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Drawing on construal level theory, prior literature has found a positivity bias in online ratings when consumers evaluate an experience from a psychological distance, whether spatial or temporal. Selfdistancing theory posits that psychological distance enables individuals to reflect on psychologically distant negative experiences more genuinely, in a less biased way. This raises the question of whether the positivity bias in ratings due to psychological distance persists for negative experiences. To address this question, we collected data from a large review platform that enables the identification of reviewers' spatial and temporal distance. The negativity of an experience was operationalized via review text sentiment. We introduced spatial and temporal distance as moderators between sentiment negativity and ratings and found a negative moderation by spatial distance and a positive moderation by temporal distance. Our findings indicate that the relationship between sentiment negativity and rating grows stronger under spatial distance and gets weaker under temporal distance. Text mining confirmed selfdistancing as the driver behind the spatial moderation and construal levels as the driver behind the temporal moderation. We attribute the asymmetric moderations to differences in the tangibility of spatial distance (more tangible) and temporal distance (less tangible). These results improve our understanding of reviewing behavior and can help platforms de-bias ratings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research has demonstrated that negative online reviews have a greater impact than positive online reviews on tourists' purchase decisions. However, building on the construal level theory, this study proposes a new perspective, suggesting that positive online reviews are more influential in distant-future trips, and negative online reviews are more influential in near-future trips. These effects (i) occur because tourists generate experiences of processing fluency from a construal fit between the construal level of reviews with different valence and the temporal distance of tourists' trips, and (ii) are significant for tourists who are reading reviews on large screen devices, but not for those using small screen devices. This study demonstrates the importance of temporal distance in eliminating the robust negativity bias, offering novel insight into existing research on persuasion. These findings provide new references for tourism enterprises managing the detrimental effects of negative online reviews in multi-screen times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While individuals' construal level has been extensively investigated in the field of traditional psychology literature, theoretical concerns of the impacts of construal level on philanthropic supporters' intentions to donate is promising but underdeveloped. This paper extends the limited attention given to charitable organizations. Specifically, this research further focuses on whether message construal and temporal distance have moderating effects on the impact of philanthropic supporters' construal level on their intention to donate. Results show that for low‐level and high‐level construal individuals, charitable appeals characterized by message construal (time vs. money) and temporal distance (proximal vs. distant) will elicit differential intentions to donate. Findings of this research have practical implications for charitable organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the individuals that will ever exist in history will probably do so in the distant future. If our decisions can influence the wellbeing of these individuals, it seems plausible to claim that there are reasons to be morally concerned about the long-term future. The view that supports this claim is known as longtermism. However, if--as deontic presentism holds--the interests of these individuals matter less, or do not matter at all, it could be argued that it is irrelevant how many people could exist in the future, since we would have reasons to prioritize those who live in the present. This paper examines the extent to which presentism raises an objection to longtermism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collective memories are representations of the past pertaining to social identities. Such collective memories are mediated through cultural media like museums, memorials, textbooks, films, and photographs. Media design can shape psychological construal of the depicted events. We examined how design features in historical photographs like color versus black and white formatting impacted subjective temporal distance, that is, how near or far a depicted event feels from the present. For a set of historical photographs, participants estimated how distant the event felt from the present (Experiment 1) and estimated the year in which the event occurred (Experiment 2). Events had a greater temporal distance from the present when they were portrayed by black and white photographs than when portrayed in color, controlling for image content. Additionally, participants could accurately date photographs when in color, but systematically overestimated temporal distance when in black and white. General Audience Summary: People maintain collective memories for events important to their groups, but which they did not personally experience. Those memories may be mediated through "memory media" artifacts like photographs. Importantly, design features of those artifacts may shape how we recall the past, and how we represent it in relation to the present. Across two experiments, we demonstrate that when photographs of historical events are presented in black-and-white, they are construed as being more distant from the present than when they are portrayed in color. Interestingly, people are