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ObjectiveThis study mainly used network meta-analysis to explore the effect of different types of exercise on hypertension in middle-aged and older adults.MethodsSeveral databases (e.g., PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library) were used to search for randomized controlled trials on the effects of different types of exercise on hypertension in middle-aged and older adults.ResultsA total of 19 articles and 2,385 participants were included in the analysis. Aerobic exercise interventions [MD = −9.254, P < 0.05, 95% CI (−14.810, −3.698)] and static exercise interventions [MD = −10.465, P < 0.05, 95% CI (−18.135, −2.794)] had a significant effect on the improvement in systolic blood pressure (SBP). For diastolic blood pressure (DBP), aerobic exercise interventions [MD = −1.4096; P > 0.05, 95% CI (−8.2395, 5.4201)] and static exercise interventions [MD = −4.5206, P > 0.05, 95% CI (−14.0436, 5.0023)] were not statistically significant. The results of the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) showed that static exercise improved hypertension better than aerobic exercise.ConclusionAerobic exercise and static exercise have been shown to have a good effect on the improvement of hypertension, but the effect on DBP is not significant.

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Introduction: Prior research generally confirms the importance of endurance exercises in preschool period and suggests shorter and less intensive exercises. However, little research has been conducted to show and evaluate different types for developing endurance in preschool period. Our research aims to find out which type of exercise is more suitable for developing endurance for a preschool age child compared to an adult, taking into account developmental characteristics. Material and methods: A total of 69 preschool children (40 children aged 3 years and 29 children aged 5 years) were included in the study. We measured their heart rates during two types of endurance exercises (uninterrupted walking vs “method of game”). We compared the average heart rate and the actual frequency curves. Results: Endurance exercise according to the “method of game” allows the child to adjust the effort more individually compared to uninterrupted walking when both exercises are performed with a group of pre-school children. A comparison of heart rate curves showed that when children partook in the “ method of game”, they achieved different heart rate values at the same time. A further analysis of heart rate with 5 selected “time stamps” between the two exercises showed that children achieved statistically significant higher heart rates when performing the “method of game” (1’: Z = 2.20; p = 0.028, r = 0.19; 3 ‘: Z = 4.64; p = 0.00, r = 0.39; 5’: Z = 3.23; p = 0.001, r = 0.27; 8’: Z = 3.82 p = 0.00, r = 0.32; 13 ‘: Z = 3.33; p = 0.001, r = 0.28). The comparison of the mean heart rate values over the entire 13-minute time interval between the execution of the “method of game” (M = 143, SD = 14) and uninterrupted walking (M = 132, SD = 9) was statistically significantly higher in favour of the “method of game” (Wilcox test: Z = 5.83, p = 0.00, r = 0.24). The Mann-Whitney-Test showed that 3-year-old children achieved statistically significantly higher average heart rate during the “method of game” (Z = -2.34 p = 0.020, η² = 0.08) as well as during uninterrupted walking (Z = 3.17 p = 0.002, η² = 0.15). No statistically significant differences between boys and girls were confirmed. Conclusions: Based on the results obtained, we believe that endurance exercise according to the “method of game” is more suitable for a developing preschool child than uninterrupted walking. The “method of game” also allows the simultaneous implementation of endurance exercise in heterogeneous groups, since the children adapt to the effort themselves, regardless of age. We believe that other types of endurance exercises should be researched and all age groups of preschool children should be included in the research.

Introduction: Many studies have indicated that the fitness benefits of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) are similar to or better than those of moderate-intensity endurance training (MIET), and that HIIT only takes half the time of MIET. Therefore, HIIT has been used in exercise prescriptions for general population. On the other hand, the intensity of the exercise may influence cerebral prefrontal and muscular oxygenation. However, only a few studies have observed the influence of cerebral and muscular oxygenation in these two exercise types. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate-intensity endurance exercise (MIEE) on cerebral and muscular oxygenation. Methods: Twelve collegiate male students voluntarily participated in this study. During the first visit, the participants performed a graded exercise test to determine the maximal oxygen uptake. After 48 h, the participants performed HIIE (6 × 30-s Wingate sprints with a 5-min active recovery) and MIEE (intensity at 1stventilatory threshold for 60 min) in a randomized counter-balanced order. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to evaluate oxygenation in the right (R) and left (L) prefrontal cortex and right quadriceps. Results: The cerebral oxyhemoglobin (c [O2Hb]) in MIEE (R: 4.94 ± 1.07; L: 5.00 ± 1.42 μmol) was significantly higher than that at the 1stsprint (R: 2.25 ± 0.99; L: 2.30 ± 1.18 μmol) (p < .05). Only the right cerebral deoxyhemoglobin (R_c [HHb]) in MIEE (1.10 ± 0.61 μmol) was higher than those at the 1st(0.29 ± 0.51 μmol) and the 2nd sprints (0.24 ± 0.43 μmol) (p < .05). The cerebral hemoglobin difference (c [DiffHb]) in MIEE (R: 3.84 ± 1.05; L: 4.32 ± 1.09 μmol) was significantly higher than that at the 1stsprint (R: 1.96 ± 1.04; L: 1.94 ± 1.16 μmol) (p < .05). The muscular oxyhemoglobin (m [O2Hb]) in MIEE (-9.10 ± 7.17 μmol) was significantly higher than those in HIIE (p < .05). The muscular deoxyhemoglobin (m [HHb]) were not significantly different between MIEE and HIIE. The muscular hemoglobin difference (m [DiffHb]) in MIEE was significantly higher than those in HIIE (p < .05). Conclusions: Muscular oxygenation in HIIE was lower than in MIEE; however, the lower cerebral oxygenation was only found in the first period of HIIE when compared with MIEE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Exercise has been identified as a beneficial intervention to enhance quality of life in breast cancer survivors. In addition, there has been a noteworthy increase in studies emphasizing the benefits of exercise in cancer. We sought to summarize the empirical literature concerning the effects of exercise on physical fitness and biomarker levels in breast cancer survivors according to the type of exercise., Methods: We searched PubMed and PubMed Central for studies on the association of exercise with the levels of various biomarkers and physical fitness in breast cancer survivors. We investigated the effects of different types of exercise (aerobic, resistance, or combined) on breast cancer survivors, with changes in physical fitness and biomarker levels as the primary outcomes., Results: In total, 118 research papers published from 2012 to July 2016 were retrieved from PubMed and PubMed Central. Of these, 24 papers met our inclusion criteria. All types of exercise were found to improve physical fitness in breast cancer survivors. However, the results with regard to biomarkers were controversial., Conclusion: The findings of this review suggest that combined exercise is associated with better outcomes than aerobic or resistance exercise alone in breast cancer survivors.