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This study aims to analyze the usage patterns of rest areas on highways and toll roads using a data mining approach, utilizing popular time information from Google Maps and web scraping techniques. We collected popular time data for rest areas along highways and expressways using web scraping technology and Google Maps API. The research methodology includes a data collection phase that extracts popular time information from Google Maps using web scraping techniques. The collected data was then analyzed using data mining techniques to identify road user visitation patterns, specifically at rest areas. The analysis included understanding the most popular times visitors visit rest areas and providing deep insights into road user preferences. The findings indicate specific time patterns during which visitors visit rest areas. These findings can have important implications in the planning and managing of road infrastructure, enabling improved services at rest areas according to road users' needs. They can also assist in determining appropriate locations for constructing new rest areas or necessary improvements to existing rest areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the challenging economic and political climate in the United States, particularly in relation to infrastructure and public works. It highlights the increasing national debt, the divisive nature of the presidential election, and the impact of government spending on infrastructure. The article also explores the potential shifts in infrastructure priorities and the integration of new technologies, such as artificial intelligence, into government processes. It emphasizes the importance of considering values and democratic decision-making in the face of technological advancements. [Extracted from the article]

Although scholars have developed simulation models and analyzed bankability criteria in numerous papers to enhance the financial outcomes of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), the intersection between both fields considering alternatives to assess the financial impact of flexibility in both scope and financing, remains underdeveloped. To address this gap, this paper introduces a financial model that assesses the financial impact of suitable life-cycle flexibility alternatives while coexisting with revenue performance alterations in each project phase within toll road PPPs. This model serves as a tool to gain insight into the planning of strategic actions to implement flexibility in both scope and financing. Based on system dynamics and validated using financial data from two toll road PPPs in India and East Europe, simulation results suggest that two key drivers (capital expenditures and debt repayment period) have the greatest influence on financial performance. Findings support the implementation of flexible scopes to effectively address the most influential exogenous factor impacting the financial performance of PPPs, namely traffic shortfalls. This model provides a suitable tool for assessing the life-cycle economic sustainability of PPPs in uncertain and complex environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The iRAP Star Rating assessment has gained global recognition as an effective strategy for reducing fatalities caused by road crashes. As part of its road safety initiatives, Indonesia has also adopted the iRAP Star Rating methodology with the goal of achieving a 3-Star Rating or higher for over 75% of its road network, with a focus on prioritizing toll roads. However, it remains crucial to ascertain the effectiveness of the iRAP Star Rating methodology with regards to safety performance indicators such as crash and fatality rates and the number of crashes and fatalities. Unfortunately, there have been limited studies examining the relationship between safety performance indicators and iRAP Star Rating, with only a few conducted in Indonesia. Most of these studies only focused on iRAP Star Rating results and used a limited dataset without examining correlations to safety performance indicators. Thus, this study aims to estimate the relationship between the iRAP Star Rating Score (SRS) and safety performance indicators. The results indicate a positive correlation between SRS and safety performance indicators, with a higher SRS indicating a higher level of hazard and correspondingly higher safety performance indicators values. However, it is important to note that the R2 value was not particularly high (ranging from 0.2-0.7), suggesting that this relationship may not be accurately reflected, possibly due to factors unique to the Indonesian environment and human factors not specifically accounted for in the iRAP methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delays are common in project implementation, even in bridge construction projects. It is important to analyze the causes of these delays so that service providers and construction parties can take appropriate measures to overcome the problem. These measures can help reduce the costs associated with delays. The research aims factors that influence the performance of bridge project implementation times, and to find alternative solutions to resolve these factors. The research uses a quantitative method. Primary data is obtained through questionnaires distributed to respondents among bridge construction practitioners on three predetermined research objects: Desari, Cisumdawu, and Cijago toll road projects sections 2-3. The research data is processed using JASP software. After analyzing the implementation methods, budget availability, and engineering risk variables, it is found that engineering risk is the most dominant factor affecting the performance of bridge project implementation time, with a percentage of 61.68%.

