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Hyperspectral imagery is typically acquired in push-broom mechanism, which is prone to image artifacts such as striping and smile for the sensor array whose sensor elements are not perfectly calibrated. The best practice would be to calibrate the sensor elements before the flight, but post-correction is required when images are already acquired without calibration. While there are some studies that addressed those striping and smile effects for hyperspectral images acquired from satellite or aircraft platforms, few studies were done for hyperspectral images that are focusing water color analysis, where the radiance level is approximately only a tenth of terrestrial scenes. This study proposes a correction method specialized for water scenes that also may contain terrestrial objects together, and analyzes the results using real drone-borne hyperspectral imagery taken for an island area in Korea. The result revealed that the variation in columnar mean before the de-striping, which ranges 5-15%, reduced to under 2% after the correction, also exhibiting successful removal of striping in visual inspection. The smile effect that ranges approximately 1-2 mW/m2/nm/sr, which accounts for 30% of radiance from water area, also reduced to under 0.1 mW/m2/nm/sr after the smile correction.

Günlük hayatta kullanımının yaygınlaşması ve kriminal laboratuvarlara gelen delil miktarındaki artış nedeniyle, RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks – Bağımsız Disklerin Yedekli Dizisi) sistemlerinin adli bilişim açısından incelenmesi bu çalışmanın amacını oluşturmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmada, öncelikli olarak RAID sistemleri ve kullanılan parametreler incelenmiştir. RAID sistemleri tekrardan oluşturulurken bilinmesi gereken parametrelerin, RAID seviyesi, doğru disk sıralaması, şerit boyutu ve geometri bilgisi olduğu anlaşılmıştır. En çok kullanım alanının olduğu belirlenen RAID 0, 1 ve 5 sistemleri ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmıştır. RAID sistemlerinin adli bilişim açısından incelenmesi aşamasında, tüm parametre özelliklerini üzerinde barındıran RAID 5 sistemi VROC (Virtual RAID On CPU) yazılımı ile oluşturulmuştur. Oluşturulan RAID sistemi içerisinde dosya kopyalama ve silme işlemleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. İşlemler sonucunda sabit disklerin imajı Tableau TD2u donanımıyla alınmıştır. Alınan imajlar DiskInternals Raid Recovery isimli yazılım ile incelenmiştir. İncelemeler neticesinde belirtilen yazılımla RAID yapısının tekrardan nasıl oluşturulduğu gösterilmiştir. RAID sistemi oluşturulurken yazılımın, ihtiyaç duyulan tüm parametre kombinasyonlarını otomatik olarak deneyebildiği, otomatik denemelerin başarılı sonuç vermediği durumlarda ihtiyaç duyulan parametrelerin kullanıcı tarafından bilinmesi ve yazılıma girilmesi gerektiği tespit edilmiştir. İhtiyaç duyulan parametrelerin yanlış girilmesi durumunda disk yapısının doğru bir şekilde oluşturulamadığı ve kullanıcı verilerine erişilemediği görülmüştür. Sonuç itibariyle, kriminal incelemelerde son dönemlerde sıkça karşılaşılan fakat uygulamalı gösterimi bulunmayan RAID sistemlerinin tekrardan oluşturulması noktasında ihtiyaç duyulan parametreler ortaya konulmuş ve incelemelerde izlenecek yöntemler belirlenmiştir.

The aim. To evaluate the effectiveness of surgical methods of prevention of venous thromboembolic complications in transfascial thrombosis of the lower extremities. Materials and methods. The paper analyzes the results of examination and surgical or conservative treatment of 417 patients with transfascial thrombosis treated at the Vascular Surgery Department of the Zakarpattia Regional Clinical Hospital named after A. Novak from 1995 to March 2020 and at the Surgical Department of the Central City Clinical Hospital of Uzhhorod from September 2020 to September 2022. The main (I) group consisted of 349 (83.7%) patients who were operated for transfascial thrombosis. The control (II) group consisted of 68 (16.3%) patients with transfascial thrombosis who received conservative treatment. Results. In case of acute varicothrombophlebitis complicated by transfascial thrombosis, the scope of surgery should be expanded in order to surgically prevent thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery. All the patients with transfascial thrombosis were treated as for deep vein thrombosis. The approach to the removal of the small saphenous vein should be differentiated depending on the extent of thrombotic occlusion and the confluence of the sural veins. Surgical treatment of patients with transfascial thrombosis made it possible to prevent recurrence of the thrombotic process in the superficial and deep veins of the lower extremities, thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery, while with conservative treatment their frequency was 5.1%, 3.4% and 3.4%, respectively. Active surgical tactics in patients of the I group made it possible to reduce the frequency of manifestations of decompensated chronic venous insufficiency from 27.1% to 7.0%, and manifestations of postthrombotic syndrome in the deep veins of the lower extremities from 100% to 3.7%. Conclusions. Implementation of operative treatment of acute varicothrombophlebitis complicated by transfascial thrombosis allows to effectively prevent venous thromboembolic complications, eliminate manifestations of chronic venous insufficiency and prevent the development of post-thrombotic changes in superficial and deep veins.

