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In response to the energy crisis and the need for carbon neutrality, developing green heterogeneous catalysts for converting waste vegetable oils into biodiesel is promising for reducing carbon emission and pollution. This study introduces a novel sulphonated lignin-based carbon aerogel catalyst, synthesised through a sol-gel process to form a lignin-based hydrogel, followed by solvent exchange, supercritical CO₂ drying, carbonisation at 400°C in an N₂ atmosphere and sulphonation with sulphuric acid. The catalyst, LCA-S1:10(10), features a nanostructured morphology with a high specific surface area of 78.16 m²/g and a strong -SO₃H acidic intensity of 2.81 mmol g−1. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimise reaction conditions, employing a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) with a two-factor, five-level approach. Optimal conditions included 10 wt% catalyst loading, an oil-to-methanol molar ratio of 1:45, a reaction temperature of 65°C, and a reaction time of 5 hours, achieving a maximum biodiesel conversion of 91.3%. The biodiesel produced met ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards, highlighting its potential for broader application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of sulfonated carbon acid catalysts with strong acidity was prepared by simultaneous carbonization and sulfonation of biomass sucrose in the presence of the organic sulfonating agent sulfosalicylic acid under hydrothermal conditions at temperatures ranging from 150 to 200 °C. It was found from FTIR and XPS spectra that the surface of carbon was efficiently functionalized with –SO3H groups. Research on the mechanism of the sulfonation process indicated that the intermediate 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF), which was easily hydrolyzed from sucrose, was prone to carbonization and functionalized with –SO3H groups simultaneously. Compared with 5-HMF and fructose used as the initial carbon precursor, the slow hydrolysis of sucrose to intermediate 5-HMF to suppress its rapid carbonization is favorable for the efficient grafting of –SO3H groups when sucrose is used as the initial carbon precursor. The prepared sulfonated carbons were evaluated as acid catalysts in a typical ester hydrolysis reaction, namely, hydrolysis of ethyl acetate. The sulfonic acid groups were identified to be the active sites and quantified by a cation-exchange process. The activity of the sulfonated carbon was primarily correlated with the total number of active sites. However, when the total number of the –SO3H groups did not change, higher activities were shown on the sulfonated carbon with higher surface S content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vinyl sulfones are valued for their unique chemical properties and bioactivity, but creating a wide range of different analogs remains a challenge. To address this limitation, we have developed a novel approach that facilitates the synthesis of polysubstituted vinyl sulfones. This method utilizes the dual functionality of NIS as a promoter that enables sulfonation and elimination in the synthesis of vinyl sulfones. We used the broad applicability, efficiency, selectivity, and functional group tolerance of this approach to synthesize more than 70 examples. Additionally, competition experiments have provided insights into the reactivity and selectivity of the transient sulfonyl radical towards various C−C multiple bonds. Herein, we describe using this mild protocol in the late‐stage vinyl sulfonation of complex molecules to simplify the synthesis of specific targets and enable the modification of complex natural products and advanced materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction of hydrazinium sulfate and chlorosulfonic acid in pyridine leads to the pyridinium salt of the hydrazine disulfonate anion, [(SO3)HNNH(SO3)]2−. The salt is the starting material for the preparation of further hydrazine disulfonates, for example of alkaline metals and barium. In all compounds, the [(SO3)HNNH(SO3)]2− anion adopts the gauche conformation. The conformer is chiral but all of the investigated compounds crystallize as racemates. The disulfonate anion can occur in another constitution with the two sulfonate groups attached to only one nitrogen atom. This so‐called hydrazine iso‐disulfonate, [H2NN(SO3)2]2−, has been prepared through a substitution reaction between potassium imidodisulfonate, K2[HN(SO3)2], and hydroxylamine‐O‐sulfonic acid, H2NOSO3H. The hydrazine iso‐disulfonate anion has been crystallized as potassium and barium compound, respectively. The compounds were characterized by XRD, vibrational spectroscopy, DFT calculations and thermal analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction of hydrazinium sulfate and chlorosulfonic acid in pyridine leads to the pyridinium salt of the hydrazine disulfonate anion, [(SO3)HNNH(SO3)]2−. The salt is the starting material for the preparation of further hydrazine disulfonates, for example of alkaline metals and barium. In all compounds, the [(SO3)HNNH(SO3)]2− anion adopts the gauche conformation. The conformer is chiral but all of the investigated compounds crystallize as racemates. The disulfonate anion can occur in another constitution with the two sulfonate groups attached to only one nitrogen atom. This so‐called hydrazine iso‐disulfonate, [H2NN(SO3)2]2−, has been prepared through a substitution reaction between potassium imidodisulfonate, K2[HN(SO3)2], and hydroxylamine‐O‐sulfonic acid, H2NOSO3H. The hydrazine iso‐disulfonate anion has been crystallized as potassium and barium compound, respectively. The compounds were characterized by XRD, vibrational spectroscopy, DFT calculations and thermal analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite decades of research, the fundamental question of structure and morphology of the poly(3,‐4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) complex (PEDT: PSS) electrically conducting polymer remains open. Here, through a systematic study of the polymerization of 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDT) on two series of sulfonated polystyrenes, i.e., PS‐co‐SSH and PS‐co‐SSNa, with per cent sulfonation 24 ≲ x ≲ 100, this study shows that the substrate polyelectrolyte not only affords charge compensation and processability, but also templates the morphology of the growing PEDT chain—whether extended, coiled or collapsed. This determines the electrical, electronic and optical properties of the resultant PEDT: PSS interpolyelectrolyte complexes, including their work function. This study calls this the Polyelectrolyte Template model. The PEDT: PSS complex retains memory of its polymerization morphology even after subsequent ion‐exchange, for example, to the same acid form. Electrical conductivity decreases sharply with decreasing x, and depends on whether the polymerization is templated with the H+ or Na+ form of the polyelectrolyte. The work function is less sensitive to x, but exhibits a transition from low to high work function (5.2–5.3 eV) when x exceeds a threshold, which indicates formation of a polar surface driven by molecular‐scale segregation of the PSS counteranion. This surface segregation also affects the ability of these complexes to inject holes into very large‐ionization‐energy semiconductors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the concept of environmentally friendly production, five kinds of sulfeted castor oil with different organically combined sulfuric anhydride were successfully prepared by sulfur trioxide membrane sulfonation process instead of the traditional concentrated sulfuric acid process, which solved the problem of waste acid and waste inorganic salts in the traditional preparation process・ The successful preparation of sulfated castor oil was demonstrated by means of infrared spectroscopy and chemical analysis. The properties of five sulfated castor oils with different organically combined sulfuric anhydride, namely surface tension, dynamic surface tension, emulsifying power, particle size and leather fatliquoring applica・ tion, were studied and compared with commercially available products・ The results showed that compared with the commercially available products, the sulfated castor oil prepared by SO3 process had better surface activity, with a minimum y沁 of 43 ・ 0 mN/m, a cmc of 9 ・ 3 mg/L, good emulsifying power, a particle size of less than 200 nm, and excellent fatliqouring performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keeping the principles of sustainability in view, this work explores the