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Understanding the factors contributing to increased perseverance and passion toward long-term goals is an ongoing research challenge. The present study explores the inner drive of individuals to achieve meaningful goals over time, despite setbacks and challenges. The scenario chosen to uncover grit processes was the Way of St. James, a long pilgrimage demanding participants' perseverance and passion for achieving their goals, despite hardship. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with thirty-one individuals completing the Way of St. James. Thematic analysis indicated three key themes contributing to improve the participants' perseverance along the walk: behavioural tools (e.g., setting behavioural and time management goals), emotional tools (i.e., enjoyment and learning, belongingness), and cognitive tools (i.e., taking perspective, use of metacognitive knowledge). These findings are consistent with prior research and lifelong learning policies while suggesting that challenges and adversities are unavoidable; however, the more autonomous and open people are to continue learning over their lifespan, the more prepared they will be to cope with changes in the environment and to pursue their meaningful goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the factors contributing to increased perseverance and passion toward long-term goals is an ongoing research challenge. The present study explores the inner drive of individuals to achieve meaningful goals over time, despite setbacks and challenges. The scenario chosen to uncover grit processes was the Way of St. James, a long pilgrimage demanding participants’ perseverance and passion for achieving their goals, despite hardship. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with thirty-one individuals completing the Way of St. James. Thematic analysis indicated three key themes contributing to improve the participants’ perseverance along the walk: behavioural tools (e.g., setting behavioural and time management goals), emotional tools (i.e., enjoyment and learning, belongingness), and cognitive tools (i.e., taking perspective, use of metacognitive knowledge). These findings are consistent with prior research and lifelong learning policies while suggesting that challenges and adversities are unavoidable; however, the more autonomous and open people are to continue learning over their lifespan, the more prepared they will be to cope with changes in the environment and to pursue their meaningful goals.

The Authenticity Business Model Canvas is a tool to enhance the role of authenticity in business models. It was based on the combination of the Triple-Layered Business Model Canvas (TLBMC) proposed by Joyce and Paquin (2016) with the authenticity theory presented by Wang (1999). The model attempts to solve the challenge of helping companies identify sources for value creation by involving key stakeholders (particularly employees and customers) to improve the authenticity of the business. The research shows that the enhancement of object-based and existential authenticity, as well as relational value, contributes to increasing customer loyalty, customer lifetime value and word of mouth. This paper explains how the tool was developed through a case study applied to the Portuguese Way of St. James. The Authenticity Business Model Canvas is presented and its key features are described.

Few studies have explored how individuals can develop perseverance and passion towards longterm goals. This study addresses this research topic. Predictors of grit were tested while participants progressed on the Way of St. James, a long walk completed by foot or bicycle, taking several days or weeks, to Santiago de Compostela (Spain). 575 pilgrims of various nationalities self-reported measures of grit, harmonious passion, autonomous functioning, and lifelong learning attitudes. To study the association between these variables, path analysis modelling was conducted. The results show that autonomous pilgrims demonstrate more perseverance and passion towards their long-term goals than less autonomous pilgrims. Moreover, pilgrims who reported positive lifelong learning attitudes showed more grit behaviours than their counterparts with fewer lifelong learning attitudes. Finally, results indicate a strong association between autonomy and lifelong learning attitudes. The main conclusions suggest that perseverance with passion towards a long-term goal increases when individuals are congruent with their own interests and values, are not very susceptible to external or internal pressures, and are open to continuing to improve their knowledge and skills, regardless of age. Some implications for future research and practice are also addressed in this paper.