The rapid development of the electric vehicle industry has led to a surge in demand for power lithium-ion batteries, making natural cobalt, lithium, and nickel scarce mineral resources. To promote the sustainable development of the electric vehicle industry and solve the problems of environmental pollution as well as resource scarcity caused by lithium-ion batteries, it is extremely imperative to realize the green recycling of end-of-life electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries. This article systematically reviewed and evaluated the recycling process of lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles, which focuses on discharging, dismantling, stripping, separation, metallurgy and other operations. The influence of different operation methods on stripping, sorting, metallurgy and other effects is analyzed from the perspectives of technology research and development and industrial application, and the research progress and main problems of each operation link are discussed. The future development of recycling lithium-ion batteries is prospected, which lay the foundation for the green and efficient recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries.

The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) is onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-20 (NOAA-20) satellites. This study presents a method for estimating VIIRS thermal emissive band (TEB) response versus scan (RVS) and calibration offsets simultaneously using on-orbit pitch maneuver data (METHOD2021). Raw Earth view (EV) RVS is estimated using an existing method (METHOD2019), with prelaunch RVS and calibration offsets as first guesses. Errors in the calibration offset are derived based on a prelaunch data-based assumption. Moreover, RVS and calibration offsets are optimized iteratively using the updated calibration coefficients until results converge. Compared to the METHOD2019, the METHOD2021-derived RVS is not affected by errors in the calibration offsets. Evaluation results using independent co-located Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) observations indicate that the METHOD2021 could effectively mitigate NOAA-20 scan angle- and scene temperature-dependent biases in M15, M16, and I5, as well as the cold bias in S-NPP M15. S-NPP TEB striping at cold scene temperatures can also be significantly reduced. Furthermore, NOAA-20 I5 and M15 measurements become more in family with S-NPP VIIRS and other radiometers at extremely low temperatures. Our analysis indicates that the impacts of METHOD2021 and METHOD2019 on TEB sensor data records (SDRs) are generally comparable. The METHOD2019 is simpler, while METHOD2021 better explains the root causes of the VIIRS TEB scan angle- and scene temperature-dependent biases. Both can be used for improving VIIRS TEB on-orbit calibration, especially at cold scenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Striping has been observed in the MetOp-A microwave humidity sounder (MHS) data since its degradation in November 2018. However, accurate striping quantification and characterization remain challenging due to the large scene dynamics observed at W-/G-bands of MHS. Here, we have developed a set of novel algorithms for striping quantification, decomposition, characterization, and simulation. Our algorithm extracts striping from the warm-load and cold-space scenes that are relatively stable. We break down the striping into two parts of thermal and $1/f$ noises, and quantify their absolute magnitude and relative ratio. We found a significant increase in striping at 157 GHz, which has more than quadrupled by October 2019 relative to its normal level. Regardless of the degradation, the ratio of thermal and $1/f$ noises remains the same. Our simulation reproduces all the characteristics of striping against observation. It is shown that $1/f$ noise generates sharp, nonperiodic stripes, while thermal noise also generates stripes but with smoother band features. The latter is due to the periodic calibration that has a chopping effect. The striping percentage, defined as the ratio of $1/f$ to total noise, shows no dependence on the scene temperature. Striping is pronounced not only in 157 GHz but also in 89 and 190 GHz with the striping percentage over 50% while lower in 183 GHz of 20%. The results provide insights for quantifying and understanding striping. Our algorithm can be applied to other radiometers and to simulate striping for evaluating its impact on data assimilation and science products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Satellite image artefacts are features that appear in an image but not in the original imaged object and can negatively impact the interpretation of satellite data. Vertical artefacts are linear features oriented in the along-track direction of an image system and can present as either banding or striping; banding are features with a consistent width, and striping are features with inconsistent widths. This study used high-resolution data from DigitalGlobeʻs (now Maxar) WorldView-3 satellite collected at Lake Okeechobee, Florida (FL), on 30 August 2017. This study investigated the impact of vertical artefacts on both at-sensor radiance and a spectral index for an aquatic target as WorldView-3 was primarily designed as a land sensor. At-sensor radiance measured by six of WorldView-3ʻs eight spectral bands exhibited banding, more specifically referred to as non-uniformity, at a width corresponding to the multispectral detector sub-arrays that comprise the WorldView-3 focal plane. At-sensor radiance measured by the remaining two spectral bands, red and near-infrared (NIR) #1, exhibited striping. Striping in these spectral bands can be attributed to their time delay integration (TDI) settings at the time of image acquisition, which were optimized for land. The impact of vertical striping on a spectral index leveraging the red, red edge, and NIR spectral bands—referred to here as the NIR maximum chlorophyll index (MCINIR)—was investigated. Temporally similar imagery from the European Space Agencyʻs Sentinel-3 and Sentinel-2 satellites were used as baseline references of expected chlorophyll values across Lake Okeechobee as neither Sentinel-3 nor Sentinel-2 imagery showed striping. Striping was highly prominent in the MCINIR product generated using WorldView-3 imagery, as noise in the at-sensor radiance exceeded any signal of chlorophyll in the image. Adjusting the image acquisition parameters for future tasking of WorldView-3 or the functionally similar WorldView-2 satellite may alleviate these artefacts. To test this, an additional WorldView-3 image was acquired at Lake Okeechobee, FL, on 26 May 2021 in which the TDI settings and scan line rate were adjusted to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. While some evidence of non-uniformity remained, striping was no longer noticeable in the MCINIR product. Future image tasking over aquatic targets should employ these updated image acquisition