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SummaryAfrican populations are the most diverse in the world yet are sorely underrepresented in medical genetics research. Here, we examine the structure of African populations using genetic and comprehensive multigenerational ethnolinguistic data from the Neuropsychiatric Genetics of African Populations-Psychosis study (NeuroGAP-Psychosis) consisting of 900 individuals from Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, and Uganda. We find that self-reported language classifications meaningfully tag underlying genetic variation that would be missed with consideration of geography alone, highlighting the importance of culture in shaping genetic diversity. Leveraging our uniquely rich multi-generational ethnolinguistic metadata, we track language transmission through the pedigree, observing the disappearance of several languages in our cohort as well as notable shifts in frequency over three generations. We find suggestive evidence for the rate of language transmission in matrilineal groups having been higher than that for patrilineal ones. We highlight both the diversity of variation within the African continent, as well as how within-Africa variation can be informative for broader variant interpretation; many variants appearing rare elsewhere are common in parts of Africa. The work presented here improves the understanding of the spectrum of genetic variation in African populations and highlights the enormous and complex genetic and ethnolinguistic diversity within Africa.

Construidos por tres generaciones de los condes-duques de Benavente, entre 1499 y 1621, como instrumento de disfrute y de prestigio familiar de la villa ducal, los jardines de Benavente se convirtieron en uno de los jardines renacentistas más importantes de España. Desgraciadamente, los cambios en los gustos estéticos de los herederos, el paso de los ejércitos franceses de Napoleón y el abandono de una naturaleza necesitada de su continuo cuidado, hicieron que los jardines desaparecieran en los primeros años del siglo XIX. En este artículo nos proponemos hacer su reconstrucción ideal, con la utilización de los numerosos textos y de la documentación existente. Built for three generations of the count-dukes of Benavente, between 1499 and 1621, as an instrument of enjoyment and family prestige of the ducal town, the Benavente gardens became one of the most important Renaissance gardens in Spain. Unfortunately, the changes in the aesthetic tastes of the heirs, the destruction wrought by Napoleon's army and the abandonment of a nature in need of their continuous care, caused the gardens to disappear in the early years of the 19th century. In this article we propose to make its ideal reconstruction, with the use of the numerous texts and existing documentation.

espanolEn este trabajo dialogamos con conceptos provenientes de los estudios de juventudes y necropolitica y otros del campo del marxismo agrario para discutir sobre las formas particulares que adquiere el juvenicidio en las juventudes rurales colombianas, materializadas por el despojo de tierras y el desplazamiento forzado. Cabe mencionar que el 50% de las personas desplazadas han sido ninos y jovenes, siendo ya tres generaciones a las que se les han expropiado la tierra violentamente. Medio siglo de conflicto armado que impacta generacionalmente con su herida de violencia, pobreza y que continua excluyendo a las poblaciones jovenes. EnglishIn this work we dialogue with concepts from the studies of youth and necropolitics and others from the field of agrarian Marxism to discuss the particular forms that juvenicide acquires in Colombian rural youth, materialized by land dispossession and forced displacement. It is worth mentioning that 50% of the displaced persons have been children and young people, which means that three generations have already had their land violently expropriated. Half a century of armed conflict that impacts generationally with its wound of violence, poverty and that continues to exclude young populations.

The field of sequencing is a topic of significant interest since its emergence and has become increasingly important over time. Impressive achievements have been obtained in this field, especially in relations to DNA and RNA sequencing. Since the first achievements by Sanger and colleagues in the 1950s, many sequencing techniques have been developed, while others have disappeared. DNA sequencing has undergone three generations of major evolution. Each generation has its own specifications that are mentioned briefly. Among these generations, nanopore sequencing has its own exciting characteristics that have been given more attention here. Among pioneer technologies being used by the third-generation techniques, nanopores, either biological or solid-state, have been experimentally or theoretically extensively studied. All sequencing technologies have their own advantages and disadvantages, so nanopores are not free from this general rule. It is also generally pointed out what research has been done to overcome the obstacles. In this review, biological and solid-state nanopores are elaborated on, and applications of them are also discussed briefly.

Changes in people's consumption styles and trends today are fundamentally influenced by the use of technology. The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the tearing points that explains that technology is a basic need today. Digital transactions are familiar and even greet all generations. This study aims to analyze the consumption behavior model of each generation hierarchy in digital transactions. Respondents from this study were generations X, Y, and Z, each of which consisted of 50 respondents. Data analysis method using Path Analysis using WarmPLS 6.0 statistical software. The results of data processing show that there is no direct or indirect relationship from cultural factors to the desire to transact digitally for generations X, Y, and Z although it is mediated by consumption behavior variables. Psychological factors influence generations Y and Z in digitally transacting fully mediated by consumption behavior variables. This study provides additional knowledge about behavioral models that influence and motivate the three generations in digital transactions.

