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Logistične dejavnosti vedno bolj dobivajo na veljavi ne samo za podjetja, ampak tudi za posameznika. Še posebej je bilo to očitno v času pandemije, ko ljudje nismo mogli priti do določenih artiklov in smo bili odvisni od podjetij za prevoz pošiljk, ki so nam jih dostavila na dom. Med temi je bilo tudi podjetje DHL Global Forwarding d.o.o., znano po vsem svetu. Njihovi standardi zahtevajo, da so pošiljke pravočasno prevzete in dostavljene ob točno določenih urah končnim kupcem. Da bi to lahko uresničili, je potrebna dobra organizacija logističnih storitev po svetu. Namen diplomske naloge je opisati logistiko s poudarkom na pomorski logistiki ter predstaviti ključne procese pri pripravi in izvedbi pomorskega prevoza kontejnerja. Opravljena je primerjava med direktnim in indirektnim pomorskim prevozom med dvema ladjarjema, kjer ima pomembno vlogo špediter, ki organizira pomorsko logistiko. Skozi raziskavo je bilo ugotovljeno, da je direktni pomorski transport ugodnejši za naročnika tako glede časa dostave kot stroškov. Vendar žal vsa pristanišča niso pripravljena na sprejem vedno večjih kontejnerskih ladij, zato prihaja do daljših tranzitnih časov in povečane končne cene blaga. Logistics activities are gaining more and more importance not only for companies, but also for individuals. This was especially evident during the pandemic, when people couldn't get certain items and the delivery companies delivered them to our homes. Among them were employees of DHL Global Forwarding d.o.o., which are known all over the world. Their standards require that shipments are picked up on time and delivered at precisely specified times to customers. In order to be able to realize this, a good organization of logistics services around the world is necessary. The purpose of the diploma thesis was to describe logistics with an emphasis on maritime logistics and key processes in the preparation and implementation of maritime container transport. A comparison was made between direct and indirect maritime transport between two shipping companies, where the freight forwarders play an important role, as they organize maritime logistics. Through the research, it was established that direct maritime transport is more favorable for the customer both in terms of delivery time and costs. Unfortunately, however, not all ports are ready to receive larger container ships, which results in longer transit times and an increased final price of the goods.

Diplomsko delo obravnava tematiko stroškov električnih avtomobilov, in sicer od nakupa do vzdrževanja vozila. Diplomsko delo se začne z zgodovino električnih avtomobilov, do tega, kako so skoraj izumrli. Nato je govora o proizvajalcih električnih avtomobilov in s kakšnimi težavami se spoprijemajo. Diplomsko delo nato govori o vplivu električnih avtomobilov na okolje, saj naj bi bili to avtomobili prihodnosti, vendar je resnica lahko drugačna. Proti koncu diplomskega dela je osredotočenost na stroških električnih avtomobilov od nakupa do možnih subvencij v Republiki Sloveniji, lokacij in načinov polnjenja električnih avtomobilov ter na koncu vzdrževanja vozil. Na koncu diplomskega dela si lahko vsak, ki ga prebere, sam pri sebi ustvari mnenje glede električnih avtomobilov in presodi, ali so res prihodnost sveta oziroma ali se njihov nakup splača. The diploma thesis deals with the costs of electric cars from the purchase itself to the maintenance of the vehicle. The thesis begins with the history of electric cars and how they almost became extinct. Then there is talk of electric car manufacturers and what problems they face. The thesis then discusses the environmental impact of electric cars, because these are said to be the cars of the future, but that might not be the case. Towards the end of the thesis the focus is placed on the very costs of electric cars from their purchase, to possible subsidies in the Republic of Slovenia, the locations and methods of charging electric cars, and ultimately the maintenance of vehicles. At the end of the thesis, anyone who has read it can form their own opinion on electric cars and judge whether they really are the future of the world or whether their purchase is worth it.

