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This article serves as an introduction to the special issue on the practice of translating audiovisual content through an intermediate language or text. This increasingly common yet underexplored area presents numerous challenges and opportunities for research and training. By employing a broad definition of this practice, we aim to highlight its significance and complexity. We start by discussing the rationale behind focusing on this topic, noting the conceptual ambiguities and diverse terminology associated with it. Then, we review past, present, and anticipated developments in the field, and provide an overview of the contributions within this special issue. To conclude, we identify research questions and potential future directions, emphasising the need for continued exploration and reflection. Ultimately, with this introduction and the special issue as a whole, we aim to bring attention to this critical practice in audiovisual translation, encouraging further scholarly inquiry and practical advancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a series of questions and responses, in this dialogue-based article we aim to stimulate reflection on indirect translation within the audiovisual translation community, offering perspectives on this practice. We start by delving into the historical roots of indirect translation in the industry, questioning how far back such practices extend. Then we shift the focus to the challenges translators face in indirect translation workflows, to the potential contributions of research to the ongoing debates surrounding indirect translation, as well as to how indirect translation and machine translation intersect. Finally, looking to the future, we examine potential developments in indirect translation workflows and consider how educational programs can adapt to meet the changing demands of the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For students taking higher level mathematics courses, the transition from computational to proof-based courses such as analysis and algebra not only introduces a new format of writing and communication, but also a new level of abstraction. This study examines the affordances of one particular tool to aid students in this transition: a proof template. We highlight four cases based on interviews conducted at two universities, both from transition-to-proof classes in which templates were explicitly used and not. Results indicate that when introduced to this tool, students viewed these templates favourably. Two detailed cases provide evidence that templates can contribute to deep understanding and student ownership of learning by deconstructing the template structures for themselves. In settings where explicit templates were not introduced, two cases address possible concerns with templates as well as demonstrate that students may be intuiting this structure. Our work provides evidence for the benefits of templates as a learning aid to struggling and strong students alike that does not reduce creativity in proving, along with students' appreciation of templates for structure and as guidelines to make sense of the increased abstraction required for proof-writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dans cet article, nous présentons notre expérience universitaire à propos de la reconstruction des pertes de substances (PDS) de la pointe nasale et des ailes narinaires par lambeau frontal paramédian plicaturé décrite par F.J. Ménick (LFPP). Nous revenons sur les artifices techniques de la technique chirurgicale et sur les résultats esthétiques au niveau des sites donneurs. Nous comparons notre technique chirurgicale avec celles de la littérature. Une étude rétrospective monocentrique était menée sur les patients opérés par LFPP pour des reconstructions chirurgicales du dorsum du nez et de la pointe nasale entre janvier 2017 et décembre 2022. Dans chaque cas était recherché par analyse des dossiers la typologie de la PDS à reconstruire, le type de reconstruction et le résultat esthétique de la reconstruction. Une enquête de satisfaction sur le résultat esthétique et fonctionnel avait été envoyée au patient ayant bénéficié d'une reconstruction par LFPP à 6 mois postopératoire. Sur les 17 cas de reconstruction par LFPP, aucun cas de nécrose, même partielle, n'était noté. La taille de la perte de substance moyenne était de 3,5 ± 0,6 cm [2,5–5]. Le nombre de SUE à reconstruire était de 2,6 ± 0,9 [1–4]. Les étiologies des PDS étaient essentiellement liées à des tumeurs cutanées dont 58 % de carcinome basocellulaire (n = 10), 24 % de carcinome épidermoïde (n = 4), 6 % de carcinome adénoïde kystique (n = 1) et 12 % de mélanome (n = 2). Les patients étaient globalement très satisfaits tant d'un point de vue fonctionnel avec un résultat, suite à notre questionnaire, de 89 % (8,94 ± 1,98 [2–10]), qu'esthétique avec un résultat de 87 % (8,76 ± 1,75 [3–10]) Parmi les différentes techniques de reconstructions de la pyramide nasale incluant les lambeaux frontaux paramédian en 2 temps combinés avec un lambeau local de recouvrement de la muqueuse interne, la technique de reconstruction par lambeau frontal paramédian plicature en 3 temps décrite par F.J. Ménick est la technique de choix dans les reconstructions nasales complexes avec des PDS transfixiantes étendues à plusieurs SUE. Il s'agit d'une technique fiable avec d'excellent résultat esthétique et fonctionnel avec une morbidité faible du site donneur. In this article, we present our academic experience with the reconstruction of the dorsum and nasal tip by folded paramedian forehead flap described by F.J. Ménick (LFPP). We take a closer look at the technical aspects of this surgical technique and the aesthetic results at the donor sites. We compare our surgical technique with those reported in the literature. A monocentric retrospective study was carried out on patients operated on by LFPP for surgical reconstructions of the nasal dorsum and nasal tip between January 2017 and December 2022. In each case, we analysed the typology of the type of substance loss for reconstruction, the type of reconstruction and the aesthetic result of reconstruction. A satisfaction survey on the aesthetic and functional results was sent to patients who had undergone LFPP reconstruction at 6 months post-op. There was no necrosis, even partial in any of the 17 cases of LFPP reconstruction. The average size of the substance loss was 3.5 ± 0.6 cm [2.5–5]. The number of aesthetic subunit (SUE) to be reconstructed was 2.6 ± 0.9 [1–4]. The etiologies of substance loss were mainly related to skin tumors, including 58% basal cell carcinoma basal cell carcinoma (n = 10), 24% squamous cell carcinoma (n = 4), 6% adenoid cystic carcinoma adenoid cystic carcinoma (n = 1) and 12% melanoma (n = 2). The patients were very satisfied overall, both from a functional point of