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In this paper, a method of ultrasound-assisted low-pressure closed acid digestion followed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis was proposed for trace element quantification in rock samples. By using 1.5 mL of a binary acid mixture of HNO3–HF with a ratio of 2:1, rock powder samples of 50 mg were completely decomposed in 12 h at 140 °C after 4 h of ultrasonic treatment with or without pressure relief procedure. The element extraction efficiency of this method was evaluated via the yielded relative errors (REs) of the trace elements in a series of geological standard reference materials (SRMs) with compositions from basic to acidic. It was found that the contents of trace elements (i.e., 36 metal elements from Li to U) in basalt BCR-2, diabase W-2a, andesite AGV-2, granodiorite GSP-2, and granite GSR-1 were comparable with the reported reference values, giving REs with absolute values less than 10%. It was also found that clear solutions without sample powder residues by naked-eye observation can be obtained when using the low-pressure closed decomposition method without ultrasonic pretreatment. The quantification results, however, were found to be negatively biased for most of the studied trace elements, and, in particular, the content bias of Zr in SRM GSP-2 was down to −86.28% due to the low extraction efficiency of refractory minerals of the low-pressure closed digestion method. By applying this proposed digestion strategy, the decomposition property of the ternary combination of HNO3–HF–mannitol in terms of trace element quantification accuracy was also investigated. Results showed that the concentrations of trace elements in the studied SRMs were consistent with the reference values, giving REs within ±6.94%, which revealed that there was no deterioration of extraction efficiencies of trace elements and neglected mass interferences from mannitol. This study demonstrated the essential role of ultrasound irradiation in rock sample decomposition to achieve the high extraction efficiency of trace elements under a low-pressure environment, and the developed approach with promising future applications in geoscience exhibited considerable merits, including a high extraction efficiency, feasible digestion process, less time consumption, and lower safety associated risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient, ultrasound assisted catalyst-free, green protocol has been developed for the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazolyl phenylhydrazone derivatives under environmentally benign condition. The antioxidant activity for all the synthesized derivatives were evaluated in vitro by using 1,1-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. The compounds 6a, 6e, 6f, and 6i were shows an excellent antioxidant activity than the standard drug butylated hydroxy toluene with IC50 values in the range 12.03 ± 0.11–14.07 ± 0.31 µg/mL. Molecular docking study was also performed to elaborate their possible interactions with Myeloperoxidase enzyme. Furthermore, in silico ADME properties for all the compounds were also studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xin Cheng,1– 4,* Rui Pan,1,3– 5,* Junze Tang,1,4 Kun Yu,1,4 Hailiang Zhang,1,3– 5 Xiaoyu Zhao1,4 1College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, People’s Republic of China; 2The Key Laboratory of External Drug Delivery System and Preparation Technology in University of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650500, People’s Republic of China; 3Yunnan Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, Kunming, 650500, People’s Republic of China; 4Laboratory Animal Center, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, People’s Republic of China; 5College of Chinese Materia Medica and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Kunming, 650500, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Xin Cheng, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Chenggong District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China, Tel +861 598 716 2031, Email chengxin920@126.comPurpose: Liver cancer is associated significantly with morbidity and mortality. The combination of low-intensity ultrasound with nanomedicine delivery systems holds promise as an alternative for the treatment for liver cancer. This study focuses on the utilization of folic acid (FA) modified nanoparticles, which are loaded with fluorescent dye DiR and liquid fluorocarbon (PFP). These nanoparticles have the potential to enhance liver cancer targeting under ultrasound stimulation and future applications in vivo.Methods: The pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of folic acid-modified Crebanine polyethylene glycol-polylactic acid copolymer nanoparticles (FA-Cre@PEG-PLGA NPs) were investigated. The pharmacokinetic parameters, liver targeting, and in vivo distribution were assessed. Additionally, the inhibitory impacts of FA-Cre@PEG-PLGA NPs in combination with ultrasonic irradiation on the proliferation and acute toxicity of H22 cells of mouse hepatoma were investigated in vitro. The tumor targeting and anti-tumor efficacy of FA-Cre@PEG-PLGA NPs were assessed utilizing a small animal in vivo imaging system and an in situ hepatocellular carcinoma transplantation model, respectively.Results: The pharmacokinetic studies and tissue distribution tests demonstrated that FA-Cre@PEG-PLGA NPs conspicuously prolonged the half-life and retention time of the drug in rats, and the liver targeting effect was pronounced. Additionally, the in vivo acute toxicity test indicated that FA-Cre@PEG-PLGA NPs had minimal adverse reactions and could fulfill the aim of attenuating the drug. The outcomes of the animal experiments further substantiated that FA-Cre@PEG-PLGA NPs had a longer retention time at the tumor site, a superior anti-tumor effect, and less damage to liver and kidney tissue.Conclusion: The integration of FA-Cre@PEG-PLGA NPs with ultrasound irradiation demonstrated exceptional safety and potent anti-tumor efficacy in vivo, presenting a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of liver cancer through the combination of ultrasound technology with a nanomedicine delivery system.Keywords: targeted drug delivery, pharmacokinetics, ultrasound irradiation, antitumor activity

