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Livestock producers' operational perspectives and characteristics are known to be associated with silvopasture adoption, but findings in the literature are mixed and contradictory. To study whether characteristics or perspectives more closely relate to silvopasture interest, 307 livestock producers enrolled in cost-share programs in Virginia, United States of America were surveyed. One hundred and thirty-nine producers responded (rate = 45%). Interest in silvopasture was measured using a Likert-type ordinal scale. Respondents reported the following operational characteristics: size in hectares, type and number of livestock, and primary or secondary occupation. Twelve Likert-type ordinal scales were used to measure the following operational perspectives: financial emphasis, cultural importance, and attitudes pertaining to operational diversification using trees. Multivariate cluster methods were used to group respondents into two classification sets, one based on operational characteristics and the other operational perspectives. Tests for significant differences in silvopasture interest between classifications in each set were conducted using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis rank sums (alpha = 0.05). Silvopasture interest differed significantly among classifications based on operational perspectives, but not operational characteristics. Cross-tabulations of the two sets and Cramer's V test indicated that the two classification sets are unrelated. Findings suggest silvopasture interest cuts across operation type and is more closely tied to producers' perspectives, particularly views related to diversification. Technical transfer programs and stakeholder engagement should focus on matching perspectives to practice regardless of operational scale and scope. Published version Public domain – authored by a U.S. government employee

In April and May 1968, two leading employees of the VEB Zementanlagenbau (ZAB) in Dessau travelled from the GDR to Nuevitas, Cuba. ZAB Dessau was in the middle of building a cement plant near the small Cuban town in the province of Camagüey in the East of the country. The reason for the trip was the commissioning of the first kiln line of the plant, but the main purpose was to check “contradictory reports and messages” about a “complicated political-ideological and technical situation” at the...

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans la continuité d'un mémoire de recherche sur Les revêtements céramiques tunisiens du xviie au xixe siècle (sous la direction de Marianne Barrucand, Université Sorbonne - Paris IV, 2002). Cette première approche, très générale, a été le point de départ d’une étude monographique sur la production céramique tunisoise du xviiie siècle et son emploi dans l’architecture contemporaine. Ce travail a pour objectif la mise en contexte historique et l'inscription dans l’espace ...

Partant de certaines caractéristiques particulières à l’architecture de l’épave de la Jeanne Élisabeth (1755), l’article est conçu comme un essai de mise en perspective historique de celles-ci. Il s’agit d’une part de replacer ces caractéristiques particulières au sein de l’ensemble du navire comme architecture, machine et outil de travail et, d’autre part, comme complexe et système techniques suivant le sens donné à ces concepts en histoire des techniques. Une fois établi ce cadre conceptuel, différentes situations historiques sont examinées à partir d’attestations comprises entre le Moyen Âge et l’époque moderne. Sont ainsi évoqués les cas d’imperméabilité technique entre des architectures navales, de coexistence parallèle entre des traditions architecturales, d’influence architecturale et de transfert technique. En conclusion est posée la question de l’interprétation des particularités ou « signatures architecturales » de l’épave de la Jeanne Élisabeth au regard des situations présentées précédemment. Starting from certain characteristics specific to the architecture of the wreck of Jeanne Élisabeth (1755), the article is conceived as an attempt to put them into historical perspective. On the one hand, it is a question of placing these particular characteristics within the whole of the ship as architecture, machine and work tool and, on the other hand, as complex and technical system following the meaning given to these concepts in the history of techniques. Once this conceptual framework has been established, different historical situations are examined on the basis of attestations between the Middle Ages and the modern era. Cases of technical impermeability between naval architectures, parallel coexistence between architectural traditions, architectural influence and and technical transfer. In conclusion, the question of the interpretation of the particularities or « architectural signatures » of the wreck of Jeanne Élisabeth is asked with regard to the situations presented above.

International audience; The exploitation of osseous materials is one of the main innovations associated with the advent of the Upper Paleolithic in Europe. The concept of the Aurignacian, as defined by Abbé Breuil, was used for a long time as a strong argument in favor of a cognitive revolution: its “sudden” appearance was linked to the rapid and systematic diffusion of the Aurignacian culture and the widespread distribution of split-based points in Europe, and upheld the idea of a clear biological and conceptual rupture with the Middle Paleolithic. Since then, several factors have contributed to undermining this model. Renewed studies of Aurignacian osseous technology in Western Europe contribute to the ongoing redefinition of the mechanisms behind the construction of the Upper Paleolithic in Europe.Early Aurignacian osseous production was by no means limited to split-based points, and involved a wide variety of activities. The production of the different materials was already well structured and centered around three main spheres: reindeer antlers were mainly used for weapons, bone for the fabrication of domes- tic equipment and ivory was mostly reserved for ornaments.Although osseous technology was identified in some “transitional” groups, it spread and was durably integrated into techno-economical systems during the Aurignacian. It developed gradually in Europe and based on currently available knowledge, appears to have emerged in the Protoaurignacian societies of Western Europe. The emergence of this new technical domain seems to result from the transfer of wood working techniques to osseous materials, undoubtedly partly linked to a sudden shift in environmental conditions in Europe around 40 000 BP. The evolution of osseous production during the course of the first phases of the Aurignacian provides evidence of profound techno-economic changes, which, backed up by data from lithic studies, reveals powerful sociological changes during the transition between the Middle and Upper Paleolithic.