Public–private partnership (PPP) stakeholders have gained traction for their potential to create long-term value. Extant literature emphasizes the importance of suitable stakeholder management strategies, yet the analysis of such strategies has traditionally been conducted from the viewpoint of the responsible parties (i.e., the PPP consortium and the contracting agency) because these are the stakeholders in charge of developing the project and delivering its much-expected benefits. While extant literature often focuses on the interests of either responsible stakeholders or impacted stakeholders, this study addresses the critical but underexplored dynamics involving the wide arrangement of responsible, impacted, and interested stakeholders encompassing diverse groups, such as local communities, interest groups, advisors, local governments, users, and debt providers, who interact and shape project outcomes. Drawing lessons from a multiple-case study involving two mature toll road markets composed of 49 projects, this research reveals the main stakeholders' issues at three different levels: institutional, organizational, and project. To address these challenges, a relational governance model is proposed where each identified stakeholder should play a specific role in key decisions made in specific project phases. This study provides insights into stakeholder dynamics in user-pay transport PPPs, offering solutions for enhanced engagement and project outcomes. This research offers relevant theoretical contributions to rethinking the roles of impacted and interested stakeholders in PPPs, and these insights have practical implications for improving stakeholder engagement, risk management, and project outcomes in user-pay transportation PPPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyzed a risk-sharing mechanism that can be used in urban bus public service contracts (PSC) to deal with demand uncertainty in the upcoming years. This mechanism is similar to a collar option: an MRG (Minimum Revenue Guarantee) combined with a revenue cap. We applied this mechanism to a case study, the Lisbon Metro Area bus contracts. We compared the chosen model (a gross cost contract) with a simulated scenario modeled as a collar option. To develop this scenario, we model the flexibilities applying Real options Analysis and the project uncertainty as a Geometric Brownian Motion (GBM). The calculations were performed using Monte Carlo simulation. The results show that, compared to the gross cost, the collar option model allows the private operator to benefit from a potential demand increase. In the case of a downturn, the loss is shared between the two sides, reducing the contract cost borne by the government. Furthermore, from a public policy perspective, contrary to the gross cost model, this model may incentivize the private partner to improve service quality as a strategy to increase demand and, consequently, revenues. In addition, if demand evolves in a different trend, the financial rebalance is made automatically, reducing litigation costs for both sides. • The application of real option analysis to bus public service contracts is still emerging. • Modelling risk-sharing in urban bus operations is crucial for maintaining the long-term financial sustainability. • The collar option model allows the private operator to benefit from a potential demand increase. • Contract financial rebalance is made automatically by exercising a collar option, reducing litigation costs for all parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is imperative to comprehend the factors that contribute to traffic crashes if they are to be reduced effectively. This study aimed to develop a crash frequency model of Indonesian inter-urban freeways. Data was collected from four inter-urban freeway toll roads. The freeway toll-road operators provide traffic volumes, geometric characteristics, and crash data. To develop the crash frequency model, the author performed a negative binomial regression analysis. The predictors included certain highway geometric factors and the hourly traffic volume. The results show that the frequency of crashes was significantly associated with the volume of traffic per hour and geometric factors. Specifically, section length, hourly traffic volume, and the width of the roadway and outer shoulder positively impacted crash frequency, while horizontal curve and inner shoulder width had a negative impact. Moreover, road divider (median) type and time of day had significant impacts on inter-urban freeway crash occurrences. The results have important implications, as they reveal the relationship between freeway design parameters and traffic crash frequency. This knowledge will aid the development of new design methods that consider safety explicitly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the financial risks faced by the Pandaan-Malang Toll Road PPP (Public-Private Partnership) project in Indonesia. Data collection techniques include semi-structured in-depth interviews with parties related to the PPP project, including the Directorate General of Infrastructure Financing, the Tolling Road Management Agency (government), and Business Entities (PT Jasamarga Pandaan Malang). The collected data will be analyzed to determine the financial risk factors faced by PPP projects and the financial controls carried out to overcome financial risks in PPP. The results show that the risk of errors in forecasting in the calculation of demand, cost, and revenue projections is a risk that almost often occurs. The Government emphasizes the importance of optimizing the role of PII (Persero) or Indonesia Infrastructure Guarantee Fund (IIGF) as an Infrastructure Guarantee Business Entity (BUPI) to ensure financial sustainability and minimize the impact of sudden shocks on the State Budget due to the provision of Government Guarantees for cooperation projects. This study provides insights or frameworks that can be applied to similar projects, helping to improve risk assessment and decision-making processes in future infrastructure developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik (JIHHP) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