Drug therapy for secondary lymphedema has not yet been established. Conventional oral and intravenous administration is difficult to administer in sufficient doses due to adverse events. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a transdermal delivery system that can deliver high concentrations of drugs to the edema area. In this study, we examined the efficacy of transdermal drug delivery in a mouse model of tail edema using ultrasound irradiation (sonication method). Ultrasound irradiation can deliver high-molecular-weight substances subcutaneously, and the percutaneous administration of clobetasol propionate to the mouse tail edema model prevented the enlargement of lymphatic vessels with reduced tail volume. Therefore, steroid administration utilizing ultrasound irradiation is effective in decreasing tail swelling in a mouse tail edema model. Thus, ultrasound irradiation could have the potential to innovate the treatment of secondary lymphedema by directly administering the drug to the edema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient energy transfer management in catalytic processes is crucial for overcoming activation energy barriers while minimizing costs and CO2 emissions. We exploit here a concept of CuO particle design with multiple gas‐stabilizing sites, engineered to function as cavitation nuclei and catalysts. This concept facilitates the selective and efficient acoustic energy transfer directly to the catalyst surface, avoiding the undesired dissipation of acoustic energy into the bulk solution while demonstrating superior cavitation properties at lower acoustic pressure amplitudes. Utilizing a chemical thermometric approach, we demonstrate that the local temperature on the surface of our CuO particles during cavitation bubble implosions can create an effective equivalent temperature of about 360 °C. This temperature effect facilitates the efficient catalysis of oxidative reactions using an organic pollutant probe molecule. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to assess the decomposition of H2O2 and of pollutant probe molecule on CuO (111). Our work represents a significant advance in sonocatalytic systems, promising efficient energy use in catalytic reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient, ultrasound assisted synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole incorporated 2-amino-3-cyanopyridine derivatives via multicomponent reaction approach were achieved in good yields. The antitubercular and antifungal activity for all the synthesized derivatives were evaluated. Some of the derivatives were displayed good antitubercular activity against Mtb H37Rv strain and antifungal activity against the four tested fungal strains. Furthermore, in silico ADME properties for all the compounds were also studied and the results exhibited that the newly synthesized compounds shows potential to be developed as an oral drug candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ultrasound-assisted synthesis of a new polymer, poly[N1-({4-[3-(4-aminophenoxy)phenoxy]phenyl}carbamothioyl)-N3-thioformylisophthalamide] by a polycondensation reaction of isophthaloyl diisothiocyanate and 4,4′-(1,3-phenylenedioxy)dianiline was reported. Different techniques were utilized to prove the chemical structure of the synthesized polymer, including FTIR, 1H NMR, TGA, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The capability of the synthesized polymer to adsorb Ni(II) ions from an aqueous solution was analytically evaluated. The change of several parameters including contact time, Ni(II) ions concentration, pH, and temperature on the adsorption process onto the target polymer was extensively investigated. The results indicated that the optimal adsorption pH was about 7 with the removal efficiency of 78.379% and the adsorbed amount of Ni(II) ions increased when the temperature was increased. The adsorption isotherms analysis revealed that the Langmuir model was the most relevant to describe the adsorption process compared with the Freundlich model. The study of adsorption kinetics showed that the adsorption model of Ni(II) ions onto the surface polymer being significantly correlated with pseudo-second-order model. Based on the thermodynamic studies, the calculated ΔG was negative, ΔH was endothermic, and ΔS was positive, verifying that the adsorption process is spontaneous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Wastewater treatment is inevitably required to alleviate the pollution of water resources by various contaminants such as antibiotics. MOFs are novel materials with photocatalytic activities. In this study, sonophotocatalytic degradation of tetracycline (TC) by the Cerium-based MOF (Ce-MOF) is optimized by modification of its synthesis route. Ce-MOF synthesis by room temperature (RT), hydrothermal (HT), and sonochemical synthesis (SC) are studied. TC degradation experiments revealed the superiority of SC synthesis. The interplay of main synthesis parameters, namely, initial ligand concentration, ultrasound (US) power and time on sonophotocatalytic activity of Ce-MOF, were investigated by response surface methodology model (RSM) utilizing the central composite experimental design (CCD). The optimum SC synthesis conditions are an initial ligand concentration of 8.4 mmol/L, a sonication power of 50 amplitude, and a US time of 60 min. The optimally synthesized Ce-MOF was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, zeta potential analysis, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, particle size analysis, Mott-Schottky analysis, photocurrent analysis, electrochemical impedance spectra, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The findings indicate that the removal efficiency of TC can reach up to 81.75% within 120 min in an aqueous solution containing an initial TC concentration of 120 ppm and 1 g/L Ce-MOF at pH of 7. Mineralization efficiency of the process is 71% according to COD measurements. The Ce-MOF catalyst retained its chemical stability and remained active upon TC degradation which makes it a promising candidate for wastewater treatment.