Teaching architecture is experiencing a moment of opportunity. New methods, like constructivist pedagogy, based on complexity and integration are yet to be explored. In this context of opportunity teaching architecture has a duty to integrate complexity in their curriculum. Teaching methods should also assume inherent indeterminacy and contingency of all complex process. If we accept this condition as part of any teaching method, the notion of truth or falsehood it becomes irrelevant. In this regard it could focus on teaching to contingency of language. Traditionally, technology is defined as the language of science. If we assume contingency as one of the characteristics of language, we could say that technology is also contingent. Therefore we could focus technology teaching to redefine its own vocabulary. So, redefining technological vocabulary could be an area of opportunity for education in architecture. The student could redefine their own tools, technology, to later innovate with them. First redefine the vocabulary, the technology, and then construct the new language, the technique. In the case of Building Technology subjects, it should also incorporate a more holistic approach for enhancing interdisciplinary transfer. Technical transfer, either from nature or other technologies to the field of architecture, is considered as a field of great educational possibilities. Evenmore, student get much broader technical approach that transgresses the boundaries of architectural discipline.

À la fin du XIXe siècle, Buenos Aires draine d’importants flux migratoires venus d’Europe. À cette époque, la ville apparaît comme un chantier perpétuel, qui réunit de nombreux architectes, ingénieurs et entrepreneurs nés outre Atlantique. Si Buenos Aires est souvent présentée comme un « Paris austral », du fait de l’haussmannisation de son centre-ville voulue par l’Intendant Torcuato de Alvear dans les années 1880, les formes architecturales de la ville attestent de manière plus large du rôle joué par les transferts techniques et culturels dans la production du bâti. S’intéresser au secteur de la construction porteña permet de saisir à quel point la réception locale des canons européens est sujette à réappropriation ; une tension constante s’établit entre les « modèles » supposés d’urbanisation et leur interprétation argentine. Porter attention à l’évolution des maisons de Buenos Aires, depuis la réinvention du plan de la « maison coloniale » jusqu’à la construction de maisons modernes en banlieue, comme celles dessinées par Walter Gropius, Auguste Perret ou Le Corbusier, rappelle que l’introduction du moindre élément stylistique ou technique est un compromis entre la « modernité européenne » et l’art de construire vernaculaire, même lorsque les professionnels impliqués dans le secteur de la construction sont nés en Europe. Il est ainsi nécessaire de mettre en avant les relations que les architectes et ingénieurs européens entretiennent avec le marché argentin de la construction. Les liens tissés entre la France et l’Argentine dans ce domaine révèlent une multitude de points de contact entre les cercles diplomatiques, financiers et architecturaux. Si le marché argentin de la construction peut apparaître comme une opportunité commerciale pour les entrepreneurs français, les « transferts inverses » qui permettent aux ingénieurs et architectes étrangers de tirer profit de leur expérience argentine dans leurs réalisations postérieures sont à mentionner. Leur voyage sud-américain semble souvent une excellente manière d’améliorer leur condition professionnelle. Il suffit de s’intéresser aux trajectoires suivies par différents architectes et ingénieurs pour s’en convaincre. Le secteur de la construction porteña n’est pas seulement un champ d’application fécond pour les théories architecturales européennes, mais aussi un cas d’école qui enrichit les débats et les échanges entre les professionnels français et argentins. At the end of the ninetenth century, Buenos Aires was an attractive pole for European migrants. In those years, the city appears as a perpetual worksite which gathered many architects, engineers and builders born on the other side of the Atlantic. If Buenos Aires is often called “Southern Paris”—because of the haussmannization process engaged by the mayor Torcuato de Alvear in the 1880s—the architectural forms of the city highlight the role of cultural and technical transfers in the buildings’ design. A close attention to the building process helps us understand how much the local reception of European canons gave way to improvisation and appropriation, underlining the constant tension between a supposed “model” of urbanization and his Argentine interpretation. Paying attention to the evolution of Buenos Aires houses, it can be shown that the introduction of every new stylistic or technical element is a compromise between the “European