Acquiring statistical education is a prerequisite for the professional and scientific work of every pedagogue. Institutional support for the statistical education of students is a fundamental starting point in the development of research competencies necessary for a future pedagogue. The subject of this study was focused on examining the effectiveness of the application of a program for statistical data processing in teaching. The research aimed to examine whether students gained adequate knowledge in the field of Statistics in Pedagogical Research by applying the experimental factor SPSS in teaching. This means that the use of the SPSS program may significantly facilitate the acquisition of theoretical and practical knowledge pertaining to the field of statistics in pedagogical researches. The objective was to analyze whether using the SPSS software as part of university education would yield better knowledge of statistics than teaching without it. This objective was accomplished by analyzing the differences in the respondents’ scores on the knowledge test using the pre-test and the post-test groups of students. Three generations of pedagogy students at the Faculty of Philosophy, the University of Nis in Serbia, participated in the experimental research. The results showed statistically significant differences in the participants’ achievement in the initial and final tests.

Aim of the study – to establish the features of inheritance of the F5L:G(1961)A and F2:G(20210)A genotypes and to assess their influence on the course and outcomes of pregnancy.Materials and methods. The object of the study was 70 mother–child pairs: 50 women, carriers of the F5L:G(1961)A mutation, and their children; 20 female patients, carriers of the F2:G(20210)A mutation, their children. Additionally, 18 families of women, carriers of the factor V Leiden mutation, in three generations were studied.Results. Carriage of the F5:(1961)GA and F2:(20210)GA genotypes in fetuses is associated with the risk of developing gestational complications in their mothers, which are primarily realized when the maternal laboratory phenotype is manifested. A higher frequency of occurrence of the minor allele A20210 of the FII gene was determined in children than in the older generation (p = 0,0006).

In the study presented in this paper the use of a specific linguistic non-standard feature of German by 100 speakers representing three generations was analysed. The speakers originate from 25 different locations within the Middle Franconian dialect formation covering the middle-western parts of Germany. The feature analysed is the realisation of the Standard German phoneme /r/ as a voiceless velar or uvular fricative [x, χ] when following a short vowel and preceding a coronal obstruent. The comparison of how frequently the speakers use [χ] in different communicative contexts results in the observation of three types of speakers (i. e., [χ] users): The first type are dialect speakers mostly of the older generation (60 years and above) who use the variant in a traditional manner, namely when aiming at producing their best way to pronounce Standard German. According to these speakers [χ] forms part of the Standard German pronunciation norm. The second type is mainly represented by middle aged speakers (45–55 years) who use the feature in nearly all communicative contexts except when they have a dialect competency and are asked to produce their “strongest dialect”. Finally, the third type of speakers are mainly young people (17–23 years) who do not have any dialect competence. These speakers only use [χ] when they are asked to produce their “strongest dialect” and/or when they are talking to friends. On the basis of these results it is argued that, between these types of speakers and the generations they represent, a re-evaluation of the feature has taken place that may be classified as enregisterment, because speakers of the third type seem to use [χ] indexically in order to signal familiarity with their interlocutors on a interpersonal-social level.

What do the narratives of five Cape Coloured women of three generations reveal about issues of race and identity in post-apartheid South Africa? This question is the essence of this study. Identity...