fairly accurate at estimating when events occurred when they are represented in color but are systematically biased toward imagining the event as having happened further in the past than it actually did when the event is represented in black-and-white. These findings have implications for the design of memory media in, for instance, history curricula and museums, particularly given that perceived temporal distance corresponds to a variety of other psychological factors such as concreteness/abstraction and value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The perceived temporal distance of climate change impacts has been considered a long-standing barrier to climate engagement. Because nostalgia has distinct cognitive properties related to temporal thinking, three experimental studies are conducted to investigate nostalgia's potential for shortening temporal distance. Study 1 shows that nostalgia increases climate engagement by reducing temporal distance. Study 2 further identifies vivid imagery as a mechanism for the nostalgia effects across US and Chinese samples. Study 3 shows that nostalgic public service announcements increase climate engagement more than non-nostalgic ones. This study provides strong evidence that evoking nostalgia can be a useful climate change communication strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Given the widespread use of emotional and distance framing in climate change communication, this study investigated how these strategies interact to influence perceptions and behaviors related to climate change. Guided by the Situational Theory of Problem Solving and through an experimental survey, the research revealed that fear-inducing messages led to greater recognition of problems and involvement when combined with short-term temporal frames, compared to hope-inducing messages. These findings suggest that the effects of emotional appeals are conditioned on the temporal distance of the issue highlighted in climate change communication, offering a more nuanced understanding of the differentiated effects of fear and hope appeals and practical insights for crafting persuasive messages.

Given the widespread use of emotional and distance framing in climate change communication, this study investigated how these strategies interact to influence perceptions and behaviors related to climate change. Guided by the Situational Theory of Problem Solving and through an experimental survey, the research revealed that fear-inducing messages led to greater recognition of problems and involvement when combined with short-term temporal frames, compared to hope-inducing messages. These findings suggest that the effects of emotional appeals are conditioned on the temporal distance of the issue highlighted in climate change communication, offering a more nuanced understanding of the differentiated effects of fear and hope appeals and practical insights for crafting persuasive messages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Engineering Management / Gongcheng Guanli Xuebao is the property of Journal of Engineering Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rumors spread on social media overshadow the truth and trigger public panic. One effective countermeasure to address this issue is online rumor-combating. However, its effectiveness on social media has not been fully verified. In this study, drawing on construal level theory, we use temporal distance—the time interval between a rumor-combating post being released and receiving responses from social media users—to measure the effectiveness of rumor-combating. We also adopt elaboration likelihood model to explore the factors that could enhance this effectiveness. The empirical results show that perceptible (central route) factors, including the author's authoritative combating methods, media richness, and positive emotions, are negatively related to temporal distance and are more effective for enhancing rumor-combating effectiveness than imperceptible (peripheral route) factors, such as the author's influence and activeness. In addition, media richness exerts positive moderating effects on the relationship between perceptible route factors and rumor-combating effectiveness, implying that with the help of images or videos, rumor-combating effectiveness improves. This study addresses the need to enhance the effectiveness of rumor-combating and has practical implications for combating rumors in the social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about the perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic's dynamic and its effect on self-protective behaviour. Using survey data from 1343 university students we explored how the perceived temporal distance to the COVID pandemic peak associates with risk perception and the adherence of preventive behaviours. Results show that individuals differ in their perception of the pandemic stage despite being in the same environment. The belief that the COVID peak is in the past was associated with less perceived risk and decreased self-protection. A high COVID-19 media involvement and trust in the authorities were associated with higher perceived risk and preventive behaviour implementation. Overall, the perception that the pandemic wave is in its final stages could be an independent predictor of more risky behaviour. Thus, the communication of the pandemic dynamic should be provided by policy makers with caution to avoid the possibility of discounting the risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do children consider temporal distance in their reasoning about the world? Using a novel method that relied minimally on verbal ability, we asked N = 106 3‐ to 6‐year‐olds to judge which of two characters felt more 'happy'/'sad' right now: one engaging in a pleasant/unpleasant activity tomorrow or another engaging in this same activity when they are a year