parameters. Since the red and NIR #1 spectral bands are critical for inland and coastal water applications, archived images not collected using these updated settings may be limited in their potential for analysis of aquatic variables that require these two spectral bands to derive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appearance of white striations over the breast of chicken and turkey meat is considered as a recent emerging and growing problem. The aim of this research is to investigate the ability of visible-near infra-red (VIS/NIR) spectroscopy to predict the quality traits of different levels of white striping (thickness of white striations, moderate < 1 mm and severe ≥ 1 mm) defects in turkey breast muscle. Accordingly, 36 turkey breast fillets affected by different level of white striping defects (normal, moderate and severe) were selected from 20-wk old tom turkeys. Colour traits (L*, a* and b*), pH, marinade uptake, drip loss, cooking loss, and chemical composition (moisture, fat, protein and ash) have been evaluated. Our findings showed that prediction models using partial least squares (PLS) were good for colour traits (a* for example; RPD values were 3.22 and 1.27, R2P were 0.91 and 0.57 while RER values were 11.8 and 3.12) , pH (RPD values were 5.00 and 0.01, R2P were 0.95 and 0.07 while RER values were –1.00 and 15.50), and chemical composition (protein content for instance, the prediction values were as the following: RPD values were 1.93 and 0.79, R2P were 0.80 and 0.34 and then RER were 8.48 and 3.80) in particular for normal and severe white striped meat respectively. In conclusion, the results of this research showed that VIS/NIR spectroscopy prediction models were satisfactory to predict the quality traits in the majority of cases.HIGHLIGHTS White striping is a recent muscle abnormality that affects adversely poultry meat. Visible-near infra-red (VIS/NIR) spectroscopy was used to predict the quality traits of turkey breast meat affected by white striping. Partial least squares (PLS) was good indicator to predict several quality traits of normal meat.

In recent years, light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) has found a broad application for imaging of diverse biological samples, ranging from sub-cellular structures to whole animals, both in-vivo and ex-vivo, owing to its many advantages relative to point-scanning methods. By providing the selective illumination of sample single planes, LSFM achieves an intrinsic optical sectioning and direct 2D image acquisition, with low out-of-focus fluorescence background, sample photo-damage and photo-bleaching. On the other hand, such an illumination scheme is prone to light absorption or scattering effects, which lead to uneven illumination and striping artifacts in the images, oriented along the light sheet propagation direction. Several methods have been developed to address this issue, ranging from fully optical solutions to entirely digital post-processing approaches. In this work, we present them, outlining their advantages, performance and limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With ever-increasing computational power, larger computational domains are employed and thus the data output grows as well. Writing this data to disk can become a significant part of runtime if done serially. Even if the output is done in parallel, e.g., via MPI I/O, there are many user-space parameters for tuning the performance. This paper focuses on the available parameters for the Lustre file system and the Cray MPICH implementation of MPI I/O. Experiments on the Cray XC40 Hazel Hen using a Cray Sonexion 2000 Lustre file system were conducted. In the experiments, the core count, the block size and the striping configuration were varied. Based on these parameters, heuristics for striping configuration in terms of core count and block size were determined, yielding up to a 32-fold improvement in write rate compared to the default. This corresponds to 85 GB/s of the peak bandwidth of 202.5 GB/s. The heuristics are shown to be applicable to a small test program as well as a complex application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Earth-observing Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) satellite regularly performs on-orbit radiometric calibration of its reflective solar bands (RSBs), primarily through observations of an onboard sunlit solar diffuser (SD). The on-orbit change of the SD bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) value, quantified by a numerical factor called the H-factor, is determined by the onboard SD stability monitor. Our previous study showed that the H-factor is solar angle- and view direction-dependent. In this study, we determine the dependence of the H-factor on the detector SD view footprint location. We fit an empirical model to the NASA Collection 1 SNPP VIIRS Level 1B (L1B) spectral reflectance difference across the detectors in an RSB over uniform Earth scenes of the Libya 4 desert and deep convective clouds (DCCs). We apply the model predicted SD-positional-dependent H-factor to calibrate the RSBs. Under this new calibration scheme, the original unreal striping is removed from the homogeneous Libya 4 desert and the DCC images, as well as the original unreal striping from the Dunhuang desert image. The SD-positional-dependent H-factor has been used to calculate the SNPP VIIRS RSB radiometric correction factor for the NASA Collection 2.0 SNPP VIIRS L1B products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The MODerate‐resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) has 36 bands, among which 6, bands 20–25, are middle‐wave infrared (MWIR) bands, covering a wavelength range from approximately 3.750 to 4.515 μm. Significant crosstalk effect in Aqua MODIS MWIR bands was found prelaunch and confirmed on‐orbit early in the mission. In this paper, the crosstalk effect in these bands is carefully investigated and quantitatively characterized using the instrument's scheduled lunar observations. The crosstalk correction algorithm that we have developed in our previous work is applied to all levels including black body calibration and L1B EV retrievals to mitigate the crosstalk effect in the bands. We show significant crosstalk contaminations among all MWIR bands and also show that these bands have significant crosstalk contaminations from the shortwave infrared bands. We demonstrate that the crosstalk effect has significant impact on onboard black body calibration as well as on EV retrievals. For L1B EV retrievals, these crosstalk effects induce significant radiometric bias as well as strong striping. The radiometric bias is larger than 1.8 K for all detectors of the 4.47‐μm band (band 24) for typical scene. Aqua MODIS band 24 detector 1 is most strongly impacted by crosstalk and has a bias that may be as large as 10 K. The crosstalk correction successfully mitigates the striping in the EV images and improves the accuracy of the EV retrievals in the MWIR bands.