modernity” and the vernacular building art. Moreover, understanding the connection between the Argentine building market and the European professionals, such as the architects and engineers, seems decisive. Paying particular attention to Franco-Argentine relations in this sector leads one to realize the importance of the networks between diplomatic, financial and architectural circles. If the Argentine building market can appear as a commercial opportunity for French contractors, we have to mention the “inverse transfers” which allow foreign engineers and architects to benefit of their Argentine experience in their posterior projects and realisations. Thus, the building sector of Buenos Aires not only was a fruitful testing ground for European architectural theories, but also is a case par excellence to enrich our understanding of the debates and interchanges of French and Argentine professionals. Buenos Aires zog im ausgehenden 19. Jahrhundert große Migrantenströme aus Europa an. Die Stadt wirkte damals wie eine Dauerbaustelle, auf der sich die Wege zahlreicher Architekten, Ingenieure und Bauunternehmer kreuzten, die jenseits des Atlantiks geboren worden waren. Bueno Aires wird ‒ aufgrund der durch den Intendanten Torcuato de Alvear in den 1880er Jahren forcierten Haussmannisierung des Stadtzentrums ‒ oft als „Paris des Südens“ bezeichnet. Darüber hinaus belegen die Architekturformen der Stadt allgemeiner die Bedeutung technischer und kultureller Transfers für das Bauen. Aus der näheren Beschäftigung mit dem porteña-Bausektor geht hervor, wie stark die Rezeption des europäischen Kanons vor Ort abermals einem Aneignungsprozess unterworfen war und dass zwischen den vermuteten „Vorbildern“ für die Urbanisierung und ihrer argentinischen Auslegung eine permanente Spannung herrschte. Selbst wenn es sich bei den im Bausektor beschäftigten Fachleuten um gebürtige Europäer handelte, zeugt die Entwicklung des Hausbaus in Buenos Aires ‒ von der Neuerfindung des „Kolonialhaus“-Grundrisses bis hin zum Bau moderner Vorstadthäuser, wie sie Walter Gropius, Auguste Perret oder Le Corbusier entwarfen ‒ davon, dass die Einführung noch des geringsten stilistischen oder technischen Elements einen Kompromiss zwischen europäischer Moderne und regionaltypischer Baukunst darstellte.In diesem Zusammenhang kommt den Beziehungen von europäischen Architekten und Ingenieuren zum argentinischen Bausektor notwendigerweise ein besonderes Augenmerk zu. Die Verbindungen, die auf diesem Gebiet zwischen Frankreich und Argentinien entstanden, weisen eine Vielzahl von Kontaktstellen zwischen Diplomatenkreisen, der Finanzwelt und Architekten auf. Über die Feststellung hinaus, dass der argentinische Bausektor französischen Unternehmern neue wirtschaftliche Perspektiven eröffnete, wollen auch die „gegenläufigen Transfers“ erwähnt sein, bei denen ausländische Ingenieure und Architekten ihre Erfahrung aus Argentinien in späteren Projekten gewinnbringend verwerten konnten. Ein Aufenthalt in Südamerika stellte sich für sie oft als eine ausgezeichnete Möglichkeit dar, um ihre berufliche Situation zu verbessern. Ein Blick auf die Werdegänge verschiedener Architekten und Ingenieure bestätigt dies. Der porteña-Bausektor war nicht nur ein fruchtbares Anwendungsgebiet für europäische Architekturtheorien, sondern auch ein Musterfall, der die Auseinandersetzungen und den Austausch zwischen französischen und argentinischen Fachleuten bereicherte. A finales del siglo xix, Buenos Aires absorbe flujos migratorios llegados de Europa. En esa época, la ciudad es un hervidero urbanístico que aglutina a numerosos arquitectos, ingenieros y emprendedores nacidos allende el mar. Si Buenos Aires es presentada a menudo como un « París austral » – debido a la haussmanización del centro de la ciudad promovida por el intendente Torcuato de Alvear en los años 1880 –, sus formas arquitectónicas expresan mejor el papel que juegan las transferencias técnicas y culturales en la producción de edificios. Centrar la atención en la construcción porteña permite aprehender hasta qué punto la asunción local de los cánones europeos implica una reapropiación: se establece una tensión constante entre los supuestos « modelos » de urbanización y su interpretación argentina. La evolución de las casas de Buenos Aires – desde la reinvención del plano de la « casa colonial » hasta la construcción de casas modernas en los extrarradios, como las que conciben Walter Gropius, Auguste Perret o Le Corbusier – muestra que la introducción del menor elemento estilístico o técnico es un compromiso entre la « modernidad europea » y el arte vernáculo, incluso cuando los profesionales implicados en el sector de la construcción son oriundos de Europa. Es necesario resaltar las relaciones que arquitectos e ingenieros europeos mantienen con el mercado argentino de la construcción. Las relaciones entre Francia y Argentina en este ámbito