older. That is, we examined whether children understood that the closer in time a future event, the more intense the currently felt emotion. Starting at age 4, children correctly judged which child was more 'happy'/'sad' right now. However, 4‐ to 6‐year‐olds tended not to explain their judgements by referring to temporal distance, per se. Results suggest that children are sensitive to temporal distance early in development, but do not yet verbally express this understanding. Implications for theories about children's future thinking and future areas of research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effects of temporal distance generated by time zone separation on communication in geographically distributed organizations. We build on prior research, which highlights time zone separation as a significant challenge, but argue that employees may time shift—move work-related communication to outside of regular business hours—to counteract temporal distance. We propose a theory in which employees' tendency to time shift depends on the demands of their tasks and collaborative relationships and individuals' ability to supply work outside of regular business hours. Analyzing communication-level data from 12,038 employees of a large multinational firm and using cities' shifts to/from daylight saving time for identification, we find that temporal distance leads to sizable but smaller than expected reductions in volumes of rich, synchronous communication between employees. Consistent with our arguments, increased temporal distance significantly increases time shifting of work-related communication, especially among workers whose jobs are nonroutine and interactions in strong collaborative relationships. We further document that female employees and employees based in countries with stricter legal work hour limits engage in significantly less time-shifted communication. Our study improves understanding of a ubiquitous source of collaboration friction. It also sheds light on a potential source of inequities in workplace outcomes stemming from differences in individuals' ability to work outside of regular business hours. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2023.17558. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAs the climate crisis becomes increasingly urgent, discussions on the content and behavioral variables of climate change education are becoming more active. In environmental education, efforts are continuing to develop the ability to look far into the future with the aim of fostering ecological citizenship. However, research and educational attempts to deal with the subjective perception of future time as a major variable of behavior are insufficient. Therefore, this study attempts to analyze whether children’s future time perspective affects their behavioral intentions to address climate change. To address this issue, three studies were conducted to survey elementary school students in Korea. We found that stimuli to feel close to the future helped students expand their time horizon. Our results suggest that future time perspective is crucial in environmental education and is the key to overcoming long time lags of climate change and improving children’s futures literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research tests the Construal‐Level Theory of Psychological Distance in a three‐dimensional context via a bequest fundraising telephone campaign. We experimentally primed temporal distance (i.e., 10 vs. 50 years) and social distance (i.e., donors' family and friends vs. benefits for wider society) before people answered a bequest‐related question. We then observed how matching and mismatching between these two dimensions impacted decisions differently depending on whether people engaged in a lower‐level thinking task (i.e., recalling whether they have left a bequest to a charity) or a higher‐level thinking task (i.e., considering whether they might leave a bequest in the future). Our findings contribute to the existing Construal‐Level Theory and nonprofit research by testing the unique combination of a three‐dimensional construal situation. Learning from this research can be applied to the design of innovative bequest fundraising procedures as well as innovative procedures to promote other voluntary decisions in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of social media platforms has ushered in a new era in which online media interactions, such as Facebook and Twitter, have largely supplanted traditional means of interpersonal interaction. This has resulted in problems such as cyberbullying and social exclusion. Previous research has indicated that people who feel socially excluded react more positively to altruistic behaviors, which could effectively restore connection and happiness from the exclusion. This study investigates two distinct types of social media exclusion (being rejected vs. being ignored) to determine their subsequent donation preferences (money vs. time). In three substudies, this study explores donation behaviors and demonstrates that people who feel socially rejected (ignored) react more positively to the donation of money (time). Study 1 reveals that being rejected (ignored) by social media leads people to form low (high)‐level mental construals, resulting in preferences for the donation of money (time). Study 2 examines how matching the exclusion type with the abstractness of appeals (abstract vs. concrete) affects donation preference. Similarly, Study 3 demonstrates the matching effects of exclusion type and the temporal distance of appeals (current vs. future) on subsequent charitable behaviors. Charitable fundraisers are advised to align their charitable appeals with people's construal levels to help these excluded media users not only reconnect their belonging with the community but also recover their happiness after the exclusion experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Episodic simulation effectively promotes an individual's willingness to help, and temporal distance can influence an individual's mental representation and reaction. However, the effect of episodic simulation on pro-social behavior at different temporal distances has not been explored, and this perspective is crucial to understand how episodic simulation can more efficiently promote individuals' pro-social behavior. The present study examined how episodic simulation and temporal distances promote pro-social behavior and its scope of applications. Experiment 1 (N = 200) used a two-factor experimental design to explore how episodic simulation and temporal distance (near: after 1 day vs. far: after 1 year) interacted to influence willingness to help and donation behavior. Experiment 2 (N = 335) employed a mixed experimental design to examine the interactive effects of episodic simulation and temporal distance on willingness to help and donation behavior among individuals with different social value orientations (pro-self orientation vs. pro-social orientation). The two experiments used a 7-point scale of willingness to help people and the amount of money donated to charity as indicators of pro-social behavior. The results showed that willingness to help and subsequent donation behavior were significantly higher after initiating the episodic simulation. Individuals matched with the far temporal distance condition (compared to the near temporal distance condition) had a significantly increased willingness to help and donation behavior. Notably, episodic simulation and far temporal distance significantly enhanced the donation behavior of individuals with a pro-self orientation but not of those with a pro-social orientation. The matching of episodic simulation and distant temporal distance facilitated the production of pro-social behavior, especially for individuals with low helping tendencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the importance of travel experience sharing for tourists and marketers, whether and how different types of such sharing influence online viewers' travel intentions are unclear. Drawing on construal level theory, this research found that the match (vs. mismatch) between travel experience sharing type and tourism activity type induced stronger travel intention. Results further revealed two mediating paths (cognitive fluency and pleasure) behind this matching effect. Additionally, this research identified an additive positive effect evoked by the construal fit between travel experience sharing type and tourism activity type and that between travel experience sharing type and temporal distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental Time Travel (MTT) allows us to remember past events and imagine future ones. According to previous literature, the Temporal Distance of events affects MTT: our ability to order events worsens for close, compared to far, events. However, those studies established distances a-priori, albeit the way we perceive events' temporal distance may subjectively differ from their objective distance. Thus, in the current study, we aimed to investigate the effects of Perceived Temporal Distance (PTD) on the MTT ability and the brain areas mediating this process. Thirty-three healthy volunteers took part in an fMRI MTT task. Participants were asked to project themselves into the past, present, or future, and to judge a series of events as relative-past or relative-future, in relation to the adopted time location. Outside the scanner, participants provided PTD estimates for each stimulus of the MTT task. Participants' performance and functional activity were analyzed as a function of these estimations. At the behavioural level, PTD predicts the modulation of the performance for relative-past and relative-future. Bilateral angular gyrus, retrosplenial cortex, temporo-parietal region and medial, middle and superior frontal gyri mediate the PTD effect. In addition to these areas, the closer the relative-future events are perceived, the higher the involvement of left parahippocampal and lingual gyri and right cerebellum. Thus, perceived proximity of events activates frontal and posterior parietal areas, which therefore might mediate the processing of PTD in the cognitive spatial representation of time. Future proximity also activates cerebellum and medial temporal areas, known to be involved in imaginative and constructive cognitive functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Namaa Magazine is the property of Namaa for Research & Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

IntroductionIn a series of 5 studies, Lam and Buehler found that first-year university students felt closer to a target event (the day they learned that they were accepted into university) when they recalled a stream of related events in a backward direction (a reverse-chronological order ending with the target event) than when they recalled those events in a forward direction (a forward-chronological order beginning with the target event).MethodsIn a conceptual replication of their Study 2, we asked participants how close they felt to the first day that lockdowns were imposed in response to the Covid-19 pandemic in the U.S. (federally mandated on March 13, 2020) following either backward or forward recall of a stream of related events.ResultsThe results of the present study ran directly counter to those of Lam and Buehler: participants rated the first day of lockdowns as feeling closer following forward recall than following backward recall.DiscussionPotential explanations for this reversal of Lam and Buehler's effect are discussed that focus on the temporal distortions that people have been found to experience when they think about autobiographical events that occurred at the beginning of the pandemic.