V diplomski nalogi smo se za primer projektiranja nizkoenergijske enodružinske hiše osredotočili predvsem na stroške gradnje tovrstne hiše in na korist v kontekstu znižane rabe energije v obdobju več let. Predstavili smo posamezne ukrepe nizkoenergijske gradnje, določili njihove stroške ter s pomočjo analize stroškov in koristi (CBA) prikazali, ali so posamezne investicije upravičene. Analizo smo izvedli na primeru hiše, ki sem jo sprojektiral ob zaključevanju Srednje gradbene šole v Novem mestu. Dodatno smo v diplomski nalogi prikazali tudi načrt prezračevalnega sistema za izbrano hišo. Predstavili smo posamezne dele sistema ter razložili njegov potek po celotnem objektu in njegovo delovanje. Za vse primere smo določili izgube toplote, strošek celotne investicije in povračilo stroškov za izbrano dobo. Izkazalo se je, da so za primer izbrane stavbe določene investicije smiselne, druge pa ne, kar smo upravičili z analizo stroškov in koristi. In my diploma thesis, I focused mainly on the costs of designing a low-energy single-family house and on the benefits in terms of reduced energy consumption over a period of several years. I have presented the individual measures of low-energy building, determined their costs, and demonstrated through a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) whether the individual investments are justified. I carried out the analysis using the example of a house that I designed in final year of the Secondary school of Construction in Novo mesto. I also presented the design of the ventilation system for the selected house in the thesis. I presented the individual parts of the system and explained its course through the building and its operation. For all cases, I have calculated the heat losses, the costs of the total investment and the cost recovery for the selected period. For the case of the selected building, it turned out that certain investments make sense and others do not, which I justified with a CBA.

In a two-year field experiment, six different weed control methods were studied. The methods were: use of the herbicide glyphosate (GL), use of herbicides based on acetic acid (AA), pelargonic acid (PA) and citrus essential oil (EO), mowing weeds with a thread trimmer (TT) and flaming of weeds with fire (FL). Alternative methods of weed control were significantly less effective than the use of herbicide glyphosate. Due to the lower efficiency of alternative methods, large yield losses have occurred, on average, 31 % at AA, 30.6 % at PA, 22.7 % at EO, 5.4 % at TT and 12.9 % at FL in two years. The cost of carrying out controls with alternative methods was significantly higher than the cost of GL. AA it was higher by 3.2-times, in PA by 7.1-times, in EO by 3.8-times, in TT by 3.8- times and in FL by 5.8-times on average in two years. To achieve a comparable control efficiency of GL, five applications of alternative preparations per year have to be performed, or four times mowing of weeds or five weed flaming operations per year.

V magistrski nalogi smo predstavili podjetje Makro 5 Gradnje in podrobno opisali ter analizirali vse procese, ki jih podjetje izvaja. Ugotovili smo, da je podjetje organizirano v obliki treh glavnih sektorjev med katerim, sektor operativa velja za največji sektor v podjetju. Ugotovili smo tudi, da je od vseh analiziranih procesov, najobsežnejši in najzahtevnejši proces, izvedba projekta, ki zahteva največ strokovnega truda in znanja. Za uspešno gradbeno podjetje je zelo pomembno obvladovanje gradbiščnih stroškov, zato jih Makro 5 Gradnje uvršča med pomembnejša področja. Na podlagi ugotovljenega je podjetje v sistem vpeljalo novo programsko opremo AIOSS Aps 3, katera omogoča pregled celotnih realizacij na posameznih projektih. Glede na rast podjetja in število projektov je podjetje za lažje vodenje projektov vpeljalo še dodatno programsko opremo Procore Construction Management. Z imenovano opremo vodimo projekt hitreje in bolj zanesljivo. Ob zaključku magistrskega dela smo ugotovili, da bi lahko obe programski opremi še dodatno nadgradili in izboljšali njuni funkcionalnosti. Na podlagi ugotovljenega smo programski opremi optimizirali z večjim številom smiselnih nadgradenj oziroma izboljšav. In the following master´s thesis, we presented the company Makro 5 Gradnje. We described and analyzed everything the compay does. We found that the company is organized in three main sectors, among which, the operating sector in the largest. We also found that the most extensive and demanding part of a project is its implementation. It requires the most professional knowledge and effort. It is very important for a successfull construction company to have costs under control, which in why Makro 5 Gradnje considers cost controll among the more important fields. Based on the findings, the company implemented the use of new software AIOSS Aps 3, which enables an overview of all realizations on individual projects. Considering the growth of the company and the number of its projects, the company additionally implemented another helpfull software – the programme Procore Construction Management. With this equipment we lead projects faster and more reliably. At the end of this master´s thesis, we recognised that both softwares could be optimized for everyday use. Based on the findings, we optimized both softwares with a number of meaningful upgrades and improvements.