The present article covers the materials about studies and teaching in Kharkiv educational institutions – the predecessors of the Kharkiv State Academy of Design and Arts (KSADA), participation in the educational process during the 1920s–1950s and the creative achievements of the architect Georgy Ikonnikov (1896–1981), his stepson, printing artist Roman Selivachev (1914–1995), as well as G. Ikonnikov’s granddaughter, Yelena Ganenko (born in 1945). The oldest of our characters studied in the 1910s at the Central School of Technical Drawing (now the Saint Petersburg Stieglitz State Academy of Art and Design) in the 1910s, then participated in the Civil War and in WWI. During the 1920s and 1930s he designed about thirty Kharkiv buildings in collaboration with A. Molokin, P. Krupko, V. Bogomolov. Among his works there are such landmark objects as “Lopan Stairs”, student dormitory “Giant”, National University of Construction and Architecture (former building of the State Insurance), Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary, A. Pushkin Drama Theater, M. Skrypnyk House of Culture, etc. G. Ikonnikov taught in the art schools, headed the architectural and construction department of Kharkiv research institute for industrial projects, which created a number of important enterprises for India, China, Syria and other countries. R. Selivatchov studied at Kharkiv Art Institute (1929–1932), designed the expositions of the Svyatogorsk Museum, and later the “Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra” Reserve, and worked in printing. In 1941 the student of the Kyiv Civil Engineering Institute was drafted into the army. After the war he graduated from Moscow Polygraph Institute. The first and subsequent editions of Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedias, branch encyclopedic reference books, “History of Ukrainian Art” in six volumes, “Dictionary of Artists of Ukraine”, “Shevchenko Dictionary”, other projects of national importance were designed under his leadership. A lot of them were awarded by the diplomas of International, All-Union and republican book competitions. Among R. Selivatchov’s followers there are graduates of Art and Architectural universities in Leningrad, Kharkiv and Kyiv, members of the National Artists’ Union of Ukraine. However, the desire to be an artist is not always realized. Encouraged by her grandfather, O. Ganenko from childhood posed for his students and dreamed of becoming an artist. One of her portraits decorated the lobby of Kharkiv Art Institute for many years. Finally, she preferred mathematics, taught at Kharkiv University, but remembers unforgettable moments related to Kharkiv Art school.

Este artículo presenta un análisis sobre las teorías sociológicas del envejecimiento y la vejez, incluyendo sus influencias actuales en la investigación académica y el diseño de políticas públicas. La metodología es de tipo cualitativo, de niveles relacional y explicativo. Se revisaron la teorías sociológicas del envejecimiento y la vejez utilizando técnicas de análisis documental. Se encuentra que estas teorías se han agrupado en tres generaciones, a partir de 1949, cada una con unos matices particulares. Las de primera generación se enfocan en asignarle a las personas viejas su lugar en la sociedad; las de segunda, en identificar sus formas de relacionarse; las de tercera tienen una perspectiva crítica respecto a las previas. Esta revisión de las teorías existentes revela que el campo teórico y sociopolítico relacionado con el envejecimiento y la vejez es heterogéneo y sirve como escenario de enfrentamiento entre posturas muchas veces contradictorias.

I characterize modern social scientific studies of the state as comprising three generations: society-centered, state-centered, and the state-in-society approach. I then discuss how recent books by James Scott, David Stasavage, and Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson advance the literature by taking the entire history of human political development into account. Lastly, I build on recent contributions in the field to propose what I call a "State-in-Society 2.0" framework, in which state-society linkages through elite social networks shape the strength and form of the state. The framework provides a potentially promising analytical perspective that sheds new light on the "meso-temporal" dynamics that link broad historical trends in state-society relations with state development outcomes in a variety of cases.

This article is based on research conducted in a small fishing community in Cyprus. It seeks to explore through an intergenerational and biographical approach how three generations of Greek Cypriot...

The disposal of dye-contaminated wastewater is a major concern around the world for which a variety of techniques are used for its treatment. The photocatalytic treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater is one of the treatment methods. Semiconductor-assisted photocatalytic treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater has gained pronounced attention recently. This review outlines the recent advancements in the photocatalytic treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater. The photocatalytic degradation of dyes follows three types of mechanisms: (1) dye sensitization through charge injection, (2) indirect dye degradation through oxidation/reduction, and (3) direct photolysis of dye. Several experimental parameters like initial concentration of dyes, pH, and catalyst dosage significantly affect the photocatalytic degradation of dyes. The photocatalytic materials can be categorized into three generations. The single-component (e.g., ZnO, TiO2) and multiple component semiconductor metal oxides (e.g., ZnO–TiO2, Bi2O3–ZnO) are categorized as first-generation and second-generation photocatalysts, respectively. The photocatalysts dispersed on an inert solid substrate (e.g., Ag–Al2O3, ZnO–C) are classified as third-generation photocatalysts. Finally, we reviewed the challenges that affect the photocatalytic degradation of dyes.

Preeta Samarasan’s Evening Is the Whole Day (2008) traces the Rajasekharans’ family history over three generations and re-memorializes the racial riots of May 13, 1969 from a Malaysian Indian persp...

We study the legacy effect and transmission mechanisms of historical conflicts on contemporary trade. Using new data on the regional dispersion of civilian deaths due to massacres in the Sino-Japanese war (1931–1945), we find that local conflict intensity predicts international trade patterns of Chinese corporations three generations later. We further explore the transmission mechanism of collective war memory. Conflict intensity correlates with measures of anti-Japanese sentiments inferred from survey data and it appears to be transmitted both through war dramas in the mass media as well as official commemorations. We also find evidence that the trade-inhibiting effect increases with the time exposed to collective war memory.