Wastewater treatment is inevitably required to alleviate the pollution of water resources by various contaminants such as antibiotics. MOFs are novel materials with photocatalytic activities. In this study, sonophotocatalytic degradation of tetracycline (TC) by the Cerium-based MOF (Ce-MOF) is optimized by modification of its synthesis route. Ce-MOF synthesis by room temperature (RT), hydrothermal (HT), and sonochemical synthesis (SC) are studied. TC degradation experiments revealed the superiority of SC synthesis. The interplay of main synthesis parameters, namely, initial ligand concentration, ultrasound (US) power and time on sonophotocatalytic activity of Ce-MOF, were investigated by response surface methodology model (RSM) utilizing the central composite experimental design (CCD). The optimum SC synthesis conditions are an initial ligand concentration of 8.4 mmol/L, a sonication power of 50 amplitude, and a US time of 60 min. The optimally synthesized Ce-MOF was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, zeta potential analysis, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, particle size analysis, Mott-Schottky analysis, photocurrent analysis, electrochemical impedance spectra, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The findings indicate that the removal efficiency of TC can reach up to 81.75% within 120 min in an aqueous solution containing an initial TC concentration of 120 ppm and 1 g/L Ce-MOF at pH of 7. Mineralization efficiency of the process is 71% according to COD measurements. The Ce-MOF catalyst retained its chemical stability and remained active upon TC degradation which makes it a promising candidate for wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

S-Arylation of nitro compounds-heterocumulene adducts with CuI as the catalyst, K2CO3 as the base, and highly efficient was successfully implemented without the help of an additional ligand under ultrasound irradiation in MeCN at room temperature. The use of simple and readily available starting materials, no need for column chromatography, mild copper-catalytic reaction conditions, good yields (70–89%), application of the sonochemical methodology, and short reaction times are remarkable specifications of this protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental concerns arising from industrial activities and population growth have encouraged the development of green chemistry, a sustainable approach to synthesis. Researchers have explored various techniques for the eco-friendly synthesis of Schiff bases, including microwave irradiation, ultrasound irradiation, grinding, and natural acids. These versatile compounds, known for their unique chemical properties, have found diverse applications in various fields. Recently, the use of Schiff bases as dyes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) has drawn the attention of researchers. DSSCs have advantages over silicon-based solar cells, such as a low cost of fabrication and the ability to operate under low light conditions. Schiff bases can be used as adsorbents to remove toxic metals from water. By embracing sustainable synthetic methods, researchers have reduced the environmental impact associated with Schiff base production and employed these compounds to promote environmental sustainability. This review describes the green synthesis of Schiff bases and their potential applications for environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel approach for the ultrasound-assisted synthesis of 3,4‑dihydropyrimidin‑2(1H)‑ones was developed by using biodegradable supported nanoparticles in a hydrotropic aqueous medium. Agar-supported NiO nanoparticles (NiO@AG NPs) were synthesized by in-situ co-precipitation method and characterization by means of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques indicates that spherical NiO NPs successfully supported on the surface of agar with particle size 31.22 nm containing Carbon, Nickel and Oxygen as major elements. NiO@AG NPs exhibit higher activity for the synthesis of 3,4‑dihydropyrimidin‑2(1H)‑ones in an aqueous medium by using hydrotropes with high (463.51 h−1) turn over frequency. Short reaction time, high efficiency, centrifugation-free method of separation of the catalyst, and column chromatography-free isolation of the product are the key factor of this protocol. The easy synthetic method and stable form of NiO nanoparticles supported on agar suggest that it could be an efficient material for water-based organic transformation on a large scale with high turnover frequency in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluate the structural damage and the changes in the photosynthesis and transpiration rates of aquatic lirium leaves caused by ultrasound (US) irradiation in search of environmentally friendly methodologies for the control of this weed. Aquatic lirium plants were extracted from Xochimilco water canals in Mexico City. A part of the group of plants was selected for irradiation, and the rest formed the control group. The irradiation plants group was exposed to US irradiation of 17 kHz frequency and 30 W × 4 output power for 2 h, at noon and 25 °C room temperature. The structural analysis was done with a MOTICAM 1 digital camera, 800 × 600 pixels, incorporated into the MOTIC PSM-1000 optical microscope and edited with Motic Images Plus 2.0 ML software. The total stomata density and the damaged stomata density were determined by dividing the numbers of total and damaged stomata by the visual field area (67,917 mm2), respectively. The leaves' photosynthesis and transpiration rates were measured using an LI-6400XT Portable Photosynthesis System. Significant damage was observed in the stomata and epidermal cells, finding that the average ratio between the damaged and total stomata densities as a function of time (days) showed an exponential increase described by a Box–Lucas equation with a saturation value near unity and a maximum rate of change of the density of damaged stomata on zero-day (immediately after irradiation), decreasing as the days go by. The transpiration rate showed a sudden increase during the first hour after irradiation, reaching a maximum of 36% of its value before irradiation. It then quickly fell during the next 6 days and more slowly until the 21st day, decreasing 79.9% of its value before irradiation. The photosynthetic rate showed similar behavior with a 37.7% maximum increment and a 73.6% minimum decrease of its value before irradiation. The results of structural stomata damage on the ultrasound-irradiated aquatic lirium leaves are consistent with an excessive ultrasound stimulation on stomata's mechanical operation by guard cells that produce the measured significant increase of the photosynthetic and transpiration rates during the first hour after irradiation. The initial high evaporation could alter the water potential gradient, with a possible generation of tensions in the xylem that could cause embolism in their conduits. The loss of xylem conductivity or hydraulic failure would be consistent with the observed significant fall in the photosynthesis and transpiration rates of the aquatic lirium leaves after its sudden rise in the first hour after irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solvent-free condensation reaction of various aliphatic aldehydes, cycloalkanones, and benzaldehydes with rhodanines catalyzed by Amberlyst 26 has been reported. The catalyst's efficiency, simple work-up, simple recycling procedure, and high catalyst recyclability without any considerable change of yields several times were found to be interesting. Furthermore, the drastic acceleration of ultrasound irradiation was realized to be efficient for the formation of alkylidenerhodanine, cycloalkylidene-rhodanine, and arylidenerhodanine in moderate to good yields within a short time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis, characterization and catalytic application of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) with 1,4-Piperazinediethanesulfonic acid (PIPES) have been explored as a coupled catalyst for the condensation reaction of Dimedone (1), Benzaldehyde and (2) Indole (3) in stipulated period of time to give 2-((1H-indol-3-yl)(phenyl)methyl)-5,5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione (4) under ultrasound irradiation technique at 60 °C temperature. Pharmacological importance of targeted products along with surface properties of ZnO NPs and Bronsted acidity of PIPES together became promising advantages for this protocol to establish.