The appearance of white striations over the breast of chicken and turkey meat is considered as a recent emerging and growing problem. The aim of this research is to investigate the ability of visible-near infra-red (VIS/NIR) spectroscopy to predict the quality traits of different levels of white striping (thickness of white striations, moderate < 1 mm and severe ≥ 1 mm) defects in turkey breast muscle. Accordingly, 36 turkey breast fillets affected by different level of white striping defects (normal, moderate and severe) were selected from 20-wk old tom turkeys. Colour traits (L*, a* and b*), pH, marinade uptake, drip loss, cooking loss, and chemical composition (moisture, fat, protein and ash) have been evaluated. Our findings showed that prediction models using partial least squares (PLS) were good for colour traits (a* for example; RPD values were 3.22 and 1.27, R2P were 0.91 and 0.57 while RER values were 11.8 and 3.12) , pH (RPD values were 5.00 and 0.01, R2P were 0.95 and 0.07 while RER values were –1.00 and 15.50), and chemical composition (protein content for instance, the prediction values were as the following: RPD values were 1.93 and 0.79, R2P were 0.80 and 0.34 and then RER were 8.48 and 3.80) in particular for normal and severe white striped meat respectively. In conclusion, the results of this research showed that VIS/NIR spectroscopy prediction models were satisfactory to predict the quality traits in the majority of cases. White striping is a recent muscle abnormality that affects adversely poultry meat. Visible-near infra-red (VIS/NIR) spectroscopy was used to predict the quality traits of turkey breast meat affected by white striping. Partial least squares (PLS) was good indicator to predict several quality traits of normal meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to ensure the load balance of network storage and to avoid unrecoverable loss in case of node or disk failures, this paper proposed a distributed storage and coding scheme based on balanced data placement strategy, which gave different solutions for large caches and small caches . Firstly, it extended the Maddah scheme to multi-server system, and stored each file as a unit in the data server by combining balanced data placement strategy to solve the large-scale cache problem. Then, it extended the interference cancellation scheme to the multi-server system. It used the interference cancellation scheme to reduce the peak rate of the cache, and proposed the linear combination of cache segments by combining balanced data placement strategy so as to solving the problem of small caching . Finally,it carried out simulation experiments in one and two parity check server systems respectively through Linux-based NS2 simulation software. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can effectively reduce the peak transmission rate. It achieves better performance comparing with the other two new caching schemes . In addition, although distributed storage limits the ability to combine content from different servers into a single message, resulting in performance loss of coding and caching schemes, it can make full use of the inherent redundancy in distributed storage systems, thereby improving the performance of storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to complex radiometric calibration, the imagery collected by the Day/Night Band (DNB) of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) onboard the Suomi National Polar Partnership (Suomi-NPP) and the NOAA-20 follow-on satellite is subject to artifacts such as striping, which eventually affect Earth remote sensing applications. Through comprehensive analysis using the NOAA-20 VIIRS DNB prelaunch-test and on-orbit data, it is revealed that the striping results from flaws in the calibration process. In particular, a discrepancy between the low-gain stage (LGS) Earth view (EV) gain and the onboard calibrator solar diffuser view gain makes the operational LGS gain coefficients of a few aggregation modes and detectors biased. Detector nonlinearity at low radiance level also induces errors to the mid-gain stage (MGS) and high-gain stage (HGS) gain through the biased gain ratios. These systematic errors are corrected by scaling the operational LGS gains using the factors derived from the NOAA-20 VIIRS DNB prelaunch test data and by adopting linear regression for evaluating the gain ratios. Striping in the NOAA-20 VIIRS DNB imagery is visibly reduced after the upgraded gain calibration process was implemented in the operational calibration.