toll roads, socio, economic. The purpose of this research is to identify the influence of policy implementation on the construction of the Pekanbaru-Dumai toll road on the socio-economic conditions of the people of Bukit Kapur District, Dumai City. This research was carried out using a qualitative descriptive research method approach because this research explored the impact of toll road construction on the communities around the toll road, namely in Bukit Kapur District, where the construction of the Pekanbaru - Dumai Toll Road passes. Types and Sources of Data in this research are primary data and secondary data which include observation, non-participants, interviews and documentation. The results of the research show that the negative impact of the construction of toll roads is the use of very extensive land which will directly impact the land layout of agriculture as a whole, opening new residential and industrial areas which will directly reduce the area of agricultural land, road construction can also kill small businesses such as restaurants, grocery stores, cell phone counters and others along the Dumai - Pekanbaru highway which is now no longer the main route so they are no longer visited and the construction of toll roads hastened the demise of Pinang Kampai Dumai airport because land travel via toll roads is more efficient so now there are no more flights, while the positive impact of the construction of this toll road. The existence of toll roads will provide various conveniences, starting from cutting travel time between cities and facilitating the delivery of goods and logistics. The presence of economic opportunities for communities around the route and toll road gates so that the regional economy will grow higher so that welfare will also increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to elucidate the phenomenon of cost overruns resulting from government-led risks, with a specific focus on contract changes within the context of 70 Indonesian toll road projects. The dataset demonstrates a broad spectrum of cost overrun rates (COR), from −34.43% to 356.54%, with a median of 0.00% (mean = 14.83%). Empirical evidence demonstrates that contract changes exert a discernible influence on cost overruns. Among the sampled projects, 39 out of 70 encountered changes in their original contracts, and within this subset of projects, the median COR was 7.00% (mean = 26.63%). In the case of projects experiencing cost overruns and underruns, the median COR amounted to 21.00% (mean = 44.55%, n = 27) and −13.50% (mean = −13.72%, n = 12), respectively. This paper delves into the correlations between the COR and various project attributes, providing elucidations grounded in the framework of multiple theories in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction productivity measures the output generated in the construction process using available resources. In the Indonesian Construction Industry, construction is often carried out inefficiently, resulting in high construction costs, prolonged durations, and substantial waste, leading to low levels of construction productivity. This study aims to enhance construction effectiveness through planning and management aided by model simulations, specifically targeting slab work operations at the Conggeang Bridge Project - Cisumdawu Toll Road Section 5A. The modeling simulation in this study utilizes the CYCLONE model with the assistance of EZSTROBE/STROBOSCOPE and SIMULINK software. This approach provides data on productivity, utilization factor, and average wait time for the operations under review. Based on the obtained data, a productivity and sensitivity analysis is conducted to identify several alternative improvements in the execution of slab work operations on this bridge. The proposed improvements aim to reduce construction costs, implementation duration, and generated waste, thereby increasing overall construction productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Terapan is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Central Statistics Agency (BPS) records that the economic growth in Lampung Province has experienced a lower growth rate compared to the national economic growth. This condition is exacerbated by the lack of development in existing infrastructure, especially provincial roads that have suffered severe damage. In this context, the provision of toll road infrastructure becomes crucial in regional development as it serves as a means to facilitate and support community activities. This study aims to analyze the differences in the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) of transportation and warehousing, tourism, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, Regional Original Income (PAD), and economic growth of districts in Lampung Province before and after the existence of the Trans-Sumatra Toll Road. The research method used is a quantitative approach using five variables, namely Transportation and Warehousing, Tourism, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Regional Original Income, and Economic Growth. Secondary data related to these variables were collected, especially those related to transportation and warehousing, tourism, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, regional original income, and economic growth. The study involved six Districts/Cities