This study presents a green chemistry approach to synthesizing new heterocyclic compounds with sulfadiazine moiety using ultrasound techniques. Diazotization of sulfadiazine (1) that results in the formation of diazonium salt (1a) followed by coupling of the latter with active methylene compounds leads to hydrazine derivative (2a-d). Heterocyclization of compounds (2a-d) with hydrazine and phenyl hydrazine gives to a series of pyrazole derivatives (3a-d) and (4a-d) under ultrasound irradiation. Subsequently, the pyrimidine derivatives (5a-d) and thiazine derivatives (6a-d) were synthesized upon treatment of hydrazone compounds (2a-d) with urea and thiourea under ultrasound irradiation. Additionally, pyran derivatives 8 and 10 were synthesized by combining reactions 2a and 2c with acetylacetone under ultrasonic irradiation at 60 °C. The chemical structures of the produced compounds were determined using 1H, 13C NMR, and FT-IR spectroscopic techniques. These compounds displayed moderate to good antimicrobial effects on human-pathogenic bacteria types, like Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and on fungal types, such as C. albicans, which was determined through the broth microdilution technique. Molecular docking studies were then employed to demonstrate the active sites and the binding affinity of the products to the target proteins or receptors in S. aureus (PDB ID Code: 1HSK).

In this work, twenty new polysubstituted propargylamine analogs were produced in good to excellent yields via one‐step reaction of alkynes, aromatic aldehydes, and cyclic secondary amines using CuCl2 in DMF under ultrasound irradiation at 80 °C. Twelve compounds having both quinazoline building block and propargylamine scaffolds were synthesized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noble metal nanomaterials have been introduced as ideal sonosensitizers for sonodynamic therapy (SDT) of cancer. In this research, platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) and mesoporous platinum (MPt) were first synthesized and then evaluated as novel sonosensitizers. Ultrasound waves were radiated at two different power densities and two different pulse ratios to develop a pulsed radiation route for SDT of the malignant melanoma cell line C540 (B16/F10). Fluorescence emission was recorded as an indicator of intracellular reactive oxygen generation during the treatment. Platinum nanoparticles had an average diameter of 12 ± 7 nm and a zeta potential of –17.6 mV; also, MPt had a sponge-like and highly porous structure with a pore size <11 nm and a zeta potential of –39.5 mV. Both PtNPs and MPt, particularly the latter, enhanced the rate of inhibition of tumor cell growth on ultrasound radiation at an output power density of 1.0 W cm–2 and pulse ratio of 30% over 10 min without intensifying temperature. Use of the developed pulsed (rather than continuous) radiation in SDT and PtNPs or MPT, without hyperthermia, resulted in a new effective cancer treatment method based on the mechanisms of cavitation and/or ROS generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New 2-oxochroman derivatives have been synthesized via a one-pot multicomponent reaction of resorcinol, ethyl cyanoacetate, and aromatic or heteroaromatic aldehydes in water as a green solvent under ultrasonic irradiation. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H and 13C NMR, and mass spectra and elemental analyses. Many of them showed significant antimicrobial activity against some bacterial and fungal strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the lack of safe, effective, and gene-targeted delivery technology. In this study, we have prepared nanobubbles loaded PDLIM5 siRNA (PDLIM5siRNA-NBs) to investigate the transfection efficiency and their antagonism in drug resistance in combination with ultrasound irradiation for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Research results show that the PDLIM5 siRNA are effectively bound to the shell of NBs with a mean diameter of 191.6 ± 0.50 nm and a Zeta potential of 11.8 ± 0.68 mV. And the ultrasonic imaging indicated that the PDLIM5 siRNA NBs maintain the same signals as the microbubbles (SonoVue). Under the optimized conditions of 0.5 W/m2 ultrasound intensity and 1 min irradiation duration, the highest transfection efficiency of PC9GR cells was 90.23 ± 1.45%, which resulted in the inhibition of PDLIM5 mRNA and protein expression. More importantly, the anti-tumor effect of fabricated PDLIM5siRNA-NBs with the help of ultrasound irradiation has been demonstrated to significantly inhibit tumor cell growth and promote apoptosis. Therefore, NBs carrying PDLIM5siRNA may have the potential to act as gene vectors combined with ultrasound irradiation to antagonize drug resistance for NSCLC.