Vsako uspešno podjetje stremi k optimizaciji procesov. Za učinkovito optimizacijo procesa pa je potrebna uporaba ustreznih metod in orodij. Cilj diplomske naloge je bil, da na konkretnem primeru iz izbranega podjetja optimiziramo obstoječi proizvodni proces in s tem zmanjšamo stroške in povečamo dobičkonosnost ter kakovost. V prvem delu naloge so teoretično predstavljene, analiza toka vrednosti, stroškovno – časovni profil, metode za oceno ekonomske upravičenosti investicije, metode za primerjavo ekonomske učinkovitosti investicij in izračun stroškovno optimalne oskrbe z materialom. To so metode in orodja vitkosti, ki se uporabljajo pri optimizaciji procesov. V nadaljevanju smo obstoječemu proizvodnemu procesu poiskali tri variante optimizacije procesa in jih tudi podrobneje predstavili. Za vse tri variante smo naredili analizo toka vrednosti, stroškovno – časovni profil ter primerjali letne stroške in letni dobiček. Na podlagi dobljenih rezultatov, smo določili optimalno med njimi. Optimalni varianti smo nato izračunali še točko preloma in neto sedanjo vrednost ter izračunali kakšna bi bila stroškovno optimalna oskrba z materialom. Zaključili smo s komentiranjem dobljenih rezultatov in sklepom, ali je investicija v izbrano varianto optimizacije procesa rentabilna. Every successful company strives to process optimization. However, the effective process optimization requires the use of appropriate methods and tools. The aim of the diploma thesis was to optimize the existing production process from a selected company in a specific case and thus reduce costs and increase product profitability and quality. In the first part of the thesis are theoretically presented value stream mapping, cost – time profile, methodology of economic viability and efficiency, and the calculation of cost - optimal material supply. These are the methods and tools of lean production used in process optimization. Next, we envisioned three versions of optimizing the existing production process. For all three, we made a value stream map, a cost-time profile, and a comparison of annual costs and profit. Based on the obtained results we determined the optimal among them. We then calculated the breaking point and the net present value for the optimal version and calculated the expected cost-efficiency of material supply. Finally, there are comments on the results obtained and a conclusion on the return on investment.

Izhodišče: Smernice za obravnavo nespecifične bolečine v križu odsvetujejo rentgensko slikanje skeleta v prvih 4–6 tednih trajanja bolečine. Preobremenjenost radioloških oddelkov z neustrezno indiciranim slikanjem je spodbudila uvedbo konzultacije pri radiologu. V Zdravstvenem domu Ljubljana (ZDL) smo jo uvedli januarja 2013. Ponudili smo jo vsem bolnikom v starosti od 25 do 45 let, napotenim na rentgensko slikanje (rtg) hrbtenice.Metoda: Preverili smo število vseh slikanj hrbtenice v ZDL pri bolnikih med 25. in 45. letom starosti v letih 2011–2018. Primerjali smo število preiskav na leto v ZDL z dvema zunajbolnišničnima radiološkima oddelkoma v Sloveniji. Storitev konzultacije smo ocenili z vprašalnikom o neželenih dogodkih in smiselnosti storitve, ki smo ga v začetku leta 2016 poslali vsem obravnavanim bolnikom (N = 497) in njihovim napotnim zdravnikom (N = 134).Rezultati: Po uvedbi konzultacije število napotitev na rtg hrbtenice v ZDL upada. Na vprašalnik je odgovorilo 149 (30 %) bolnikov in 65 (48 %) zdravnikov. Večina (95,8 %) napotnih zdravnikov meni, da odlog ali odstop od slikanja ni povzročil zamude v diagnostičnem ali terapevtskem postopku. Prav tako jih večina (95,9 %) meni, da je taka obravnava smiselna. Bolniki so ocenili informacije kot razumljive (97,1 %), koristne (89,7 %) in nekaj novega (72,8 %).Zaključek: Konzultacija pri radiologu lahko zmanjša število nepotrebnih napotitev na rtg diagnosticiranje. Je enostavna, legitimna, strokovno upravičena, neškodljiva ter glede na ceno ugodna storitev, ki omogoča oseben prenos strokovnih izkušenj in specifičnega radiološkega znanja neposredno na bolnika. S tako radiološko prakso lahko prispevamo h krepitvi preventivnih ukrepov na primarni ravni.