Purpose: This study aims to explore the relationship between the content characteristics of destination online reviews and travel intention under three individual circumstances: temporal distance, social distance and experiential distance. Design/methodology/approach: Based on construal-level theory (CLT), this study divides online travel reviews into concrete and abstract reviews. Three experiments were conducted to test the moderating effects of temporal distance, social distance and experiential distance on the influence of review content characteristics on tourists' travel intentions. Findings: The results show that abstract reviews would lead to higher travel intentions than concrete reviews. Furthermore, tourists' travel intentions differed depending on social distance and were significantly affected by reviews posted by reviewers similar to review recipients. In addition, the study contributes by discovering that the moderating effects of temporal distance, social distance and experiential distance were not significant, which differs from most of the previous research conclusions. Originality/value: This study focused on review content characteristics, which provided a novel perspective for constructing online travel reviews. Furthermore, this research defined the concept of experiential distance in the context of online travel and expanded the research on psychological distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accruing evidence has attested to the plasticity of people's metaphorical perspectives on the movement of events in time, which oscillate between the ego-moving perspective and the time-moving perspective contingent on, among others, perception of distance to the future by virtue of individual differences in lifestyle and personality. Building on and extending this avenue of inquiry, the current research investigated the relationship between life history strategy, another time-related construct, and the preferred perspective in the resolution of a temporally ambiguous question. Studies based on self-report (Study 1) and behavioral (Study 2) measures showed consistent results, such that individuals with a fast life history strategy and those who preferred the smaller-sooner reward tended to adopt the ego-moving perspective, whereas individuals with a slow life history strategy and those who preferred the larger-later reward tended to adopt the time-moving perspective. Examination of the priming effect of temporal perspectives on intertemporal decision-making revealed that differential perceptions of temporal distance underlay the strategy-time relationship (Study 3). Taken as a whole, the current findings suggested that individual differences in life history strategy may also influence people's preferred perspective in the interpretation of ambiguous language related to time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To comprehend the unclear mechanisms through which risk attitude toward epidemics affects perceived helpfulness of online review, this study proposes a theoretical framework based on Dual Process Theory and Construal Level Theory to observe the mechanisms. Through empirical analysis based on 456 valid questionnaires, from review readers' information processing manner perspective, risk-averse tourists prefer a systematic manner, whereas risk-appetite ones prefer heuristics manner, which leads to significantly higher perceived helpfulness for risk-averse than for risk-appetite ones. The mechanisms through which risk attitude directly negatively affects perceived helpfulness and also indirectly attenuates perceived helpfulness through inhibiting impulsive travel intention also are unveiled. As well as the moderating effects of two temporal distances that are defined as recovering from epidemic infection and near-future travel plans are underscored. These results indicate that risk attitude and impulsive travel intention are both antecedents of perceived helpfulness and provide new theoretical insights and feasible practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study whether, when, and how better connectivity through nonstop flights leads to positive innovation outcomes for firms in the global context. Using unique data of all flights emanating from 5,015 airports around the globe from 2005 to 2015 and exploiting a regression discontinuity framework, we report that a 10% increase in nonstop flights between two locations leads to a 3.4% increase in citations and a 1.4% increase in the production of collaborative patents between those locations. This effect is driven primarily by firms as opposed to academic institutions. We further study the characteristics of firms and firm locations that are salient to the relation between nonstop flights and innovation outcomes across countries. Using a gravity model, we posit and find that the positive effect of nonstop flights on innovation is stronger for firms and subsidiaries with greater innovation mass (e.g., stocks of inventors and R&D spending), located in innovation hubs or countries that are deemed technology leaders, and that are separated by large cultural or temporal distance. This paper was accepted by Alfonso Gambardella, business strategy. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4682. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's hotel industry, 'book now, pay later' practice is widespread. However, despite the prevalence of this phenomenon, the psychological and behavioral influences of 'book now, pay later' transactions on consumers have received almost no research attention. Using an experimental design, this research examined how deferred payments influence consumers' perceived price, perceived risks, and purchase intention according to the time of booking in the leisure travel context. The results demonstrated that people perceived less risks and had a greater purchase intention when a hotel offered the 'pay later' option compared to the 'pay now' option. However, individuals planning a trip in the near future did not show any significant differences in perceived risks and purchase intention between the options of 'pay later' and 'pay now'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People tend to appraise their distant future self better than their near future self (future self-enhancement effect). An open question is whether this tendency has implications for current performance. In two sets of experiments (N = 554), after envisioning their near or distant future, participants made future self-appraisals and performed an anagram task. We observed that future self-enhancement effect leads to better task performance, regardless of whether the future self was appraised in an absolute (Experiment 1a) or comparative (Experiment 1b) way. Experiment 2a additionally revealed that future self-enhancement effect might facilitate better task performance through increased current self-evaluations. In each study, future self-enhancement effect suppressed the negative, direct impact of envisioning one's distant (vs. near) future on task performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research suggests that not only what is said (i.e., opinions) but also how it is said (i.e., language styles) can affect persuasion. Extending this stream of work, the current research aims to understand how language assertiveness affects online review persuasion. Study 1 explores consumers' general perceptions of assertive versus nonassertive language and opinions about their relative persuasiveness in online reviews. Study 2 utilizes an experimental design to examine the congruency effects between language assertiveness and temporal distance on consumer responses. We find that online reviews containing assertive (vs. nonassertive) language engender higher perceived review helpfulness and more favorable attitudes toward the reviewed business for consumers whose travel time is in the distant future, whereas nonassertive (vs. assertive) language is more effective for consumers whose travel time is in the near future. Furthermore, mediation analysis results suggest that psychological comfort is the underlying mechanism explaining such effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The what, where, and when components of episodic memory can be differentiated based on their distinctive domain-specific underlying neural correlates. However, recent studies have proposed that a common neural mechanism of conceptual mapping may be involved in the coding of cognitive distance across all domains. In this study, we provide evidence that both domain-specific and domain-general processes occur simultaneously during memory retrieval by identifying distinctive and common neural representations for mapping what (i.e., semantic distance), where (i.e., spatial distance), and when (i.e., temporal distance) using scalp EEG from 47 healthy participants (age 21-30, 26 male and 21 female). First, we found that all three components commonly showed a positive correlation between cognitive distance and slow theta power (2.5-5 Hz) in parietal channels. Meanwhile, fast theta power (5-8.5 Hz) specifically represented spatial and temporal distance in occipital and parietal channels, respectively. Additionally, we identified a unique correlate of temporal distance coding in frontal/parietal slow theta power during the early phase of retrieval. All of the above neural markers of cognitive mapping, both domain-general and specific, were associated with individual differences in what, where, and when memory accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate how predictions of future information security vary according to temporal distance, goal type, and personal characteristics. A total of 368 participants rated the likelihood of achieving the two-goal types at present, and then one and ten years later. The future information security bias was found to be greater for a distant place than shortly, and it was found to be greater for private goal types than public goal types. Personal characteristics were classified into self-efficacy and social responsibility, and their effectiveness was verified. A self-efficacy test revealed that the information security bias for the two types of goals was higher when it was higher than the low self-efficacy group. In the case of social responsibility, the bias was found in the higher group than the lower group only in the public goal type, but not the private goal type. We conclude by presenting some implications for information security policy and suggestions for further research.