in Lampung Province traversed by the Trans-Sumatra Toll Road, namely South Lampung, Central Lampung, Mesuji, Pesawaran, Tulang Bawang, and West Tulang Bawang. Observation samples were collected for 4 years before and 4 years after the existence of the Trans-Sumatra Toll Road for the period 2015-2022. The collected data was then processed using SPSS Ver. 26 software. The results of the study indicate that the existence of the Trans-Sumatra toll road in several districts of Lampung Province has a significant impact on various economic sectors and Regional Original Income (PAD). The presence of significant average differences indicates that the Trans-Sumatra toll road has had a considerable impact on the economic sector and Regional Original Income in the mentioned districts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public-private partnership (PPP) models represent an innovative procurement approach and offer promising prospects for the construction industry's future worldwide. However, not all PPP projects, particularly toll road projects, achieve their goals. This poses a unique challenge in determining the Critical Success Factors (CSFs) as the basis for evaluating project success. Therefore, this research aims to identify and explore the concept of CSFs for toll road projects under the PPP scheme based on reputable academic journals in the last ten years. This study employs a sequential exploratory mixed methods methodology to identify and explore CSF indicators for PPP scheme projects and to verify and validate the findings. The results of this study reveal 13 indicators crucial for project success, categorized into eight factors. The findings of this research contribute significantly to the management of PPP toll road projects in Indonesia, serving as a reference for stakeholders in decision-making to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of toll road project management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In toll road tunnels, the lighting at the threshold zone must balance the brightness of the access zone with natural light. Therefore, artificial lighting is strategically placed in that area to match the brightness to the intensity of natural light. This balance shifts during nighttime to ensure uniform brightness throughout the tunnel, equivalent to street lighting. Additionally, a significant amount of power is required to realize this artificial lighting. Two lamp technologies are used for tunnel lighting: HPS lamps with low energy efficiency and LED lamps with better energy efficiency. The challenge is determining artificial lighting in the threshold zone using energy-efficient lamps. To address this issue, simulations were conducted to compare the two lamp types applied in tunnels to achieve the most significant power savings. This research creates a model of toll road tunnel lighting using DIALux software better to understand the characteristics of toll road tunnel lighting using HPS and LED lamps. The SNI and ANSI/IES are the standards used. The Cisumdawu tunnel is used as the case study. The simulation results show that the luminance in the interior zone using LED or HPS lamps meets the SNI standard. Using LED lamps results in higher luminance with less power than using HPS. This discovery can improve energy efficiency in tunnel environments and contribute to lighting solutions for transportation infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep learning's reliance on abundant data with accurate annotations presents a significant drawback, as developing datasets is often time-consuming and costly for specific problems. To address this drawback, we propose a semi-automatic live-feed image annotation tool called saLFIA. Our case study utilized CCTV data from Indonesia's toll roads as one of the sources for live-feed images. The primary contribution of saLFIA is a labeling tool designed to generate new datasets from public source images, focusing on vehicle classification using YOLOv3 and SSD algorithms. The evaluation results indicated that SSD achieved higher accuracy with fewer initial images, while YOLOv3 reached maximum accuracy with larger initial datasets, resulting in 8 misdetections out of 380 objects. The saLFIA tool simplifies the annotation process, presenting a labeling tool for creating annotated datasets in a single operation. saLFIA is available at URL https://github.com/gilangmantara/salfia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tangerang-Merak Toll Road is a toll road connecting Tangerang and Merak Port, which includes Cikupa Toll Road, East Balaraja, West Balaraja, Ciakande, Ciujung, East Serang, West Serang, East Cilegon, West Cilegon, and Merak. With the more congested, will make the risk of car accidents also increased. In an effort to improve of road safety, especially toll roads, a Road Safety Audit (AKJ) is needed. Aspects examined and observed include geometric, traffic management, pavements, street furnitures and complementary buildings. As a result, it is concluded that in geometric aspect, in general has been designed in accordance with the provisions, but nevertheless there are parts that still require improvement. This research will discussed the existing condition of Tangerang-Merak Toll Road based on direct observation. The aspects reviewed are geometric, pavement, street furnitures and road complementary buildings such as Signs, Markings and Median roads. In the end, accident-prone areas will be obtained on tangerang- merak toll road with a comparison analysis of direct observation data, and traffic accident data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toll road construction is currently being intensively carried out both by the government and by private parties. However, in practice, there