extraction of indene from pyrolysis oil—a complex by-product of the Ustyurt Gas-Chemical Complex—and its transformation into a novel cationite, highlighting sustainable approaches in chemical engineering and material science. Utilizing advanced analytical techniques, including thermogravimetric analysis (TG), chromato-mass spectrometry, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), indene was efficiently isolated and characterized. The indene extracted exhibited a principal ion peak at a molecular mass (m/z) of 117.0, confirming its purity and potential for further applications. Following extraction, indene underwent sulfonation and polycondensation with 35% formalin under specific conditions (100–110°C, 30–40 atm), resulting in a cationite with a yield of 71%. This synthesized IESA (indene-based sulfonated aromatic cation exchanger), demonstrated significant chemical–physical properties when compared to commercial equivalents, such as a moisture content significantly lower than the KU-2-8 (29.4% vs. 48–58%), and a dynamic exchange capacity (DEC) competitive with industry standards (472 mmol/m3 vs. 500–520 mmol/m3). The study not only showcases the potential of pyrolysis oil as a valuable feedstock for producing high-value chemical products, but also advances the development of new materials from industrial by-products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores a novel sulfonation method for analyzing blue-dyed fabrics containing reactive, direct and indigo dyes. The proposed method accurately distinguishes indigo fabrics by converting indigo blue into indigo carmine using concentrated H2SO4, resulting in distinct spectral analysis through UVVisible spectrophotometry. Generally, UV-Visible spectroscopy shows absorption peak characteristics influenced by analyte and environmental properties, leading to broadening and wavelength shifts. Therefore, statistical analysis of peak characteristics, including center, centroid, Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM), height and L/R ratio, was performed on the obtained spectra to facilitate comprehensive quality evaluation of indigo-dyed fabrics. The proposed method demonstrated good precision and accuracy, with %RSD values indicating excellent repeatability and reproducibility, contingent on consistent sample preparation, narrow analyte peaks and minimized background signals. Furthermore, this method was applied to analyze the collected indigo-dyed fabrics from Sakon Nakhon Province, revealing the center value (611.79 nm) as a precise marker for indigo dye, with a narrow control range (607.02 - 616.56 nm) and a low coefficient of variation (CV) of 0.26 %. Moreover, centroid, L/R ratio and FWHM significantly contributed to fabric classification and quality assessment. This research offers valuable insights to improve indigo fabric production in Sakon Nakhon Province, leading to more reliable authentication and quality control of the natural indigo-dyed industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, an acid catalyst (UiO-66-SO3H) with Brønsted and Lewis acid sites was synthesised for the preparation of highly efficient biodiesel from oleic acid and methanol using chlorosulphonic acid sulfonated metal–organic frameworks (UiO-66) prepared with acetic acid as a moderator. The prepared catalysts were characterised using XRD, SEM, FT-IR and BET. The catalytic efficiency of the sulfonated catalysts was significantly improved and successful sulfonation was demonstrated by characterisation techniques. Biodiesel was synthesised by the one-pot method and an 85.0% biodiesel yield was achieved under optimum conditions of the reaction. The esterification reaction was determined to be consistent with a proposed primary reaction and the kinetics of the reaction was investigated. A reusability study of the catalyst (UiO-66-SO3H) was also carried out with good reproducibility. In conclusion, the present study provides some ideas for the synthesis of catalysts with high catalytic activity for the application in the catalytic preparation of biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesoporous carbon nitride (MCN-K) was prepared using mesoporous KIT-6 material as a template and ethylenediamine and carbon tetrachloride as N and C sources, respectively. The synthesized MCN-K was treated with sulfuric acid under different experimental conditions, thus obtaining sulfonated MCN-KS adsorbents. The effects of initial solution pH, initial dye concentration, adsorbent amount, and temperature on Rhodamine-B (Rh-B) dye removal were investigated. The XRD, FT-IR, and N2 adsorption–desorption analyses confirmed that the mesoporous carbon nitride structure was successfully synthesized. The high nitrogen content (C/N molar ratio: 4.0) of the MCN-K sample was confirmed by (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur) CHNS elemental analysis. The XPS analysis was used to characterize the chemical states of the C, N and S atoms in the MCN-K and MCN-KS sorbents. It was found that there was not much difference between the removal percentages (93.13–89.92%) obtained in the pH range (4–12) studied. This result was attributed to the zwitter-ion form of Rh-B. The exothermic nature of the adsorption process of Rh-B on the MCN-K sorbent was determined by adsorption experiments performed at different temperatures. Adsorption capacities obtained from the Langmuir model were 185.2–104.2 mg/g in the studied temperature range. The kinetic behavior of the adsorption process was explained by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model in terms of both correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.91) and qe (35.59–190.26 mg/g) values. When the percentages of dye removal of the un-sulfonated and sulfonated samples were compared, it was found that sulfonation increased the adsorption rate considerably but did not contribute positively to the dye removal percentage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnCl2 impregnation of the cellulosic precursor is an effective way to generate carbon catalysts with a mesoporous structure and high specific surface area. Herein, we attempt to explore the synthesis of Citrus Limonum Pericarpium (lemon peel), an activated biochar catalyst produced via pyrolysis and consequent sulfonation. The obtained biochar catalyst exhibited notable characteristics, including a high surface area of 863.0 m2 g−1 and a substantial sulfur content of 4.02 wt.% (1.25 mmol g−1) by EDX. Following, analytical techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy, BET, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared, and TGA, were conducted for a comprehensive analysis of the catalyst. Subsequently, we applied the catalyst to optimize the transesterification process of Jatropha curcas oil (JCO), yielding an impressive 95.2% ± 0.4% yield. The optimization parameters were established with a reaction duration of 60 min, a temperature of 100°C, 8 wt.% catalyst, and JCO: MeOH ratio of 1 : 20. Catalyst reusability was probed over seven subsequent cycles with the final yield observed of over 88.4% ± 0.6%, while the decrease in yield was explained by EDX analysis. In summary, our investigation successfully navigated the synthesis and practical application of a sulfonated porous biochar catalyst for JCO transesterification, achieving noteworthy yields while addressing environmental concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sulphur containing natural compounds are among the most biologically relevant metabolites in vivo. Naringenin 8-sulphonate from Parinari excelsa Sabine was evaluated in a previous work, demonstrating ability to act as a natural anti-inflammatory. Although the interference of this molecule against different inflammatory mediators was described, there is no information regarding its potential toxicity and pharmacokinetics, which are essential for its capacity to reach its therapeutic targets. In fact, despite the existence of reports on naringenin ADMET properties, the influence of sulphation patterns on them remains unknown. Objectives: This work aims to assess the in vitro pharmacokinetic and toxicological behavior of naringenin 8-sulphonate, as well as to understand the importance of the presence and position of the sulphur containing group for that. Methods: Naringenin 8-sulphonate physicochemical and ADMET properties were investigated using in silico tools and cell-based in vitro models. At the same time, naringenin and naringenin 4’-O-sulphate were investigated to evaluate the impact of the sulphonate group on the results. ADMETlab 2.0 in silico tool was used to predict the