The aim of this article is to explore how the dimensions of psychological distance and motivation impact the left-digit effect in consumer price evaluation. The left-digit effect occurs when the leftmost digit of the prices being compared changes (e.g., $499 vs. $500); the difference between the prices is perceived as larger than if the leftmost digit does not change (e.g., $569 vs. $570). Furthermore, a nine-ending price may be perceived as larger than a price that is actually one dollar higher, when the motivation to process the price information is high and the psychological distance (temporal distance) is near. Likewise, when the motivation to process information is low, regardless of whether the temporal distance is near or far, consumers are also more likely to process information heuristically, strengthening the left-digit effect. However, when the motivation to deal with information is high and the temporal distance is distant, consumers are more likely to process information systematically which tends to diminish the perceived magnitude of the difference due to the left-digit effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Actas de Diseño is the property of Facultad de Diseno y Comunicacion, Fundacion Universidad de Palermo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nankai Business Review is the property of Nankai Business Review Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current research examined individuals' perceptions of difficulty regarding goal striving in the near and distant future. Study 1 tested the hypothesis that predictions decrease over increasing temporal distance. Participants forecasted how difficult several goal-related tasks would be at varying points in the future. Our hypothesis was mostly supported. Results from hierarchical linear modeling showed many statistically significant linear and quadratic effects of temporal distance on predictions within and across goal tasks. Moreover, all future time points were rated as easier compared to now, with medium to large differences in difficulty. In Study 2, participants forecasted the difficulty of pursuing a goal-related task two days away, and we followed up to assess actual difficulty. Participants' predictions were generally accurate. Goal commitment moderated accuracy, as individuals low (vs. high) in goal commitment underestimated (overestimated) difficulty. Overall, our results suggest that cognitions about future goal striving may affect momentary motivation and self-regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several researchers have recommended utilizing tangible cues in ads to minimize perceived risk; some have favored intangible cues for service differentiation. However, studies remain scarce on the effectiveness of quality cues (tangible vs. intangible cues) in the service type context (experience vs. credence). Furthermore, studies exploring differences in consumer evaluation of quality cues when making a purchase decision under varied temporal distance (e.g. the next day vs. six months later) remain inadequate. The first experiment (n = 124) demonstrates that an experience service ad designed using tangible cues is relatively more effective when the temporal distance is not salient. The second experiment (n = 281) reveals that in a distant temporal situation, an experience service ad employing intangible cues is relatively more effective in generating positive perceptions. Furthermore, no difference was observed in the evaluation of quality cues in credence services under varied temporal distance. The study offers crucial theoretical and managerial implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay deals with the problem of the empirical analysis of the concept of social distance using a temporal rather than a spatial approach. To this end, the Bogardus' Social Distance Scale is introduced by emphasizing that it was defined by employing a spatial perspective and describing the socio-cultural environment in which it was designed. Then, it is illustrated a temporal perspective to empirically investigate the concept of social distance introducing the concepts of allochronism, social time and standard time. In particular, it is argued that social time has close connections with our perceptions, interpretations, values, needs and cultures, and as such is particularly suitable for investigating socio-temporal distance. Moreover—as the main focus of this essay—the methodological procedure used by the author to examine the socio-temporal distance of ethnic relations between migrants and natives in Italy is illustrated. By comparing significant indicators suitable for assessing living conditions, it will become evident how the two social groups live in different temporal worlds, although they are physically contemporary. In particular, it is shown how migrants live in a temporal bubble that represents a "piece" of modernity inserted in a postmodern world. It is concluded that studying social distance using a temporal approach is very effective and has several applications: it can be used not only for ethnic relations but also for research on minority, weak, marginal groups, in gender or intergenerational studies, and in all fields in which gaps/disparities/ inequalities must be compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "book now, pay later" phenomenon is one form of payment which has flow-on effects such as increasing last-minute cancelations. To encourage prepayment, some hotels have been offering a price discount or free upgrade for choosing the "pay now" option, but little is known about which incentives can generate better outcomes. This study aims to examine what types of payment options are preferable based on the time between booking and check-in (i.e. temporal distance), and to investigate how the payment options and temporal distance jointly influence perceived risks. The findings demonstrate that while people prefer the pay now with monetary incentive option when traveling time is in the near future, they mostly prefer the pay later option when traveling time is distant. In addition, people planning a trip in the distant future perceive significantly higher risks from the pay now with non-monetary and monetary incentive options than from the pay later option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to mentally represent future events is a significant human psychological achievement. A challenge that people encounter is that they often lack detailed specifics about distant relative to near future events. Construal level theory proposes that people represent distant future events by their abstract and essential features-a process referred to as high-level construal. As events become temporally proximal, people represent events by their increasingly available and reliable concrete and idiosyncratic features-a process referred to as low-level construal. The present fMRI experiment provides direct neural evidence for these assertions. Using the why-how localizer as a measure of construal level, results revealed brain regions associated with both temporal distance and high-level construal (medial prefrontal cortex), as well as temporal proximity and low-level construal (precuneus). We discuss the implications of these findings for the neuroscience of mental time travel and cognitive representation.