The MODerate‐resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) has 36 bands, among which 6, bands 20–25, are middle‐wave infrared (MWIR) bands, covering a wavelength range from approximately 3.750 to 4.515 μm. Significant crosstalk effect in Aqua MODIS MWIR bands was found prelaunch and confirmed on‐orbit early in the mission. In this paper, the crosstalk effect in these bands is carefully investigated and quantitatively characterized using the instrument's scheduled lunar observations. The crosstalk correction algorithm that we have developed in our previous work is applied to all levels including black body calibration and L1B EV retrievals to mitigate the crosstalk effect in the bands. We show significant crosstalk contaminations among all MWIR bands and also show that these bands have significant crosstalk contaminations from the shortwave infrared bands. We demonstrate that the crosstalk effect has significant impact on onboard black body calibration as well as on EV retrievals. For L1B EV retrievals, these crosstalk effects induce significant radiometric bias as well as strong striping. The radiometric bias is larger than 1.8 K for all detectors of the 4.47‐μm band (band 24) for typical scene. Aqua MODIS band 24 detector 1 is most strongly impacted by crosstalk and has a bias that may be as large as 10 K. The crosstalk correction successfully mitigates the striping in the EV images and improves the accuracy of the EV retrievals in the MWIR bands. Key Points: Crosstalk contamination induces strong striping and remarkable radiometric bias in Aqua MWIR bandsCrosstalk correction algorithm is applied to correct the crosstalk effect in both BB calibration including WUCD and L1B EV productsThe crosstalk correction successfully removes the stripping and the radiometric bias [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light-sheet microscopy (LSM), in combination with intrinsically transparent zebrafish larvae, is a method of choice to observe brain function with high frame rates at cellular resolution. Inherently to LSM, however, residual opaque objects cause stripe artifacts, which obscure features of interest and, during functional imaging, modulate fluorescence variations related to neuronal activity. Here, we report how Bessel beams reduce streaking artifacts and produce high-fidelity quantitative data demonstrating a fivefold increase in sensitivity to calcium transients and a 20-fold increase in accuracy in the detection of activity correlations in functional imaging. Furthermore, using principal component analysis, we show that measurements obtained with Bessel beams are clean enough to reveal in one-shot experiments correlations that can not be averaged over trials after stimuli as is the case when studying spontaneous activity. Our results not only demonstrate the contamination of data by systematic and random errors through conventional Gaussian illumination and but,furthermore, quantify the increase in fidelity of such data when using Bessel beams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the Aqua satellite, unlike its predecessor Terra MODIS, had always been thought to have been spared from significant deleterious impacts of electronic crosstalk on its imagery. However, recent efforts brought to our attention the presence of striping artifacts in Aqua MODIS images from band 24 ( 4.47~\mu \textm ), which upon further inspection proved to have a noticeable impact on the quality of the L1B product and to have been present since the beginning of the mission, in 2002. Using images of the moon from scheduled lunar observations, we linked the artifacts with electronic crosstalk contamination of the response of detector 1 of band 24 by signal sent from the detector 10 of band 26 ( 1.375~\mu \textm ), a neighboring band in the same focal plane assembly. In this letter, we report on these findings, the artifact mitigation strategy adopted by us, and on our success in restoring band 24 detector 1 behavior and image quality. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This work takes advantage of the stable distribution of deep convective cloud (DCC) reflectance measurements to assess the calibration stability and detector difference in Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) reflective bands. VIIRS Sensor Data Records (SDRs) from February 2012 to June 2015 are utilized to analyze the long-term trending, detector difference, and half angle mirror (HAM) side difference. VIIRS has two thermal emissive bands with coverage crossing 11 \mu\textm for DCC pixel identification. The comparison of the results of these two processing bands is one of the indicators of analysis reliability. The long-term stability analysis shows downward trends (up to approximately 0.4% per year) for the visible and near-infrared bands and upward trends (up to 0.5% per year) for the short- and midwave infrared bands. The detector difference for each band is calculated as the difference relative to the average reflectance over all detectors. Except for the slightly greater than 1% difference in the two bands at 1610 nm, the detector difference is less than 1% for other solar reflective bands. The detector differences show increasing trends for some short-wave bands with center wavelengths from 400 to 600 nm and remain unchanged for the bands with longer center wavelengths. The HAM side difference is insignificant and stable. Those short-wave bands from 400 to 600 nm also have relatively larger HAM side difference, up to 0.25%. Comparing the striped images from SDR and the smooth images after the correction validates the analyses of detector difference and HAM side difference. These analyses are very helpful for VIIRS calibration improvement and thus enhance product quality. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

It has been previously reported that thermal emissive bands (TEB) 27-29 in the Terra (T-) MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) have been significantly affected by electronic crosstalk. Successful linear theory of the electronic crosstalk effect was formulated, and it successfully characterized the effect via the use of lunar observations as viable inputs. In this paper, we report the successful characterization and mitigation of the electronic crosstalk for T-MODIS band 30 using the same characterization methodology. Though the phenomena of the electronic crosstalk have been well documented in previous works, the novel for band 30 is the need to also apply electronic crosstalk correction to the non-linear term in the calibration coefficient. The lack of this necessity in early works thus demonstrates the distinct difference of band 30, and, yet, in the same instances, the overall correctness of the characterization formulation. For proper result, the crosstalk correction is applied to the band 30 calibration coefficients including the non-linear term, and also to the earth view radiance. We demonstrate that the crosstalk correction achieves a long-term radiometric correction of approximately 1.5 K for desert targets and 1.0 K for ocean scenes. Significant striping removal in the Baja Peninsula earth view imagery is also demonstrated due to the successful amelioration of detector differences caused by the crosstalk effect. Similarly significant improvement in detector difference is shown for the selected ocean and desert targets over the entire mission history. In particular, band 30 detector 8, which has been flagged as "out of family" is restored by the removal of the crosstalk contamination. With the correction achieved, the science applications based on band 30 can be significantly improved. The linear formulation, the characterization methodology, and the crosstalk effect correction coefficients derived using lunar observations are once again demonstrated to work remarkably well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern satellite radiometers have many detectors with different relative spectral response (RSR). Effect of RSR differences on striping and the root cause of striping in sensor data record (SDR) radiance and brightness temperature products have not been well studied. A previous study used MODTRAN radiative transfer model (RTM) to analyze striping. In this study, we make efforts to find the possible root causes of striping. Line-by-Line RTM (LBLRTM) is used to evaluate the effect of RSR difference on striping and the atmospheric dependency for VIIRS bands M15 and M16. The results show that previous study using MODTRAN is repeatable: the striping is related to the difference between band-averaged and detector-level RSR, and the BT difference has some atmospheric dependency. We also analyzed VIIRS earth view (EV) data with several striping index methods. Since the EV data is complex, we further analyze the onboard calibration data. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test shows that the noise along track direction is the major reason for striping. We also found evidence of correlation between solar diffuser (SD) and blackbody (BB) for detector 1 in M15. Digital Count Restoration (DCR) and detector instability are possibly related to the striping in SD and EV data, but further analysis is needed. These findings can potentially lead to further SDR processing improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is a whisk broom scanning radiometer, which is onboard the Terra and Aqua spacecraft. Both MODIS instruments have successfully completed more than 12 years of on-orbit flight. The long-wave infrared (LWIR) photovoltaic bands (bands 27–30, 6.72–9.73 μm) on the LWIR focal plane assembly in Terra MODIS have contamination due to electronic crosstalk. In this paper, we examine Terra MODIS band 28 (7.33 μm) crosstalk effects, their impact, and mitigation. The crosstalk signal is identified and characterized using the regular lunar observations acquired by MODIS. It is evident from the derived crosstalk coefficients that the contamination was mainly from bands 27 (6.72 μm), 29 (8.55 μm), and 30 (9.73 μm). The crosstalk coefficients are generally a small positive quantity in the early to middle part of the mission with a few exceptions, and then changing directions. A linear correction algorithm is applied to both L1B calibration and retrieval to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the impact and improvements in this paper. It is shown that the crosstalk correction improved the imagery and radiometric fidelity of this band. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Introduction and objective: The expansion therapy is one of the methods for treatment of orthodontic anomalies. Proclination of lower incisors labially is often used to treat mild or medium serious crowding of Angle class I, to treat malocclusion of Angle Class II, division 1 and 2 type and also for treatment skeletal Class III by decompensation of position of lower incisors before orthognatic surgery. Labial inclination of lower incisors causes lengthening of lower dental arch. Excessive anterior inclination of lower incisors is generally considered as a highly risk movement potentially causing instability of orthodontic treatment outcomes and developing gingival recessions. Our aim is to point out the factors influencing anterior inclination of lower incisors towards the line A-Po and ML. Material and methods: This retrospective study includes 159 patients with nonextraction therapy of lower dental arch during fixed orthodontic appliance treatment. From the patient's documentation there was located the use of the "antispee" metal arches, the use of the class II elastics and the use of stripping of lower incisors during treatment. The position and inclination of lower incisors towards A-Po and ML line was evaluated from the cephalometric X-rays. The discrepancy and the depth of the curve of Spee were evaluated from the model casts. Results and conclusion: There was no significant dependence between observed factors and the rate of labial inclination of lower incisors towards A-Po line. However with regard to ML line the lower incisors were significantly protruded by using „antispee" metal arches for deep bite correction and also when the level of crowding increased. So we can say that observed factors influence just the labial inclination of lower incisors towards ML line with no relation towards A-Po line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare effectiveness of conventional surgery and radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of vari-cose veins with respect to; 1) duration of procedure, 2) postoperative pain, 3) complications, 4) duration of stay in hospital and 5) return to normal routine work. Prospective comparative study in which 60 patients were divided randomly into two treatment groups-conventional surgery and radiofrequency ablation (RFA), for treatment of varicose veins, each treatment group comprising of 30 patients. The level of significance was set at a p value less than 0.05.p-value was found to be significant for duration of surgery (0.00), duration of stay in hospital (0.00), average pain score (0.00), average intake of oral analgesics (0.00), ambulation period (0.00), and resumption of normal activities (0.00) in RFA group. Complications did not vary significantly in both groups. Compared to stripping and ligation, RFA has a number of benefits including less pain and cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been previously reported that thermal emissive bands (TEB) 27–29 in the Terra (T-) MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) have been significantly affected by electronic crosstalk. Successful linear theory of the electronic crosstalk effect was formulated, and it successfully characterized the effect via the use of lunar observations as viable inputs. In this paper, we report the successful characterization and mitigation of the electronic crosstalk for T-MODIS band 30 using the same characterization methodology. Though the phenomena of the electronic crosstalk have been well documented in previous works, the novel for band 30 is the need to also apply electronic crosstalk correction to the non-linear term in the calibration coefficient. The lack of this necessity in early works thus demonstrates the distinct difference of band 30, and, yet, in the same instances, the overall correctness of the characterization formulation. For proper result, the crosstalk correction is applied to the band 30 calibration coefficients including the non-linear term, and also to the earth view radiance. We demonstrate that the crosstalk correction achieves a long-term radiometric correction of approximately 1.5 K for desert targets and 1.0 K for ocean scenes. Significant striping removal in the Baja Peninsula earth view imagery is also demonstrated due to the successful amelioration of detector differences caused by the crosstalk effect. Similarly significant improvement in detector difference is shown for the selected ocean and desert targets over the entire mission history. In particular, band 30 detector 8, which has been flagged as “out of family” is restored by the removal of the crosstalk contamination. With the correction achieved, the science applications based on band 30 can be significantly improved. The linear formulation, the characterization methodology, and the crosstalk effect correction coefficients derived using lunar observations are once again demonstrated to work remarkably well.