compounds’ physicochemical descriptors. Pharmacokinetic properties were determined experimentally in vitro. While MRC5 lung fibroblasts and HaCaT keratinocytes were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of samples through MTT and LDH assays, Caco-2 human intestinal epithelial cells were used for the determination of genotoxicity, through alkaline comet assay, and as a permeability model to assess the ability of compounds to cross biological barriers. Results: Experimental determinations showed that none of the compounds was cytotoxic. In terms of genotoxicity, naringenin 8-sulphonate and naringenin caused significant DNA fragmentation, whereas naringenin 4’-O-sulphate did not. When it comes to permeability, the two sulphur-containing compounds with a sulphur containing group were clearly less capable to cross the Caco-2 cell barrier than naringenin. Conclusion: In this study, we conclude that the sulphur containing group from naringenin 8-sulphonate is disadvantageous for the molecule in terms of ADMET properties, being particularly impactful in the permeability in intestinal barrier models. Thus, this work provides important insights regarding the role of flavonoids sulphation and sulphonation upon pharmacokinetics and toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the basic dynamic nature of a batch or semi-batch reactor, during operation, the control duty may be altogether a set point tracking problem rather than a regulatory task with a fixed set point. In addition to that in a large number of exothermic reactor control, usually the reaction mass has to be raised to a higher temperature for initiation, and after the reaction sets in large amount of heat has to be extracted, so that the control system have the capabilities to heat as well as to cool the reaction mixture (like LAB Sulfonation). This may be done by manipulating the ratio of hot and cold streams of heat transfer fluids to make a mixed stream to be used as the heat transfer medium by using two 2-way control valves, and heating and cooling loads are splitted between them. The choice of this reactor type has been made on the basis of that the target system of our study is Sulfonation of Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB) to synthesize the product, Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid (LABSA) which is the active species for manufacturing of domestic or industrial detergents. The reaction is essentially carried in semi-batch jacketed reactor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vinyl sulfones are crucial building blocks in synthetic chemistry and core structural units of pharmaceutically active molecules, thus extensive investigations have been conducted on the construction of these skeletons. In contrast to the classical synthetic approaches, the radical sulfonylation of alkynes for producing vinyl sulfones has garnered considerable interest because of its mild conditions and high efficiency. Radical sulfonation of alkynes typically begins with the sulfonyl radical attacking the alkynes, followed by further functionalization. Moreover, the association of metal‐catalyst‐free systems with multicomponent reactions (MCRs) offers an environmentally friendly pathway for efficiently constructing complex scaffolds from readily available partners. However, there is no comprehensive review summarizing the advancements in metal‐catalyst‐free multicomponent radical sulfonylation of alkynes. Hence, we provide a categorical overview based on the objects of sulfonylation of alkynes (hydrosulfonylation, carbosulfonylation, aminosulfonylation, oxysulfonylation, sulfosulfonylation, selenosulfonylation, and iodosulfonylation), along with interpretations of the reaction mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to develop effective strategies for enhancing the removal capacity of aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by modifying conventional porous adsorbents. In this study, a novel HZSM-5 zeolite-supported sulfonic acid (ZSM−OSO3H) was prepared through ClSO3H modification in dichloromethane and employed for the elimination of gaseous o-xylene. The ClSO3H modification enables the bonding of −OSO3H groups onto the HZSM-5 support, achieving a loading of 8.25 mmol·g−1 and leading to a degradation in both crystallinity and textural structure. Within an active temperature range of 110–145 °C, ZSM−OSO3H can efficiently remove o-xylene through a novel reactive adsorption mechanism, exhibiting a removal rate exceeding 98% and reaching a maximum breakthrough adsorption capacity of 264.7 mg. The adsorbed o-xylene derivative is identified as 3,4-dimethylbenzenesulfonic acid. ZSM−OSO3H demonstrates superior adsorption performance for o-xylene along with excellent recyclability. These findings suggest that ClSO3H sulfonation offers a promising approach for modifying various types of zeolites to enhance both the elimination and resource conversion of aromatic VOCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nafion membranes are widely used as proton exchange membranes, but their proton conductivity deteriorates in high-temperature environments due to the loss of water molecules. To address this challenge, we propose the utilization of porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) as a potential solution. PAFs exhibit remarkable characteristics, such as a high specific surface area and porosity, and their porous channels can be post-synthesized. Here, a novel approach was employed to synthesize a PAF material, designated as PAF-45D, which exhibits a specific surface area of 1571.9 m2·g−1 and possesses the added benefits of facile synthesis and a low cost. Subsequently, sulfonation treatment was applied to PAF-45D in order to introduce sulfonic acid groups into its pores, resulting in the formation of PAF-45DS. The successful incorporation of sulfonic groups was confirmed through TG, IR, and EDS analyses. Furthermore, a novel Nafion composite membrane was prepared by incorporating PAF-45DS. The Nyquist plot of the composite membranes demonstrates that the sulfonated PAF-45DS material can enhance the proton conductivity of Nafion membranes at high temperatures. Specifically, under identical film formation conditions, doping with a 4% mass fraction of PAF-45DS, the conductivity of the Nafion composite membrane increased remarkably from 2.25 × 10−3 S·cm−1 to 5.67 × 10−3 S·cm−1, nearly 2.5 times higher. Such promising and cost-effective materials could be envisioned for application in the field of Nafion composite membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raw-poly(n-butyl acrylate (BA)-sodium styrene sulfonate (SS)-neopentyl glycol diacrylate (NPGDA)) (raw-PBSN) films were prepared through a curing process from various BA/SS/NPGDA mixtures (BSN mixture). Sulfonation of the raw-PBSN films was performed via a pretreatment process. As a result, light-brown sulfonated PBSN (SPBSN) films with a thickness of 80 ~ 95 μm were obtained. The ion exchange capacity (IEC), proton conductivity (PC), swelling ratio (SR), and water uptake (WU) of these specimens were improved with an increase in the content of SS within the SPBSN matrix. The SPBSN 25 wt%, SPBSN 30 wt% and SPBSN 35 wt% films containing corresponding SS contents of 25 wt%, 30 wt% and 35 wt%, which are much higher IEC values compared to that of Nafion® 117. Specifically, the PC value of the SPBSN 35 wt% film was approximately 0.211 S/cm, nearly 22.6% higher than that of Nafion® 117 (0.172 S/cm) at a temperature of 80 °C and relative humidity (RH) of 100%. A fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis was conducted to verify the sulfonation of the raw-PBSN films. A transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis served to investigate the hydrophilic domain images of the SPBSN films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we successfully prepare solid acid catalysts using plastic as the starting material for the production of methyl 2-hydroxyisobutyrate (HBM) through the esterification of 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid (HBA) and methanol. Polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are sulfonated at different temperatures (X) to obtain sulfonated polymer catalysts (SPE_X and SPVC_X). Various characterizations clearly confirm the introduction of sulfonic acid groups (–SO3H groups), which serve as active sites in this reaction, on the PE and PVC surfaces via sulfonation. For the SPVC_X catalysts, an excessively high sulfonation temperature facilitate the loss of chlorine groups (–Cl groups) via dehydrochlorination, resulting in a decrease in catalytic