view with a questionnaire result of 89% (8.94 ± 1.98 [2–10]), aesthetic, with a result of 87% (8.76 ± 1.75 [3–10]). Among the various techniques for reconstructing the nasal pyramid, including paramedian 2-stage paramedian forehead flaps combined with a local flap of the internal lining, the technique of reconstruction described by J.F. Menick using a 3-stage paramedian folded flap is the most reliable option for complex nasal reconstructions with low donor-site morbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid poly‐ion complexes were synthesized through the complexation of a double hydrophilic copolymer with Ce(III) ions. These colloids act as reservoirs for cerium ions, enabling the synthesis of cerium‐based Prussian blue nanoparticles with a cubic structure, a narrow size distribution around 100 nm, and good colloidal stability in water. Upon high‐temperature calcination, these nanoparticles are transformed into a cerium/iron‐based metal oxide catalyst (CeO2/Fe2O3). The resultant composite catalyst demonstrates superior performance in the photo‐Fenton oxidation of methylene blue pollutants, achieving a conversion efficiency that rivals other metal‐based oxides and cerium‐based catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asymmetric hollow carbon (AHC) nanoparticles, celebrated for their distinctive external morphology, intricate internal topology, and exceptional carbon performance, are capturing significant attention. Nevertheless, exploring a universal emulsion assembling system to endow them with customizable architectures remains a formidable yet pending challenge. Interestingly, inspired by “plasticization”, a flowable colloidal polymer‐emulsion assembly strategy is first reported. It makes a striking debut of “dynamically growing‐like” AHC architectures, encompassing double‐headed mushroom, pleurotus eryngii, oyster mushroom, mushroom envelope, mushroom cap, and truffle‐shaped. This breakthrough creates an unprecedented “complete coverage” emulsion assembly mode, which surpasses the constraints of conventional “incomplete coverage” mode and infuses fresh vitality into the thriving nanoparticle‐library. More excitingly, it just is a brand‐new mechanism – the synergistic effect of plasticizing and swelling that flexibly manipulates the assembly between size‐variable emulsion droplet templates and flowable colloidal polymer, thereby successfully propelling the reversible architectural evolution. Remarkably, by skillfully integrating double‐headed mushroom‐shaped AHC nanoparticles with PEG and polyurethane sponge to engineer a composite adsorbent with reliable thermophysical property, it can offer a promising avenue for environmental governance. Generally, these cutting‐edge findings not only enrich the theory of emulsion assembly but also spark fresh inspiration for a vast spectrum of potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In pediatric population, large soft tissue defects occur in avulsion injuries. In addition to the challenges of primary surgical therapy, elasticity, appearance and function of the scar in children are of crucial importance, especially in the context of body growth. So far various flaps, plasties, skin grafts and dermal substitutes have become established, although infections and skin shrinkage remain challenging. In 2020, a new skin substitute material—NovoSorb® Biodegradable Temporizing Matrix (BTM)—was introduced in Europe for temporary wound closure and tissue regeneration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of BTM in pediatric patients. Methods: The study included all children treated with BTM after traumatic soft tissue defects following limb avulsion injuries between June 2021 and June 2023 at a university hospital. Results: 7 patients with limb avulsion injuries were treated with BTM, 4 boys, 3 girls. Mean age was 6.5 years (2–11 years) at the time of BTM placement. 4/7 had concomitant fractures. BTM was used successfully in all cases, infection did not occur, skin shrinkage was seen in one case. Split thickness skin graft (STSG) after BTM application was performed in average after 33 days (26 to 39 days). Limitations of this study were highlighted. Conclusion: BTM is a promising alternative for reconstruction of complex trauma extremity wounds in children following avulsion injuries, even in cases of concomitant bone injuries. Interpretation may be limited by sample size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two types of discontinuous morphemes are thought to be the basic building blocks of words in Semitic languages: roots and templates. However, the role of these morphemes in lexical access and representation is debated. Priming experiments, where reaction times to target words are predicted to be faster when preceded by morphologically-related primes compared to unrelated control primes, provide conflicting evidence bearing on this debate. We used meta-analysis to synthesise the findings from 229 priming experiments on 4710 unique Semitic speakers. With Bayesian modelling of the aggregate effect sizes, we found credible root and template priming in both nouns and verbs in Arabic and Hebrew. Our results show that root priming effects can be distinguished from the effects of overlap in form and meaning. However, more experiments are needed to determine if template priming effects can be distinguished from overlap in form and morphosyntactic function.

Abstract Background Treating the coronal dens invaginatus (CDI) with pulp infection commonly involves the removal of invagination, which increases the risk of perforation and fracture, and compromises the tooth structure. Minimally invasive endodontic management of CDI is highly recommended. This report describes two cases of type II CDI with the application of personalized templates. Case presentation Two cases of type II CDI, affecting the main root canal in a maxillary canine and a lateral incisor, were diagnosed. A guided endodontics (GE) approach was applied. Cone-beam computed tomography and intraoral scans were imported and aligned in a virtual planning software to design debridement routes and templates. The MICRO principle (which involves the aspects of Mechanical (M) debridement, Irrigation (I), Access cavities (C), Rectilinear routes (R), and Obstruction (O)) was proposed for designing optimal debridement routes for future applications. The templates were innovatively personalized and designed to preserve the tooth structure maximally while effectively debriding the root canal. Root canal treatment with supplementary disinfection was then performed. The follow-up of the two patients revealed favorable clinical and radiographic outcomes. Conclusions The GE approach could be a feasible method for preserving healthy dental structure while effectively debriding the root canal, thereby achieving successful and minimally invasive endodontic treatment for CDI.

