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As water pollution is increasing due to industrialization, there is a high demand for easy-processing photocatalytic materials to clean wastewater. Here, the improvement in the photocatalytic dye degradation effect of graphene oxide (GO) surfaces, made of ultra-sonication assisted modified Hummer's method, is demonstrated with increasing alumina (Al2O3) concentration in the range of 4–30 wt. %. Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction results suggest a gradual increment in crystalline Al2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) by reducing GO, in good agreement with the first-principles calculations. Moreover, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals the appearance of oxygenated functional groups with increasing Al2O3 concentration, leading to the formation of defect-rich GO as demonstrated by Raman spectroscopy. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy further reflects a maximum reduction in the optical bandgap from 1.88 to 1.56 eV up to a concentration of 15 wt. % Al2O3. Interestingly, the methylene blue degradation efficiency of GO under ultraviolet irradiation is also found to be improved from 45% to 64% with 15 wt. % Al2O3, whereas the formation of Al2O3 NPs in the range of 100–300 nm with 30 wt. % Al2O3 is found to be detrimental for photocatalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals pose significant health risks to both humans and animals, potentially leading to severe exposure issues even when present in minimal amounts. There is a pressing need to develop new rapid sensing materials using advanced, effective and convenient techniques. This research introduced a new compound 7 based on the click chemistry approach. 1,2,3-Triazole-adjoined 4-aminobenzonitrile based organosilane 7 was synthesized and characterized via NMR (1H and 13C), FT-IR and mass spectrometry. The compound 7 was screened for its photophysical properties using UV-Visible spectroscopy, which displayed exceptional selectivity and ultra-sensitivity towards detecting Zr(IV), without any significant interference from different metal cations. The limits of detection (LOD) and association constant (Ka) values for detecting Zr(IV) using absorption spectroscopy were determined to be 5.4 × 10−8 M and 1.5 × 105 M−1, respectively. Computational DFT analyses unveiled the formation of a stable complex between compound 7 and Zr(IV). Molecular docking was carried out with Kelch-Neh2 antioxidant protein yielding significant results with a binding energy of −8.30 kcal mol−1. The findings from compound 7's antioxidant activity evaluation in docking analyses indicate its promising role as a potential antioxidant agent in future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the application of carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as a label in immunochromatographic assay for morphine detection. MWCNTs were carboxylated using nitric acid and characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning microscopy (FESEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The optimum concentration of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as a surfactant for homogenous dispersion of MWCNTs was determined by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy to be 0.5 mg/mL. The zeta potential of MWCNTs before adding PVP was −41.9 ± 1.02 mV, and after adding PVP, −54.1 ± 0.25 mV. On the surface of MWCNTs, the anti-morphine antibody (AM antibody) had a binding effectiveness ranging from 91.1% to 95.5%. The AM antibody-MWCNTs were conjugated to create immunochromatographic test strips. The visual limit of detection (vLOD) was 1.0 ng/mL and the cutoff concentration (COC) was 10.0 ng/mL. Compared to previous study, carboxylated-MWCNTs as a one-dimensional nanomaterial improved the sensitivity of immunochromatographic assay strips and may be utilized to develop the sensitive immunochromatographic assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the cellulose/zinc oxide hybrid aerogel (CA/ZnO) was successfully synthesized via different as-prepared methods. The obtained ZnO structure in CA/ZnO hybrid aerogel indicated porous hemispherical structures, cone-like, nanorod (rice grain-like shape), and flower-like morphologies. The different created structure for the as-prepared samples may be due to the different growth of zinc oxide under synthesis conditions.The as-synthesized samples were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), UV-Vis spectroscopy. Then, their effect on the removal efficiency of methyl orange (MO) solution was investigated under UV light irradiation. The BET analysis revealed that specific surface area of the as-prepared samples with using different methods was in the range of 43.70–352.82 m2/g. The obtained results indicated that the morphology of CA/ZnO hybrid aerogel plays a significant role in the photodegradation performance of MO. Among all as-prepared samples with different morphologies, the plate-like structure of ZnO demonstrated the maximum removal efficiency of MO (94.78%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States, illicit fentanyl is often trafficked as blue tablets mimicking the legitimate M‐30 oxycodone tablet produced by Mallinckrodt. The analysis of dyes extracted from seized fentanyl tablets could provide a useful tool for law enforcement to establish linkages between cases and could prove useful for attributing a seizure to a given trafficking organization. Fentanyl tablet seizures associated with a particular drug trafficking organization (DTO), either through investigative or intelligence information, were used as the sample set for this study. The blue dye from the tablets was isolated by solid phase extraction and then qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed via ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy. This research revealed that the illicit tableting facilities use a different dye than several known pharmaceutical companies. The concentration of dye in individual tablets within a seizure proved to be very minimal, and the small sample size made it difficult to draw linkages from case to case. Analysis of the dyes could not effectively differentiate between the drug trafficking organizations in the tested population due to each DTO using the same dye; however, it is important to note that the dye found was consistent between illicit tablets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We hypothesized that we could prepare ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) as a biomedical application treatment of zinc deficiency in human populations. In this study, we report a formulation prepared using a low-cost method for the green synthesis of ZnO NPs by utilizing the medicinal species Salvia fruticosa as natural raw material and Zn(NO 3) 2 ∙6H 2 O as a Zn source. The final product was identified and characterized by elemental analysis using X-ray energy-scattering spectroscopy (EDS), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS Spectroscopy), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and morphometric analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Finally, crystallization was studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Afterward, ZnO NPs thus produced were utilized for foliar spraying on S. fruticosa open cultures, and Zn fortification in the foliage. Then, their effects on the biosynthesis of essential oils, and Zn bioavailability to humans were studied through different modes of consumption. ZnO NPs produced using our method were spherical while some were hexagonal, with an average size of approximately 22 nm, based on XRD results. The green synthesis method devised in this study afforded ZnO NPs from Zn(NO 3) 2 ∙6H 2 O with a 95 % yield, and consequently yielded economic benefits with respect to the current market prices. Foliage Zn fortification and the desired features were successfully achieved using ZnO NPs, and the proper mode of consumption of this medicinal plant has been recommended in this study. In conclusion, the methodology described in this study enables eco-friendly green synthesis of ZnO NPs at a low cost using S. fruticosa and puts forward a contemporary and integrated biomedical use of ZnO NPs to treat disorders resulting from or related to Zn deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A delivery system was developed according to maillard reaction using mung bean protein and maltodextrin for encapsulation and sustain release of curcumin. The ultrasound assisted (150 W, 80 °C, 10 min) and classic wet heating (80 °C, 60 min), were used to prepare conjugates at three different ratios of Mung bean protein isolate to maltodextrin. Degree of conjugation was measured using OPA method Uv-visible spectroscopy was used to estimate the final products of maillard reaction. Different amounts of curcumin (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mg. mL-1 was loaded using ethanol and change in pH. Primary analysis showed that the optimized samples were obtained when 0. 