are often delays in completing the construction of toll roads on several sections. This delay in completion has resulted in many impacts, including the emergence of potential claims from service providers, increased construction costs which can result in increased investment costs and even damage to the image of the company and the Government. The majority of these delays are caused by inadequate planning and control processes. This research uses the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) 6th Edition and PMBOK 7th Edition approaches to find out what risks arise at the Planning and Control stage. To then develop a PMBOK-based planning and control process for toll road construction. This research aims to use the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) 6th Edition and 7th Edition approach in identifying risks that arise at the planning and control stages of toll road construction, as well as developing a PMBOK-based planning and control process to minimize delays in toll road construction. This research method involves analysis based on PMBOK to produce relevant recommendations for toll road operators. The results of this study are expected to provide input for Toll Road Operators in planning and controlling toll road construction, so as to minimize delays in Toll Road Construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of vehicles is increasing rapidly, but this is different from the rise in the number and length of roads, so there is often a density of vehicles on the road, especially on toll roads during peak hours. The objective of this research is to examine the application of dynamic toll tariffs in reducing toll road congestion. This research used variables that determine the amount and timing of dynamic tariffs, including the level of toll road density, Ability to Pay (ATP), Willingness to Pay (WTP), and tariff sensitivity to traffic volume. The result shows that applying dynamic tariffs on toll roads can change users' patterns and travel time. In addition, this dynamic tariff can break down the density of toll road during peak hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toll road construction is one of the main supporting aspects in the process of accelerating Indonesia's national development. However, along with population growth and regional development, road infrastructure is increasingly filled with various modes of transportation which ultimately causes buildup and congestion. The construction of toll roads in Jakarta is one alternative to break down congestion in the city. The construction of the Kelapa Gading - Pulo Gebang Toll Road is expected to be able to increase road capacity so as to facilitate transportation between the two regions. However, the varied toll rates cause different perceptions in its users. Toll tariff determination is generally oriented towards financial analysis which results in not being commensurate with the ability (Ability To Pay) and desire (Willingness To Pay) as well as the determination of the ideal tariff of the community as toll road service users. This research uses a descriptive method with a quantitative approach. Data collection using questionnaires and documentation. The research population of the entire Jakarta city community in 2022 is 10,679,951 people, the number of samples calculated using the Slovin method resulted in 100 respondents selected through certain criteria. Data analysis uses validity tests, reliability tests and descriptive analysis. The results showed that the level of driver satisfaction with the quality of service of the Kelapa Gading - Pulo Gebang Toll Road was in the "Satisfied" category as evidenced by the Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) value of 78.62% which was in the range of 61% to 80% so that it was in the "Satisfied" category. Then, the quality of service and tariff policy have a positive effect on the satisfaction of users of the Kelapa Gading - Pulo Gebang toll road, which is indicated by the F value calculated > F table (48.060>3.09) and the significance of < 0.05 (0.00<0.05) means significant / influential. The respondent's Ability To Pay (ATP) on the highest Kelapa Gading - Pulo Gebang toll road tariff was Rp. 166,766.24, namely for respondents with the job category as a Housewife / Father and the lowest ATP was Rp. 125,620.99, namely for respondents with the job category as Students or Students. The average Ability To Pay (ATP) value of all respondents was Rp. 147,582.02. While the respondent's Willingnes To Pay (WTP) value on the highest respondent's Kelapa Gading - Pulo Gebang toll road tariff was Rp. 21,750, namely for respondents with the job category as Students or Students and the lowest WTP was Rp. 20,523, namely for respondents with the job category as Civil Servants (PNS) or TNI / Polri. The average Willingnes To Pay (WTP) value of all respondents was Rp. 20,970. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of traffic jams continues to increase, the government is designing an alternative road connecting Surakarta to Yogyakarta. The increasing volume of vehicles on the Solo - Yogyakarta toll road makes accidents prone due to driver negligence. To reduce the risk of accidents and relieve fatigue after traveling, one of the policies taken is to build rest areas and facilities. The method used in the research is a direct survey to obtain primary data in the form of incoming and outgoing vehicle data, the number of existing parked vehicles, facilities in rest areas and secondary data in the form of daily traffic on the Solo - Yogyakarta toll road obtained from PT. JMM. Based on the condition of the existing rest area, it is necessary to analyze the parking facilities to get an idea of parking capacity and parking space requirements. The guideline used in the research is "Guidelines for Planning and Operation of Parking Facilities for the Directorate of City Transport Traffic System Development 1998", as well as references related to parking analysis. The conclusion of the analysis results is that the parking space needed for the Solo-Yogyakarta toll road in the 2024 planning year is 271 SRP, the volume of incoming vehicles is 2751, the accumulation is 206 vehicles, the parking index is 75.99%, the turnover is 10.15, and in 2033 there are parking spaces. What is needed is a capacity of 541 SRP, a volume of incoming vehicles of 5495, an accumulation of 411 vehicles, a parking index of 76.07%, and a turnover of 10.16. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Booming demand for facilities and infrastructure in Indonesia has led to an increase in construction-related accidents. Court rulings provide valuable data on accident circumstances, which can help improve safety standards. Although information on these accidents is scarce and not systematically consolidated, effective data gathering and analysis can lead to better safety outcomes. This study analyzes 150 court rulings in construction industry accident cases and their related decision frameworks to identify seven risk categories using scenario analysis. The correlative patterns and their associated significance are explored via descriptive statistical analysis, and four categories, namely project, task, accident, and medium, were found to be correlated. The results of the cross-tabulation test between two categories were used to highlight correlated categories. Toll road works accounted for 52% of accident cases, with collisions with construction machinery being the most frequent accident type (36%, 76 cases). Lifting and moving goods had respective phi and Cramer values of 0.534 and 0.001. It is obvious that future safety improvement efforts should focus on roadway projects and utilizing construction vehicles for transportation and lifting work. This can be achieved through increased regulatory compliance, proper utilization of standard operating procedures (SOPs), and ensuring vehicle suitability. The results of this study are highly relevant to workplace health and safety officers and risk management personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation quantifies the advantages of transitioning from a cash to electronic toll collection (ETC)/open road tolling (ORT) system in an Indian setting. The real-world driving emissions approach, which is considered more suitable at locations with frequent acceleration and deceleration events, was adopted for actual onroad emissions data. Observations demonstrated that, unlike diesel vehicles, emissions generated during the waiting phase in gasoline vehicles were relatively minor when compared with acceleration and deceleration phases. As a result, for queues of equivalent length, the benefits of ETC were not pronounced for gasoline vehicles. Simulations were also carried out using a traffic simulation model VISSIM under three separate regimes – a 100% cash-based system, ETC, and ORT. Results revealed that the emissions generated by the ETC and cash-based systems were respectively 2 and 4 times greater than those generated by ORT. Likewise, the cumulative weekly time-delay experienced under the cash system was 2.5 times greater than that experienced under ETC. Furthermore, a comparison of efficiency of the cash and ETC systems was carried out by assessing the time-headway between transactions of both toll collection systems. The same was found to be approximately 21 s for the cash and 13 s for the ETC system in India. These results provide ample justification for the Indian government to contemplate a shift to ORT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various types of government financial support are used to facilitate the financing of public–private partnership (PPP) projects in developing countries, wherein direct equity investment can have a unique impact on capital structure in project finance because of the changing role of the government as a shareholder. However, the distinct impacts of government equity investments have not yet been clearly revealed. This study clarifies the effect of government equity investment on leverage in project finance based on a two-step treatment effect model using a large data set containing 1,326 PPP projects in developing countries. Six hypotheses are proposed to test the direct impacts of government equity investment, participation of development-financing institutions, project characteristics, and moderating impacts from the governance environment on leverage. Empirical evidence reveals that government equity investment can significantly increase leverage in project finance when the ultimate ownership of the project will be transferred back to the government, and that the governance environment can affect the government's decision to invest. The findings suggest that host governments in developing countries can boost lenders' confidence in PPP projects through direct equity investment, but the investment decision should be prudent after considering the domestic governance environment and specific project conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to investigate the implications of funding strategies employed by PT Jasa Marga and its subsidiary PT Jasamarga Transjawa Tol on their financial performance. With the Indonesian government's increased investment in toll road infrastructure, Jasa Marga, a State-Owned Enterprise, has undertaken expansive endeavors, augmenting investments from IDR 24.8 trillion in 2018 to IDR 78.6 trillion by 2022. However, this escalation in investment levels also brings forth heightened liabilities, predominantly stemming from reliance on