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Star anise has been used for a long time in improving human health and curing diseases, owing to its unlimited components with complex chemical structures and a wide range of bioactivities. This study is aimed to investigate the influence of extraction methods (steam distillation, ethanol Soxhlet extraction, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, subcritical n‐butane extraction) on the yield, aroma properties, chemical composition, and bioactivity of star anise essential oils. Electronic nose detection revealed the essential oils from subcritical extraction exhibited the most intense aroma, while the essential oils from ethanol Soxhlet extraction had a more complex aroma profile. Fourier‐transform infrared analysis showed the presence of benzene rings, carbonyl groups, C=C, and aromatic ether bonds in the essential oils extracted through different methods. The major components were heterocyclic olefins, heterocyclic oxygenates, and aromatic oxygenates, as well as certain amounts of flavonoids and polyphenols. Correlation analysis revealed the relative contents of volatile trans‐anethole, wormwood, d‐limonene, cineole, and trans‐α‐citronelene were strongly associated with the antibacterial activity of the essential oils. Similarly, the contents of volatile components (d‐limonene, cineole) and non‐volatile components (total flavonoids and total polyphenols) were strongly correlated with the DPPH scavenging activity of the essential oils. These results confirm the effectiveness of the ethanol Soxhlet extraction method in retaining the bioactivity of the essential oils. Finally, with a Box–Behnken central composite design of response surface and single‐factor experiments, the optimal extraction conditions for the ethanol Soxhlet method were determined: ultrasonic frequency of 80 kHz, crushing particle size of 60 meshes, liquid–material ratio of 8:1 (mL:g), and ultrasonic time of 35 min. Under these conditions, the essential oil yield was 25.51% ± 0.21%. Overall, these findings highlight the significance of extraction methods in obtaining high‐quality star anise essential oils with desirable aroma properties and potent bioactivities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Star anise fruit has been used in spice in Asian cuisine, ingredient for traditional medicines, component for antiviral drugs and as parts of tea and beverage across the globe. Toxicity from these plants has been reported due to adulteration with similar toxic species and from consumption with high toxic dose. Most physician and public are unaware of these adverse effects. Cases We present two cases of star anise toxicity. Both of the patients presented with gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms after consumption of the said fruit. All of the labs and imaging test was negative for other causes and star anise toxicity diagnosis was made after detailed history, events and related symptoms. They were managed supportively and discharged after 24 h of observation. Conclusion Emergency department doctors should be vigilant about possible star anise toxicity in patient presenting with suggestive symptoms, negative investigation for other possible cause and in area where these plant species is available. A detailed drug and ingestion history is essential.

Background: Star anise fruit has been used in spice in Asian cuisine, ingredient for traditional medicines, component for antiviral drugs and as parts of tea and beverage across the globe. Toxicity from these plants has been reported due to adulteration with similar toxic species and from consumption with high toxic dose. Most physician and public are unaware of these adverse effects. Cases: We present two cases of star anise toxicity. Both of the patients presented with gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms after consumption of the said fruit. All of the labs and imaging test was negative for other causes and star anise toxicity diagnosis was made after detailed history, events and related symptoms. They were managed supportively and discharged after 24 h of observation. Conclusion: Emergency department doctors should be vigilant about possible star anise toxicity in patient presenting with suggestive symptoms, negative investigation for other possible cause and in area where these plant species is available. A detailed drug and ingestion history is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Strain WZ-12, isolated from the rhizosphere soil of star anise trees, exhibits significant antifungal efficacy against a variety of fungi, including Colletotrichum horii, the pathogenic fungus responsible for anthracnose in star anise. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, the strain was identified as a member of the Streptomyces genus. The genome of WZ-12 comprises a linear chromosome of 9,169,400 bp and a plasmid of 378,325 bp, possessing a G + C content of 71.12%. Of note, the genome encompasses 8,172 protein-coding genes, 21 rRNA genes, 74 tRNA genes, and 89 other noncoding RNA genes. The COG, Swiss-Prot, GO, KEGG, and NR databases annotated up to 79.17, 50.50, 13.17, 37.51, and 90.43% of potential genes, respectively. Remarkably, the genome hosts 175 antimicrobial resistance genes and 33 secondary metabolite gene clusters that likely contribute to the biosynthesis of diverse bioactive compounds such as antibiotics and agents with antitumor, antioxidant, immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, or stress tolerance properties. These findings highlight the potential of WZ-12 as a promising source of novel bioactive molecules and suggest its significant value as a resource for developing innovative antimicrobial agents. [Figure: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