4 mg. mL-1 of curcumin was encapsulated using pH change method. FTIR spectra confirmed the conjugation of the MPI and MD and showed the electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions as well as hydrogen bonding are the main reasons of conjugates stability and curcumin encapsulation. The prepared curcumin containing conjugates under optimized method showed the higher DPPH radical scavenging activity. Our results showed that the release rate of encapsulated curcumin under simulated condition of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) was controlled and lower than that which encapsulated in mung bean protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doping is a widely explored technique to modify the properties of semiconducting materials. In the case of tungsten trioxide (WO3), doping with elements such as SnO2 and SrO has garnered significant attention owing to its potential impact on structural, functional, and optical characteristics. We report on structural, functional, optical, and dielectric properties of SnO2/WO3 and SrO/SnO2/WO3 composites and, for comparison, WO3 prepared via a wet chemical method. Crystallite phases were confirmed using x-ray diffraction patterns. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and dielectric studies were employed to analyze the functional groups, dielectric constants, and losses of the SnO2/WO3 and WO3/SnO2/SrO composites. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy were used to examine the optical absorption and emission maxima, respectively. The energy bandgap was determined from the absorption spectra by using a Tauc plot. Additionally, all the prepared composites exhibited brighter and sharper narrow emissions in the photoluminescence spectra. Dielectric studies of WO3/SnO2/SrO composites revealed slightly better dielectric constants and lower dielectric losses than those of SnO2/WO3 composites. Our findings suggest that the prepared composites are suitable for use in sensor and optoelectronic device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study explores potential application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to treat periodontal infection using Azadirachta indica leaf extract. The eco-friendly green synthesis process uses Azadirachta indica as a natural stabilizer and reducer, allowing AgNPs to be formed. Methods: Experimental AgNPs were characterized through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta potential, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) etc. The antimicrobial, antioxidant potential of AgNPs was tested to identify its efficacy against periodontal infections. Results and discussion: AgNPs were found spherical, nanosized (86 nm), with negative surface charge (−26.9 mV). TEM study depicted clear formation of discrete nanosize particles with smooth surface texture. Results showed strong antibacterial and anti-oxidant action of experimental AgNPs, preventing biofilm growth and bacterial viability. A higher binding affinity was observed between Quercetin and the selected protein, which is implicated in bacterial growth and biofilm formation on teeth. The study suggests that Azadirachta indica derived AgNPs could be a safe, efficacious, and eco-friendly alternative in place of conventional therapies to treat periodontal infection. Future in vivo studies are however warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cu2+ complexes of three [1 + 1] azacyclophane macrocycles having the 1H-pyrazole ring as the spacer and the pentaamine 1,5,8,11,15-pentaazadecane (L1) or hexaamines 1,5,8,12,15,19-hexaazanonadecane (L2) and 1,5,9,13,17,21-hexaazaheneicosane (L3) as bridges show endo- coordination of the pyrazolate bridge giving rise to discrete monomeric species. Previously reported pyrazolacyclophanes evidenced, however, exo-coordination with the formation of dimeric species of 2 : 2, 3 : 2 or even 4 : 2 Cu2+ : L stoichiometry. The complexes have been characterized in solution using potentiometric studies, UV-Vis spectroscopy, paramagnetic NMR, cyclic voltammetry and mass spectrometry. The measurements show that all three ligands have as many protonation steps in water as secondary amines are in the bridge, while they are able to form both mono- and binuclear Cu2+ species. The crystal structures of the complexes [Cu(HL1)Br]Br(1+x)(ClO4)(1−x)·yH2O (1) and [Cu2(H−1L2)Cl(ClO4)](ClO4)·H2O·C2H5OH (2) have been solved by X-ray diffraction studies. In 1 the metal ion lies at one side of the macrocyclic cavity being coordinated by one nitrogen of the pyrazolate moiety and the three consecutive nitrogen atoms of the polyamine bridge. The other nitrogen of the pyrazole ring is hydrogen-bonded to an amine group. In 2 the two metal ions are interconnected by a pyrazolate bis(monodentate) moiety and complete their coordination spheres with three amines and either a bromide or a perchlorate anion, which occupy the axial positions of distorted square pyramid geometries. Paramagnetic NMR studies of the binuclear complexes confirm the coordination pattern observed in the crystal structures. Cyclic voltamperommetry data show potentials within the adequate range to exhibit superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The IC50 values calculated by McCord–Fridovich enzymatic assays show that the binuclear Cu2+ complexes of L2 and L3 have SOD activities that rank amongst the highest ones reported so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(E)-6-Methoxy-1-methyl-3-(2-(3-methyl-4-nitroisoxazol-5-yl)vinyl)quinolin-2(1H)-one dye (MQI) has been synthesized, and its structural and electronic properties have been characterized by employing UV-vis spectroscopy in combination with computational methods. The MQI dye has been assessed as an activated Michael acceptor-type probe toward bisulfite ions. This reaction was kinetically tested in different mild, cationic (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, and cetylpyridinium bromide), and zwitterionic (N-decyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate, N-tetradecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate, and N-hexacyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate) micellar solutions at pH ∼ 5.5. Both micellar media remarkably allow the addition reactions, increasing the reactivity of MQI towards bisulfite ions, the biggest effects were found in the presence of cationic micelles. The binding constants of MQI with the micelles and the rate constants were determined from kinetic data, which were interpreted on the basis of the pseudophase kinetic model. The kinetic study and the product analysis allow us to highlight the relevant role of the association between MQI dye and the micellized surfactant, allowing efficient nucleophilic addition of bisulfite ions. The findings of this work will be valuable for the use of micellar solutions as an alternative medium to replace the use of toxic solvents to carry out organic reactions to perform nucleophilic addition reactions of bisulfite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many common explosives are mostly composed of nitro-compounds. Picric acid (PA) has emerged as a potential alternative due to its great explosive capability. Moreover, PA is also a serious groundwater contaminant due to its high-water solubility. As a result, the development of advanced sensors and catalysts to enable the precise detection and elimination of PA in water and food samples is critical for public health and the environment. In the present investigation, we developed NaxLiyPr(MoO4)2:Tb3+@Arg and NaxLiyPr(WO4)2:Tb3+@Arg (x = 10 mmol and y = 5 mmol) via a hydrothermal process and established their potency for photoluminescence (PL) detection and photocatalytic degradation of PA. The characterization of the produced nanoparticles was done by various techniques. The PL characteristics of NaxLiyPr(MoO4)2:Tb3+@Arg show that it is highly sensitive and selectively detects PA in an aqueous medium. The predominant emission band at 545 nm exhibited a distinguished quenching with the introduction of PA solution in the colloidal solution of the prepared nanomaterials. The NaxLiyPr(MoO4)2:Tb3+@Arg demonstrated exceptional selectivity and sensitivity against PA, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.44 ppm and a quenching constant (KSV) of 2.74 × 104 M−1. Alternatively, the NaxLiyPr(WO4)2:Tb3+@Arg showed remarkable photocatalytic activity for PA degradation. The UV-Vis spectroscopy findings specify that NaxLiyPr(WO4)2:Tb3+@Arg (Eg = 2.95 eV) might operate as a superior photocatalyst compared to NaxLiyPr(MoO4)2:Tb3+@Arg (Eg = 3.38 eV) nanoparticles. The degradation efficacy of NaxLiyPr(WO4)2:Tb3+@Arg towards PA is around 96.7% within 60 minutes of UV irradiation and the photocatalyst's reusability was monitored to ensure good stability. This remarkable photocatalytic activity of NaxLiyPr(WO4)2:Tb3+@Arg was ascribed to increased migration efficiency of photo-generated electrons and holes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New antibacterial compounds are needed to tackle bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. Herein, we report an environmentally benign method for synthesizing bimetallic silver–copper nanoparticles (Ag–Cu NPs) using sunlight and aqueous peanut shell extract. Phytochemical analysis discloses that the aqueous extract contains diverse phytochemicals, including flavonoids, amino acids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins, which aid in sunlight harvesting to reduce and stabilize metal precursors to NPs. The formation of bimetallic Ag–Cu NPs was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and XPS analysis revealed that the phytochemicals present in the extract stabilize the NPs. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the NPs are spherical with an average size of 29 ± 14 nm. Ag–Cu NPs were effective against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at MIC values of 156.3, 156.3, 156.3, 312.5, 156.5, and 312.5 μg mL−1, respectively. The colony count method and time-kill curve analysis reveal that the NPs effectively inhibited bacterial growth from 0.25× MIC and showed a significant reduction in 30 min. Interestingly, the NPs antibacterial capabilities last beyond their initial use because they are washable and reusable. Mechanistic studies revealed that the NPs kill bacteria by damaging the membranes and producing excess reactive oxygen species to oxidize the membrane lipids. The findings showed the potential of agro-waste to prepare biogenic Ag–Cu NPs to combat drug-resistant bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triboluminescence (TL) is an optical phenomenon in which light is emitted from the surface of a material when subjected to pressure or shear forces. Due to its potential applications in non-destructive testing, radiation sources, and spectroscopic probes, TL has garnered increasing attention over the past two decades. However, experimental observations in the infrared spectrum remain limited, and its emission mechanism has not yet been fully understood. In this study, significant emission in the near-infrared spectrum was experimentally observed from the tribo-pairs of Cr/YSZ and quartz/YSZ. The results indicate that the Tribo-Induced Near-Infrared Light Emission consists of three peaks, in which the 780 nm peak is related to the electronic transition between the 3d5/2 and 3d3/2 orbitals of Y3+ ions, while the 880 nm and 990 nm peaks can be attributed to hole centers and T-type centers in the intrinsic defects of YSZ, respectively. Additionally, experiments reveal that the Cr/YSZ tribo-pair exhibits a redshift of 11–18 nm at the 780 nm peak compared to the quartz/YSZ tribo-pair. To explain the cause of the redshift phenomenon, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy were used to measure the energy level spacing between the 3d5/2 and 3d3/2 orbitals of Y3+ and the bandgap width of YSZ before and after friction, respectively. We found that the bandgap width of the doped YSZ decreases after friction, which is often accompanied by a reduction in the energy level spacing between the 3d5/2 and 3d3/2 orbitals of Y3+. The extent of the reduction in energy level spacing varies with different dopants, leading to the redshift phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two POM@MOF hybrid materials composed of a copper-based metal–organic framework (MOF) [Cu3(C9H3O6)2(H2O)3]n (HKUST-1) encapsulating vanadium-substituted Keggin polyoxometalates (POM), [α-PVW11O40]4− (PVW11) and [α-PV2W10O40]5− (PV2W10), were prepared and characterized. PVW11@HKUST-1 and PV2W10@HKUST-1 were synthesized hydrothermally by self-assembly of HKUST-1 in the presence of the preformed POMs, [α-PVW11O40]4− and [α-PV2W10O40]5−, respectively. The two POM@MOF composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, TGA, BET surface area analysis and FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy. The electronic structure of the POM@MOF materials and their respective constituents is surveyed using solid state UV-vis reflectance spectroscopy. The UV-vis spectra order the oxidizing strength of the POM constituents ([α-PV2W10O40]5− > [α-PVW11O40]4−) and reveal the distinct electronic structure of the POM@MOF materials obtained by synthetic encapsulation of mono- and di-vanadium substituted Keggin polyoxotungstates in HKUST-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sepsis is an inevitable stage of bacterial invasion characterized by an uncontrolled inflammatory response resulting in a syndrome of multiorgan dysfunction. Most conventional antibiotics used to treat sepsis are efficacious, but they have undesirable side effects. The green synthesised Ag NPs were synthesized by 5 g of the earthworm extract dissolved in a volume of 500mL of distilled water and then added to 2,500 mL aqueous solution of 1mM silver nitrate at 40 °C. After 4 h, the mixture was then allowed to dry overnight at 60 °C. Later, Ag NPs were washed and collected. They were characterized by X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Sepsis model as induced by feces-intraperitoneal injection method. Eighteen male mice were assigned into three main groups: the control group, the sepsis-model group, and the Ag NPs-treated group. The control group received a single oral dose of distilled water and, after two days, intraperitoneally injected with 30% glycerol in phosphate buffer saline. The Sepsis-model group received a single oral dose of distilled water. Ag NPs - The treated group received a single oral dose of 5.5 mg/kg of Ag NPs. After two days, the sepsis-model group and Ag NPs-treated group were intraperitoneally injected with 200 µL of faecal slurry. Ag NPs treatment in septic mice significantly decreased liver enzyme activities, total protein, and serum albumin. Moreover, Ag NPs significantly enhanced kidney function, as indicated by a significant decrease in the levels of creatinine, urea, and uric acid. In addition, Ag NPs showed a powerful antioxidant effect via the considerable reduction of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels and the increase in antioxidant content. The histopathological investigation showed clear improvement in hepatic and kidney architecture. Our findings demonstrate the protective efficacy of biogenic Ag NPs against sepsis-induced liver and kidney damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractFunctional oxides have been very ingeniously used for diverse applications, recently in biomedical applications. Among the functional oxides, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have proven to be exceptional for biomedical applications. Chitosan (CS), alginate (Alg) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) have been explored in the synthesis of ZnONPs as potential capping agents for hyperthermia applications. X-rays diffraction (XRD), UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) techniques have been used to analyze the crystallinity, absorbance, morphology and magnetic properties of the samples, respectively. In our research described here the hyperthermia analyses of ZnONPs and PEG, CS and Alg capped ZnONPs were conducted under an applied field of 180 Oe. The results indicated that the samples could reach elevated temperatures that fall within the therapeutic range. A high specific absorbance degree (SAR) was obtained for the capped samples when compared with the pristine sample, making them more suitable for hyperthermia applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymeric derivatives of poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone containing different amounts of linker carboxylate ligands (partially hydrolyzed poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone with 5 mol% COOH groups and copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone with other monomers) were synthesized. The following copolymers were obtained: N-vinylpyrrolidone/crotonic acid and N-vinylpyrrolidone/N-vinylamidoanthanoic acid (containing 16 and 50 mol% COOH-groups). Metal-polymer complexes (MPC) with varying europium content were prepared through the interaction of the obtained polymers with equimolar amounts of hydroxocomplex Eu(Phen)2(OH)3 (Phen = 1,10-phenanthroline). The polymers and MPC were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV-vis spectroscopy and photoluminescence; their cytotoxicity toward living cells was estimated. All the obtained MPC exhibited photoluminescence with higher intensity than that of the reference complex Eu(Phen)2Br3. The dependence of luminescence intensity on the content of metallocenters in MPC was demonstrated. The relative quantum yield of luminescence was found to decrease with increasing europium content in MPC. It was shown that none of the polymers under