activity. In particular, the –Cl groups improve the acidic properties and accessibility of reactants to the –SO3H groups of the SPVC_X catalysts, leading to a high HBM yield. Therefore, the SPVC_120 catalyst show the highest HBM yield (ca. 75%) because of the abundant –SO3H and –Cl groups on the catalyst surface. Furthermore, the catalytic performance of the SPVC_120 catalyst surpassed those of commercial ion-exchange resins such as Amberlyst-15 and Nafion NR50, which are representative solid acid catalysts for esterification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chiral γ-keto sulfones are significant structures in both organic synthesis and pharmaceutical chemistry. Although there are many choices for obtaining racemic forms, only a few enantioselective methods have been reported. We have developed a simple way for obtaining chiral γ-keto sulfones in moderate yields and moderate enantiomeric ratios. Readily available sulfinates were directly used as substrates that could be converted into sulfinic acids by treatment with boric acid. The bifunctional catalyst forms a chiral ion pair with the sulfinic acid and controls the enantioselectivity of the sulfonation through hydrogen bonding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A visible-light-induced K2S2O8-promoted cascade sulfonation/cyclization reaction was established using 3-(2-(ethynyl)phenyl)quinazolinones as efficient substrates under mild conditions. A series of sulfonated quinolino[2,1-b]quinazolinones were successfully synthesized under transition-metal- and photocatalyst-free conditions. Notably, this strategy has the advantages of room temperature and simple operation, easy scale-up, and good functional group tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical generation of highly active and variable free radicals for the synthesis of organic compounds has emerged as a favored approach due to its mild and environmentally friendly characteristics, in contrast to traditional chemical redox reagents. As such, electrochemistry has been extensively applied in a wide range of synthetic transformations for the construction and functionalization of N/S-heterocycles in recent years. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of our recent advancements in the methodology of electrochemically assisted radical generation and its subsequent application in the synthesis and functionalization of diverse N/S-heterocyclic compounds. In practice, we have developed various methodologies for the functionalization of N/S-heterocyclic compounds, including thiocyanation, alkylation, sulfonation, hydrogenation, pyridination, and the synthesis of complex N/S-containing heterocyclic compounds from readily available starting materials in an undivided cell. The methodology and mechanism of electrochemically mediated synthesis and functionalization of N/S-heterocycles will be discussed in terms of direct anodic oxidation, indirect oxidation, cathodic reduction, and paired electrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) hold great potential for grid‐scale energy storage systems, owing to their intrinsic safety and low cost. Nevertheless, their industrialization faces challenges of severe Zn dendrites and parasitic reactions. In this study, sulfonated cellulose separator (denoted as CF‐SO3) with low thickness, exceptional mechanical strength, and large ionic conductivity is developed. Benefiting from the electrostatic repulsion between ─SO3− functional groups and SO42− anions and the strongly interaction between ─SO3− and Zn2+ cations, the migration of SO42− anions can be restricted, the 2D diffusion of Zn2+ ions at the surface of Zn electrode can be suppressed, and the desolvation of hydrated Zn2+ ions can be promoted. Concurrently, the homogeneous nanochannels within CF‐SO3 separator can ensure uniform electric field and Zn2+ ion flux. With these benefits, the CF‐SO3 separator enables Zn//Zn cells to run stably for 1200 h at 4 mAh cm−2 by facilitating oriented and dendrite‐free Zn deposition. Under a large depth of discharge of 68.3%, a life span of 400 h can still be achieved. Additionally, the reliability of CF‐SO3 separator is confirmed in Zn//MnO2 and Zn//H11Al2V6O23.2 full batteries with high mass loading conditions. This work provides valuable guidance for the advancement of high‐performance separators of AZIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present paper, structures and properties of degradation products of polystyrene (PS) waste were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and thus the degradation conditions including temperature, time, and assistant type and dosage were investigated and optimized. It is suitable to use 1.0 wt% K2S2O8 as an assistant to degrade PS waste at 300°C for 24 h. Subsequently by sulfonation and neutralization reactions, the degraded PS was prepared into sodium polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), a common dispersant for coal‒water slurry (CWS). The performance of PSS with different molecular weights and sulfonation degrees was studied. Experimental results showed that the PSS with the sulfonation degree of more than 75%, prepared from the degraded PS having number average molecular weight (Mn) of about 9000, was appropriate for dispersion and stabilization of CWS suspensions. Additionally, compared with commercial dispersant NSF, the obtained PSS had a better performance for CWS. CWSs prepared with dispersant PSS exhibited pseudo-plastic or shear-thinning rheological behaviors. Combined with coal‒water slurry technology, a new approach is provided for resource utilization of PS waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reactions of 1-alkynylphosphines with Et2Zn in the presence of catalytic amounts of Cp2ZrCl2 and EtMgBr proceed regio- and stereoselectively to afford (1Z)-alkenylphosphines. The oxidation and sulfonation of synthesized 1-alkenylphosphines with an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide or elemental sulfur give (1Z)-alkenylphosphine oxides and (1Z)-alkenylphosphine sulfides, respectively. A plausible scheme for the Zr—Mg-catalyzed 2-zincoethylzincation of 1-alkynylphosphines was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composite electrolyte membranes were fabricated using sulfonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK) as the precursor material and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technology, resulting in enhanced ionic conductivity, water absorption, and low methanol permeability. The water absorption of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) electrolyte membranes was enhanced by the sulfonation process, attributed to the formation of efficient ion pathways. The results showed that the ion exchange capacity(IEC) value of the SPEEK electrolyte membrane increased to 1.38 meq/g as the sulfonation time was extended from 3 h to 12 h, concurrently resulting in an increase in the degree of sulfonation to 46%. After sulfonation, the decomposition temperature of the electrolyte membrane decreased, reaching a lower value of 420 °C. As the sulfonation time increased, the ionic conductivity exhibited an increase from 1.37 x 10-10 S/cm to 1.16 x 10-4 S/cm, meanwhile the methanol diffusion coefficient demonstrated a decrease to 2.183 x 10-7 cm²/s. The study indicates that using sulfonation and supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction processes can prepare SPEEK electrolyte membrane with high ionic conductivity and low methanol permeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adsorption is a preferred decontamination process for the treatment of industrial effluents, and various materials have been developed for this purpose. In the present work, esters based on sulfonated poly(ether ketone)/ionic liquids were prepared and their structures were evaluated by Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out on a mixed solution comprising Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+ ions with concentration ranging from 4 to 10 μg L-1. The adsorption affinity of the esters expressed as the equilibrium metal ions uptake capacity, qe (mg g-1) was in the order: Pb2+ (6.2), Cd2+ (5.1), Cu2+ (2.8) and Zn2+ (0.8). It was interesting to observe the low values of qe of all adsorbents for Zn2+, which is advantageous in the treatments of wastewater as Zn2+ present in high concentration and could reduce the ion exchange capacity of the adsorbent largely toward other metal ions pollutant. Esterification with ionic liquids open the opportunity to upcycle polymer wastes that can be sulfonated, such as polystyrene, PEEK and its cross-linked form.