Illicium verum, commonly known as star anise, represents one of the notable botanical species and is recognized for its rich reservoir of diverse bioactive compounds. Beyond its culinary application as a spice, this plant has been extensively utilized in traditional medicine. Given the contemporary emphasis on incorporating natural resources into food production, particularly essential oils, to enhance sensory attributes and extend shelf life, our study seeks to elucidate the chemical composition and evaluate the antibacterial (in vitro, in situ) and insecticidal properties of Illicium verum essential oil (IVEO). Also, microbiological analyses of pumpkin sous vide treated with IVEO after inoculation of Salmonella enterica were evaluated after 1 and 7 days of study. GC/MS analysis revealed a significantly high amount of (E)-anethole (88.4%) in the investigated EO. The disc diffusion method shows that the antibacterial activity of the IVEO ranged from 5.33 (Streptococcus constellatus) to 10.33 mm (Citrobacter freundii). The lowest minimal inhibition concentration was found against E. coli and the minimum biofilm inhibition concertation was found against S. enterica. In the vapor phase, the best antimicrobial activity was found against E. coli in the pears model and against S. sonei in the beetroot model. The application of the sous vide method in combination with IVEO application decreased the number of microbial counts and eliminated the growth of S. enterica. The most isolated microbiota identified from the sous vide pumpkin were Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. cereus, B. licheniformis, and Ralstonia picketii. Modifications to the protein composition of biofilm-forming bacteria S. enterica were suggested by the MALDI TOF MS instigations. The IVEO showed insecticidal potential against Harmonia axyridis. Thanks to the properties of IVEO, our results suggest it can be used in the food industry as a natural supplement to extend the shelf life of foods and as a natural insecticide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arab Journal of Plant Protection is the property of Arab Society for Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Extensive management seriously affects the output, quality, and sustainable development of star anise, and grafting is commonly used to improve its production and quality. Although many studies have explored the effects of grafting on soil microorganisms for other plants, there is a lack of research on aromatic plants, especially on the soil ecosystems of star anise plantations. The effect of grafting star anise on the soil's biological characteristics and microbial composition remains unclear. The soil's enzyme activities, soil microbial biomass, and microbial community composition in grafted and non-grafted star anise plantations in Guangxi, China were studied using high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that the microbial biomass carbon and phosphorus contents in the soils of grafted star anise were significantly lower and the phosphatase activity was significantly higher than in the soils of non-grafted star anise. In comparison with the soils of non-grafted star anise plantations, the proportions of Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, and WPS-2 decreased and the proportions of Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, and Verrucomicrobia increased in the grafted star anise plantations. Meanwhile, Bacteroidetes was a dominant bacterial phylum unique to the soil of the grafted star anise plantations. Moreover, the proportions of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota increased and the proportions of Mortierellomycota and unclassified_k_Fungi decreased in the soils of the grafted star anise plantations. Furthermore, Basidiomycota and Rozellomycota had significant dominance in the grafted star anise plantations. In general, grafting can improve soil fertility and maintain soil health by promoting soil nutrient cycling and increasing the soil's microbial diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Star anise is also known as Illicium verum Hook. f. is a powerful plant that plays a significant role in traditional Chinese and Asian medicine. The perfume of the fruit is there, and it has a spicy and slightly sweet flavor. It has several polyphenolic and flavonoid compounds with antibacterial, antifungal, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Materials and methods: The content for manuscript were collected from Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Research Gate using the terms ''star anise,'' ''traditional Chinese medicine,'' ''anise,'' and ''pharmacological activities”. The information has been gathered till 2023.The manuscript has included the patent concerned to the Illicium verum. Result and conclusion: Anethole, found in the Chinese star anise essential oil, has been demonstrated to possess several functional qualities, including anti-oxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer effects. Most substances found in anise seed oil are as follows: anethol, eugenol, anisaldehyde, coumarins, terpene hydrocarbons, umbelliferon, and methyl chavicol. The pharmacological effects include antibacterial, antifungal, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities.