Few studies have explored how individuals can develop perseverance and passion towards longterm goals. This study addresses this research topic. Predictors of grit were tested while participants progressed on the Way of St. James, a long walk completed by foot or bicycle, taking several days or weeks, to Santiago de Compostela (Spain). 575 pilgrims of various nationalities self-reported measures of grit, harmonious passion, autonomous functioning, and lifelong learning attitudes. To study the association between these variables, path analysis modelling was conducted. The results show that autonomous pilgrims demonstrate more perseverance and passion towards their long-term goals than less autonomous pilgrims. Moreover, pilgrims who reported positive lifelong learning attitudes showed more grit behaviours than their counterparts with fewer lifelong learning attitudes. Finally, results indicate a strong association between autonomy and lifelong learning attitudes. The main conclusions suggest that perseverance with passion towards a long-term goal increases when individuals are congruent with their own interests and values, are not very susceptible to external or internal pressures, and are open to continuing to improve their knowledge and skills, regardless of age. Some implications for future research and practice are also addressed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For pilgrims, 2021 is a Year of Saint James. This happens every few years (the last was in 2010 and the next will be in 2027), i.e. when July 25, the Day of St. James, is on Sunday. Pilgrims have been travelling to the tomb of St. James for centuries. The Way of St. James (Camino de Santiago) to Santiago de Compostela in Spain became a special spiritual asset of European cultural heritage following the Declaration of the Camino de Santiago by the Council of Europe on 23 October 1987, and official branches of the way have been drawn across Europe. In order to actualise the pilgrimage along the Way of St. James, the features of the life of St. James the Greater and his activities which led to the rise and formation of the Camino de Santiago are discussed in this article. While the origins and development of the pilgrimage walk of St. James are presented, the article discusses the distinctiveness of St. James’s activities among the apostles. The paper reviews his apostolic activities after the Resurrection and Ascension of Jesus Christ, it presents the history of his tomb and the beginning of his holy cult in Spain.

For pilgrims, 2021 is a Year of Saint James. This happens every few years (the last was in 2010 and the next will be in 2027), i.e. when July 25, the Day of St. James, is on Sunday. Pilgrims have been travelling to the tomb of St. James for centuries. The Way of St. James (Camino de Santiago) to Santiago de Compostela in Spain became a special spiritual asset of European cultural heritage following the Declaration of the Camino de Santiago by the Council of Europe on 23 October 1987, and official branches of the way have been drawn across Europe. In order to actualise the pilgrimage along the Way of St. James, the features of the life of St. James the Greater and his activities which led to the rise and formation of the Camino de Santiago are discussed in this article. While the origins and development of the pilgrimage walk of St. James are presented, the article discusses the distinctiveness of St. James's activities among the apostles. The paper reviews his apostolic activities after the Resurrection and Ascension of Jesus Christ, it presents the history of his tomb and the beginning of his holy cult in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of a study on the attractiveness to tourists and natives of the cultural qualities of coastal towns on The Pomeranian Way of St. James that are members of the Cittaslow network. Attention to the quality of urban life is inscribed in the development policies of towns applying to join the Cittaslow movement. In order to join the network (apart from the size criterion), towns need to meet a minimum of 50% plus one of the 72 criteria grouped into seven categories. One of the category is Quality of Urban Life Policy, so the towns applying to join Cittaslow commit themselves to actions aimed at improving the quality of urban life. The study on the attractiveness of cultural qualities of towns to tourists and natives was conducted using the author’s BRB method, whose added value is its universality and the possibility to study small towns regardless of their membership in the Cittaslow network. BRB is an acronym that stands for BUILDINGS, RELATIONSHIPS, BALANCE, and comprises three scopes of activities: BUILDINGS (iconic building and important sites where the inhabitants and the tourists are present); RELATIONSHIPS (the visual effects of the relations between the inhabitants and the town) and BALANCE (solutions that implement modern technologies). This method enables identification of places that are important to the inhabitants, where urban life takes place and which are often created with the involvement of the inhabitants. These are often the same spaces as those that attract tourists and perhaps stimulate them the desire to visit the town again (BRB—be right back). The aim of the BRB method is shown the attractiveness of small towns. The study has shown that the characteristic feature of Polish Cittaslow towns is their diversity: the architectural attractiveness of three towns is high both to tourists and natives. On the other hand, the urban attractiveness of the examined towns is an insufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of the COVID-19 Coronavirus pandemic and the shock to global tourism that this poses, the aim of this present contribution is to discuss the scenario of The Way, introducing present reflections and future perspectives. In the first section, we introduce the tourism dynamic along The Way before the global tourism crisis. After this, we present the methodological procedure (based on a combined quantitative and qualitative methodology) and the materials. We then introduce two discussion sections; one concerns the results regarding fears and hopes that pilgrims have posted on online communities and a