The article is devoted to the analysis of ideas of women belonging to three generations about their rights. Women’s rights are considered as part of the concept of gender citizenship, which includes ideologically and institutionalized ideas about normative gender contract for women, as well as their own meanings and values that they attribute to their status as recipients of social policy. The empirical basis of this study is composed of 45 biographical interviews with women of three generations (1950s, 1970s and 1990s years of birth). The interview guide also contained questions about parental family, education, professional activity, family and parenting, housing, organization of recreation and medical services, and retirement benefits. Based on the analysis of biographical narratives, the authors identify three modes of gender citizenship that are typical for women of three generations. 1) The mode of receiving support and benefits from the state is built through receiving support from the state as workers and mothers within the framework of social policy and is built on the subjective assessment by women of the ratio of their labor and reproductive contribution and the amount of assistance received from the state. 2) The regime of self-sufficiency and market consumption of goods relevant for women of the middle generation with experience of socialization and the beginning of working life in the period of post-Soviet transformations. In a broad sense, they see the market as the main source of well-being, which determines their solidarity with the values of the neoliberal economy and forms in them the skills of competent consumers of a wide variety of goods and services. 3) The regime of demanding support and active consumption of social goods and services is built on the basis of a proactive and individualized position of women in relation to such sources of well-being as the state and the market. Representatives of the younger generation not only have their own experience of gender discrimination, but also actively use feminist optics to define and interpret various life situations in terms of gender inequality as structurally determined differences in the life strategies of men and women.

Entrevistas com Marzieh Baroumamand, Zahra Sabri e Fahime Mirzahosein, três destacadas bonequeiras iranianas, de três gerações, que, reconhecidamente, definiram os rumos do Teatro de Animação daquele país, abordando o papel da mulher, contemporaneamente, em uma Arte tradicionalmente masculina, no contexto histórico, social e político daquele país.

The present study aimed to explore the modifications in diet during pregnancy over three generations in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand. For the selection of the sample, the respondents were categorized in 3 age groups: 20 to 34 years; 35 to 55 years; and ≥ 56 years. Structured diet recall interviews were scheduled for the collection of data. The subjects were asked about their dietary habits during pregnancy and food items that they included and excluded during that period. Most food items mentioned included were milk, fruits, and nutritional supplements. The exclusion of fruits like banana and papaya, of rice, and of leafy green vegetables (LGVs) was mainly observed. Among the age group of ≥ 56 years, the respondents with no changes in their diet during pregnancy were more from rural areas (92%) than from urban areas (62.26%), while in the age group of 20 to 34 years, 25% of the respondents with no change in their diet lived in rural areas, and 8.06% lived in urban areas. There has been an increase in the population with dietary modifications through generations; however, the overall changes are still not satisfying. The present study shows that there is a high need for nutritional education during pregnancy, especially in rural areas.

Since 1940, the Rotterdamsch Leeskabinet’s collection includes the library of the Rotterdam Van Rijckevorsel family. The library, with a size of 3,000 titles, was formed in the nineteenth century by three generations: the entrepreneurs Abram and Huibert and the scientist Elie van Rijckevorsel. The library is a unique example of a preserved library of a Rotterdam patrician family from the nineteenth century. This article examines the nature and composition of the library. It turns out not to be a collector’s library, but an organically grown, hybrid library, in which the professional practice, interests and social position of the family members are reflected. Functional books stood alongside rare antiquarian editions, and literature next to scientific works. Notable is the large number of books on geography, especially with regards to Dutch overseas trading areas. In order to determine whether this library is representative of book collections of Rotterdam’s elite families, more research is needed.