Herein, an efficient one-pot synthesis is described, of substituted benzimidazole derivatives (3a-j) from a condensation of various o-phenylenediamine (1a-j) aromatic aldehyde (2a-j) using ZnFe2O4 as a nano-catalyst under ultrasonic irradiation conditions. All forms of aldehydes with an electron releasing or electron –withdrawing substituent have a significant yield. The catalyst can easily be recovered after completion of the reaction and reused without affecting its activity. Prepared benzimidazole derivatives showed moderate to good anti-tuberculosis results.

Various carbon -based MgAl 2 O 4 (MAO) adsorbents were synthesized by a simple ultrasound irradiation technology with the activated carbon (AC), carbon quantum dots (CQDs), C 3 N 4 (CN) and graphene oxide (GO) as carbon sources. The optimum synthesis conditions for the carbon -based MAO adsorbents were determined by the study of the addition of different types of carbon and different mass ratios of m Various carbon : m MAO = 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5% and 10%. The carbon -based MAO adsorbents were used for the adsorption of Congo red (CR) dye, tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH), oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OCH), ciprofloxacin (CIP), naproxen sodium (NPS) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and the seven factors affecting the adsorption behavior were discussed, including the type of carbon, AC content, initial dye concentration (C CR), adsorbent dosage (C carbon -based MAO adsorbents), adsorption time (A t), pH value and reaction temperature (T). The corresponding adsorption isotherm models such as Langmuir, Tempkin, Koble-Corrigan, Toth and Freundlich models and thermodynamics of carbon -based MAO adsorbents for the adsorption of CR dye were also studied. When pH = 7.8, C CR = 200 mg/L, A t = 90 min, T = 287 K and C AC 5.0 wt%-MAO = 1 g/L, the removal rate of CR dye reaches 89.7%. The back propagation (BP) neural network model was used to predict the adsorption percentage of carbon-based MAO adsorbents, which was consistent with the experimental results. The high adsorption capacity of AC 5.0 wt%-MAO adsorbents for the adsorption of CR dye can be assigned to the synergistic effects of electrostatic interaction, intermolecular force, n-π interaction and hydrogen bonding, while for the adsorption of TCH, OCH and CIP can be ascribed to the electrostatic interaction. This study demonstrated a huge potential of carbon -based MAO adsorbents as an eco-friendly adsorbent for the adsorption of dyes and drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work involved ultrasound-promoted KI-Oxone mediated oxidative C–N bond formation from a reaction of β-ketoester and 2-aminopyridines leading to novel functional imidazo[1,2-a]pridine-3-carboxylates (IPCs). The α-halogenation of β-ketoester has been easily carried out by in situ formed I+ OH− species from the KI-Oxone system. IR, NMR, and Mass spectra characterized all derivatives. The structure of the synthesized IPCs was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. A transition metal-free protocol, one-pot synthesis, non-toxic reagents, benign reaction conditions, high yield, short reaction time, and the synthesis of highly functional IPCs are the remarkable features of the present method. The synthesized IPCs show unusual anti-tubercular activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A simple and efficient one-pot procedure for the synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyrimidinones in ethanol under ultrasound irradiation is described. These heterocyclic compounds were prepared through condensation of aromatic aldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate, urea, or thiourea in the presence of ZnO NPs@rGO nanocomposite as a convenient and reactive catalyst. This protocol has very advantages such as low loading catalyst, excellent product yields, and short reaction times. The structures and morphology properties of ZnO NPs@rGO nanocomposite was investigated by FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM. and EDX techniques. Furthermore, the organic products were identified by melting points, FTIR, and 1H NMR analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The generation of aldehydes and sulfoxides through selective oxidation process plays an essential role in different organic synthesis. However, using or toxic solvents under harsh reaction conditions leads to wastes and undesired by-products. With this background, ultrafast one-step fabrication of Ni/Mn doped-ZnO was developed under ultrasonic agitation for the first time. The resulting nanostructure was characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, and BET analysis. According to data, a single-phase ZnO structure (wurtzite type) with uniform morphology, and acceptable surface area was obtained for the prepared nanocatalyst. Next, the catalytic activity of the nanostructure was investigated in aerobic oxidation of aliphatic and benzylic alcohols and sulfides. Notably, the present work is the first report of using ultrasound-engendered Ni/Mn doped-ZnO for selective aerobic oxidation reactions. It was found that the proposed nanostructure represented a novel chemical function for catalyzed alcohols and sulfides oxidation with excellent yields and selectivity without using any additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, 14-aryl-14-H-dibenzo[a,j]xanthene derivatives have successfully prepared through one pot reaction of the aldehyde derivatives and 2-naphthol employing the as-fabricated NiCuFe2O4 magnetic nanocatalyst under ultrasound irradiation. The structure of achieved derivatives was identified by using FT-IR, 1H NMR and melting point analyses. Moreover, FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, EDX, and VSM techniques were applied in order to verify the structure of NiCuFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles. This protocol involves noticeable aspects such as; facile workup, saving costs, excellent yields, and reusability of the catalyst applying an external magnet. Furthermore, the used nanocatalyst was recycled