further discussion section talks about the post-COVID-19 future of The Way. As undertourism is likely to be the alarming trend in the shortand medium-term, we conclude by reflecting on the forthcoming dynamics along The Way, suggesting a management principle and some measures for tourism planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term limen was introduced to anthropological studies following Van Gennep's theories (1960) about liminality. Among them, Victor and Edith Turner (1978) defined pilgrimage as a liminal experience, as it implies being between two existential levels that, through rituality, favours reflection. In this sense, the case of The Way of St. James (Spain) is an interesting field or research as it is loaded with contemporary meanings. Its landscapes assume the nature of spiritual and therapeutic ones; here, the physical and built environment, social conditions and human perceptions produce an atmosphere favourable to spiritual healing. On the basis of these emotions, liminality is the essence of this pilgrimage experience, not only during the same, but especially afterwards. As a matter of fact, this spiritual journey involves the search for one's self once back home, thus acting in the process of formation of the individual. Drawing on the need for improving researches on landscape perception approach in tourism studies, we pretend to singularise the pilgrimage landscape from a liminal perspective in order to point out the need for liminality before, during and after the pilgrimage. This is achieved by exploring perceptions and emotions expressed in a corpus of travel literary production. These narrative works are not limited to describe the pilgrimage experiences; rather they make liminality a literary theme to magnify their experiences. As a result, the concept of liminal literary landscape is used to refer to pilgrims' desire to revive liminality through the pages of travel narratives, in order to continue enjoying these emotions and feelings. These travel narratives are producing new literary modes based on the geographical exploration of the landscapes of The Way in relation to human feelings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of a study on the attractiveness to tourists and natives of the cultural qualities of coastal towns on The Pomeranian Way of St. James that are members of the Cittaslow network. Attention to the quality of urban life is inscribed in the development policies of towns applying to join the Cittaslow movement. In order to join the network (apart from the size criterion), towns need to meet a minimum of 50% plus one of the 72 criteria grouped into seven categories. One of the category is Quality of Urban Life Policy, so the towns applying to join Cittaslow commit themselves to actions aimed at improving the quality of urban life. The study on the attractiveness of cultural qualities of towns to tourists and natives was conducted using the author’s BRB method, whose added value is its universality and the possibility to study small towns regardless of their membership in the Cittaslow network. BRB is an acronym that stands for BUILDINGS, RELATIONSHIPS, BALANCE, and comprises three scopes of activities: BUILDINGS (iconic building and important sites where the inhabitants and the tourists are present); RELATIONSHIPS (the visual effects of the relations between the inhabitants and the town) and BALANCE (solutions that implement modern technologies). This method enables identification of places that are important to the inhabitants, where urban life takes place and which are often created with the involvement of the inhabitants. These are often the same spaces as those that attract tourists and perhaps stimulate them the desire to visit the town again (BRB—be right back). The aim of the BRB method is shown the attractiveness of small towns. The study has shown that the characteristic feature of Polish Cittaslow towns is their diversity: the architectural attractiveness of three towns is high both to tourists and natives. On the other hand, the urban attractiveness of the examined towns is an insufficient.

Over the past decade, the concept of "overtourism" has been approached both theoretically and empirically. This research analyses it in the city of Santiago de Compostela (Spain). It is the destination of an international urban tourism and of The Way of St. James, the First European Cultural itinerary and one of the most important pilgrimage routes in the World. Its marketing promotion since 1993 has produced a continuous growth that is translated into an increasing number of pilgrims' arrivals. Tourism and pilgrimage data of the last years raise debates about the carrying capacity and overtourism in an historical centre of 169,9 hectares. For all that, the main aim of this work is to reflect on the contemporary evolution marked by these tourism trends and, above all, to introduce reflections and opinions of different local stakeholders to support a sustainable tourism development. From the methodological point of view, multiple approaches to contemporary tourism research are adopted and quantitative and qualitative methodologies are combined. The results introduce a new conceptual proposal based on the combination of variables (space, time and society) when dealing with the process of overtourism in Santiago de Compostela. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of rural entrepreneurship (RE) at the local level requires further development. Its multidimensional nature demands theoretical and methodological approaches to navigate the complex and asymmetrical relationships that could exist between different conditioning factors. Analyses of specific contexts are also attractive for extracting more meaningful conclusions. This study takes the development of a specific type of religious tourism as reference context for the analysis of RE. Pilgrimage has shown a renewed capacity to mobilize people moved both by religious and secular motives in an interplay of values related to religion, nature, and culture. Some financial and technological factors are also relevant in this context. Integrating the Resource-Based View of firms and Resource Dependence Theory, and a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, different combinations of conditions representing values, finance, and technology are derived to explain high and low levels of entrepreneurship in two subsamples of rural municipalities. The results are relevant to preventing policymakers, researchers, and practitioners from making oversimplifying assumptions when analyzing RE. Investigating single factors in isolation lacks thoroughness, as relevant interdependencies exist between resources and agents that must be considered, which lead to diverse combinations of factors that can positively contribute to RE. • Integration of the Resource Based View (RBV) of the firm and the Resource Dependence Theory (RDT) can add value to research in the rural entrepreneurship field. • Application of new methodological approaches based on complexity and asymmetry is needed to acquire a better understanding of the rural entrepreneurship phenomenon. • Different set of factors related to values and financial and digital inclusion can lead to similar levels of rural entrepreneurial rates. • Practitioners, researchers and policymakers should depart from considering the effect of individual factors on rural rentrepreneurship in isolation, thinking about how they can recombine and leverage local resources to foster rural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure & Events is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article proposes a theoretical and analytical approach to modern pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela; a cultural and experiential tourism route for the twenty-first century, founded upon the recovery (idealized) of the medieval way and leading to a Christian sanctuary (where the remains of Apostle Saint James the Great are held). The success of this route is based on the fact that the new tourist mixes pilgrimage motivations (displacement for religious or spiritual motivations) with tourist motivations, such as the search for various landscapes, the need to mentally unwind and to escape from the pressures of daily life. This work analyses the case of Santiago de Compostela and the evolution of the three elements that make up pilgrimage and lead us to understand the current position of the Camino, along with some of its weaknesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pasos: Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural is the property of Universidad de La Laguna, Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Way of Saint James is the world's longest marked Christian pilgrimage route, as well as the first European Cultural Route, The Małopolska Way of Saint James constitutes one of the 25 Camino de Santiago sections currently operating in Poland, The trail refers to a medieval trade route which used to lead along the edge of the Vistula river valley from Sandomierz to Kraków. The route was one of the branches of the so-called Ruthenian route, leading from Polesie and Ruthenia to the capital of the Crown and to Silesia. The first section of the Małopolska Way of Saint James (Pałecznica - Więcławice Stare - Kraków) was opened on 25 October 2008. The whole section of the trail, from Sandomierz to Szczyrk (317 km), was marked during the following years. There are ten Churches of St James on the route: in Sandomierz, Kotuszów, Szczaworyż, Probołowice, Pałecznica, Niegardów, Więcławice Stare, Sanka, Palczowice, and Szczyrk. The presented study includes an analysis of tourist and pilgrimage traffic on the Małopolska Way of Saint James. A purpose of the paper was also to summarise the activities and projects connected with the creation and development of this stretch of Camino de Santiago in Poland. Other objectives serving further popularisation of the route have been indicated, as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brocar: Cuadernos de Investigación Histórica is the property of Universidad de la Rioja, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The attractiveness of a tourist destination is derived from multiple material and immaterial elements. Cinema is both a tourist communication channel and provides a target market for a destination. Many regions offer a great variety of potential locations desirable for their scenic beauty and artistic and monumental heritage. The main aim of this paper is to analyze the concept of sustainable tourism as a pillar of the contemporary cinematic discourse on pilgrimage routes, combining theoretical and empirical methodologies. It begins by analyzing how, given their power, images are narrative instruments that assume a true performative value of geographical reality. The research then focuses on the cinematographic space and visual cinematographic discourse. The case study is sustainable tourism along the Way of St. James (Spain). The material is a corpus of two documentary films. Their moviescapes highlight the presence of a sustainable filmic theorem within a potential cinematic genre—pilgrimage movies. Thus, this study contributes to the investigation of how sustainable pilgrimage tourism practices are used in cinematic production as a possible movie theorem. It presents a conclusive critical evaluation of the role and message of these moviescapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of this study is to analyze the invigorating effect of the Way of St. James in the Galician rural areas. To do so, we have chosen as a territorial scope the 14 rural municipalities that the “French Way” crosses in this Autonomous Community. The utilized data come from the Bank of Municipal Data of Instituto Galego de Estatística (IGE). A double approximation on the impact of this route has been made: on one hand, we analyze the behavior of different socioeconomic variables during the last two decades in the selected municipalities. On the other hand, we examine to what extent a more favorable dynamic has been witnessed in similar rural territories that do not have access to this product. Although the results of the analysis should be taken as a first approximation, data point to the existence of a very moderate impact of the Way of St. James, in the sense that the development of tourism activities linked to the Way are not sufficient to reverse the demographic and economic decline of these rural areas.