desvelan numerosos puntos de contacto entre círculos de diplomáticos, financieros y arquitectos. Y si el mercado argentino de la construcción puede parecer una oportunidad comercial a los ojos de los emprendedores franceses, tampoco dejaremos de mencionar las « transferencias inversas » que permiten a los ingenieros y arquitectos extranjeros sacar partido de su experiencia argentina para sus obras posteriores. A menudo su viaje sudamericano parece una excelente manera de mejorar su condición profesional. Basta con fijarse en la carrera profesional de varios arquitectos e ingenieros para convencerse de ello. El sector de la construcción porteña no es sólo un ámbito de aplicación fecundo para las teorías arquitectónicas europeas sino también un caso de escuela enriquecedor de los intercambios entre profesionales franceses y argentinos. Alla fine del xix secolo, Buenos Aires è il punto di passaggio di importanti flussi migratori provenienti dall’Europa. In questo periodo la città ha l’aspetto di un eterno cantiere che ospita numerosi architetti, ingegneri e imprenditori nati oltreatlantico. Buenos Aires è spesso presentata come una «Parigi australe» – a causa dell’haussmannizzazione del centro città voluta dall’Intendente Torcuato de Alvear intorno al 1880 – e le forme architettoniche della città sono la testimonianza del ruolo svolto dai transfert tecnici e culturali nella produzione edilizia. Interessarsi al settore della costruzione porteña permette di capire come la percezione locale dei canoni europei sia in realtà una vera riappropriazione: un filo conduttore costante si crea tra i presunti «modelli» di urbanizzazione e la loro interpretazione argentina. Osservando l’evoluzione delle abitazioni di Buenos Aires – dalla reinvenzione del progetto della « casa coloniale » fino alla costruzione di case moderne di periferia, come quelle disegnate da Walter Gropius, Auguste Perret o Le Corbusier – si può notare come l’introduzione del pur minimo elemento stilistico o tecnico sia un compromesso tra la « modernità europea » e l’arte edilizia vernacolare, anche quando i professionisti del settore della costruzione coinvolti hanno origini europee. È necessario prendere in considerazione le relazioni che gli architetti e gli ingegneri europei mantengono con il mercato argentino della costruzione. I legami creati tra Francia e Argentina in quest’ambito mostrano una moltitudine di punti di contatto tra gli ambienti diplomatici, finanziari ed architettonici. Il mercato argentino della costruzione è un’opportunità commerciale per gli imprenditori francesi, ma non si devono dimenticare i « transfert inversi » che consentono agli ingegneri stranieri di trarre profitto dalla propria esperienza argentina al momento delle loro realizzazioni successive. Il loro viaggio sudamericano si rivela spesso un ottimo modo di migliorare la propria situazione professionale. Basta soffermarsi sui percorsi professionali di diversi architetti e ingegneri per convincersene. Il settore della costruzione porteña non è solo un campo d’applicazione fecondo per le teorie architettoniche europee, ma è anche un esempio tipico, fonte di dibattiti e scambi tra professionisti francesi e argentini.

This thesis provides details concerning the current Navy Ships Parts Control Center Mechanicsburg (SPCC) and Naval Electronic Systems Command (NAVELEX) interface related to reprocurement of 4G cognizance (COG) electronic repairable items. The process involved and the problems which arise in this interface are examined beginning with the triggering process based on the continued monitoring of stock levels at SPCC that initiates the acquisition process, through SPCC's contracting procedures, to the technical procurement data inputs provided by NAVELEX, Technical data transfer, technological change, and military specifications appear to be the major causes of problems in the SPCC/NAVELEX interface. Several alternatives, such as a Technical Support Agreement, are offered as possible solutions to the problems discussed. http://archive.org/details/theimpactoftechn1094520550 Lieutenant, Supply Corps, United States Navy Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Trade is both a driving force for economic growth and economic growth is a major determinant of agricultural trade. This meeting was held at the International Wheat and Maize Research Center (CIMMYT) in Mexico and focused on how trade and economic development are related. Three separate sections comprise the set of papers presented at the meeting. The first, representing the theme day, involved four papers focusing on the relationship between trade and development. The second focused on CIMMYT's role in generating agricultural development through the transfer of high yielding wheat varieties to Third World countries. The third presented a set of short related papers are presented on a variety of topics of current interest.