and reused in five runs with slightly reduction in its catalytic activity. In this research, 14-aryl-14-H-dibenzo[a,j]xanthene compounds have successfully prepared through the one pot reaction of diverse aldehyde derivatives and 2-naphthol employing the as-fabricated NiCuFe2O4 magnetic nanocatalyst under ultrasonic irradiation. The structure of achieved derivatives was corroborated using FT-IR, 1H NMR and melting point techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol oxidation plays an essential contribution to the chemical industry. Innovative green techniques, such as ultrasound irradiation, could be economically remarkable by enhancing reaction yield. In this research, the design and improvement of a new green ultrasound-assisted oxidation of alcohols procedure using CrO3 supported by Al2O3 with the addition of a small amount of t- butanol were reported. The oxidation of alcohols was also done without ultrasound irradiation to study the sonochemical effect. Based on FTIR and GC/MS analyses, the alcohols were effectively oxidized into their corresponding aldehydes in satisfactory yields (74–93%). The yield of the obtained aldehydes was increased by applying the ultrasonic irradiation technique, and no over-oxidation products were found. Overall, the innovative procedure offers several benefits, such as being easy to use, environmentally friendly, capable of improving yields, and having shorter oxidation times.

Hydrazonoyl chlorides react with β‐nitrostyrenes in ethanol under the clean action of ultrasonic irradiation. The reaction proceeds at room temperature via 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions of in situ generated nitrile imine with β‐nitrostyrenes with concurrent elimination of HCl and HNO2 to afford 1,3,4‐trisubstituted pyrazoles with good to high yields and excellent regioselectivity in a short time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is providing a method for the synthesis of 2,4,5‐trisubstituted imidazole derivatives based on pursuing the green chemistry principles. Therefore, a one‐pot multicomponent cyclocondensation reaction through aldehyde interaction with ammonium acetate and 1,2‐diketone was carried out in EtOH:H2O solvent under ultrasound irradiation. This protocol was utilized as an eco‐effective synthetic route by applying CoFe2O4@SiO2@(‐CH2)3OWO3H nanocomposite as a nanocatalyst. The stabilized tungstic acid on 3‐chloropropyl anchored to SiO2‐coated CoFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles was designed, prepared, and applied as a recyclable heterogeneous acid catalyst to attain high product yields and short reaction times. The structure of nanocatalyst was confirmed by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) techniques, and the obtained organic derivatives were examined through melting point, FT‐IR, and 1H NMR analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ultrasound synthesis of polysubstituted imidazole based benzoxazole derivatives A rapid and efficient synthesis of novel hybrid imidazole-benzoxazole derivatives is described under ultrasound irradiation. These reactions were carried out through a cyclization reaction of polysubstituted imidazole-based o -aminophenols and various benzoic acids in polyphosphoric acid. The starting o -amiophenols were synthesized from corresponding o -nitrophenols using Fe powder in EtOH and acetic acid. o -Nitrophenol derivatives were synthesized from related phenols by employing HNO 3 in acetic acid. Structures of the newly obtained products were confirmed by spectral and analytical data. The optical properties of the products were investigated via UV–Vis absorption and fluorescent emission spectroscopy in dilute ethanol solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, various benzothiazoles, benzoxazoles, and benzo[1,3]-dithiols derivatives with good yields were obtained using the Ullmann coupling reaction of dihalobenzenes and malononitrile-heterocumulene adducts in the vicinity of copper catalyst, Cs 2 CO 3 as a base under ultrasound irradiation. The use of the popular sonochemical method, short reaction time, simple and available raw materials, mild catalytic copper reaction conditions, simple purification, and good efficiency are some of the notable characteristics of this protocol. [Display omitted] • Novel protocols synthesis of various benzothiazoles, benzoxazoles, and benzo[1,3]-dithiols. • CuI catalyzed and efficient sonochemical method in the synthesis of benzothiazoles, benzoxazoles and benzo[1,3]-dithiols. • Ullmann coupling reaction of dihalobenzene and malononitrile-heterocumulene adducts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using an ecologically friendly sonication protocol, certain benzal-based Schiff base ligands were produced by combining benzaldehyde and its para-derivatives with 2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethanamine. The reaction lasts around 2 min and yields 86.27% of the Schiff base ligands. Human tumor cell lines were used to test the ligand anticancer action and the results showed that MPEA-ANI (Antiproliferation of Breast cancer MDA MB 231 is 71% and Lung cancer A 549 is 85%) exhibits significant inhibition against both cell lines. Through the scavenging effects of ligands on DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide radicals, the ligands antioxidant properties were investigated. The bacteria strains used to assess the antibacterial effectiveness of ligands were Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria), and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacterium). The ligands were described using elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the chitosan-functionalized ionic liquid is modified with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles to form a novel and reusable catalyst (SPION@CS-IL), which was carried out using an ultrasonic promoted approach. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) are some of the techniques that are used to fully characterize SPION@CS-IL. The created nanoparticles were discovered to be a reusable heterogeneous superparamagnetic catalyst for the environmentally friendly one-pot synthesis of pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives using a simple three-component reaction approach involving thiobarbituric acid, 4-hydroxy coumarin, and various aromatic aldehydes. The method is studied by performing the reaction under ultrasonic irradiation, while the approach is a "green" method, it uses water as the solvent. The isolated yields of the synthesized products are very advantageous. The catalyst has outstanding reusability and is easily removed from the products via filtration (5 runs). Short reaction times, low catalyst loadings, the nanocatalyst's capacity to be recycled five times, and the absence of harmful chemical reagents are all significant benefits of this environmentally benign process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel magnetic core-shell nano-particles of Fe3O4@C@PrS-SO3H were generated and utilized in the green synthesis of coumarin derivatives under conventional and ultrasound-assisted conditions. The synthesized nano-catalysts were fabricated through a three-step method, including the synthesis of Fe3O4@C nano-particles, then coated by (trimethoxysilyl)-1-propanethiol, finally modified with chlorosulfonic acid. The nano-catalysts were identified using FT-IR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. The catalyst efficiency of the synthesized Fe3O4@C@PrS-SO3H NPs was scrutinized in the Pechmann condensation of phenol and β-ketoester derivatives under solvent-free conditions. The synthesized catalyst was evaluated as very effective under conventional and ultrasonic assistant reaction conditions. A significant reusable activity was observed for the catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmentally benign, facile, and efficient one-pot three-component synthesis of pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4,7-trione derivatives by the reaction of aromatic aldehyde, barbituric acid and Meldrum's acid employing recently reported agro-waste catalyst WELFSA (Water Extract Lemon Fruit Shell Ash) from our group is described. The reaction found efficient in ultrasound at room temperature and took about 40 min for the reaction to complete. The catalyst has significant features in the present protocol gave high yield, simple reaction condition, non-hazardous, and not required chromatographic purification. The application of the ultrasound in organic synthesis is fulfilling some of the goals of the 'greener and sustainable chemistry', as it has some advantages over the traditional thermal methods in terms of reaction rates, yields and purity of the products. All the synthesized derivatives are characterized by FT-IR, 1H and 13C-NMR and mass spectrometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coumarins (2H-1-benzopyran-2-ones) are an important group of biological heterocyclic compounds present in various parts of many plant species, encompassing an array of biological and pharmaceutical activities. In view of the importance of coumarins in heterocyclic chemistry and biological sciences and recent advances in the design of magnetic nanocatalysts, we present herein recent developments pertaining to their synthesis exclusively using magnetic nanoparticles, which can be retrieved easily and thus conform to the tenets of greener synthesis. The preparation of various types of coumarins such as Pechmann-based coumarins, bis coumarins, pyranocoumarins, and coumarin derivatives bearing amine moiety, linked to nicotinonitriles, N-coumarin-2-furanone, and pyrrole-linked chromene derivatives using nanocatalysts with a Fe3O4 core are described. This review covers the synthetic developments in the recent years 2012–2021 and focuses entirely on the synthesis of coumarins in the presence of magnetic nanocatalysts using greener approaches such as solvent-free conditions or deploying alternative activation methods, namely microwave or ultrasound irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile and ultrasound assisted green methodology was adopted to achieve spirooxindolo-1,2,4-oxadiazoles via a [3+2] cycloaddition of aryl nitrile oxides and isatin Schiff bases at room temperature with good yields and lesser reaction times. The proposed procedure avoids traditional column chromatography resulting in good to excellent yields. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anti-cancer activity against SK-OV-3, HeLa, HCT-116, DU-145, A549 and HEK-293 cell lines. Two of them showed significant anti-cancer activity against HeLa with IC50 value 10.75±0.39 µM and 12.43±0.77 µM respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a novel compound N-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)isoxazolin-5-yl)methylsaccharin has been synthesized. The molecular structure of the compound was determined using various spectroscopic techniques and confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. In the single crystal, C–H...O hydrogen bonds between neighboring molecules form chains along the a-axis direction. Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates that the most important contributions to the crystal packing are from H...H (35.7%), H...O/O...H (33.7%), and H...C/C...H (13%) interactions. The optimized structure calculated using density functional theory at the B3LYP/6–311 G(d,p) level is compared with the experimentally determined structure in the solid state. The calculated highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy gap is 4.9266 eV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of novel, clean, and efficient methods for the preparation of compounds is a major research focus in organic chemistry at the moment. In this context, copper bromide (CuBr) has been utilized as a heterogeneous catalyst for a highly efficient, eco-sustainable, and greener synthesis of β-enaminone derivatives by condensation of 1,3-diketones with various primary amines at room temperature under ultrasound irradiation and solvent-free conditions. The structure of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The desired products were obtained in excellent yields (90–98%) within short reaction times (20–50 min). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxidation of thiols to the symmetrical disulfides by using ground solid potassium permanganate under mild and solvent-free conditions has allowed us to selectively oxidize thiols in the presence of other readily oxidized functional groups such as alcohol, aldehyde, amine and alkene without the risk of producing undesired products via competitive oxidation reactions. Unsymmetrical disulfides have also been obtained in moderate to good yields from the oxidative coupling of mixed thiols. Furthermore, ultrasound or microwave irradiation is able to shorten the reaction time compared to conventional stirring in case of the oxidation of sterically demanding alkanethiols or arenethiols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new series of novel α-aminophosphonate derivatives have been synthesized by new rapid and convenient approach, based on the stepwise one pot reaction of 2-hydroxyaniline, aromatic aldehydes and triethyl phosphite. The structures of all compounds have been identified by appropriate spectroscopic methods such as FTIR, 1H, 13C, 31P NMR and ESI-MS. The crystal structure of diethyl-(2-fluorophenyl)-(2-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl)amino phosphonate has been determined, it crystallizes in the P-1 space group. In vitro antifungal activity of the synthesized compounds were tested against wheat fusarium (Fusarium oxysporum) and compared with standard antifungal drug Chlorpyriphos EC to explore their potential antifungal activity. We also measured the antioxidant activity of these molecules, compared with vitamin C as standard antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient and green protocol has been introduced for the synthesis of medicinally important bis(indolyl)methane derivatives using pyruvic acid catalyst in the presence of water. Pyruvic acid catalyzes the reaction of aldehyde with indole efficiently and products were obtained in good to excellent yields under sonication (50 °C) or under conventional heating (80 °C). The advantages of this synthetic methodology are use of environmental-friendly, commercially available, biodegradable catalyst, short reaction times, Lewis acid-free and metal-free mild reaction conditions with excellent yields and is compatible with a wide range of electronically diverse substrates. Pyruvic acid in water as a catalyst under ultrasound radiation can be a better alternative to synthesize bis(indolyl)methane derivatives than some of the traditional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A versatile and effectual, three-component one pot (2π + 2π) cycloaddition reaction to the synthesis of substituted azetidines in the excellent yields is described. The reaction of isonicotinic acid hydrazide (1) as starting materials. Design and preparation of N-(7-R)-2-oxa-8-azabicyclo[4.2.0]octan-8-yl)isonicotinamide derivatives (4a-h) was carried out by condensation of isoniazid (1) with aromatic aldehyde (2a-h), ZnCr2O4 nano catalyzed one-pot cycloaddition of isoniazid Schiff base with pyran (3) under ultrasonic irradiation. Moreover, the Prepared ZnCr2O4 nanoparticles were easily recovered by corresponding solvent and reused for next synthesis of derivatives without significant loss of their catalytic activity. Prepared ZnCr2O4 nanoparticles were confirmed by XRD, EDX, TEM, HRTEM, TGA-DTA and all substituted azetidines were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, mass and elemental analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A heterogeneous magnetic HFe(SO4)2.4H2O-chitosan nano-composite (HFe(SO4)2.4H2O-Ch NCs) was designed and synthesized through a facile and economical two-steps procedure. The synthesized HFe(SO4)2.4H2O-Ch NCs was identified by XRD, EDX, FT-IR, VSM, SEM, TEM, and TGA techniques. The resulting HFe(SO4)2.4H2O-Ch NCs was applied as an efficient nano-catalyst in the green synthesis of coumarin derivatives through pechmann condensation under solvent-free conditions at 100 °C, and also with ultrasonic-assisted at 70 °C. High yields of the products, short reaction times, and mild reaction conditions were perceived in both methods. The ability of detachment, recycling, and reuse of the nano-catalyst was investigated under reaction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of green‐based nanostructures is extremely compelling for their implementation in the catalytic arena. In this study, a new type of magnetically core‐shell nanocomposite was successfully designed to be used as a green catalyst for the synthesis of 2,3‐dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones under ultrasonic irradiation. Initially, magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticle (NP) cores were fabricated via the co‐operation method and subsequently coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG). After that, the macro‐bicyclic Kryptofix 222 (KP222) functionalized on the surface of Fe3O4@PEG for graft and stabilization of nickel metal. The obtained Ni@KP222/Fe3O4@PEG nanocomposite was characterized by FT‐IR (Fourier Transform Infrared), wide‐angle XRD (X‐ray Powder Difraction), FESEM (Field Emiossion Scanning Electron Microscopy), TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy), VSM (Vibrating‐Sample Magnetometer), TGA‐DTA (Thermogravimetrtic Analysis‐ Differential Thermal Analysis), DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering), and BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) spectroscopy and technique. The findings indicated that high‐affinity KP222 ligand in the stabilization of Ni2+ and ultrasound irradiation catalyzed synergistically the formation of the 2,3‐dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones. The benzaldehydes with electron‐withdrawing and electron donor groups could react well with the amino benzamide under ultrasound irradiation in 5 min, indicating that the reaction was not sensitive to the electronic effects. Furthermore, the reusability test for the Ni@KP222/Fe3O4@PEG catalyst revealed successful recyclability for six runs. The current study provided a rational design and synthesis of multifunctional catalysts for catalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]