In response to the energy crisis and the need for carbon neutrality, developing green heterogeneous catalysts for converting waste vegetable oils into biodiesel is promising for reducing carbon emission and pollution. This study introduces a novel sulphonated lignin-based carbon aerogel catalyst, synthesised through a sol-gel process to form a lignin-based hydrogel, followed by solvent exchange, supercritical CO₂ drying, carbonisation at 400°C in an N₂ atmosphere and sulphonation with sulphuric acid. The catalyst, LCA-S1:10(10), features a nanostructured morphology with a high specific surface area of 78.16 m²/g and a strong -SO₃H acidic intensity of 2.81 mmol g−1. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimise reaction conditions, employing a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) with a two-factor, five-level approach. Optimal conditions included 10 wt% catalyst loading, an oil-to-methanol molar ratio of 1:45, a reaction temperature of 65°C, and a reaction time of 5 hours, achieving a maximum biodiesel conversion of 91.3%. The biodiesel produced met ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards, highlighting its potential for broader application.

AbstractRenewable energy requires long-duration energy storage technologies, of which vanadium flow battery is regarded as the ­most suitable candidate for safe and long-duration energy storage ­applications. However, vanadium flow batteries still suffer from capacity decay and low power density, which arise from membrane degradation and high resistance. Herein, a sulfonated poly (4,4′-diphenylether-5,5′-bibenzimidazole) (SOPBI) membrane is reported for use in vanadium redox flow batteries. The prepared SOPBI membranes show an area resistance of 0.63 Ω cm2 at room temperature after doped with 3 M H2SO4. Moreover, membranes with 3 M H2SO4 doping exhibit tensile stress at break of 15.1 MPa. Benefiting from the SOPBI membrane, the all-vanadium redox flow battery delivers a superior energy efficiency of 77.7% at 140 mA cm−2 while operating stably at a current density of 120 mA cm−2 for 200 cycles.

The emulsion graft polymerization process was used to synthesize a novel polyglycidyl methacrylate grafted silanized bamboo fiber composites. The grafting percentage was assessed by varying surfactant, initiator and monomer concentrations. The surface morphologies and thermal behavior of the biocomposites were analyzed using FTIR, SEM, XRD and TGA techniques. In batch adsorption studies, the effect of adsorption parameters like pH, adsorption time, adsorbent dose and solution temperature were examined on the adsorption efficiency of lead ions. The adsorption capacity of biosorbent composites was enhanced through conversion of epoxy group of Poly glycidyl methacrylate (PGMA) into sulfonic acid groups via sulfonation process. The sulfonic acid groups were incorporated into VMBF-g-PGMA by stirring the grafted sample in H2SO4 (98 %) for 2 h at 90 °C to obtain sulfonated grafted polymer (VMBF-g-PGMA-S). By increasing the concentration of monomers up to 5 %, the maximum grafting percentage (289 %) was achieved. The grafting % increases rapidly from 0.5 to 0.20 g initiator and at 0.20 g of initiator, the highest grafting yield was 512 %. The maximum Pb+2 adsorption capacity of adsorbent was 200 mg/g. The thermodynamic parameters for pb+2 adsorption revealed an exothermic and spontaneous nature of sorption process, and the entropy change showed that there are no substantial structural changes occurred in biosorbent material. The experimental results confirmed that sulfonated biosorbent composites are effective, economical, and promising adsorbent which could be used for removal of lead and other ions from aqueous solution.

Bangka Belitung Islands Province faces severe environmental challenges, exacerbated by illegal tin mining activities leading to heightened pollution levels, particularly in stagnant water within former tin mining holes, reaching depths of up to 40 meters. The presence of iron metal (Fe) in this water poses a health risk, potentially damaging intestinal walls and compromising lung function upon ingestion. This study presents a novel approach to address this issue by synthesizing porous carbon material from propylene waste sourced from medical masks. The process involves initial sulfonation for sterilization and pore size enhancement, followed by activation using KOH and carbonization at 750 °C. Characterization methods validate the successful synthesis, including FTIR highlighting polypropylene groups at 822 cm-1, XRD indicating graphite carbon with high crystallinity, and SEM exhibiting rod shapes and cavities at 5,000í— magnification. The adsorption test demonstrates outstanding performance, with porous carbon exhibiting a 100% adsorption efficiency in purifying water, eliminating odors, and reducing iron (Fe) levels. This innovative method effectively reduces iron levels in stagnant water environments, providing a sustainable solution to environmental pollution, particularly in Bangka Belitung.

Background: Conventional methods of biodiesel (FAME) synthesis often involve transesterification processes that are catalysed by homogeneous catalysts, which present challenges in terms of catalyst recovery, environmental impact, and production cost. Heterogeneous catalysts, particularly those derived from agricultural waste, have emerged as promising alternatives due to their reusability, environmental friendliness, and cost-effectiveness. Objectives: The study aims to bridge gaps by providing a comprehensive kinetic analysis of biodiesel production using a synthesized and novel, doum-shell catalyst. It incorporates first, second, and third-order rate model kinetics, alongside the determination of some energy parameters. Methods: Doum palm shell (DPS) was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), and then carbonized, ground, and sulfonated to create a biochar catalyst, which was then used in the esterification of palmitic acid (PA) with methanol. Kinetic modelling of the esterification process was performed, followed by deriving thermodynamic parameters using Arrhenius and Eyring-Polanyi equations. Results: Kinetic modelling identified the First-Order reaction as the most appropriate for describing the esterification process at an optimum performing temperature of 55 °С, 180 min reaction time and rate constant, k = 7 · 10-4 min-1. Thermodynamic parameters were derived from the Arrhenius and Eyring-Polanyi equations, providing a deeper understanding of the energy changes involved in the esterification reaction. The activation energy, pre-exponential factor, entropy, enthalpy and free energies obtained for the First-Order, describe the catalysing of the synthesis process by DPS as robust, reversible, non-spontaneous, feasible and energy efficient. In both kinetics and thermodynamics carried out, the Second- and Third-Order of reaction analysis described the experimental data poorly due to lower R2 values comparative to the First-Order rate at 45, 55 and 65 °С. FTIR analysis confirmed the successful conversion of feedstock to biodiesel, with distinct ester functional groups such as, –OH, –SO3H and –COOH groups, identified in the DPS catalyst. Conclusions: This research lays the groundwork for future studies and large-scale implementation of this catalyst in biodiesel production, particularly in regions with abundant doum palm resources. Through comprehensive experimentation and analysis, the carbonized doum-shell catalyst was demonstrated to be a viable and efficient option for FAME synthesis from PA and methanol.