This study investigated the effect of flavoured nanophytosomes loaded with vitamins A, E, D, B complex, folic acid, and C, as well as zinc on the immunosuppressive cyclosporin A (CsA)-induced liver and kidney injury in male rats. The vitamins flavoured nanophytosomes (VFnPs) were characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency. Ice cream was flavoured with star anise volatile oil to mask the VFnPs' flavour and unacceptable taste. The study found that treatment with CsA alone resulted in increased (P > 0.05) levels of creatinine, urea, and MDA, as well as the activities of AST and ALT, while the levels of SOD, CAT, GST, proteins, CD4, INF-ᵧ, IL-6, IL-1β, and TLR4 decreased (P > 0.05). However, the group that received CsA simultaneously with VFnPs showed a significant (P > 0.05) decrease in the levels of creatinine, urea, and MDA, as well as the activities of AST and ALT, and increased (P > 0.05) levels of SOD, CAT, GST, proteins, CD4, INF-ᵧ, IL-6, IL-1β, and TLR4. The increase in the ratio of VFnPs had little effect on the physiochemical and sensory evaluation of the ice cream. Finally, the study suggests that VFnPs could potentially protect against CsA-induced liver and kidney injury and serve as a promising natural therapy for treating such conditions.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of two medicinal plants: Echinacea purpurea and Star Anise for treating and prevention of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in chickens via assessment of their immune stimulating effect in IBV challenged chicks. 160 one day old Cobb® unsexed broiler chicks with average body weight 46.3 g. Chicks were classified into 8 equal groups (20 of each). The 1st group served as a control negative, the 2nd group served as a control positive (infected with IBV virus at day 21, non- treated), the 3rd group received Echinacea from the 7th till 21st day and infected with IBV virus at day 21, the 4th group received Star Anise from the 7th till 21st day and infected with IBV virus at day 21, the 5th group received both Echinacea and Star Anise from the 7th till 21st day and infected with IBV virus at day 21, the 6th group infected with IBV virus at day 21, then received Echinacea from the 21st till 42nd, the 7th group infected with IBV virus at day 21, then received Star Anise from the 21st till 42nd, and the 8thgroup infected with IBV virus at day 21, then received both Echinacea and Star Anise from the 21st till 42nd. Estimation of the collected samples (blood and sera) were made at different periods (7th, 14th, 28th and 35th days) to determine the effects of the used drugs on some hematological, and biochemical parameters. In addition, tissue specimens from liver and trachea were taken for histopathological examination. The obtained results evoked a significant increase in WBCs, heterophiles, lymphocytes, monocytes and esinophils counts in the groups treated with Echinacea and Star Anise compared with that of the control group. Serum ALT, AST, serum urea and creatinine results revealed a significant increase in groups treated with Echinacea and Star Anise compared with the control group, while GSH, SOD and NO revealed decrease in groups treated with Echinacea and Star Anise compared with the control group. It could be concluded that the use of Echinacea and Star Anise as antivirals is positively beneficial in prevention and treatment of infectious bronchitis virus in poultry. Moreover, the use of the combination of both plants when used together have more powerful effects in the prevention and treatment of IBV in poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illicium verum Hook. F., also known as star anise, is one of the most important plants of the genus Anise in the family Magnoliaceae. I. verum not only has the functions of warming Yang, dispersing cold, regulating Qi and relieving pain but can also be used as a condiment to increase flavor as well as reconcile and remove fish smells. Currently, 201 chemical constituents have been identified from star anise; among these, star anise oil and shikimic acid are the two most widely used and studied chemical components in star anise, with the oil accounting for a large proportion of the total. This review integrates, classifies and updates studies related to the botany, pharmacology, phytochemistry, traditional and modern uses and quality control of star anise, with a special reference to its phytochemical composition and pharmacological activity. It will provide a reference for further research on this important medicinal plant. In addition, the broad applications and research profiles of star anise essential oil and shikimic acid are highlighted. Our review indicates that the research prospects regarding star anise are very broad and worthy of further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illicium verum, commonly known as star anise, represents one of the notable botanical species and is recognized for its rich reservoir of diverse bioactive compounds. Beyond its culinary application as a spice, this plant has been extensively utilized in traditional medicine. Given the contemporary emphasis on incorporating natural resources into food production, particularly essential oils, to enhance sensory attributes and extend shelf life, our study seeks to elucidate the chemical composition and evaluate the antibacterial (in vitro, in situ) and insecticidal properties of Illicium verum essential oil (IVEO). Also, microbiological analyses of pumpkin sous vide treated with IVEO after inoculation of Salmonella enterica were evaluated after 1 and 7 days of study. GC/MS analysis revealed a significantly high amount of (E)-anethole (88.4%) in the investigated EO. The disc diffusion method shows that the antibacterial activity of the IVEO ranged from 5.33 (Streptococcus constellatus) to 10.33 mm (Citrobacter freundii). The lowest minimal inhibition concentration was found against E. coli and the minimum biofilm inhibition concertation was found against S. enterica. In the vapor phase, the best antimicrobial activity was found against E. coli in the pears model and against S. sonei in the beetroot model. The application of the sous vide method in combination with IVEO application decreased the number of microbial counts and eliminated the growth of S. enterica. The most isolated microbiota identified from the sous vide pumpkin were Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. cereus, B. licheniformis, and Ralstonia picketii. Modifications to the protein composition of biofilm-forming bacteria S. enterica were suggested by the MALDI TOF MS instigations. The IVEO showed insecticidal potential against Harmonia axyridis. Thanks to the properties of IVEO, our results suggest it can be used in the food industry as a natural supplement to extend the shelf life of foods and as a natural insecticide.