investigation exhibited cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the presence of the polymeric anion in MPC contributed to a sharp decrease in the toxicity of metallocenter [Eu(Phen)2]3+solv. The MPC based on the N-vinylpyrrolidone/N-vinylamidoanthanoic acid copolymer exhibited no cytotoxicity within the entire investigated concentration range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to prepare metallic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) from the Diospyros kaki L. (persimmon) leaf (DKL) extract, which was grown in the Trabzon province of Türkiye, using microwave extraction. Separate additions of 0.1 and 0.5 mL DKL extract were made to the 0.5 mM HAuCl4.3H2O solution while the heater was kept at 25 °C and stirring continuously. In this method, UV-Vis spectroscopy (300–800 nm) absorption measurements were performed on extracts of Diospyros kaki L. leaves at different time intervals (10, 20, 30, 60, 120, and 1440 min). Green chemistry principles were utilized in the preparation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which were characterized by UV–visible, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Zetasizer. FTIR analysis can be used to determine the various functional groups that were synthesized in the gold (Au) nanoparticles. Based on the AuNPs' XRD peaks, the average crystallite size was determined to be 25.99 nm. Zetasizer study results showed that the average particle size of Au nanoparticles produced by microwave extraction in an aqueous medium was 45.44 ± 1.095 nm, the zeta potential (ZP) was − 16.9 mV ± 1.19, and the polydispersity index was 0.316 ± 0.009. The UV-Vis absorption spectra of the AuNP solutions were stable for approximately 2.5 to 3 months when they were kept in a refrigerator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undoped and Cr doped β-Ga2O3 (100) single crystals are grown by optical floating zone method. The full width at half maximum of rocking curve is found to be 106 arc.sec for undoped β-Ga2O3 crystals whereas the 100 and 200 ppm of Cr doped β-Ga2O3 crystals display multiple rocking curves with large peak widths indicating the presence of structural defects. Raman measurements reveal broadening in the vibrational mode of ~ 350 cm− 1 with a shoulder peak indicating the Cr3+ dopants preferentially substitute for Ga3+ at the octahedral sites. Further, the Cr doped β-Ga2O3 crystals display strong optical absorption bands about 420 and 597 nm in the UV-Vis spectroscopy. Moreover, the observation of sharp characteristic photoluminescence emission lines at 690 and 697 nm also confirms the Cr substitution in the doped crystals. The indentation hardness increases nearly linear from 13.0 ± 0.6 to 17.9 ± 0.4 GPa whilst the indentation modulus decreases from 224.9 ± 21.4 to 202.4 ± 11.9 GPa upon Cr doping of 200 ppm in β-Ga2O3. The structural defects caused by the Cr doping interrupt the movement of indentation induced dislocations that results in the increase of hardness of the Cr doped β-Ga2O3 (100) single crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water effluents are excessively contaminated by organic dyes, causing significant damage to the flora and fauna. In this research, photocatalysis was used for the removal of three organic dyes, methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), and rhodamine B (RhB). ZnO nanoparticles biosynthesized through an eco-friendly route were used as photocatalysts, employing extracts of Turnera diffusa as the reducing agent of the metallic precursor in these nanoparticle syntheses. The nanoparticles were characterized to know their structure by Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy (ATR-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and X-ray Emitted Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) was used to evaluate the thermal behavior, the BET method was used to evaluate the specific surface area, the morphology was analyzed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and finally, the TAUC model was used to obtain the energy gap by UltraViolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) spectra. The photocatalytic activity results presented a 100% degradation in 180 and 50 min for MB and MO dyes, respectively. And a 77% degradation for RhB at 180 min. This indicates that the biosynthesized NPs are adequate for removing contaminants found in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UV sensors in wearables help outdoor users protect their skin by monitoring exposure. Detecting UV light is crucial for safety, given its potential hazards. Our research has developed an efficient methodology for creating UV sensors. This method is characterized by a streamlined, one-step solution-processed approach, prioritizing simplicity in fabrication, heightened responsiveness, and cost-effectiveness as key attributes. We designed a platform utilizing the synergistic effects of a hybrid network, incorporating the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT: PSS) and Zinc oxide (ZnO) low dimensional rods (LDR) at varying concentrations of ZnO relative to PEDOT: PSS. Using a straightforward drop-cast technique, the hybrid film was applied to a p-type silicon wafer. Incorporating ZnO LDR into PEDOT: PSS causes the LDR to become integrated into the polymer matrix, ultimately resulting in a consistently distributed film. A thickness profilometer was utilized to measure the thickness of the hybrid film, which was around 1.4 μm. FE-SEM was employed to elucidate the intricate morphological features of ZnO LDR and to investigate the synergistic hybrid composition formed by the combination of PEDOT: PSS and ZnO. The micrographs provided valuable insights into the size, shape, and distribution of ZnO LDR, facilitating a comprehensive understanding of their morphological characteristics. The length of the LDR, on average, was roughly 9.5 μm, and their diameter was approximately 0.575 μm. Furthermore, the formation of the hybrid film was verified using UV-Vis spectroscopy, revealing distinct bands originating from both PSS in PEDOT: PSS and ZnO. Upon UV radiation exposure to the hybrid film, conductivity changes were measured in both UV on and off conditions. The most successful device with 10 wt% of ZnO in PEDOT: PSS exhibited a response of around 7.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preparation conditions play a key role in tailoring the properties of ceramic materials, including ferrite, to suit efficient industrial and technological applications. This manuscript is concerned with correlating the structural, spectroscopic, optical, transport, and dielectric properties of nickel zinc ferrite nanoparticles (NZNs) to the sintering temperature as an effective preparation condition controlled through the coprecipitation technique. Techniques for studying the various features of the synthesized compounds include x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and the LCR bridge. XRD data showed the as-prepared samples' single-phase inverse spinel structure and an increase in crystallinity with increasing sintering temperature. SEM images show the nanosized range with semi-spherical particles for all the NZN fabricated samples. Moreover, Raman spectroscopy results showed that the four distinct active modes (Eg, F2g(2), A1g(2), and A1g(1)) for the NZN compounds have the same lattice strain tendency. The direct and indirect optical energy gap values (2-3.82) eV of the synthesized compounds span a wide range in the visible and ultraviolet spectrum, making them candidates for optoelectronic applications. In general, sintering temperature plays an outstanding role in increasing the values of some features such as crystallite size, optical energy gap, and electrical conductivity, and correspondingly decreasing other features such as unit cell volume dissociation density, absorption bands, and dielectric parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to single-phase multiferroic materials, multiferroic (MF)-magnetoelectric (ME) composites, which combine magnetic and ferroelectric materials, show improved (many orders of magnitude) ME coupling and a higher operating temperature (beyond room temperature). In the present study, lead-free multiferroic Ni0.5Co0.5Fe2O4/BaTiO3 (NCFO/BTO) composites with different weight percentages were prepared through the solid-state reaction approach. The phase purity and structural confirmation were carried out using X-ray diffractograms. The XRD peak shifting in the composites has been observed, and it is attributed to the formation of residual stresses/strains during the sample's grinding, heating, and freezing processes. Fourier-transformative infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of metal-oxygen bonds in spinel NCFO and Ti-O and Ba-O bonds in perovskite BaTiO3. UV-vis spectra disclose the energy gap values of the magnetoelectric composites. It has been found that the energy gap values for pure