In photovoltaic system the major challenge is the cost reduction of the solar cell module to compete with those of conventional energy sources. Evolution of solar photovoltaic comprises of several generations through the last sixty years. The first generation solar cells were based on single crystal silicon and bulk polycrystalline Si wafers. The single crystal silicon solar cell has high material cost and the fabrication also requires very high energy. The second generation solar cells were based on thin film fabrication technology. Due to low temperature manufacturing process and less material requirement, remarkable cost reduction was achieved in these solar cells. Among all the thin film technologies amorphous silicon thin film solar cell is in most advanced stage of development and is commercially available. However, an inherent problem of light induced degradation in amorphous silicon hinders the higher efficiency in this kind of cell. The third generation silicon solar cells are based on nano-crystalline and nano-porous materials. Hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) is becoming a promising material as an absorber layer of solar cell due to its high stability with high Voc. It is also suggested that the cause of high stability and less degradation of certain nc-Si:H films may be due to the improvement of medium range order (MRO) of the films. During the last ten years, organic, polymer, dye sensitized and perovskites materials are also attract much attention of the photovoltaic researchers as the low budget next generation PV material worldwide. Although most important challenge for those organic solar cells in practical applications is the stability issue. In this work nc-Si:H films are successfully deposited at a high deposition rate using a high pressure and a high power by Radio Frequency Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (RF PECVD) technique. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies show the formations of distinct nano-sized grains in the amorphous tissue with sharp crystalline orientations. Light induced degradation of photoconductivity of nc-Si:H materials have been studied. Single junction solar cells and solar module were successfully fabricated using nanocrystalline silicon as absorber layer. The optimum cell is 7.1 % efficient initially. Improvement in efficiency can be achieved by optimizing the doped layer/interface and using Ag back contact.

Breeding activities of Acacia mangium have been established to the second breeding generation (F2) in Wonogiri, Central Java, Indonesia, in order to increase stand productivity and the quality of timber products. However, research on wood properties of A. mangium in breeding program is still limited in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the properties of wood, especially the physical and mechanical properties of three breeding generations (F0, F1, and F2) of A. mangium wood. Furthermore, relationship between air-dried density and mechanical properties was also clarified. As a result, the physical and mechanical properties of wood are not significantly different among three generations, indicating that this breeding activity did not affect a significant decrease in the physical and mechanical properties of A. mangium wood. In addition, air-dried density has significant correlation with all mechanical properties measured.

This study used data from the 2018 National Financial Capability Study to investigate the association between financial hardship and retirement planning behaviors. Results from logistic regressions showed that respondents with high difficulty making ends meet were more likely to calculate retirement needs and more likely to own a non-employer sponsored retirement plan. The perceived over-indebtedness was positively associated with owning an employer-sponsored account while negatively associated with owning a non-employer-sponsored account. Financial fragility was associated with a lower likelihood of calculating retirement needs and having a retirement account. The results of additional generational analyses revealed that the difficulty making ends meet and the perceived over-indebtedness showed different patterns with retirement planning behavior across three generations. In contrast, financial fragility showed consistent and negative associations with the retirement planning behaviors across generations.

Chinese women have lived through huge societal changes. This article aims to explore women’s lived experiences as mothers over three generations under such transformations, specifically how women’s childrearing practices are distinctively constructed and how each generation of women makes their own mark on such constructions. The study of what women do in their everyday lives creates methodological challenges. In the study on which this article draws, a biographical narrative interview method was applied and adapted to take into account the researcher’s impact on the co-construction process of the interviews and to understand some ‘untellable’ stories. Three detailed cases are analysed to demonstrate individual woman’s struggles and achievements when acting on the particular ideological contexts of the periods in which they were mothers.

The aim of the article is to provide an overview of the achievements of selected representatives of Poznan studies on international law, whose writings have been published in the previous volumes of the Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny [Journal of Law, Economics and Sociology]: Bohdan Winiarski, Alfons Klafkowski, Krzysztof Skubiszewski, Boleslaw Wiewiora, Jan Sandorski, Jerzy Tyranowski, Tadeusz Gadkowski, and Anna Michalska. The article considers a selection of papers representative for the main directions of research conducted by three generations of international lawyers from Poznan's Department of Public International Law. The topics covered are as follows: the relationship between international law and national law, the sources of international law, international river law, international law of armed conflict and international responsibility, the law of international organizations, international protection of human rights, territory and recognition in international law, and nuclear law.

This study was devoted to investigating the preservation of gambang Semarang music through the enculturation process comprehensively. Two basic strategies were employed in examining research problems: using theoretical approaches in traditional music, preservation, and enculturation and a qualitative approach. Further, the target and site comprised gambang Semarang music preservation through the enculturation process among Semarang people. The data were collected from observation, interviews, documentation, and library research. Data validity applied source, time, theory, and researcher triangulation. The collected data and information were then analyzed inductively by relying on an interactive analysis model with the following steps: data reduction, display, and verification. It was suggested that the enculturation process of gambang Semarang music within three generations in the nang nok gambang Semarang group served as the activity of cultural awareness of society, artists, and performers. It was to carry out the enculturation process towards young generations, even children, as the future generations. The approaches to the teaching and learning process were modeling, conditioning, and internalization. Such an enculturation process was proven to function effectively as the cultural mechanism and enculturation model in preserving gambang Semarang music as the cultural identity of Semarangan.