Recycling is socially responsible behavior. Moreover, it is also a complex behavior. It benefits society in the long term but involves a personal cost and does not benefit the individual directly. In the specific context of small island, we conducted a twostep research action to promote recycling among households located in the north of Martinique, a west indies French island. Based on the psychosocial engineering model, the first step was to identify the determinants of recycling in this specific island context. In a psycho-environmental diagnostic, we included variables already identified to predict waste sorting, such as the TPB variables, as well as other context-specific variables, such as group identification, environmental identity, place identity, sense of community, perceived efficacy of one's action, as predictors of the intention to recycle. Based on psychological distance and its temporal dimension, we also distinguished between the intention to recycle today (proximal intention) and the intention to recycle in 1 month (distal intention). The results show that the predictors of recycling differ according to the temporal distance. The proximal intention was predicted by personal variables whereas distal intention was predicted by social variables. The second step was to design and to implement an evidence-based intervention to increase the quality of recycling. At Time 1, the garbage cans of 193 households were collected and characterized. At Time 2, the households were visited at home by an officer, who used one of the four communication scripts built on the basis of the results of the psycho-environmental diagnostic. At Time 3, the garbage cans were collected and characterized again. We observe an improvement in sorting in the condition where the TBP dimensions are activated: attitude, social norm, and controllability. Our results highlight the importance of taking into account the temporality of change, especially when the behavior to be changed is complex. They also show an interest in relying on a psycho-environmental diagnosis, taking into account the context of insertion of the target behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research reveals that the pursuit of peace entails an inherent paradox. The urgent need to save lives and alleviate human suffering necessitates swift solutions to the problem of intergroup conflict. However, because the human mind associates peace with longer time horizons, people anticipate peace more when considering the distant rather than the near future. Six experiments demonstrate a robust and large effect whereby thinking about the distant future promotes the prospects of peace compared to thinking about the near future. These experiments also provide evidence for the role that construal fit, that is, the tendency to match high temporal distance with abstractness, plays in this effect. We discuss implications for shorter-term and longer-term peace interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standing out in the tourists' hotel booking process is important for hotels in today's competitive environment. To effectively promote hotels, it is necessary to have a deeper grasp of the factors affecting tourists' hotel choices. To this end, this research examines the effects of psychological distance (temporal and spatial) and social influence on tourists' hotel booking preferences based on the Construal-Level Theory (CLT). Social influence is identified as a moderator between psychological distance and tourists' booking preferences; whole perceived message quality is identified as a mediator. The paper concludes with theoretical implications, practical implications, and ideas for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does temporal thought extend asymmetrically into the past and the future? Do asymmetries depend on cultural differences in temporal focus? Some studies suggest that people in Western (arguably future-focused) cultures perceive the future as being closer, more valued, and deeper than the past (a future asymmetry), while the opposite is shown in East Asian (arguably past-focused) cultures. The proposed explanations of these findings predict a negative relationship between past and future: the more we delve into the future, the less we delve into the past. Here, we report findings that pose a significant challenge to this view. We presented several tasks previously used to measure temporal asymmetry (self-continuity, time discounting, temporal distance, and temporal depth) and two measures of temporal focus to American, Spanish, Serbian, Bosniak, Croatian, Moroccan, Turkish, and Chinese participants (total N = 1,075). There was an overall future asymmetry in all tasks except for temporal distance, but the asymmetry only varied with cultural temporal focus in time discounting. Past and future held a positive (instead of negative) relation in the mind: the more we delve into the future, the more we delve into the past. Finally, the findings suggest that temporal thought has a complex underlying structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]