Svetovno prebivalstvo se intenzivno stara. S tem naraščajo stroški in obremenitve za aktivno delovno populacijo in se povečuje koeficient starostne odvisnosti. Države sprejemajo različne ukrepe za soočanje s staranjem prebivalstva, kot je podaljšanje delovne dobe, določitev starejše upokojitvene starosti in možnost dela ob prejemanju pokojnine. S sprejetjem takšnih ukrepov države dosežejo zmanjšenje koeficienta starostne odvisnosti, povečanje bruto domačega proizvoda in gospodarske rasti. The world's population is ageing rapidly, which is increasing the costs and burdens on the working population and increasing the old-age dependency ratio. Countries are taking various measures to cope with an ageing population, such as extending working lives, setting older retirement age, and allowing people to work while receiving a pension. By adopting such measures, countries achieve a reduction in the old-age dependency ratio, an increase in gross domestic product and economic growth.

Uvod: Pri pacientih z delno brezzobostjo se še zmeraj načrtuje izvedba delnih protez, saj so cenovno ugodnejše kot vsadki. Kovinska baza je lahko izdelana po klasičnem postopku modeliranja z voskom ali po tehnologiji SLA. Lastna cena izdelka je sestavljena iz stroškov materiala, amortizacije, dela, storitev, proizvajalnih stroškov, nabave, uprave in prodaje. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je primerjati dva postopka izdelave kovinske baze in izračunati, kateri postopek izdelave je cenovno ugodnejši. Metode dela: V uvodu smo uporabili deskriptivno metodo dela in predstavili pregled literature. V praktičnem delu smo v laboratoriju pod nadzorom mentorja po dveh različnih postopkih izdelali kovinski bazi in z analiziranjem stroškovnih nosilcev izdelka izračunali njuni lastni ceni. Rezultati: V rezultatih diplomskega dela sta predstavljena dva postopka izdelave kovinske baze. Med izdelavo smo računali stroškovne nosilce ter iz teh podatkov izračunali lastno ceno kovinske baze, izdelane po klasičnem postopku modeliranja z voskom, in kovinske baze, izdelane po tehnologiji SLA. Razprava in zaključek: Ugotovili smo, da je kovinska baza, izdelana po klasičnem postopku ulivanja, dražja kot baza, izdelana po tehnologiji SLA. Prednosti te tehnologije so krajši čas izdelave, manj zavrženega materiala in s tem manjši stroški materiala ter manjša možnost nepopravljivih napak med posameznimi fazami izdelave kovinske baze kot pri klasičnem postopku. Slabosti tehnologije SLA pa so velik finančni vložek v licenco za Exocad, optični bralnik, računalniško opremo in 3D-tiskalnik ter zamudno odstranjevanje podpornih površin po fotopolimerizaciji. Občutno bi skrajšali čas izdelave, če jih ne bi bilo. Introduction: Partial dentures are still planned for patients with partial edentulousness, as they are more affordable than implants. The metal framework can be made using the classic wax modelling process or SLA technology. The cost price of a product is made up of the cost of materials, depreciation, labour, services, production costs, purchasing, administration and sales. Purpose: The aim of the thesis is to compare two metal frameworks manufacturing processes and to calculate which manufacturing process is more cost-effective. Methods: In the introduction, a descriptive method of work was used and a literature review was presented. In the practical part, we made metal frameworks in the laboratory under the supervision of a tutor, using two different procedures, and by analysing the cost carriers of the product, we calculated their own prices. Results: The results of the thesis present two processes for the production of the metal framework. During the manufacturing process, we calculated the cost carriers and used this data to calculate the cost price of a metal framework made using the conventional wax modelling process and a metal framework made using SLA technology. Discussion and conclusion: We found that a metal base made using the conventional casting process is more expensive than one made using SLA technology. The advantages of this technology are shorter production times, less material wasted and thus lower material costs, and less chance of irreparable errors between the different stages of the metal base production than in the conventional process. The disadvantages of SLA technology are the high financial investment in the Exocad licence, scanner, computer equipment and 3D printer, and the time-consuming removal of support surfaces after photopolymerisation. They would significantly reduce production time if they were not there.