ferrite are 1.53 eV, the pure ferroelectric phase is 2.99 eV, and the composites possess the Eg values of 1.78 eV, 2.33 eV, 2.77 eV with decreasing ferrite concentration. The M-H hysteresis loops reveal the ferromagnetic nature of pure ferrite as well as the presence of ferromagnetism in composites. The magnetic moment of the NCFO has been found as 2.26 µB and it further decreased to 0.59 µB for the 0.25NCFO-0.75BTO compound. The magneto crystalline anisotropy has been calculated using the law of approach (LA) method and the details are discussed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A systematic investigation of the photoinduced [6π]‐electrocyclization reaction of diphenylamine and N‐methyldiphenylamine has been carried out under steady‐state and time‐resolved conditions in homogeneous (cyclohexane, acetonitrile and methanol) and micellar solutions (sodium dodecyl sulfate ‐SDS, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride‐CTAC and polyethylene glycol monododecyl ether‐Brij P35). The photolysis of such compounds in both homogeneous and micro‐heterogeneous media afforded the corresponding carbazoles in almost quantitative yield under oxidative conditions. Furthermore, the relative rate of formation of the photoproducts increases when moving from homogeneous media to micellar solution, due to the environmental confined and hydrophobic micellar core as highlighted by 1D and 2D NMR (NOESY and DOSY) spectroscopic analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new Janus system with liquid crystal properties was synthesized based on units derived from cyanoazobenzene and benzyl ether in its hemispheres, linked by a hydrazide group. The final compound and precursors with liquid crystal properties showed a nematic mesophase. Its mesomorphic properties were studied by polarized light microscopy and DSC. Cis/trans isomerization of the azo group in solution and liquid crystal state was studied using UV-Vis spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the development and characterization of a novel composite hydrogel composed of polyacrylamide (PAAm), starch, and gelatin for use as an amoxicillin delivery system. The optical properties, swelling behavior, and drug release profile of the composite hydrogel's were studied to evaluate its efficacy and potential applications. UV-visible spectroscopy was employed to determine the optical properties, revealing significant transparency in the visible range, which is essential for biomedical applications. The incorporation of starch and gelatin into the polyacrylamide matrix significantly enhanced the hydrogel's swelling capacity and biocompatibility. Studies on drug delivery demonstrated a sustained release profile of amoxicillin in simulated gastrointestinal fluids, which is essential for maintaining therapeutic levels for a prolonged amount of time. The results indicate that the composite hydrogel of PAAm/starch/gelatin has good swelling behavior, appealing optical characteristics, and a promising controlled drug release mechanism. These results point to this hydrogel's considerable potential as a drug delivery method, providing a viable path toward enhancing the medicinal effectiveness of amoxicillin and maybe other medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evaluation of the analytical capabilities of a novel disposable flow cell for spectroscopic bioprocess monitoring is presented. The flow cell is presterilized and can be connected to any kind of bioreactor by weldable tube connections. It is clamped into a reusable holder, which is equipped with SMA-terminated optical fibers or an integrated light source and detection unit. This modular construction enables spectroscopic techniques like UV-Vis spectroscopy or turbidity measurements by scattered light for modern disposable bioreactors. A NIR scattering module was used for biomass monitoring in different cultivations. A high-cell-density fed-batch cultivation with Komagataella phaffii and a continuous perfusion cultivation with a CHO DG44 cell line were conducted. A high correlation between the sensor signal and biomass or viable cell count was observed. Furthermore, the sensor shows high sensitivity during low turbidity states, as well as a high dynamic range to monitor high turbidity values without saturation effects. In addition to upstream processing, the sensor system was used to monitor the purification process of a monoclonal antibody. The absorption module enables simple and cost-efficient monitoring of downstream processing and quality control measurements. Recorded absorption spectra can be used for antibody aggregate detection, due to an increase in overall optical density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid-state reaction synthesis produced VO2+ -doped Li2Ba3(P2O7)2 pyrophosphate nanopowder at ambient temperature. The produced sample was characterized by powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and photoluminescence (PL) techniques. Powder XRD confirmed the preservation of an orthorhombic crystal structure of the sample with an average crystallite size of 34.2 nm. In addition, lattice cell parameters and internal lattice strain were evaluated. SEM and HR-TEM images revealed that a tiny agglomeration of stone-like particles appeared in the sample and also evaluated particle size distributions. FT-IR and Raman spectra exhibited characteristic vibrational modes of phosphate (PO43−) ions along with other bands. Optical absorption spectrum of the VO2+ -doped sample exhibited three characteristic peaks at 831, 635, and 416 nm. Furthermore, crystal and tetragonal field parameters were determined as Dq = 1574, Ds = − 2903, and Dt = 664 cm−1. From the EPR spectrum, calculated spin Hamiltonian parameters were g ‖ = 1.954, g ⊥ = 1.977, A ‖ = 284 × 10−4 cm−1 and A ⊥ = 53 × 10−4 cm−1. Optical and EPR spectra revealed that VO2+ ions have tetragonal distortion octahedral site symmetry and have a moderate covalent nature with ligands. Using the PL spectrum, the CIE chromaticity coordinates were determined to be in the yellowish-green region appropriate for LEDs and lighting systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study, conducted a spectroscopic analysis of 10 gem-quality blue tourmaline samples from Minas Gerais, Brazil, focused on detailed variations in their infrared, Raman, and UV-VIS spectra. Conventional gemological tests, electron-probe microanalysis, infrared spectroscopy (mid- and near-infrared), Raman spectroscopy, and UV-visible spectroscopy were used to systematically analyze the chemical composition and spectral characteristics of the samples. The infrared spectra revealed vibrations of [YO6], [TO4], [BO3], [OH], and H2O groups, indicating different bonding profiles, with the [OH] vibrational frequency showing a direct correlation with FeO and MnO content. The Raman spectra primarily reflected the stretching vibrations of metal–oxygen bonds and hydroxyl groups, indicating the complexity of the local environment in the crystal structure. The UV-VIS spectra showed that the broad absorption band around 725 nm was due to intermetallic charge transfer between Fe2+ and Fe3+. This work provides new insights into the local bonding environment within the crystal structure by providing precise spectral data of natural blue tourmaline, and a more accurate classification and evaluation of blue tourmaline through fine spectral change characteristics related to crystal chemistry has important implications for both academic research and the gemstone industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present work, photocatalysts based on a new pyrochlore-type solid solution were prepared using the ceramic method at 1000°C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows the existence of a solid solution with pyrochlore structure Bi1.5Sb1.5Zn1–xCuxO7 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1). Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images exhibited a slight difference in the external morphology of the samples. The UV-diffuse measurement revealed a change in the absorbance from the UV part for the zinc-rich compound to the visible part for the copper-rich compound. The Energy band gap values were between 3.15 and 1.84 eV. The photocatalytic activity of these prepared mixed oxides was studied for the photo-degradation of the dye Orange II (ORII) as an organic pollutant, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an oxidising agent, under sunlight irradiation, by varying different parameters such as the catalysts mass, the oxidant volume, the concentration of the pollutant and the pH. The experimental results obtained by UV-visible spectroscopy revealed that the removal efficiency of ORII increased with increasing the irradiation time for all tested photocatalysts. The pseudo-first-order kinetic model gave the best fit, with the highest correlation coefficients (R2 = 0.99). The results of this study revealed the potential and various advantages of these new efficient photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of layers present in a two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial plays a critical role in applications that involve surface interaction, for example, gas sensing. This paper reports the synthesis of 2D WS2 nanoflakes using the facile liquid exfoliation technique. The nanoflakes were exfoliated using bath sonication (BS-WS2) and probe sonication (PS-WS2). The thickness of the BS-WS2 was found to range between 70 and 200 nm, and that of PS-WS2 varied from 0.6 to 80 nm, indicating the presence of single to few layers of WS2 when characterized using atomic force microscope. All the WS2 samples were thoroughly characterized using electron microscopes, x-ray diffractometer, Raman spectroscopy, UV–Visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscope, and thermogravimetric analyser. Both the nanostructured samples were exposed to 2 ppm of NO2 at room temperature. Interestingly, BS-WS2 which comprises of a greater number of WS2 layers exhibited −14.2% response as against −3.4% response of PS-WS2, the atomically thin sample. The BS-WS2 sample was found to be highly selective towards NO2 but was slower (with incomplete recovery) as compared to PS-WS2. The PS-WS2 sample was observed to exhibit −11.9% to −27.4% response to 2–10 ppm of CO and −3.4%–35.2% response to 2–10 ppm of NO2 at room temperature, thereby exhibiting the potential to detect two gases simultaneously. These gases could be accurately predicted and quantified if the response times of the PS-WS2 sample were considered. The atomically thin WS2-based sensor exhibited a limit of detection of 131 and 81 ppb for CO and NO2, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces an eco-friendly method for synthesising iron nanoparticles (TA-FeNPs) using Tamarix articulata as a reducing and stabilising agent. Characterisation techniques, including UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy, revealed micrometre-sized, irregularly shaped nanoparticles with an amorphous structure. The Fe content was measured at 2.16%. The Cr (VI) removal efficiency dropped from 99.06% to 35.85% as pH increased from 2 to 5. Complete reduction was achieved at 25 mg/L concentration, pH 5.2, using 1 g/L over 60 minutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to investigate novel structures based on 2-methylbenzylamine cations [(C8H12N)2Co(SCN)4] (1) and [(C8H12N)SCN] (2). The novel complexes were characterized and investigated by various techniques such as differential thermogravimetry analysis, FT-IR, UV-visible spectroscopy, impedance complex analysis, molecular modeling based on DFT calculations, and molecular docking as potent anti-inflammatory agents. Based on the reported results of these characterization tools, the desired complex phases were confirmed. These novel compounds were characterized by FTIR analysis, which supported the presence of surface ligand groups of thiocyanates, and UV-visible spectroscopy showed the optical transparencies of the titled compounds in addition to the confirmation of the electronic transition. Complex packing occurred through the N–H⋯S and N–H⋯N H-bond interactions, forming a ring in addition to CH-interactions, resulting in a 3-D network. Finally, molecular docking occurred for both complexes, which suggests that the complexes have anti-inflammatory potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrazine hydrate and hydrogen peroxide are both important raw materials for industrial production and have a wide range of applications in several fields. Owing to their damage to the human body and cellular functions by excessive exposure or ingestion, it is essential to develop an efficient and rapid assay for the detection of hydrazine hydrate and hydrogen peroxide. Fluorescence switches have been applied in many fields including for metal ion detection. However, the assembly of Prussian blue (PB) and carbon quantum dots (CDs) has never been reported for the fabrication of a fluorescence switch for the detection of hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide. In this work, a fluorescent switch PB@CD/SiO2 based on PB and CDs was constructed, which could be used as a detection platform for hydrazine hydrate and hydrogen peroxide. The surface of PB was coated with a silica layer, which contained CDs to fabricate PB@CD/SiO2 nanoparticles. The composite demonstrated reversible switching between fluorescence quenching and recovering states through the mutual conversion of PB and Prussian white (PW). The prepared composite was utilized for the detection of N2H4 and H2O2 by fluorescence spectroscopy and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. It is worth-mentioning that the detection limit for N2H4 is calculated to be 0.15 μM (fluorescence) and the detection limit for H2O2 can reach 0.93 μM (UV). Moreover, both detection methods showed low detection limits, wide detection ranges and a short response time for N2H4 and H2O2. The proposed fluorescence switch system exhibits good performance towards the dual-spectral determination of hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide by fluorescence spectroscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy, which may be beneficial for further application in practical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrazine hydrate and hydrogen peroxide are both important raw materials for industrial production and have a wide range of applications in several fields. Owing to their damage to the human body and cellular functions by excessive exposure or ingestion, it is essential to develop an efficient and rapid assay for the detection of hydrazine hydrate and hydrogen peroxide. Fluorescence switches have been applied in many fields including for metal ion detection. However, the assembly of Prussian blue (PB) and carbon quantum dots (CDs) has never been reported for the fabrication of a fluorescence switch for the detection of hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide. In this work, a fluorescent switch PB@CD/SiO2 based on PB and CDs was constructed, which could be used as a detection platform for hydrazine hydrate and hydrogen peroxide. The surface of PB was coated with a silica layer, which contained CDs to fabricate PB@CD/SiO2 nanoparticles. The composite demonstrated reversible switching between fluorescence quenching and recovering states through the mutual conversion of PB and Prussian white (PW). The prepared composite was utilized for the detection of N2H4 and H2O2 by fluorescence spectroscopy and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. It is worth-mentioning that the detection limit for N2H4 is calculated to be 0.15 μM (fluorescence) and the detection limit for H2O2 can reach 0.93 μM (UV). Moreover, both detection methods showed low detection limits, wide detection ranges and a short response time for N2H4 and H2O2. The proposed fluorescence switch system exhibits good performance towards the dual-spectral determination of hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide by fluorescence spectroscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy, which may be beneficial for further application in practical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel neural network adaptive filter algorithm is proposed to address the challenge of weak spectral signals and low accuracy in micro-spectrometer detection. This algorithm bases on error backpropagation (BP) and least mean square (LMS), introduces an innovative BP neural network model incorporating instantaneous error function and error factor to optimize the learning process. It establishes a network relationship through the input signal, output signal, error and step factor of the adaptive filter, and defines a training optimization learning method for this relationship. To validate the effectiveness of the algorithm, experiments were conducted on simulated noisy signals and actual spectral signals. Results show that the algorithm effectively denoises signals, reduces noise interference, and enhances signal quality, the SNR of the proposed algorithm is 3-4 dB higher than that of the traditional algorithm. The experimental spectral results showed that the proposed neural network adaptive filter algorithm combined with partial least squares regression is suitable for simultaneous detection of copper and cobalt based on ultravioletvisible spectroscopy, and has broad application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient method for the synthesis of novel phenylazo-containing moieties is described. The derivatives of 5-(4-(phenyldiazenyl)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole, substituted at position 2 of the heterocyclic scaffold with alkyl groups of different chain lengths, were prepared. The titled compounds were obtained using the appropriate 4-(5-alkyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)anilines, which were