, and landscape in history of arts and photography. The acknowledgment of universal aspects of the city and landscape connections emanates the unity and inseparability of the city and landscape., Promjena paradigme u razumijevanju gradova i krajolika kao holističkog, sveobuhvatnog i participativnog osnažena je Konvencijom o krajobrazima Vijeća Europe i istraživačkim pristupom povijesnih urbanih pejsaža. Prepoznavanje promjena paradigme koje uspostavljaju veze grada i pejsaža, postavljene su kao cilj istraživanja te su istražene pregledom literature koja obuhvaća povijesni razvoj pejsaža, grada i pejsažne arhitekture te pejsaža u povijesti umjetnosti i fotografije. Potvrđivanje univerzalnih aspekata veza grada i pejsaža emanira jedinstvo i nerazdvojnost grada i pejsaža.

Strategije urbanoga razvoja gradova Europske unije [EU] bitno su određene karakteristikama sustava prostornog i strateškog planiranja. Provedeno je istraživanje i komparativna analiza između razvojne strategije Grada Zagreba sa strateškim razvojnim dokumentima gradova Antwerpena; Bratislave i Krakowa s ciljem razumijevanja odnosa prostornog i strateškog planiranja; te odnosa prema projektima integriranoga urbanog razvoja. Pritom je utvrđena značajna sličnost između sustava planiranja u Zagrebu; Bratislavi i Krakowu; dok se sustav strateškog planiranja u Antwerpenu u značajnoj mjeri razlikuje., Urban development strategies in the EU are fundamentally determined by the charateristics of physical and strategic planning. This research is based on a comparative analysis of the development strategy for the Zagreb City and the strategic development documents for Antwerpen; Bratislava and Krakow. It examines the relationship between the physical and strategic planning as well as the attitude towards the integrated urban development projects. The research results indicate that there is a striking similarity between the planning systems in Zagreb; Bratislava and Krakow while the strategic planning system in Antwerpen is considerably different.

Gradovi su bitni pokretači razvoja kao mjesta koncentracije različitih potencijala, aktivnosti, prednosti i specifičnosti. Uz to nerijetko su suočeni s razvojnim preprekama. Kohezijska politika pruža mogućnost korištenja sredstava iz fondova Europske unije te u posljednjem programskom razdoblju sve više daje naglasak na poticanje urbanog razvoja. Cilj rada je prikazati ulogu integriranih teritorijalnih ulaganja, kao novog mehanizma kohezijske politike u okviru programskog razdoblja 2014.-2020., kojim se želi ojačati uloga gradova i učinkovitost primjene integriranog pristupa razvoju. Poseban naglasak dan je na primjer Republike Hrvatske koja takoñer ima pravo primjene mehanizma integriranih teritorijalnih ulaganja. U radu je prikazana uloga gradova u regionalnom razvoju, povezanost urbanog razvoja i kohezijske politike te se detaljnije analiziraju fondovi čija se sredstva mogu koristiti u provedbi integriranih teritorijalnih ulaganja. Slijedi detaljnije definiranje i pojašnjenje integriranih teritorijalnih ulaganja, uz odabrane primjere projekata urbanog razvoja i prikaz početnih aktivnosti implementacije integriranih teritorijalnih ulaganja u Hrvatskoj. Mehanizam integriranih teritorijalnih ulaganja nudi mogućnosti upravljanja razvojnim aktivnostima na nižim razinama, uz obvezu i prednosti izrade i provedbe razvojnih strategija, učinkovitijeg iskorištavanja urbanih razvojnih potencijala i urbane obnove, poticanja suradnje meñu urbanim područjima i različitim dionicima, povezivanja različitih područja ulaganja, osim samih prednosti sufinanciranja te je u radu potvrñena višestruka važnost ovog novog instrumenta kohezijske politike. Cities are seen as engines of development due to the fact that they represent concentration of different potentials, activities, advantages and specificities. They are also very often faced with development obstacles. Cohesion policy provides an opportunity to use the funds of the European Union and in the last programming period it highlights the need to promote urban development. The aim of this thesis is to present the role of the integrated territorial investments, as one the new instruments of the cohesion policy in the 2014-2020 programming period, which may be used to foster the role of cities and the effectiveness in the implementation of the integrated development approach. Special emphasis is given on the example of Croatia which has the opportunity to apply this new mechanism. The role of cities in regional development and connection between urban development and cohesion policy are presented, more detailed analysis of the funds which can be used in funding integrated territorial investments continues. The main part of this thesis is focused on defining and explaining the mechanism of the integrated territorial investments, with examples of good practices of urban development projects and the presentation of the initial activities in the implementation of the integrated territorial investments in Croatia. It is determined that integrated territorial investments provide opportunities to manage development activities on lower levels, with the obligation and advantages in preparing urban development strategies. This instrument can lead to more efficient utilisation of the urban development potentials, urban renewal, fostering the cooperation between urban areas and cooperation between different actors. It enables the implementation of the projects by combining different thematic areas, besides the advantages of co-financing. This work confirms the multiplicative role of this new instrument of the cohesion policy.