debt, particularly bank loans, in addition to equity. Such a scenario presents challenges in managing payment obligations and, if not handled adeptly, could imperil Jasa Marga's financial performance. Consequently, strategies aimed at bolstering the company's capital structure are slated for implementation in 2023. This exploration aims to assess how these financial strategies and the debt-equity balance influence company value and financial health, drawing on frameworks like the Pecking Order Theory. It seeks to comprehend the ramifications of internal and external financing on the company's solvency, as measured by ratios such as Debt Equity Ratio (DER), Debt Ratio, and Interest Coverage Ratio (ICR). The literature review delves into various financial strategies such as crowdfunding and Initial Public Offering (IPO), elucidating their motivations and repercussions on companies, with a specific focus on aspects like information asymmetry and changes in post-IPO performance. This research integrates theories, practical strategies, and financial metrics to derive meaningful, data-driven conclusions aimed at optimizing capital structure and enhancing financial stability. It offers valuable insights to stakeholders and facilitates improved financial decision-making processes within the company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A traffic accident is an event on the road that is unexpected and unintentional. Traffic accidents have an impact on the national economy as evidenced by the contribution of traffic accidents to economic losses in the form of a decrease in GDP by 2.9% - 3.1% or equivalent to USD 1.332 Billion - USD 1.465 Billion. So, to minimize accidents, an analysis is needed that is useful for anticipating accidents. This study intends to obtain the effect of the characteristics of intercity toll roads, as well as urban toll roads, on the accident rate. The stages conducted in this research are previous research studies, data collection, determining variables, and modeling. Based on the analysis that has been done in this study, a negative binomial distribution is used to determine the accident rate of inter-city toll roads and the Poisson distribution to determine the accident rate of toll roads within the city and the fatality rate of toll roads between cities and within cities. There are nine parameters used in this model, which can cover more things than similar studies that have been done before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Surabaya-Gresik toll road is a crucial infrastructure connecting Surabaya City with Gresik Regency. In industrial areas such as Gresik Regency, this toll road is indeed needed to expedite the flow of industrial goods distribution to Surabaya City. The toll road experiences frequent damage, such as alligator cracking, as it is traversed daily by heavy traffic. If the road, as a connecting infrastructure, is damaged, it will impede the flow of vehicles passing through it. Therefore, road maintenance is necessary to ensure optimal service for passing vehicles. In this research, an analysis of road damage on the Surabaya - Gresik toll road seeks solutions for addressing these issues utilizing the method of Pavement Condition Index (PCI). The method involves several stages, including a survey of road conditions, determination of severity levels, assessment of damage, and determination of pavement condition. The survey was conducted in 100-meter segments from KM 10 to KM 14, revealing various types of damage on the toll road, including alligator cracking, bleeding, corrugation, shoving, potholes, and more. Thereafter, an analysis of the severity level and damage assessment was carried out, resulting in an average PCI value of 68, categorized as a "Good" condition. Based on these findings, it is recommended to address this issue through routine maintenance, including repairing minor damage, patching potholes, sweeping, repairing pavement edge damage, sidewalk maintenance, side channel and complementary building drainage, road equipment, and roadside maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable road construction is instrumental in improving connectivity among regions and economies while also offering road users a diverse range of options within the traffic network. To ensure optimal road performance for users, it becomes essential to allocate adequate maintenance funds that correlate with the planned service life. This necessity originates from a profound understanding of the significant influence maintenance funds have on road steadiness. Therefore, this study aims to establish a comprehensive road steadiness model, investigating the influence of toll roads as new routes and the impact on maintenance funds. The analysis included national roads across 15 cities in Central Java Province, Indonesia, covering a distance of 759.75 km from 2018–2023. Using a quantitative approach, the study adopted the Curva Expert program to evaluate the values of road steadiness and maintenance funds. The results showed a 5.78% enhancement in road steadiness over the period from 2018 to 2023, underscoring the positive impact of sustainable road construction practices and the allocation of adequate maintenance funds. The establishment of relationship between road steadiness and maintenance funds was established through a regression value of R2=0.94. This statistical correlation is represented by the equation y= 90.521 + 0.022x, providing a quantitative understanding of how maintenance funds influence road steadiness. The insights obtained from the outcomes of road steadiness modeling reiterate the significance of investing in additional routes and ensuring sufficient maintenance funds to improve performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]