In recent years, anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes have been widely used as attractive nanoporous materials because of their applications in drug delivery, membrane filtration, and catalysis. Although AAO membranes with anisotropic pore shapes can be achieved, the methods are often complex and costly. In this work, we present an innovative approach to fabricating AAO membranes with controlled pore geometries, focusing on the transition from nonelliptical to elliptical nanopores. Utilizing commercially available aluminum foils of varying thickness and purity, the research demonstrates a cost-effective and scalable method for producing these specialized AAO membranes. The process involves a two-step anodization, where the aluminum foils undergo electropolishing, anodization, and chemical etching, followed by a unique stretching technique that transforms circular concavities into elliptical shapes. This approach successfully produces elliptical AAO membranes with varying pore sizes and aspect ratios, controlled by different electrolytes and pore-widening times. The study further explores the application of these membranes in nanopatterning by creating anisotropic polymer nanorod arrays using polystyrene (PS) and poly-(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), demonstrating the practical utility of the fabricated AAO membranes in nanomaterial synthesis. The research highlights the potential of the stretching approach in AAO membrane fabrication, promising a diverse range of applications in material science and engineering, particularly in fields requiring precise nanopore geometries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intermetallic nanoparticles (i‐NPs) have received considerable attention as high‐performance catalysts for diverse catalytic applications. However, high‐entropy i‐NPs have been rarely reported due to particle growth and phase separation in the multicomponent alloy. In this study, for the first time, an integrated approach of template and structure transformation is introduced to synthesize a series of sub ≈ 5 nm multicomponent i‐NPs with varying compositions. Firstly, ultrathin PtCu nanosheets (NSs) are directly converted into bimetallic PtCu i‐NPs. Furthermore, these PtCu NSs are also used as templates for epitaxial growth of the other metals, followed by annealing to obtain high‐loading, novel compositions and uniform i‐NPs with ternary, quaternary, and quinary compositions, including high‐entropy i‐NPs. Interestingly, L10 intermetallic phases are obtained when Fe is introduced. As a proof‐of‐concept application, these high‐entropy i‐NPs showed superior catalytic performance for the hydrogen evolution reaction , which can be attributed to the negatively shifted d‐band center of Pt, thereby resulting in reduced H* adsorption energy at Pt sites as supported by density functional theory calculations. Overall, this research presents a promising method for the development of i‐NPs with various compositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image memorability, the likelihood that a person will remember a particular image, has been shown to be an intrinsic property of the image that is distinct from many other visual and cognitive features. Research thus far has not identified particular visual features that can sufficiently explain this intrinsic memorability, but one possibility is that more and less memorable images differ in their statistical regularity (i.e., how prototypical or distinctive they are). Statistical regularity is known to affect detection time for images, such that stimuli with higher statistical regularity can be detected with shorter presentation directions. Therefore, in the present study, we probed whether memorability affects how quickly an image can be detected. High- and low-memorability images were presented in an intact/scrambled task wherein participants were asked to indicate whether they saw an intact image or noise, and we estimated the presentation duration necessary for participants to reach 70.7% accuracy. Across two experiments using different stimulus materials, we observed and then replicated that more memorable images are associated with shorter detection thresholds than those for less memorable images. The results support the idea that memorable stimuli may better match stored templates used for image perception and/or recognition. Public Significance Statement: The likelihood that a given image will be remembered has been found to be consistent across people for a variety of image types such as natural scenes, faces, and logos. The present study tested whether image memorability affects the time it takes for people to simply detect the presence of an intact image as opposed to noise. The results show that memorability is associated with enhanced detection, suggesting that more memorable images may also be more readily perceived, consistent with them better matching our stored knowledge of visual scenes and objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on International Organizations (IOs) has yet to examine policy template translations closely. These are documents routinely produced by IO country offices to compile templates coming from headquarters. The article asks how country offices shape the translation of templates and when a translation fails. It conceptualizes country offices as organizations in a field and proposes the case of the Common Strategic Framework as a failed template translation defended by the United Nations Resident Coordinator Office in the United Arab Emirates between 2016 and 2018. Through direct observations, interviews and text analysis, the article argues, first, that template translations carry the fingerprints of the dispositions and positions of the country office in charge. Second, a translation fails when the office in charge is uncomfortable in its organizational field. The office finds itself adopting incoherent position-takings or stances through the text and may abandon the document altogether. By proposing a methodological solution to analyse template translations in their context and taking country offices seriously, the article sheds light on the adaptation and success of IO policy advice, including in countries traditionally at the margins of multilateralism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To address the instability in implant surgical guides, this technique proposes an alternative anchoring mechanism in the stackable metal surgical guides utilizing cone-wedge anchors for improved stability. Methods: Postoperative implant position superimposed onto the preoperatively planned design using Mimics Medical 21.0 and Materialise Magics 24.0 to assess 3D coronal implant deviation, 3D apical implant deviation, and implant angular deviation. Results: Postoperative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) revealed a high level of precision in the implant placement, with an average 0.97 mm deviation at implant coronal region, 1.56 mm at implant apexes, and 2.95° angular deviation. Conclusion: This technique introduces a novel cone-wedge anchoring mechanism to enhance the stability of stackable metal surgical guide templates, addressing inherent instability issues. The utilization of this approach significantly improves the accuracy of implant placement procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Treating the coronal dens invaginatus (CDI) with pulp infection commonly involves the removal of invagination, which increases the risk of perforation and fracture, and compromises the tooth structure. Minimally invasive endodontic management of CDI is highly recommended. This report describes two cases of type II CDI with the application of personalized templates. Case presentation: Two cases of type II CDI, affecting the main root canal in a maxillary canine and a lateral incisor, were diagnosed. A guided endodontics (GE) approach was applied. Cone-beam computed tomography and intraoral scans were imported and aligned in a virtual planning software to design debridement routes and templates. The MICRO principle (which involves the aspects of Mechanical (M) debridement, Irrigation (I), Access cavities (C), Rectilinear routes (R), and Obstruction (O)) was proposed for designing optimal debridement routes for future applications. The templates were innovatively personalized and designed to preserve