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We assessed the subsistence-related variation of the human gut microbiome at a fine resolution for two of the main dimensions of microbiome variation, age and geography. For this, we investigated the fecal microbiome and metabolome in rural Bassa and urbanized individuals from Nigeria, including infants, and compared data with worldwide populations practicing varying subsistence. Our data highlight specific microbiome traits that are progressively lost with urbanization, such as the dominance of pristine fiber degraders and the low inter-individual variation. For the Bassa, this last feature is the result of their subsistence-related practices favoring microbial dispersal, such as their extensive environmental contact and the usage of untreated waters from the Usuma River. The high degree of microbial dispersal observed in the Bassa meta-community nullifies the differences between infant and adult intestinal ecosystems, suggesting that the infant-type microbiome in Western populations could be the result of microbiome-associated neotenic traits favored by urbanization. Ayeni et al. characterize the fecal microbiome and metabolome of rural Bassa and urban individuals from Nigeria, including infants. Their findings stress the loss of ancient signatures along with urbanization and support distinct trajectories of development of the intestinal ecosystem in early life, depending on human subsistence.

International audience; The creation of an archaeological park at the site of Solutré required a rescue operation in 2004 and two Aurignacian layers were discovered (Connet et al. 2005). The richest one (layer 2, presented here) yielded several thousands of large mammals remains very well preserved; Horse and Reindeer are the two main species. The presence of nearly complete skeletons indicates that the animals were transported to, prepared at, and probably, consumed at the site (or into close vicinity). Foetal bones and deciduous teethwould indicate that hunting took place at several occasions during the year, though more often, at the end of Autumn. That is why it is possible to assume that the site was occupied on several occasions, and that the duration of each occupation lasted several weeks to several months. The zooarchaeological analysis provides some evidence of bone industry (smoother, burnishers and retouching tools), bone and ivory ornaments, as well as a minimal exploitation of Reindeer antler. These objects demonstrate distinct functions or uses and yield various information about the activities that may have occurred at the site. This article also examines the Aurignacian exploitation of the two main species (i.e. Horse and Reindeer) and investigates the interpretation of a bone assemblage, minimally distorted by differential preservation. résumé-L'exploitation des ressources animales durant l'Aurignacien à Solutré (Saône-et-Loire, France) Le projet d´aménagement du site de Solutré en parc archéologique a engendré une opération de sauvetage au printemps 2004 (Connet et al. 2005). La fouille a permis de mettre au jour deux couches aurignaciennes dont le niveau le plus riche (couche 2) est présenté ici. Plusieurs milliers de restes très bien conservés de grands mammifères y ont été découverts, les deux principales espèces étant le Cheval et le Renne. La présence de toutes les parties squelettiques, sans sous-représentation significative, témoigne que les animaux ont été chassés, préparés et probablement consommés sur place ou dans une zone très proche de la surface fouillée. Les indices de saisonnalité (os de foetus et dents lactéales) témoigneraient d'abattages à plusieurs moments de l´année, plus particulièrement à la fin de l´automne, ce qui rend envisageable des occupations à plusieurs reprises lors de séjours allant de quelques semaines à plusieurs mois. Lors de l´analyse archéozoologique, certains éléments d´industrie en matière dure animale (lissoir, brunissoir et retouchoirs en os ; parure en os et en ivoire) ont été identifiés, contrastant avec la rareté des fragments de bois de renne (néanmoins exploités). La nature de ces objets témoigne d´utilisations ou de fonctions distinctes et apporte des informations supplémentaires quant aux activités qui se sont déroulées sur le site. Ils mettent en lumière une exploitation globale de l´animal et pose certaines questions relatives à la nature et à la fonction du site. Cette présentation est l´occasion d'exposer la nature de l'exploitation des deux espèces principales par les Aurignaciens et d´évoquer les questions d´interprétation et de représentativité d´un assemblage osseux faiblement altéré par les phénomènes de conservation différentielle. mots clés

平成10-11年度科学研究費補助金(基盤研究C(2))研究成果報告書 / 成果概要：南西諸島人骨格の形態と生活環境の関係を知るために、古病理学的調査と四肢骨の形態学的調査を行った。 まず、石垣島の中・近世人骨を用いてストレス・マーカーの観察を行った。その結果、頭蓋骨については、鉄欠乏性貧血と関連することが知られているクリブラ・オルビタリアが6例(20例中)に認められ、全体に緻密質の菲薄化、板間層の拡大など、貧血傾向を示す所見が多くみられた。また、ほとんどの個体にエナメル質減形成が認められた。四肢骨については、骨折痕と思われるものが2例、前腕と下腿の骨髄炎が少なくとも2例にみられたほか、多くの四肢骨に骨膜炎の痕跡が認められた。さらに、少なくとも4例に肘関節の変形性骨関節症がみられるなど、生活環境の厳しさを示唆する所見が多数認められた。これらは、中・近世における八重山地方の人たちの生活の一端を示す興味深い事例と思われる。 また、先史時代人の生活復元の試みとして、四肢骨形態の分析を行った。その結果、沖縄先史時代人は全体的に小柄ではあるが、上肢が良く発達したがっちりした体格であり、上下肢ともに相対的に遠位部が長い特徴を持つことが分かった。断面形の特徴は縄文人より弥生人に似ていたが、下肢に対して上肢が相対的に良く発達している点で弥生人とは違っている。沖縄先史時代人にみられる良く発達した上肢は漁労民の特徴と共通するものである。 さらに、沖縄先史時代人では10%を越す頻度で外耳道骨腫が認められた。沖縄先史時代人における高頻度の外耳道骨腫は、彼等の生活と海との関係がそれだけ密接だったことを示していると思われる。, To know the relationship between skeletal morphology and subsistence pattern in Nansei Islanders, pathological and morphological investigations were conducted to human skeletal remains from Okinawa prefecture.At first, some stress markers (cribra orbitalia, enamel hypoplasia, fracture, periostitis, osteoarthritis etc.) were investigated macroscopically and roentgenographically for medieval 〜 early modern skeletons from Ishigaki Island. Cribra orbitalia, cribra cranii, and enamel hypoplasia were found in most of the observed skull. In addition, frequencies of fracture, osteomyelitis, periostitis, and osteoarthritis were considerably high in their limb bones. These findings suggest that living condition at medieval 〜 early modern age were rather hard in Ishigaki Island.Then, to clarify subsistence pattern of prehistoric Okinawa Islanders, limb measurements were analyzed by using both univariate and multivariate statistical methods. Limb bones of prehistoric Okinawa Islanders were characterized by short length and developed upper limb. These results suggest that their subsistence pattern depended strongly to marine environment.