directed to diazotization and subsequently coupled to phenol, resorcinol, and N,N-dimethylaniline. Additionally, we report a mild and effective procedure for the preparation of 4-(5-alkyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)anilines via the selective reduction of the corresponding 2-alkyl-5-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles using sodium borohydride-tin(II) chloride dihydrate as the reducing system. The chemical structures of the prepared compounds were confirmed by 1H- and 13C-NMR, IR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, zinc nanoparticles were prepared using the low-temperature plasma method at different times 3 min, 5 min, 7 min, 9 min, where the initial reactions of zinc lead to the formation of nanoparticles. The metal interacts with the ionized plasma under different conditions and may turn into an oxide such as exposing the sample to air and raising the temperature of the solution a few degrees as a result of high voltage and within a certain range. The atmospheric pressure plasma system acts as the cathode, while the zinc metal strip acts as the anode. A series of techniques were used, including the use of X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The X-ray diffraction results showed that the samples have polycrystalline structures with hexagonal and cubic structures with a time difference, and the X-ray diffraction results showed the conversion of zinc particles into zinc oxides. FESEM images reveal particle size and shape. The ZnO nanoparticles prepared by the mentioned method seem to form different nanoshapes such as starfish and mushroom nanoparticles. The UV-visible results showed that the samples had an energy gap of about 3.4 eV at a time of 3 min, and this value decreases with increasing reaction time. The appearance of zinc oxides increases gradually with the passage of time. These results provide credibility for the fabrication of ZnO nanostructures for use in future gas sensing applications, despite the inhomogeneity of particle size among ZnO particles, the sensor was also fabricated to detect nitrogen gas (NH3) with different concentrations (17.25 ppm, 46.38 ppm, 78.58 ppm). at room temperature. The ZnO sample showed the highest sensitivity (88.1%) at 7 min. The sensitivity showed different results and increased with reaction time and gas concentration. However, response and recovery time are moderate and decrease as reaction time increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technology of p-type transparent semiconductors is utilized in various fields, and enhancing their performance holds industrial significance. Thus, improving the versatility and efficiency of the p-type transparent conducting oxides (TCO) has become critical for the semiconductor industries and technologies. To be used as hole carrier layes in optoelectronic devices, this study aimed to modify the physical features of nickel oxide (NiO) through a doping approach which may broaden and strengthen the usage of NiO. A cost-effective ultrasonic pyrolysis spray technique was employed for pure and lead (Pb) doped nickel oxide thin film production. The influence of the lead concentration on optical, structural, and morphological traits of the NiO nanostructures was examined via various analyses, including energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Photoluminescence, UV–visible spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy, were utilized to investigate the optical and structural characteristics of these films. In correlation, the X-Ray Diffraction results indicated that the Pb doping induced strain and altered lattice parameters of the grown nanostructures while the cubic phase of NiO maintained. The crystallite size of NiO samples ranged from 31.49 nm to 18.75 nm based on Pb doping concentration which was notably influenced by species and doping content. The UV–vis measurements demonstrated that optical parameters, such as optical band gap, were sensitive to Pb doping ratios. The Raman spectrum analysis confirmed the successful incorporation of Pb ions into NiO. Additionally, the intensity of the PL spectra decreased with increasing Pb content, offering potential applications as window layers in solar cells, smart windows, and other optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have increasingly gained attention owing to their distinctive physicochemical and biological properties. The objective of the investigation was to biologically synthesize AgNPs using plant extracts from Barleria albostellata. The synthesized AgNPs, obtained from B. albostellata (leaves and stems), were characterized through various techniques including UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral analysis, and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). The antibacterial efficacy of the synthesized AgNPs was evaluated utilizing the disk diffusion method. The cytotoxicity effects of the synthesized AgNPs were determined using the MTT assay (3-[(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide]) in cervical cancer (HeLa), embryonic kidney (HEK293), and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cell lines. The results indicate that B. albostellata extracts could serve as eco-friendly biofactories for the synthesis of AgNPs. UV-vis spectroscopy of the leaf and stem extracts revealed absorption peaks within the range of 400–450 nm, thereby confirming the synthesis of AgNPs. Elemental Ag was highest in the methanol leaf extracts (16.87 ± 0.89%) and lowest in the powdered stem extracts (7.13 ± 1.44%). Synthesized AgNPs were predominantly spherical in shape. HRTEM revealed that synthesized AgNPs from the methanolic stem extracts (34.32 ± 16.99 nm) were larger in size, while those from the powdered stem extracts were smaller (16.57 ± 5.55 nm). AgNPs synthesized from both the leaf and stem extracts exhibited zeta potential values between −8.8 and −32.1 mV, with hydrodynamics diameters ranging from 34.3 to 111.3 nm. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of various functional groups on the AgNPs. AgNPs synthesized from the leaf and stem extracts displayed significant antibacterial activity and were sensitive to Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. AgNPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity (diameter of the zone of inhibition) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21.67 ± 2.87 mm) in the leaf methanolic extract. Synthesized AgNPs exhibited selective in vitro cytotoxicity against HEK293, HeLa, and MCF-7 cell lines. The IC50 values of the AgNPs synthesized from the various extracts were all above 9 µg/mL. Significant cytotoxic levels (IC50 16.11 and 27.23 µg/mL) were observed for the MCF-7 cell line upon exposure to the methanolic leaf and stem AgNPs. This study recommends the use of medicinal plant extracts in producing economically effective AgNPs, due to their efficient capping. Overall, AgNPs synthesized from B. albostellata extracts comprised novel antibacterial and anticancer agents, and warrant further investigation. Bio-synthesized AgNPs show great potential in the area of nanotechnology and may be used as an affordable, eco-friendly alternative for the delivery of conventional therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the effect of impurity iron in different valence states on the coloration mechanism of quartz, colorless synthetic quartz fabricated via ion implantation and its natural counterpart citrine with iron were compared after heating under different atmospheres. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to analyze the absorption property, valence states of iron, and type of O of both natural citrine and ion-implanted quartz. Experimental results showed the yellow color in quartz was mainly related to the charge transfer between Fe3+ and Fe2+, oxygen vacancies and the lattice oxygen, whereas the pink color in quartz was related to oxygen vacancies at a high temperature of 1200 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new type of extended viologen, N,N′-2,5-bis(3-pyridinium)thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole dipropionate, (m-H2TTzPA)(HSO3)2 (1), was synthesized, and two new coordination polymers, {[Cd(m-TTzPA)Br2]·H2O}n (2) and {[Zn(m-TTzPA)Br2]·H2O}n (3), were prepared based on the m-TTzPA ligand. Compounds 1–3 exhibit photochromic behaviors, which were proved using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, UV-vis spectroscopy and EPR characterizations. Furthermore, all the compounds have obvious fluorescence quenching behaviors upon irradiation using a xenon lamp, where compound 1 exhibits a significant quenching efficiency of 95.84%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although molecular tetrahedral Ti-oxo species exhibit unique electronic and photochemical properties due to their discrete energy levels, which are different from those of anatase and rutile, such Ti-oxo species are generally unstable and readily transformed to amorphous/crystalline TiO2 (bulk phases, nanoparticles and clusters) via hydrolysis and condensation. Here, molecular Ti-oxo species were immobilised within mesoporous silica SBA-15 by grafting titanium(IV) oxyacetylacetonate using the surface silanol groups of SBA-15 as a scaffold, followed by chemical etching with dilute hydrochloric acid to form molecular TiO4 species. These Ti species mainly exist as isolated tetrahedrally coordinated structures, as was confirmed by diffuse reflectance UV-vis and Raman spectroscopy. The SBA-15-immobilised molecular TiO4 exhibited higher photocatalytic activity for H2 evolution from an aqueous methanol solution than conventional Ti-incorporated mesoporous silica (Ti-MCM-41) and reference TiO2 (P25). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn order to meet the demands of the expanding population, nanotechnology-based materials are being investigated for a potential solution to enhance crop yield. This study examines the effect of different concentrations (0.2, 0.6, 1.0, and 1.4 mM) of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) on mung plants using confocal micro Raman and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The analysis shows that the biochemical profile of the plants is altered. The increased intensity values of carotenoids, pectin, lignin, proteins, cellulose, carbohydrates, and aliphatics observed in Raman spectroscopy, along with increased concentrations of photosynthetic pigments in ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, suggest that Fe2O3 NPs positively impact mung. In agro-related studies, Raman spectroscopy in assistance with chemometric analysis provides a reliable, noninvasive, fast, and label-free recognition and classification of plants under biotic or abiotic stress. Principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and principal component analysis-linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) were applied to the Raman spectra of treated and untreated mung leaves for rapid categorization and precise prediction. The results show that PCA-LDA achieved superior predicting performance and visualization, with an accuracy of 70%, along with higher recall, precision, f1 score, and area under receiver operating characteristics curves compared to LDA. The study reveals that spectroscopic techniques combined with chemometrics have great potential for confirmatory, nondestructive, and label-free assessments of biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were elaborated using a simple, low-cost, and reproducible method by thermal treatment at 90°C of chitooligosaccharides (COSs), produced by chitosan depolymerization using the digestives chitosanases from Portunus segnis viscera, in the presence of AgNO3. The characterization of the obtained AgNPs, using UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses, showed that they are crystalline, spherical and stable for a month at 4°C. Moreover, the biological properties of the synthesized AgNPs were evaluated, proving that they exhibited interesting antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The present investigation suggested that COSs will be a good source for the preparation of AgNPs that could be useful in different industrial and biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an organic donor-acceptor system, the efficiency is largely controlled by fundamental photophysics processes. Herein, we investigated the enhanced charge transfer (CT) behaviors between PCBM(2,5,10% wt) which acts as an acceptor and poly(o-anisidine-co-o-toluidine) POA-POT which acts as a donor. The POA-POT/ PCBM nanofillers were synthesized successfully by an in-situ oxidative polymerization method. The structure and morphology of the POA-POT with and without PCBM were characterized by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) confirming the well formation of POA-POT/PCBM2,5,10 nanocomposites. The Uv-Vis absorption and time-resolved measurements were performed to monitor the PCBM effect on the optical properties and CT. Interestingly, the GSB kinetics in the presence of PCBM10 becomes faster compared to the free copolymer (71 ps) and it fits with 32 ps time constants. This faster GSB recovery suggests efficient photoinduced ET from the free copolymer to PCBM10. Direct optical band gaps of nanocomposites were calculated via Tauc's plot method through UV-visible spectroscopy. 5% PCBM exhibits the lowest band gap compared to all the composites which is in good agreement with the electrical conductivity behavior of 5% PCBM which was studied by temperature-dependent electrical conductivity to investigate the effect of PCBM filling amount on the electrical behavior of the copolymer. Our findings confirm the fast charge transfer and the well dispersion of PCBM in the copolymer matrix which could help in optoelectronic applications with the enhancement on the optical and electrical behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis and characterization of platinum(II) and palladium(II) mixed ligand complexes, [M(mtzS)2(dppm)] (M = Pt or Pd), have been described. These complexes were synthesized through a one-pot reaction involving K2MCl4, KmtzS (prepared from HmtzS and KOH), and dppm. The prepared complexes 1 and 2 have been characterized by using various analytical techniques including conductivity measurements, IR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, 31P and 1H NMR spectroscopy and 1 by X-ray crystallographic studies. The in vitro anti-cancer activity of complexes 1 and 2 against breast cancer cells (MCF7 cell line), was evaluated using the MTT assay showed a moderate activity with an IC50 value of 27.59 µg/ml for 1 and 28.82 µg/ml for 2. Additionally, the ligands and complexes underwent full geometry optimization using density functional theory (DFT). The calculated geometric and spectral data were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. Theoretical calculations of molecular orbitals (HOMO-LUMO) and their energies suggested the occurrence of charge transfer within the complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile and prudent approach has been developed to deposit cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) films on the surface of the precursor solution by purging ammonia vapors over it. The vigorous technique to control the thickness of the film attributes spectacular characteristics to this approach. The study of CoFe2O4 films has been carried out by using FE-SEM, AFM, XRD, and UV-Visible spectroscopy. FE-SEM micrographs confirm the formation of the thin films composed of nanoparticles. The AFM micrographs indicate an increase in the root mean square roughness value with purged NH3 concentration due to the aggregation of nanoparticles. The observed XRD spectra show a cubic spinel structure of CoFe2O4 films with an increase in crystallite size in the range of 20–45 nm on increasing the NH3 concentration. UV – Visible spectroscopic investigations show a decrease in the band gap energy from 2.84 to 2.37 eV on account of the increased concentration of NH3 vapors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer nanocomposite films comprising polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix loading with Co0.85Mg0.15Fe1.95Y0.05O4 (CMYFO) spinel ferrite nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated using casting method. The as-prepared polymer films (P-CMYFO) were analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), an optical microscope, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. The CMYFO spinel ferrite NPs synthesis was confirmed by XRD, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. Also, the P-CMYFO films' XRD spectra confirmed the inclusion of the CMYFO NPs in the polymer matrix, besides the descending in the PVA main peak with increasing CMYFO NPs content. Moreover, the particle size of the CMYFO grew with increasing its content inside the PVA matrix. The OM shows the aggregations with high disorder in film morphology, and the particles become denser in the matrix with increasing CMYFO content. The P-CMYFO film spectrum shows a strong absorption edge in the UV-region, which is related Moreover, the transparency of the polymer film decreases gradually from 91% for the unloaded sample to about 15% for the loaded sample with a higher content of CMYFO NPs. The optical bandgap was found to decrease from 5.59 eV for the unloaded film to 4.74 eV for the loaded sample with a higher content of CMYFO NPs. The higher content of CMYFO NPs resulted in an increase in the refractive index from 1.876 to 2.041. Additionally, optical parameters like metallization criterion, optical basicity, and electronegativity showed an enhancement with the inclusion of the NPs in the polymer matrix. P-CMYFO films have intriguing optical properties that could be a viable option for optoelectronic uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]