the tooth structure maximally while effectively debriding the root canal. Root canal treatment with supplementary disinfection was then performed. The follow-up of the two patients revealed favorable clinical and radiographic outcomes. Conclusions: The GE approach could be a feasible method for preserving healthy dental structure while effectively debriding the root canal, thereby achieving successful and minimally invasive endodontic treatment for CDI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quests and advocacies for co-operations, alliances, integration and unity amongst African countries are quite historical, and are ever resonating in discourses on international relations. It is such advocacies that birthed the idea for the formation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Southern African Development Community (SADC), etc. Unfortunately, not even the rationale for the metamorphosis from OAU to the African Union (AU) has been able to entrench the much desired unity of purpose amongst African states. This paper posits that the conversations on strategies for a closer and sustainable integration in Africa should not only be centred on socio-economic and political paradigms, but should deeply reflect cultural cum educational matrixes. The paper hypothesizes that cultural transmission, which is a fundamental goal of any educational system, has to be emphatically explored in the drive for integration and unity in Africa. It therefore conceptually highlighted the link between culture and education in regional integration, with reminiscences of such linkages in Africa. The paper however observes that, beyond the affirmations and declarations arising from Treaties and Charters by some regional fora in Africa, the varied uses of education for the purposes of cultural transmission, promotion of African history and languages, in addition to the merits of intellectual exchanges, are to be further surveyed as the plausible templates that would encourage integration in Africa. Consequently, the paper suggests that socio-political institutions, governments, sub-regional blocs and other agents of diplomacy and development in Africa should carefully reconsider the multi-dimensional values of education in the realization of the dreams of African nationalists for a well-integrated and united Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potential challenges in conducting international sales research, coupled with the lack of systematic guidance currently prevent western sales scholars from conducting research in emerging market contexts. The authors draw upon (a) their decade-long experience in conducting qualitative sales research in the Middle East (ME), as well as (b) depth interview data they collected specifically for this paper from eleven academics engaged in doing sales research in that region to propose a three-step framework for conducting qualitative sales research within the ME. The exclusivity of this framework to the ME context is rooted in its responsiveness to the unique elements and idiosyncrasies inherent within the ME culture. In addition to offering a systematic guidance, the framework implies that it is not the research expertise of the western scholars, but their ability to understand and respond to cultural nuances, and cultivate and employ soft skills such as communication, trust, relationship building, and/or mutual respect that may make or break their foray into conducting sales research in the ME markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strained macrocycles display interesting properties, such as conformational rigidity, often resulting in enhanced π‐conjugation or enhanced affinity for non‐covalent guest binding, yet they can be difficult to synthesize. Here we use computational modeling to design a template to direct the formation of an 18‐porphyrin nanoring with direct meso‐meso bonds between the porphyrin units. Coupling of a linear 18‐porphyrin oligomer in the presence of this template gives the target nanoring, together with an unexpected 36‐porphyrin ring by‐product. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) revealed the elliptical conformations and flexibility of these nanorings on a Au(111) surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gaining knowledge about the sustainable context is fundamental for the success of a product development, as a lack of knowledge limits the possibilities of innovation. The contextual boundaries of a system often do not adequately describe the influence on sustainability, so that product developers are unaware of problem shifts within and between the areas of impact on sustainability. For reasons of complexity, a therefore needed holistic captured system context is insufficiently taken into account in existing approaches. Within the scope of this article, a framework for Sustainable Context Engineering is developed, that provides a formalization of a holistic sustainable system context for the analysis and synthesis of relations in product development. Furthermore, a requirements methodology based on SPES 2020 is proposed, which supports the decomposition of requirements by model-based templates via a subtractive structure. This promotes communication and situational awareness among developers in order to influence the sustainability goals in the early phase of the product development process. Further research will be made in order to implement the approach in a model-based manner and to define a finite number of measurement parameters based on interdisciplinary sustainability models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for audio-described audiovisual content is mainly growing due to statutory accessibility required in many countries. Regrettably, despite the popular and legal demand for audio description, broadcasters and producers perceive audio description (AD) as an expensive service with little profit potential. Audio Description Translation (ADT) is an alternative production model that can reduce the time and costs involved in AD production while maintaining quality and increasing the availability of audio-described content in multiple languages. Drawing on a widespread practice of using (pivot) templates in modern subtitling workflows, this article investigates the use of pivot templates in audio description, focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of this production model as perceived by audio description translators. Data was collected in an experiment where six participants, five subtitlers, and an audio describer were asked to translate audio descriptions for Spanish films into Polish via an English pivot template. Results based on the thematic analysis of post-task interviews identify two main advantages: (1) personal advantages for the professionals performing the task and (2) external advantages that can benefit, for example, the production workflow, product, and target audience. The personal advantages are reduced time, effort, and responsibility. The external advantages are enhanced script quality and consistency.

Intermetallic nanoparticles (i‐NPs) have received considerable attention as high‐performance catalysts for diverse catalytic applications. However, high‐entropy i‐NPs have been rarely reported due to particle growth and phase separation in the multicomponent alloy. In this study, for the first time, an integrated approach of template and structure transformation is introduced to synthesize a series of sub ≈ 5 nm multicomponent i‐NPs with varying compositions. Firstly, ultrathin PtCu nanosheets (NSs) are directly converted into bimetallic PtCu i‐NPs. Furthermore, these PtCu NSs are also used as templates for epitaxial growth of the other metals, followed by annealing to obtain high‐loading, novel compositions and uniform i‐NPs with ternary, quaternary, and quinary compositions, including high‐entropy i‐NPs. Interestingly, L10 intermetallic phases are obtained when Fe is introduced. As a proof‐of‐concept application, these high‐entropy i‐NPs showed superior catalytic performance for the hydrogen evolution reaction , which can be attributed to the negatively shifted d‐band center of Pt, thereby resulting in reduced H* adsorption energy at Pt sites as supported by density functional theory calculations. Overall, this research presents a promising method for the development of i‐NPs with various compositions.