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is one of the primary instruments in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Earth observing system. The first MODIS instrument was launched in December, 1999 onboard the Terra spacecraft. MODIS has 36 bands, covering a wavelength range 0.4-14.4 μm. MODIS band 27 (6.72 μm) is a water vapor band, which is designed to be insensitive to Earth surface features. In recent Earth view images of Terra band 27, surface feature contamination is clearly seen with pronounced striping. In this paper, it is shown that these band-27 issues are caused by electronic crosstalk from bands 28-30. An algorithm using a linear approximation is developed to correct the crosstalk effect. The crosstalk coefficients are derived from Terra MODIS lunar observations. They show that the crosstalk is strongly detector-dependent and the crosstalk pattern has changed in a noticeable fashion since launch. The crosstalk contributions were positive to the instrument response of band 27 early in the mission but became negative and much larger in magnitude at later stages of the mission for most detectors of the band. The algorithms are applied to both the black body (BB) calibration and the MODIS L1B calibrated products. With the crosstalk effect significantly removed, the calibration coefficients of Terra MODIS band 27 derived from the BB show that the detector differences become smaller. With the algorithms applied to MODIS L1B products, the Earth surface features are significantly removed, thereby restoring the radiometric balance of the band and substantially reducing the striping features in the image. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The combination of multiple detectors and a double-sided mirror in the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) introduces striping in the imagery despite the use of onboard calibration systems. This results in a sharp unidirectional pattern across scan lines and leads to significant radiometric uncertainties in level-1 radiances, which further propagate into derived level-2 geophysical products such as the sea surface temperature. Quantifying and minimizing such uncertainties are the key steps in the improvement of remotely sensed data from MODIS. This paper describes a deterministic technique for the estimation of biases due to detector-to-detector miscalibration, mirror banding, and random striping. Using a unidirectional variational model previously introduced for destriping purposes, the scan line noise is first extracted from the observed scenes and then used to evaluate the thermal bias of detectors. The algorithm is applied to Terra and Aqua MODIS thermal emissive bands. Its qualitative performance is illustrated on several representative scenes, and quantitative results of detector biases are reported and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in the data produced by large-scale scientific applications necessitates innovative solutions for efficient transfer of data. Although the current optical networking technology reached theoretical speeds of 100 Gbps, applications still suffer from inefficient transport protocols and bottlenecks on the end-systems (e.g. disk, CPU, NIC). High-performance systems provide us with parallel disks, processors and network interfaces. However the lack of orchestration of these end-system resources with the available network capacity results in underutilization of the network bandwidth. In this study, a model and two algorithms that use 'end-to-end data-flow parallelism' to optimize the use of network and end-system resources are proposed. This is achieved by using multiple parallel streams over the network; and multiple parallel disks and CPUs at the end systems. Our model predicts the optimal number of streams and disk/CPU stripes that maximizes the data transfer speed for any setting. Our algorithms use GridFTP parallel samplings and calculate the optimal level of parallelism based on our prediction model. The experiments conducted by using actual GridFTP transfers show that the predictions performed by our model and algorithms provide close-to-optimal performances with negligible overhead and use minimal number of resources. The end-to-end data transfer throughput is improved dramatically in existence of end-system bottlenecks compared to the non-optimized transfers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Flash Translation Layer (FTL) in Solid-State Disks (SSDs) maps logical addresses to physical addresses for disk drive virtualization. In order to reduce garbage collection overhead, we propose full associative striped block-level mapping. In addition, an adaptive merge is proposed to avoid excessive data block reconstructions during garbage collection. With these mechanisms, the write latency is improved up to 78% in comparison with the previous multichannel hybrid FTLs in a sample PC trace. The performance improvements stem from 52% reduced garbage collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Therapy with compressive elastic stockings is widely used after surgical treatment of varicose veins of lower extremities. In comparison were used elastic compression stockings with two degrees of compression, one of which compression was in the category of moderate-strength (30 mmHg) and second, with compression of low-strength intensity (20 mmHg). After surgery both are equally effective in controlling the formation of hematoma and trombophlebits. We performed prospective study with total of 40 patients in the period 2008-2009, in which we made crosectomy and stripping along the saphene magna veins. Patients were in CEAP stage - C2, C3, Pr. Followup period was up to 3 months. Patients were divided into two groups, in the first group (N=20) we use low-strength compression (20 mmHg), and in the second group we use moderate-strength compression (30 mmHg). As a control group (N=40) we used both intensity compressive stockings in the patients CEAP stage - C3, Pr, who were treated with conventional therapy. The results obtained shows that there were not significant differences in postoperative complications among two groups of evaluated patients. Hemodynamic parameter, maximal venous velocity (V-max) with compression of 30 mmHg was just of numerical difference. With compression of 20 mmHg we had similar hemodynamic effect but with less discomfort of wearing elastic stockings. Conclusion: Postoperative treatment with elastic compression of low-strength (20 mmHg) has clinically adequate hemodynamic effect with significant improvement in patient comfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Two-step anodic oxidation of aluminum is generally employed to produce the ordered porous anodized alumina (PAA). Dissolving away (striping) the oxide film after the first anodizing step plays a key role in the final arrangement of nano-pores. In this work, different striping durations between 1 and 6h were applied to the sample that was initially anodized at a constant voltage of 40V at 17°C for 15h. The striping duration of 3h was realized as the optimum time for achieving the best ordering degree for the pores. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used during and at the end of the process to examine the cross section and finishing surface of the specimens. Linear-angular fast Fourier transform (LA-FFT), an in-house technique based on MATLAB software, was employed to assess the ordering degree of the anodized samples. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: To investigate the striping phenomenon in fresh, enhanced pork, a series of experiments were undertaken to identify possible causes of the problem. No one factor (individual brine components, brine pH, ingredient concentration, enhancement pressure, meat and brine pH, or enhancement level) was specifically identified, which could be used to reduce the severity of the striping problem. Furthermore, tumbling the product for 2h, did not reduce the amount of striping, indicating once striping has occurred, it is permanent. Evaluation of the striping pattern indicates that the stripes are formed not only at the needle injection site, but also follow the muscle fiber orientation. The use of darker pork provided more of a contrast when evaluating striping, thus exacerbating the perceived level of striping. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Multispectral sensors using array of detectors are affected by striping, an artifact that appears as a series of horizontal bright or dark periodic lines in the remotely sensed images. Nonlinearities and memory effect of detectors are the main causes of the striping problem that is not effectively corrected in the onboard or postprocessing calibration phases. In order to clear striping from images, we consider a new procedure based on detector response equalization and apply it to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data from Terra and Aqua satellites. After identification of the out-of-family detectors, a least squares equalization stage is considered for calibration by using the intrinsic data redundancy caused by the bow-tie effect, where multiple observations of the same field of view are available from different detectors. The main advantage of this method, with respect to others such as the histogram equalization, is due to the independence of the measurements on the scene statistics, which, otherwise, will cause an overestimation or underestimation of the detectors' responses. The new procedure performance is validated using data received at the Mediterranean Agency for Remote Sensing and Environmental Control ground station facility in Benevento—Italy and data downloaded from NASA LAADS Web site. The main results are presented, by showing the effectiveness of the method and the stability of the correction coefficients, at least on one-orbit periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stratified flows causes thermal loading and fatigue relevant stresses in piping systems. It can occur due to the density difference between two layers of the same liquid at different temperatures and flowing separately in horizontal pipes without appreciable mixing. The temperature gradient from top to bottom in the pipe cross section may result in excessive differential expansion from upper to lower parts of the pipe threatening its integrity. This paper reports a thermal-hydraulic assessment of stratified flow, under conditions similar to the steam generator injection nozzle of a pressurized water reactor. Numerical results obtained with a commercial finite volume CFD code CFX-10.0 are presented and compared with experimental data. Both results confirmed the occurrence of thermal stratification under simulated conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A finite element model of a flexo post-printing press for corrugated board has been developed to determine the principal causes for local variations of printing pressure. It is the first, full-structure model of the flexo post printing system, including liners and medium boards of corrugated board as well as printing plate and backing materials. A parametric study has been performed to investigate how the properties and dimensions of these materials used in the printing system affect the printing pressure variations. It showed that the liner board and the photopolymer properties had the greatest impact on the local variations of printing pressure. However, 'washboarding'. defined as a periodic geometric imperfection of the corrugated board structure, had a limited impact on the pressure variations. It has been demonstrated that alleviating the printing pressure variations is possible through the optimization of printing plate materials within a realistic range of constitutive parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Striping or streaking is a problem in moisture enhanced meats which are injected to low levels. Research was undertaken to determine brine distribution paths and effect of pre-injection thawing rate on brine distribution. Beef rib eyes and eye of rounds were vacuum packed and aged 7 days at 3°C, then frozen (−35°C) for a month, thawed either quickly in water (5h at 12–17°C) or slowly in air (48h at 3°C), injected to 108–110% using a conventional brine containing blue food colouring, chilled overnight, then cut along four planes and photographed for image analysis of % blue, % marbling, and subjective evaluation of brine distribution paths. There were no significant differences in % blue due to treatment. Brine distribution in both muscles was better parallel to fibers than perpendicular to them. A subset of aged rib eyes was injected to 125%. Although brine was more extensively distributed than at lower injection levels, basic patterns remained unchanged. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

AC losses for striped and unstriped YBCO coated conductors are presented. The loss for a sample subdivided into 10 filaments is shown to he reduced by the expected factor of 10. Various concepts for introducing strand twisting are investigated, and some estimates are given for their superconductive filling factors and the resulting twisting-induced strain. Additionally, the concept of winding induced effective twist is described, and the effective induced twist pitch is shown to be approximately two times the length of the winding. The influence of end-soldering of the strands is described, and simple estimates of the coupling losses are given for a striped strand with soldered ends in conjunction with an effective induced twist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]