Magistrsko delo podaja idejno rešitev za urbanistično in arhitekturno zasnovo novega mestno-regijskega središča v Celju. Namen naloge je vpeljati novo vzdušje na trenutno degradiranem, a hkrati zaradi svoje lege tudi ekonomsko pomembnem območju. V magistrskem delu so podana urbanistična načela ter sodobni principi za oblikovanje novih mestnih središč. Podrobneje smo obravnavali temo urbanizem in načela za trajnostni razvoj mesta. Prav tako smo se dotaknili razvoja mest in mestnih središč skozi čas. Na podlagi pridobljenih znanj se v projektnem delu magistrskega dela izdela nova rešitev za mestno središče. Lokacija, na kateri se nahaja nov center, je trenutno degradirano območje in kliče po prenovi urbanega prostora. V nalogi obravnavamo dva glavna problema. Kot prvo se z novo rešitvijo mestu ponudijo novi programi, skupni prostori za druženje in srečevanje ljudi različnih kultur in starosti, ponudijo se tudi nove zelene površine, s katerimi mesto zadiha. Kot drugi pristop pa se obravnava obstoječe degradirano območje. Na podlagi predhodnih analiz mesta in njegovega predvidenega urbanističnega razvoja je v želji po čim boljši prilagoditvi arhitekture na lokacijo in karakteristiko mesta nastala arhitektura sodobnega mestnega centra v Celju, ki s svojo mešano rabo programov in raznolikostjo združuje zabavo, šport, prosti čas in pisarne. Zaradi svoje pestrosti predstavlja pomembno grajeno strukturo v mestu. Objekt se s sodobno, organsko formo skuša čim bolje vključiti v okolico, hkrati pa izražati sodoben in samostojen duh. The master’s thesis gives a conceptual solution for the urban and architectural design of the new city-regional center in Celje. The purpose of the thesis is to establish a new atmosphere in a currently degraded area which, at the same time, holds a geographically economically important position. Moreover, the master’s thesis introduces modern urban principles for designing new city centers. It discusses the subjects of urban design and principles of sustainable city development, as well as touches on the topic of historical development of cities and city centers. Furthermore, as a part of the master’s thesis, obtained knowledge is used to create a project suggesting new solutions for a specific city center. The location of the new center is a currently degraded area with an urban space in desperate need of renovation. In this regard, two main problematics are discussed in the thesis. Firstly, with the new solution, the city gains new programs, common areas for socializing, where people of various ages and cultures can meet, and also new green spaces to help the city’s breathing. And secondly, the existing degraded area is discussed. Considering the previous analysis of the city and its estimated urban development, as well as wanting to adapt the architecture to the location and the city’s characteristic as much as possible, the architecture of a modern Celje city center was created. The new city center uses its mixed usage of programs and diversity to combine fun, sport, leisure and office spaces. Due to its diversity, it represents an important part of the city’s constructed structure. With its modern, organic form, the object tries its best to blend with the surroundings while simultaneously expressing its modern and independent spirit.