Air filtration is vital for passive pollution control toward advanced manufacturing industries and human health protection. However, large‐scale air‐filter utilization is limited by high energy costs. Therefore, it is crucial to develop filter media that exhibit a high removal efficiency, low pressure drop, and stable biocidal effects. This study reports an efficient and scalable bottom‐up approach for fabricating shellac‐based glass fiber matrices with bioprotective traps (GFMs‐traps) with tunable conformal micro/nanostructures, superhydrophobicity, and biocidal functions. The synthesis, which involves freeze‐drying‐free ice‐shellac double‐template formation, perfluorosilane‐based grafting, and filtration, eliminates capillary‐force‐induced micro/nanofibrous cluster formation. Theoretical modeling and experimental results indicate that the air cleaning and biocidal properties of the GFMs‐traps can be attributed to their uniformly distributed micro/nanofibrous structures and stable nanoparticle (NP) coatings (AgNPs, CuNPs, and TiO2NPs). The GFMs‐traps exhibit integrated air cleaning, with excellent filtration performance at the most penetrating particle size (99.97%, 234 Pa), superhydrophobicity (≥150°), a high virus‐filtration efficiency (99.995%), and good antibacterial and antiviral activity. Additionally, a commercial air purifier comprising a GFMs‐trap filter exhibits high potential for commercial applications. The facile strategy for fabricating high‐performance bioprotective filter media reported here may facilitate advanced large‐scale air filtration applications in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing the perennial problem of forged colophons to Chinese Buddhist scriptures in Dunhuang manuscripts, I suggest some general procedures for identifying such items. Some of these approaches include comparing the date of the colophon with the time when the scripture was translated into Chinese, and comparing the script of a dubious colophon and the scripture title(s) enumerated in this colophon with the other colophons appended to the same set of scriptures. To ground these observations, I investigate the authenticity of three colophons that were composed based on similar templates. They are appended to scriptures in manuscripts BD15076, Nakamura51, and Nakamura65, respectively, which were purportedly found in the Dunhuang area. The colophons of BD15076 and Nakamura65 are probably forged, possibly produced by imitating the colophon of Nakamura51 or other similar colophons that are yet unknown to us. These approaches will help scholars avoid drawing faulty conclusions based on dubious colophons, and thus help to provide a more solid foundation for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individual participant data meta‐analyses (IPD‐MAs) have several benefits over standard aggregate data meta‐analyses, including the consideration of additional participants, follow‐up time, and the joint consideration of study‐ and participant‐level heterogeneity for improved diagnostic and prognostic model development and evaluation. However, IPD‐MAs are resource‐intensive and require careful budgeting of time from data contributing groups, a dedicated management team, diversity of expertise, clearly documented data sharing and authorship agreements, and consistent and clear communication. We present a toolkit to facilitate the implementation and management of IPD‐MAs, from study recruitment to retrospective harmonization. The toolkit was developed and refined over our work on multiple multinational IPD‐MA projects over the last 13 years. The toolkit's budget and email templates, agreements, project management spreadsheets, and standard operating procedures are meant to facilitate routine IPD‐MA tasks to expedite implementing and managing future IPD‐MA projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flawed forensic psychological reports can create unfortunate, sometimes harmful, consequences, including (a) misinforming and misleading judges and juries; (b) blocking people who have been wronged from justice and vindication; (c) depriving people who have done nothing wrong of their savings, their business, their home, their children, their liberty, or their lives; and (d) allowing those who have done wrong to escape justice. This article discusses six common categories of flawed forensic psychological reports and presents seven steps to avoid writing flawed reports. Public Significance Statement: Forensic mental health reports and testimony can play an important role in court decisions in both civil and criminal cases. This article identifies common problems in the nature of such reports and offers remedial suggestions to improve their clarity, usefulness, and readability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broad evolutionary expansion of polymerase families has enabled specialization of their activities for distinct cellular roles. In addition to template-complementary synthesis, many polymerases extend their duplex products by nontemplated nucleotide addition (NTA). This activity is exploited for laboratory strategies of cloning and sequencing nucleic acids and could have important biological function, although the latter has been challenging to test without separation-of-function mutations. Several retroelement and retroviral reverse transcriptases (RTs) support NTA and also template jumping, by which the RT performs continuous complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis using physically separate templates. Previous studies that aimed to dissect the relationship between NTA and template jumping leave open questions about structural requirements for each activity and their interdependence. Here, we characterize the structural requirements for cDNA synthesis, NTA, template jumping, and the unique terminal transferase activity of Bombyx mori R2 non-long terminal repeat retroelement RT. With sequence alignments and structure modeling to guide mutagenesis, we generated enzyme variants across motifs generally conserved or specific to RT subgroups. Enzyme variants had diverse NTA profiles not correlated with other changes in cDNA synthesis activity or template jumping. Using these enzyme variants and panels of activity assay conditions, we show that template jumping requires NTA. However, template jumping by NTA-deficient enzymes can be rescued using primer duplex with a specific length of 3' overhang. Our findings clarify the relationship between NTA and template jumping as well as additional activities of non-long terminal repeat RTs, with implications for the specialization of RT biological functions and laboratory applications.