Uvod: Laboratorijski zobni protetiki morajo za uspešno poslovanje zobnega laboratorija poznati stroške, ki nastanejo pri izdelavi fasetirane in kovinsko-porcelanske prevleke. Stroški imajo kompleksno in zapleteno strukturo. Da bi jih čim bolje razumeli, jih moramo preučevati z različnih vidikov. Posledično lahko oblikujemo cene, ki pokrijejo vse stroške, obenem pa zagotavljajo tudi dobiček in s tem razvoj podjetja. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je predstaviti stroške izdelave fasetirane in kovinsko-porcelanske prevleke. Predstavili smo pozitivne in negativne lastnosti obeh prevlek ter primerjali zahtevnost izdelave in barvno estetiko. Pri fasetirani prevleki smo ugotavljali ali znesek, ki ga prije ZZZS ustreza ceni izdelave. Metode dela: V teoretičnem delu smo uporabili deskriptivno metodo za pregled obstoječe literature o različnih vidikih stroškov in postopku izdelave fasetirane in kovinsko-porcelanske prevleke. Pri praktičnem delu smo izdelali obe prevleki ter izmerili trajanje posamezne faze izdelave in količino porabljenega materiala. Rezultati: Oblikovali smo tabele, v katerih so predstavljeni neposredni in posredni stroški, ki nastanejo pri izdelavi. Rezultati so pokazali, da se stroški izdelave obeh prevlek bistveno ne razlikujejo. Lastna cena fasetirane prevleke znaša 150,78 €, stroški izdelave kovinsko-porcelanske prevleke pa 155,21 €. Prav tako se ne razlikuje aktivni čas, ki ga potrebujemo za izdelavo. Za prvo prevleko smo v povprečju porabili 192 minut. Za drugo prevleko smo potrebovali 201 minuto. Razprava in zaključek: Fiksni stroški so se v zadnjih letih zelo zvišali in pri izdelavi fasetirane in kovinsko-porcelanske prevleke predstavljajo kar polovico vseh stroškov. Delo laboratorijskega zobnega protetika je ročno delo, zato ne moremo skrajšati časa izdelave, prav tako ne moremo znižati neposrednih in posrednih stroškov. Posledično bi bilo treba večkrat posodobiti standarde in normative v Zeleni knjigi oz. se realneje približati končnemu znesku. Znesek, ki ga krije zavarovalnica, je 64,032 €. Ta ne pokrije niti stroškov materiala, amortizacije delovnih sredstev in stroškov zaposlenega. Ugotovitve kažejo, da so stroški in čas izdelave kovinsko-porcelanske prevleke zelo podobni stroškom izdelave fasetirane prevleke, zato bi tudi ta lahko bila standard zavarovalnice. Introduction: For a successful business performance of a dental laboratory, the laboratory dental technicians have to know the costs that occur during manufacturing of composite veneered crown and metal-ceramic crown. Costs have a complex structure. We need to study them from different perspectives. So we can understand them as best as we can. As a result, we can set such prices that cover all costs, at the same time represent a profit and thus development of the company. Purpose: The purpose of the diploma thesis is to present the cost of manufacturing of composite veneered and metal-ceramic crown. We will present the positive and negative properties of both coatings, compare the complexity of production and color aesthetics. For composite veneered crown we will compare the price to the amount covered by the Health Insurance Institute of Slovenia (HIIS). Methods: In the theoretical part, we used a descriptive method to review the existing literature on various aspects of costs and the process of manufacturing composite veneered crown and metal-ceramic crown. In the practical part, we made both coatings, measured the production time of each phase and the amount of used material. Results: We created tables that show the direct and indirect costs that incurred during production. The cost price and active time spent for production of both crowns is very similar. The cost price of composite veneered crown amounted to EUR 150.78 and the cost price of metal-ceramic crown amounted to EUR 155.21. On average we spent 192 minutes of active time for a composite veneered crown and 201 minutes for a metal-ceramic crown. Discussion and conclusion: Fixed costs have risen sharply in recent years and represent half of the price in production of composite veneered and metal-ceramic crowns. The work of laboratory dental technician is manual work so we cannot shorten the manufacturing time, neither can we reduce indirect and direct costs. As a result, the standards and norms in Green Book should be updated more often to approach the final amount more realistically. The amount covered by HIIS is EUR 64.032. This amount is not sufficient to cover the costs of materials, depreciation of fixed assets and employee costs. However, since our findings show that costs of manufacturing of a metal-ceramic crown are very similar to costs of manufacturing of a composite veneered crown, this crown could also become a standard for the HIIS.