Every settlement is a unique place. This uniqueness is manifested, among others, in cultural and historical values. Truly reflecting the settlement’s history and development, the ground plan of a town safeguards these unique characteristics over the centuries. Therefore, it is practical to analyse the spatial extension within its historical relations when researching a settlement’s morphology, development and functional structure. This method has traditions dating back to Tibor Mendöl in the Hungarian settlement geography. By means of historical settlement geography, one can interpret the creation of a settlement space, the principles of spatial arrangement, and explore the expansion or regression of a settlement. In the present study, we attempted to find a correlation between the historical, functional and formal aspects of the transformation processes on the example of Veszprém, a county capital in Transdanubia. The authors’ aim of doing so was to establish a basis for a later settlement- morphological examination of the town.

The study is an introduction to recreational spaces in Hungary and an attempt for their typifying in relation with the Hungarian urbanisation processes and trends. In the first half of the essay the division of the urban spaces of Hungary is done, together with the introduction of the birth of the recreational spaces. The essay is continued with the typifying of the recreational spaces, differentiating intra- and extra-urban recreational spaces, giving examples from Hungary. The essay is finished by the introduction of a recreational space within Pécs and one around the city, with a view to their role in the recreation of the inhabitants and the leisure time possibilities.

The paper describes the example of urban management activities as a result of the program for revitalisation of the town center. The problem occurs after the decision of trade company to built up a new shopping center on the edge of the town. The result of this decision could be the loss of attractiveness of the town center. The retailers and caterers together with state support and experts have prepared the program for better and more attractive offer in town centre. V letih 2005 – 2007 je bavarsko ministrstvo za notranje zadeve, ki je pristojno tudi za urejanje prostora, oblikovalo program „življenje v mestnem središču“ katerega namen je bil omiliti posledice preselitve velikega števila trgovin iz mestnega središča na rob mesta. Mesto Freystadt je lokalno središče z 8.791 prebivalci. Mesto ima izoblikovano središče, kjer je skoncentrirana večina trgovskih lokalov, med njimi nekdanja veleblagovnica. Vodstvo te največje trgovine je sklenilo trgovsko dejavnost iz mestnega središča preseliti na rob mesta. To je med majhnimi trgovci povzročilo negotovost, saj je bilo realno pričakovati, da bo mestno središče poslej obiskovalo manj kupcev. V sklopu prej omenjenega programa so trgovci, gostinci, mestna uprava in strokovne organizacije pripravile program, s katerim bi povečali atraktivnost mestnega središča. Načrt je obsegal tri delovna srečanja, na katerih so partnerji oblikovali predloge za povečanje atraktivnosti mestnega središča. Pri tem so izhajali iz potencialov, kakršni so dobra dostopnost, tradicija, prostori identitete, socialna vloga središča, bližina cerkve. Gastronomska ponudba, kolesarske poti, bližina rekreacisjkih območij. V nadaljevanju so bili opredeljeni štirje tematski sklopi, znotraj katerih so udeleženci oblikovali konkretne ukrepe za povečanje atraktivnosti mestnega središča. Predlagani sklopi so naslednji: ponudba, dostopnost, podoba, doživetja. Konkretni ukrepi znotraj posameznega sklopa so naslednji: ureditev kolesarski poti do mestnega središča, organizacija prireditev, prenova objektov, ureditev dodatne kulinarične ponudbe, organizacija kulturnih prireditev, oblikovanje logotipa mestnega središča in podobni. V organizacijskem smislu je bil ustanovljen projektni svet, ki je vodil in usklajeval delo na posameznih projektih.