Selfish, non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retroelements and mobile group II introns encode reverse transcriptases (RTs) that can initiate DNA synthesis without substantial base pairing of primer and template. Biochemical characterization of these enzymes has been limited by recombinant expression challenges, hampering understanding of their properties and the possible exploitation of their properties for research and biotechnology. We investigated the activities of representative RTs using a modified non-LTR RT from Bombyx mori and a group II intron RT from Eubacterium rectale Only the non-LTR RT supported robust and serial template jumping, producing one complementary DNA (cDNA) from several templates each copied end to end. We also discovered an unexpected terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity of the RTs that adds nucleotide(s) of choice to 3' ends of single- and/or double-stranded RNA or DNA. Combining these two types of activity with additional insights about nontemplated nucleotide additions to duplexed cDNA product, we developed a streamlined protocol for fusion of next-generation sequencing adaptors to both cDNA ends in a single RT reaction. When benchmarked using a reference pool of microRNAs (miRNAs), library production by Ordered Two-Template Relay (OTTR) using recombinant non-LTR retroelement RT outperformed all commercially available kits and rivaled the low bias of technically demanding home-brew protocols. We applied OTTR to inventory RNAs purified from extracellular vesicles, identifying miRNAs as well as myriad other noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and ncRNA fragments. Our results establish the utility of OTTR for automation-friendly, low-bias, end-to-end RNA sequence inventories of complex ncRNA samples.

ABC triblock terpolymers are promising soft templates for organic/inorganic hybrids because of their ability to form nanostructures with complex shapes, multiple compartments, and precisely localized chemistry. Exemplified on multicompartment nanofibers (MCNFs) of triblock terpolymers, it is demonstrated that microdomains can be selectively loaded, thereby giving access to nanoscale multimetallic hybrid materials. MCNFs with micrometer length, homogenous diameter (90 nm), and a helix‐on‐cylinder morphology are formed from polystyrene‐block‐polybutadiene‐block‐poly(tert‐butyl methacrylate) (PS‐b‐PB‐b‐PT). After postmodification (cross‐linking/hydrolysis), selective loading with FeCl3, PdCl2, H2PtCl6, AgNO3, CuCl2, or ZnCl2 leads to a variety of hybrid MCNFs analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron tomography, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Mild sulfonation of the PS shell to polystyrene sulfonate renders the MNCFs water‐dispersible and allows the formation of mixed‐bimetallic Pt/Pd/Pt@MCNFs and trimetallic Pt/Pd/Ag@MCNFs. It is demonstrated that the order of loading is key to successfully create multimetallic nanostructures. These and other structures can become useful for energy applications as well as in photo‐ and electrocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1D metal halide perovskite (MHP) nanowires (NWs) have energized research interest owing to their unique characteristics; they are grain‐boundary‐free, efficiently transport axial carriers, in conjunction with strong radial spatial confinement. Herein, recent progress in the synthesis, integration, property characterization, and advanced optoelectronic applications of MHP NWs is systematically reviewed. The approaches to synthesize MHP NWs are mainly classified into solution‐phase and vapor‐phase methods, as well as the top‐down technique. Meanwhile, highly ordered patterns/templates‐assisted and surface‐guided alignment methods are utilized to integrate MHP NWs into NW arrays. The enhanced long‐term stability and superior optoelectronic properties of MHP NWs enable excellent optoelectronic device performance, where solar cells, photodetectors, image sensors, bionic eyes, light‐emitting diodes, resistive random‐access memories, and field‐effect transistors are mainly discussed. Finally, some perspectives for further direction of exploration to improve the device performance and path ways toward their practical applications are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon fibers (CFs) have been innovated in the application of fiber‐shaped and wearable energy storage devices recently. However, time‐ and energy‐consuming activation process under harsh conditions is generally required to modify the surface structure of the CF. Herein, a fast and effective Joule heating activation method is proposed with the nickel–cobalt layered double hydroxide‐derived nanometal particles as the template. The resultant Joule heating‐activated CF (JACF) demonstrates excellent capacitive performance with an electrode capacitance of 268 F g−1. After assembling into a solid‐state fiber‐shaped supercapacitor (FSC), the device shows both enhanced specific capacitance and energy/power densities, as well as the long cycling stability of over 5000 cycles. The Joule heating method reported in this work is time and energy saving for CF activation compared with the traditional chemical etching or high‐temperature annealing processes, and it is promising for the large‐scale production of high‐performance fiber‐shaped and wearable energy devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While professional societies and expert panels have recommended quality indicators related to advance care planning (ACP) documentation, including using structured documentation templates, it is unclear how clinicians document these conversations. To explore how clinicians document ACP, specifically, which components of these conversations are documented. A codebook was developed based on existing frameworks for ACP conversations and documentation. ACP documentation from a hospital medicine quality improvement project conducted from November 2019 to April 2021 were included and assessed. Documentation was examined for the presence or absence of each component within the coding schema. Clinician documented ACP using three different note types: template (only template prompts were used), template plus (authors added additional text to the template), and free text only. ACP note components were analyzed by note type and author department. A total of 182 ACP notes were identified and reviewed. The most common note type was template plus (58%), followed by free text (28%) and template (14%). The most frequent components across all note types were: important relationships to patient (92%), and discussion of life-sustaining treatment preferences (87%). There was considerable heterogeneity in the components across note types. The presence of components focused on treatment decisions and legal paperwork differed significantly between note types (P < 0.05). Components on preference for medical information, emotional state, or spiritual support were rarely included across all note types. This study provides a preliminary exploration of ACP documentation and found that templates may influence what information is documented after an ACP conversation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the structural evolution of BiPO4 prepared in aqueous under different synthesis conditions viz., templates and temperatures to explore their electrochemical performance for supercapacitor applications. The templates [(hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)] were added in bismuth precursor solution at 60 °C, alternatively ethylene glycol (EG), a less toxic additive was incorporated at 90 °C. BiPO4 exhibits a monoclinic phase, whereas a hexagonal structure was observed with the addition of the templates SDS and CTAB. Interestingly, both monoclinic and hexagonal phases were obtained by the addition of EG. The presence of mixed phase was thoroughly validated through Raman spectra, where vibrational modes for both monoclinic and hexagonal phases of BiPO4-EG were witnessed. The effect of template was clearly seen through electron microscopy with a rod-like morphology with (no template) and unfaceted (template). The electrochemical behavior of the synthesized materials was investigated, and it was found that the mixed structure of BiPO4-EG exhibited the highest specific capacity (167.15 C g−1) at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1, good capacitance retention at high current densities of up to 10 A g−1 and the lowest electrochemical series resistance (ESR) of 57 Ω. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Telomerase is unique among the reverse transcriptases in containing a noncoding RNA (known as telomerase RNA (TER)) that includes a short template that is used for the processive synthesis of G-rich telomeric DNA repeats at the 3' ends of most eukaryotic chromosomes1. Telomerase maintains genomic integrity, and its activity or dysregulation are critical determinants of human longevity, stem cell renewal and cancer progression2,3. Previous cryo-electron microscopy structures have established the general architecture, protein components and stoichiometries of Tetrahymena and human telomerase, but our understandings of the details of DNA-protein and RNA-protein interactions and of the mechanisms and recruitment involved remain limited4-6. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of active Tetrahymena telomerase with telomeric DNA at different steps of nucleotide addition. Interactions between telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), TER and DNA reveal the structural basis of the determination of the 5' and 3' template boundaries, handling of the template-DNA duplex and separation of the product strand during nucleotide addition. The structure and binding interface between TERT and telomerase protein p50 (a homologue of human TPP17,8) define conserved interactions that are required for telomerase activation and recruitment to telomeres. Telomerase La-related protein p65 remodels several regions of TER, bridging the 5' and 3' ends and the conserved pseudoknot to facilitate assembly of the TERT-TER catalytic core.