Although sulfonation plays crucial roles in various biological processes and is frequently utilized in medicinal chemistry to improve water solubility and chemical diversity of drug leads, it is rare and underexplored in ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs). Biosynthesis of RiPPs typically entails modification of hydrophilic residues, which substantially increases their chemical stability and bioactivity, albeit at the expense of reducing water solubility. To explore sulfonated RiPPs that may have improved solubility, we conducted co-occurrence analysis of RiPP class-defining enzymes and sulfotransferase (ST), and discovered two distinctive biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) encoding both lanthipeptide synthetase (LanM) and ST. Upon expressing these BGCs, we characterized the structures of novel sulfonated lanthipeptides and determined the catalytic details of LanM and ST. We demonstrate that SslST-catalyzed sulfonation is leader-independent but relies on the presence of A ring formed by LanM. Both LanM and ST are promiscuous towards residues in the A ring, but ST displays strict regioselectivity toward Tyr5. The recognition of cyclic peptide by ST was further discussed. Bioactivity evaluation underscores the significance of the ST-catalyzed sulfonation. This study sets up the starting point to engineering the novel lanthipeptide STs as biocatalysts for hydrophobic lanthipeptides improvement.

Linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid (ABSA) is used to produce industrial and domestic synthetic detergents and is obtained via a multistage technology. Unsteady-state mathematical model considering mass transfer was developed for linear alkylbenzenes (LAB) sulfonation technological stage. With use of the developed model we studied how the modes in the film sulfonation reactor influence the product quality and yield. The varied parameters were SO3 concentration in the air flow, process temperature and SO3/LAB molar ratio. It was found that the air flow rate of 10,000 m3/h, temperature 30 °C, pressure 170 kPa are the optimal process conditions. Under these conditions, the degree of the feedstock conversion is close to 1, and the share of the target product is about 98.4 wt.%.

This study prepared sulfonated Camellia oleifera shell biochar using Camellia oleifera shell agricultural waste as a carbon source, and evaluated its performance as a catalyst for preparing biodiesel. The biochar obtained from carbonizing Camellia oleifera shells at 500 °C for 2 h serves as the carbon skeleton, and then the biochar is sulfonated with chlorosulfonic acid. The sulfonic acid groups are mainly grafted onto the surface of Camellia oleifera shell biochar through covalent bonding to obtain sulfonic acid type biochar catalysts. The catalysts were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Nitrogen adsorption-desorption Brunel-Emmett-Taylor Theory (BET), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The acid density of the sulfonated Camellia oleifera fruit shell biochar catalyst is 2.86 mmol/g, and the specific surface area is 2.67 m2/g, indicating high catalytic activity. The optimal reaction conditions are 4 wt% catalyst with a 6:1 alcohol to oil ratio. After esterification at 70 °C for 2 h, the yield of biodiesel was 91.4%. Under the optimal reaction conditions, after four repeated uses of the catalyst, the yield of biodiesel still reached 90%. Therefore, sulfonated Camellia oleifera shell biochar is a low-cost, green, non-homogeneous catalyst with great potential for biodiesel production by esterification reaction in future development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofuels are one of the renewable fuels needed to replace fossil fuels. Making biofuels requires an acid/base catalyst to speed up the reaction, one of which is esterification. This study aimed to produce sulfonated carbon from coconut shells and water hyacinth, which was carbonized at 300 °C for 6 h. It was reacted with 96 % sulfuric acid at 150 °C with variations in sulfonation times and variations in sulfonation cycles. The highest acid concentration catalyst results were obtained on water hyacinth raw materials at 1.2 mmol/g and coconut shells at 1.215 mmol/g. The more sulfonation cycles will increase the acid concentration value. The value of the catalyst activity test in the esterification reaction of the water hyacinth catalyst can convert Free Fatty Acid (FFA) better than the coconut shell catalyst. Conversion of esters in the esterification process is 75.28 % in the water hyacinth catalyst and 57.62 % in the coconut shell catalyst. The coconut shell and water hyacinth catalysts were sulfonated in the presence of Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) absorption spectra at wave numbers 1,035.77 cm-1 for the coconut catalyst and 1,033.85 cm-1 for the water hyacinth catalyst, which is a strong S=O group. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis results indicate that the carbon sulfonate acid catalyst is amorphous. The constant kinetics of the water hyacinth catalyst reaction is 0.0139 L/mol.h, while for the coconut shell catalyst, it is 0.0045 L/mol.h. Coconut shell and water hyacinth raw materials can be used as heterogeneous acid catalysts after sulfonation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although sulfonation plays crucial roles in various biological processes and is frequently utilized in medicinal chemistry to improve water solubility and chemical diversity of drug leads, it is rare and underexplored in ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs). Biosynthesis of RiPPs typically entails modification of hydrophilic residues, which substantially increases their chemical stability and bioactivity, albeit at the expense of reducing water solubility. To explore sulfonated RiPPs that may have improved solubility, we conducted co-occurrence analysis of RiPP class-defining enzymes and sulfotransferase (ST), and discovered two distinctive biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) encoding both lanthipeptide synthetase (LanM) and ST. Upon expressing these BGCs, we characterized the structures of novel sulfonated lanthipeptides and determined the catalytic details of LanM and ST. We demonstrate that SslST-catalyzed sulfonation is leader-independent but relies on the presence of A ring formed by LanM. Both LanM and ST are promiscuous towards residues in the A ring, but ST displays strict regioselectivity toward Tyr5. The recognition of cyclic peptide by ST was further discussed. Bioactivity evaluation underscores the significance of the ST-catalyzed sulfonation. This study sets up the starting point to engineering the novel lanthipeptide STs as biocatalysts for hydrophobic lanthipeptides improvement. Sulfonation improves the solubility of drug-like molecules, yet remains absent in the hydrophobic lanthipeptides. Genome mining and biochemical studies reveal new sulfonated lanthipeptides and define unique cyclic peptide-specific sulfotransferases. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bangka Belitung Islands Province faces severe environmental challenges, exacerbated by illegal tin mining activities leading to heightened pollution levels, particularly in stagnant water within former tin mining holes, reaching depths of up to 40 meters. The presence of iron metal (Fe) in this water poses a health risk, potentially damaging intestinal walls and compromising lung function upon ingestion. This study presents a novel approach to address this issue by synthesizing porous carbon material from propylene waste sourced from medical masks. The process involves initial sulfonation for sterilization and pore size enhancement, followed by activation using KOH and carbonization at 750°C. Characterization methods validate the successful synthesis, including FTIR highlighting polypropylene groups at 822 cm-1, XRD indicating graphite carbon with high crystallinity, and SEM exhibiting rod shapes and cavities at 5,000× magnification. The adsorption test demonstrates outstanding performance, with porous carbon exhibiting a 100% adsorption efficiency in purifying water, eliminating odors, and reducing iron (Fe) levels. This innovative method effectively reduces iron levels in stagnant water environments, providing a sustainable solution to environmental pollution, particularly in Bangka Belitung. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethylenediamine-bisborane (EDB), with its high hydrogen storage capacity, has been in the limelight among researchers. In this study, a new catalytic hybrid material (Pd@ r GO-SO 3 H), comprising sulfonated reduced graphene oxide (r GO-SO 3 H) and palladium (Pd), was developed. This material serves as a highly efficient and reusable catalyst in the hydrogen production from EDB hydrolysis. The synthesized EDB, r GO-SO 3 H, and Pd@ r GO-SO 3 H were characterized using ICP-OES, PXRD, XPS, SEM, TEM, and TEM/EDX tools. The initial TOF value of the Pd@ r GO-SO 3 H catalyst in hydrogen production from EDB hydrolysis was calculated as 136 min−1. This TOF value was found to be remarkably high compared to related studies in the literature. The reusability performance of Pd@ r GO-SO 3 H was observed to be quite stable. Finally, activation parameters, such as activation energy (E a), activation enthalpy (ΔH # ), and activation entropy (ΔS # ) for the hydrolysis reaction, were calculated by conducting catalytic reactions at different temperatures using relevant equations. • R GO–SO 3 H–supported Pd NPs were prepared by easy and reproducible way. • Pd NPs in the Pd@ r GO-SO 3 H catalyst system have a mean size of 2.20 nm. • R GO–SO 3 H–supported Pd NPs were tested as catalyst for the hydrolysis of EDB. • Activity of the catalyst is 136 min−1 for EDB hydrolysis at 298 K. • R GO–SO 3 H–supported Pd NPs could be recycled for at least twenty runs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inter-molecular π–π stacking interactions of aromatic systems play crucial roles in functional nanomaterials and therapeutics. Herein, we developed a series of novel 8-hydroxyquinoline-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) conjugates (PH1–PH3) by coupling 8-hydroxyquinoline with a series of PAHs such as naphthalene, anthracene, and pyrene. A second series of quinoline-PAH derivatives (PD1–PD3) has also been developed by sulfonating the quinoline –OH of the first series. Crystallographic analyses of these compounds revealed exciting structural and supramolecular features. Supramolecular analyses of PH series compounds revealed that the crystal packing interactions in these compounds are dominated by intermolecular C–H⋯O and C–H⋯π interactions, in which the C–H⋯O interactions lead to the formation of zig-zag 1D chains in the crystal lattice, which are interconnected to a 3D network by various intermolecular C–H⋯π interactions. Compared to the PH series, the supramolecular interactions in the PD series are dominated by π–π and C–H⋯π interactions. In these compounds, two adjacent V-shaped molecules are arranged in a dimeric fashion such that one arm of the V-shaped molecule is packed within the cleft formed by the arms of the other. In the crystal lattice of PD series compounds, such dimers are interconnected through π–π interactions into 1D chains/2D sheets, which are further interconnected into 2D/3D networks through additional C–H⋯π/π–π stacking interactions. The preliminary cytotoxicity properties of PH and PD series compounds were evaluated using human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2 cells). It was observed that the presence/absence of –OH group on the quinoline ring and the size of the PAH ring play significant roles in determining the cytotoxicity of these compounds. The PH series compounds with an –OH substituent on the quinoline ring exhibited comparatively better cytotoxicity (IC50 values in the range 8.03–11.72 μM) than the PD series compounds (IC50 values in the range 9.48–38.16 μM) with sulfonated quinoline moiety. The compound bearing pyrene PAH and –OH substituent on the quinoline ring exhibited the best cytotoxicity (IC50 = 8.03 μM) among all the compounds tested. The present study, therefore, shows that the quinoline-PAH conjugates can exhibit interesting structural and supramolecular properties along with appreciable cytotoxic effects. Further, these properties could be fine-tuned by changing the size of the PAH ring and the substituent on the quinoline ring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a recent uptake in the use of polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK), which is an organic thermoplastic polymer, in the manufacturing of various medical devices, implants, and equipment. Finding the best time and procedure for PEEK after sulfonation is the goal of this research. A total of 30 PEEK discs were sulfonated in this study by immersing them in concentrated (H2SO4) sulfuric acid for various durations and subsequently treated using various post-treatment techniques. Five experiments were carried out, aimed studying the effect of immersion time (5 s–2 min). The methods used as post-treatment were hydrothermal treatment, immersion in NaOH, and washing with acetone. The sulfonation time was measured, and the post-treatment techniques, surface characterizations, were conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Electron Optics Instruments, LLC., West Orange, NJ, USA), atomic force microscopy (AFM) (AFM, Vía Burton, CA, USA), and hydrophilic properties. The results were confirmed by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The findings of this study demonstrate that sulfonating PEEK caused a structure with a porous network to form in every sample. As the sulfonation time increased, the porous structure became more noticeable and the concentration increased. As a consequence, the roughness of the surface increased notably, and the modified PEEK surface's wettability improved noticeably. Hydrothermal treatment was determined to be the most successful way for eliminating the leftover sulfuric acid, and sulfonation for 2 min was determined to be ideal. By understanding the best post-treatment procedures and ideal sulfonation duration, a theoretical foundation for the production of sulfonated PEEK for orthopedic uses may be laid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arylsulfonyl chlorides reacted with 1-methoxy-3-methyltriaz-1-ene 2-oxide sodium salt to give corresponding new 3-arylsulfonyl-1-methoxy-3-methyltriaz-1-ene 2-oxides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sulfonation of long-flame coal from the Zadubrovsky mine in the Kemerovo region (Kuznetsk Basin) yields sulfocationite with excellent characteristics. The cation exchange capacity of sulfocationite for 0.1 M NaCl solution is 1.0 mg-eq/g (500 mg mol/dm3). Sulfocationite has a glassy gel-like structure. It is characterized by mechanical strength and chemical stability and may be used for deep demineralization of water at thermal power stations and boiler systems. On the basis of 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis, an elementary structure in sulfocationite has been proposed, with optimization by the PM7 method using MOPAC 2016 software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The materials traditionally used for implant applications, such as titanium alloys, cobalt chromium, and zirconium, often require surface modifications to achieve the desired osseointegration. These materials still have the problematic stress-shielding effect. To limit stress shielding, PEEK is the superior alternative to fulfill implant needs. However, the traditional methods of modifying and functionalizing the surface of PEEK are often expensive, time consuming, and are not easily translated into commercialization. Sulfonation is a process, which is dependent on controllable factors. Thus