Zeolites are essential materials to industry due to their adsorption and catalytic properties. The best current approach to prepare a targeted zeolite still relies on trial and error's synthetic procedures since a rational understanding of the impact of synthesis variables on the final structures is still missing. To discern the role of a variety of organic templates, we perform simulations of the early stages of condensation of silica oligomers by combining DFT, Brønsted-Evans-Polanyi relationships and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. We investigate an extended reaction path mechanism including 258 equilibrium reactions and 242 chemical species up to silica octamers, comparing the computed concentrations of Si oligomers with 29 SI NMR experimental data. The effect of the templating agent is linked to the modification of the intramolecular H-bond network in the growing oligomer, which produces higher concentration of 4-membered ring intermediates, precursors of the key double-four ring building blocks present on more than 39 known zeolite topologies.

Providing method descriptions that are more detailed than currently available in typical peer reviewed journals has been identified as an actionable area for improvement. In the biochemical and cell biology space, this need has been met through the creation of new journals focused on detailed protocols and materials sourcing. However, this format is not well suited for capturing instrument validation, detailed imaging protocols, and extensive statistical analysis. Furthermore, the need for additional information must be counterbalanced by the additional time burden placed upon researchers who may be already overtasked. To address these competing issues, this white paper describes protocol templates for positron emission tomography (PET), X-ray computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that can be leveraged by the broad community of quantitative imaging experts to write and self-publish protocols in protocols.io. Similar to the Structured Transparent Accessible Reproducible (STAR) or Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE) articles, authors are encouraged to publish peer reviewed papers and then to submit more detailed experimental protocols using this template to the online resource. Such protocols should be easy to use, readily accessible, readily searchable, considered open access, enable community feedback, editable, and citable by the author.

The prebiotic synthesis of ribonucleotides is likely to have been accompanied by the synthesis of noncanonical nucleotides including the threo-nucleotide building blocks of TNA. Here, we examine the ability of activated threo-nucleotides to participate in nonenzymatic template-directed polymerization. We find that primer extension by multiple sequential threo-nucleotide monomers is strongly disfavored relative to ribo-nucleotides. Kinetic, NMR and crystallographic studies suggest that this is due in part to the slow formation of the imidazolium-bridged TNA dinucleotide intermediate in primer extension, and in part because of the greater distance between the attacking RNA primer 3'-hydroxyl and the phosphate of the incoming threo-nucleotide intermediate. Even a single activated threo-nucleotide in the presence of an activated downstream RNA oligonucleotide is added to the primer 10-fold more slowly than an activated ribonucleotide. In contrast, a single activated threo-nucleotide at the end of an RNA primer or in an RNA template results in only a modest decrease in the rate of primer extension, consistent with the minor and local structural distortions revealed by crystal structures. Our results are consistent with a model in which heterogeneous primordial oligonucleotides would, through cycles of replication, have given rise to increasingly homogeneous RNA strands.

ABC triblock terpolymers are promising soft templates for organic/inorganic hybrids because of their ability to form nanostructures with complex shapes, multiple compartments, and precisely localized chemistry. Exemplified on multicompartment nanofibers (MCNFs) of triblock terpolymers, it is demonstrated that microdomains can be selectively loaded, thereby giving access to nanoscale multimetallic hybrid materials. MCNFs with micrometer length, homogenous diameter (90 nm), and a helix‐on‐cylinder morphology are formed from polystyrene‐block‐polybutadiene‐block‐poly(tert‐butyl methacrylate) (PS‐b‐PB‐b‐PT). After postmodification (cross‐linking/hydrolysis), selective loading with FeCl3, PdCl2, H2PtCl6, AgNO3, CuCl2, or ZnCl2 leads to a variety of hybrid MCNFs analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron tomography, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Mild sulfonation of the PS shell to polystyrene sulfonate renders the MNCFs water‐dispersible and allows the formation of mixed‐bimetallic Pt/Pd/Pt@MCNFs and trimetallic Pt/Pd/Ag@MCNFs. It is demonstrated that the order of loading is key to successfully create multimetallic nanostructures. These and other structures can become useful for energy applications as well as in photo‐ and electrocatalysis.

Teachers in any discipline where reading matters should practice a robust scaffolding pedagogy to teach critical reading, in contrast to the more common but less direct approaches that often leave students to learn or not learn these skills themselves. In this essay, I describe how to adapt established methods for teaching writing (including templates) to teaching reading. To answer critics who might find the approach too “reductive,” I turn to scaffolding theory, which calls for purposefully—but temporarily—reductive teaching. Finally, I present qualitative and quantitative evidence from three years of an American literature course to show how a scaffolding approach can help students read critically.

Orientation‐controlled polymeric fiber is one of the most exciting research topics to rationalize the multifunctionality for various applications. In order to realize this goal, the growth of polymeric fibers should be controlled using various techniques like extrusion, molding, drawing, and self‐assembly. Among the various candidates to fabricate the orientation‐controlled polymeric fibers, the template‐assisted assembly guided by a liquid crystal (LC) matrix is the most promising because the template can be manipulated easily with various methods like surface anchoring, rubbing, geometric confinement, and electric field. This review introduces the recent progress toward the directed growth of polymeric fibers using the LC template. Three representative LC‐templated polymerization techniques to fabricate fibers include chemical or physical polymerization from the monomers mixed in LC matrix, patterned fibers formed from LC‐templated reactive mesogens, and orientation‐controlled nanofibers by infiltrating vaporized monomers between LC molecules. The orientation‐controlled polymeric fibers will be used in electro‐optical switching tools, tunable hydrophilic or hydrophobic surfaces, and control of phosphorescence, which can open a way to design, fabricate, and modulate nano‐ to micron‐scale fibers with various functions on demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creation of nanoscale materials, in particular, the organization of the processes of ordering of the nanoobjects using templates, is one of the main directions of physical materials science and modern-nanotechnologies’ development. The template is a tool for organizing of the physical and chemical processes of structuring of nanoobjects in space and time on its surface due to the near-field interaction. The formation mechanisms of hidden electrostatic image of amorphous molecular semiconductors (AMS) are studied in the work. Template tools of molecular and integrated electronics operate the processes of matter self-organization, control of its structuring after applying on the template surface. This allows obtaining of the objects with a certain molecular organization and topology. The mechanisms of charge accumulation in AMS are studied. The Poole–Frenkel model, which predicts the delocalization of the electric charge released from the capture centre, is analysed with the use of a zone model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An approach of direct bonding of SiC wafers of differing polytypes has been implemented in order to create a template for cubic 3C-SiC homo epitaxy. Hetero epitaxial 3C-SiC layers grown by chemical vapor deposition were transferred onto a hexagonal 6H-SiC wafer. The results of structural characterization showed that the quality of 3C-SiC sublimation epitaxy on the templates is comparable to the level of epitaxy of cubic silicon carbide by chemical vapor deposition method. It was confirmed that the 3C-SiC layer transferred onto the 6H-SiC substrate plays the role of a crystalline "seed" that determines cubic polytype of the overgrown SiC layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need of replicating empirical studies in Computer Science is widely recognized among the research community. It is essential to report the changes of each replication to promote not only the comprehensibility of the evolution of the experimental validity across a family of studies, but also replicability itself. Unfortunately, the lack of proposals for systematic reporting of changes in replications undermines these desirable objectives. The main goal of the work presented in this article is to provide researchers in Computer Science with a systematic tool-supported approach for the specification and reporting of changes in the replications of their empirical studies. Applying Design Science Research, we have developed and validated a composite artifact consisting of (i) a metamodel that formalizes all the relevant concepts related to replications and their changes; (ii) templates and linguistic patterns that facilitate their reporting; and (iii) a proof-of-concept model-based software tool that supports the proposed approach. For its validation, we have carried out a multiple case study that includes 9 families of empirical studies not only from Computer Science, but also from an area as different as Agrobiology , to check the external validity of our approach. The 9 families encompass 23 replication studies and a total of 92 replication changes, for which we have analyzed the suitability of our proposal. The multiple case study revealed some initial limitations of our approach related to threats to experimental validity and context variables. After several improvement iterations on the artifact, all of the 92 replication changes could be properly specified, including also their qualitatively estimated effects on experimental validity and their corresponding visualization. Our proposal for the specification of replication changes seems to fit the needs not only of replications in Computer Science, but also in other research areas. Nevertheless, further research is needed to improve it and disseminate its use among the research community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The molecular imprinting technique has aroused great interest in preparing novel stationary phases, and the resulting materials named molecularly imprinted polymers coated silica packing materials exhibit good performance in separating diverse analytes based on their good characteristics (including high selectivity, simple synthesis, and good chemical stability). To date, mono‐template is commonly used in synthesizing molecularly imprinted polymers‐based stationary phases. The resulting materials always own the disadvantages of low column efficiency and restricted analytes, and the price of ginsenosides with high purity was very high. In this study, to overcome the weaknesses of molecularly imprinted polymers‐based stationary phases mentioned above, the multi‐templates (total saponins of folium ginseng) strategy was used to prepare ginsenosides imprinted polymer‐based stationary phase. The resulting ginsenosides imprinted polymer‐coated silica stationary phase has a good spherical shape and suitable pore structures. Additionally, the total saponins of folium ginseng were cheaper than other kinds of ginsenosides. Moreover, the ginsenosides imprinted polymer‐coated silica stationary phase‐packed column performed well in the separation of ginsenosides, nucleosides, and sulfonamides. The ginsenosides imprinted polymer‐coated silica stationary phase possesses good reproducibility, repeatability, and stability for seven days. Therefore, a multi‐templates strategy for synthesizing the ginsenosides imprinted polymer‐coated silica stationary phase is considered in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The template‐directed C−H insertion of α,β‐unsaturated esters into quinoline was interrogated by using computational quantum chemistry. An energetically viable mechanism for this complex multistep transformation was elucidated, with attention paid throughout to conformational flexibility and alternative ligand binding modes. The selectivity was found to correlate with distortion from a tetrahedral geometry for the carbon atom involved in C−H insertion, a parameter that can be applied to future template design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]