far, no research has been performed to optimize the sulfonation process. Our data suggest that the process factors can be controlled and optimized. Cellular activity was examined on the optimized PEEK surfaces through testing with pre-osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells through cell viability (MTT assay), cell proliferation (DNA assay), cell differentiation (ALP assay), and cell mineralization (Alizarin red assay). Overall, sulfonated and heat-treated PEEK exhibited a statistically significant increase in DNA content over the course of 21 days, indicating more cell proliferation and viability for that surface. In vitro testing results showed that the optimized sulfonated and heat-treated PEEK exhibited superior cell proliferation and mineralization performance over smooth PEEK and sulfonated-only PEEK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photocatalytic efficiency of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) in hydrogen production is primarily hindered by its poor absorption of visible light, rapid recombination of electron-hole pairs, and the absence of hydroxyl radical formation. Herein, a novel g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets functionalized with sulfonic acid groups were effectively produced through thermal polymerization of melamine and 2, 4-diamino-6-phenyl-1, 3, 5-triazine (DPT), followed by sulfonation treatment. The introduction of the phenyl group brings about alterations to the initial symmetrical arrangement of g-C 3 N 4 , leading to the disruption of certain hydrogen bonds. This, in turn, facilitates the movement of electrons from the n to π* orbitals, resulting in enhanced light absorption and improved efficiency in charge separation. Moreover, it induces modifications to the band structure and amplifies the production of hydroxyl radicals. Additionally, the introduction of sulfonic acid enhances the water affinity and the ability of dispersing graphitic carbon nitride in water. The optimized sulfonated benzene-substituted g-C 3 N 4 (1000-BCN-SO 3 H) with a melamine to DPT ratio of 4:1 exhibits a maximum hydrogen production rate of 6.52 mmol·h−1·g−1 under simulated sunlight irradiation with good cycling stability, which is 3.93 times higher than that of g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets. This research offers a promising opportunity for a novel approach in advancing carbon nitride materials for effective photocatalytic processes. [Display omitted] • Sulfonated benzene functionalized g-C 3 N 4 was prepared by thermal polymerization and sulfonation reactions. • Sulfonation created many voids and enhanced the hydrophilicity and water dispersion. • The increased absorption at 490 nm was due to the process of n→π* excitation. • 1000-BCN-SO 3 H nanosheets exhibit excellent photocatalytic performance and stability. • The hydrogen evolution of 1000-BCN-SO 3 H is 3.93 times that of pure g-C 3 N 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a comparative analysis of S‐annulated perylene tetraester (PTE‐S) and its sulfone (PTE‐SO2) analogue. This sulfone modification reduced melting point and stabilized a room temperature columnar rectangular (Colr) phase in contrast to its parent PTE‐S which showed a crystalline behaviour at room temperature. This molecular design also leads to red‐shifted absorbance and emission in comparison to PTE‐S, along with a tuning of photoluminescence from sky blue to green, achieving an impressive quantum yield of 85 %. OLED devices fabricated using PTE‐SO2 as emitter material at concentrations of 0.2, 0.5, and 1 wt.% in CBP as host material. A maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 2.9 % was observed with the 0.5 wt.% PTE‐SO2 in CBP with CIE coordinates of (0.45, 0.35), accompanied by an orange luminance of 848 cd/m2. Notably, a device with a 0.5 wt% doping concentration of PTE‐S demonstrates an EQE of 3.5 %, and cyan luminance of 2,598 cd/m2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is of interest because of its excellent mechanical properties. However, the bioinert nature of PEEK limits its use in clinical applications. In this study, a series of micro/nanostructures combining nano‐, submicron‐, and microscale on PEEK were fabricated with 0.5, 1, 4, and 6 min of sulfonation time (S1, S2, S3, and S4). Compared to the flat surface on PEEK, the micro/nanostructure of different sizes all significantly promote cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3‐E1 cells. It is shown that micro/nano‐porous structures with smaller size and lower roughness of S1 enabled faster cell propagation. The results of alkaline phosphatase staining, alizarin red staining, and quantitative real‐time PCR reveal that the osteogenic activity of MC3T3‐E1 cells gradually decreases with the increasement of pore size, indicating that the micro/nanostructured topography of S1 generated substantially increased matrix mineralization and bone‐like nodule formation, compared to the 3D network surface. This work provides an effective strategy for designing biomaterials with potential clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organisms have conversion systems for sulfate ion to take advantage of the chemical features. The use of biologically converted sulfonucleotides varies in an evolutionary manner, with the universal use being that of sulfonate donors. Sulfotransferases have the ability to transfer the sulfonate group of 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate to a variety of molecules. Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) play a role in the metabolism of low-molecular-weight compounds in response to the host organism's living environment. This review will address the diverse functions of the SULT in evolution, including recent findings. In addition to the diversity of vertebrate sulfotransferases, the molecular aspects and recent studies on bacterial and plant sulfotransferases are also addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The C(sp2)-aryl sulfonate functional group is found in bioactive molecules, but their synthesis can involve extreme temperatures (>190 °C or flash vacuum pyrolysis) and strongly acidic reaction conditions. Inspired by the 1917 Tyrer industrial process for a sulfa dye that involved an aniline N(sp2)-SO3 intermediate en route to a C(sp2)-SO3 rearranged product, we investigated tributylsulfoammonium betaine (TBSAB) as a milder N-sulfamation to C-sulfonate relay reagent. Initial investigations of a stepwise route involving TBSAB on selected anilines at room temperature enabled the isolation of N(sp2)-sulfamate. Subsequent thermal rearrangement demonstrated the intermediary of a sulfamate en route to the sulfonate; however, it was low-yielding. Investigation of the N-sulfamate to C--sulfonate mechanism through control experiments with variation at the heteroatom positions and kinetic isotope experiments (KIEH/D) confirmed the formation of a key N(sp2)-SO3 intermediate and further confirmed an intermolecular mechanism. Furthermore, compounds without an accessible nitrogen (or oxygen) lone pair did not undergo sulfamation- (or sulfation) -to-sulfonation under these conditions. A one-pot sulfamation and thermal sulfonation reaction was ultimately developed and explored on a range of aniline and heterocyclic scaffolds with high conversions, including N(sp2)-sulfamates (O(sp2)-sulfates) and C(sp2)-sulfonates, in up to 99 and 80% (and 88% for a phenolic example) isolated yield, respectively. Encouragingly, the ability to modulate the ortho-para selectivity of the products obtained was observed under thermal control. A sulfonated analog of the intravenous anesthetic propofol was isolated (88% yield), demonstrating a proof-of-concept modification of a licensed drug alongside a range of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing heterocyclic fragments used in drug discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]