Condiments and spices are the minor dietary constituents used in cuisine to enhance aroma and flavors. Dietary constituents such as spices are source of phytochemicals and micronutrients. Star anise (Illicium verum), Cinnamon (Bay) leaves (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), and Cobra's saffron (Mesua ferrea) are used as spices for culinary purposes. Acacia (Acacia catechu) is a relatively unpopular dietary constituent used in betel quid (in south Asia), and in alternative medicine. The above mentioned dietary constituents were used (as test samples) to evaluate the mechanism of their antioxidant potential through 1,1-diphenyl-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, bleomycin dependent DNA oxidation, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and through metal chelation. Cobra's saffron and Acacia displayed highest DPPH radical scavenging, followed by Cinnamon leaves and Star Anise. The reducing power (measured indirectly through DNA oxidation in presence of bleomycin-FeCl3) was significantly high for Acacia, and least for Cinnamon leaves, similar to their FRAP values. Contrarily, the metal chelation by Cinnamon leaves and Cobra's saffron was highest, and least by Star Anise, indicating that the Cinnamon leaves contains phytochemicals that have high metal chelating properties, but comparatively diminished radical scavenging and reducing power. The data suggests that the spices and Acacia display in-vitro antioxidant potential by various mechanisms, such as neutralizing free radicals through reduction / electron donation and chelating metal ions. The potency of the test extracts varied in different antioxidant assays, probably owing to the different phytochemicals present in these extracts. The wide variety of phytochemicals present in these dietary constituents may act synergistically to confer health benefits.

Coccidiosis is a devastating parasitic disease caused by organisms belonging to the genus Eimeria infecting poultry globally, causing havoc in the poultry industry. Synthetic anticoccidial drugs are being used commercially for the prevention and treatment of disease. Drug resistance and public health issues are leading to stopping their routine use. Multiple alternatives are being suggested, among which essential oils are among the novel substances to be tested against this disease. In this experiment, the anticoccidial efficiency of the essential oil of Star anise (Illicium verum) was evaluated in the broiler chicks. 270 broiler chicks were reared and divided into 6 groups, each group replicated thrice to achieve randomization. Essential oil of Star anise was given to three groups @ 1, 2, and 3%, and the rest of the three served as medicated control, infected non-medicated control, and noninfected non-medicated control groups. Effects on coccidial parameters (lesion score, oocyst score, oocyst per gram of feces and fecal score), performance parameters (feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, organ weight ratios and percent mortality), hematological and serum parameters were estimated. Results suggested that essential oils were effective in significantly reducing (P<0.05) coccidial parameters and improving performance parameters at a 3% concentration compared to infected medicated control groups. Based on the anticoccidial potential of the essential oil of Star anise, its use may be considered in the coccidiosis control programs in broiler chicks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Star anise, rich in effective active constituents, is extensively employed in the pharmaceutical and food industries. The drying temperature can irreversibly damage these constituents. To enhance the drying quality and efficiency, this study undertook experiments using three drying methods on star anise including microwave vacuum drying, hot air drying, and a combination of microwave vacuum and hot air drying. The research examined the impacts of varying drying conditions on the drying characteristics of star anise, the moisture diffusion coefficient, and the primary component contents (anethole and shikimic acid). Models were separately established for microwave vacuum and hot air thin-layer drying kinetics including Lewis, Weibull distribution, two-term exponential, Wang, and Singh models, and a Weibull distribution model for combined microwave vacuum-hot air drying. The results indicated that drying with microwave vacuum and hot air primarily proceeded in a falling rate drying phase, whereas combined microwave vacuum and hot air drying encompassed both falling rate and constant rate stages. The effective moisture diffusion coefficients (Deff) for microwave vacuum drying and hot air drying of star anise ranged from 3.4423E-07 to 8.8239E-07 m²/s and 2.0386E-08 to 8.8239E-07 m²/s, respectively, while the Deff for combined microwave and hot air drying ranged from 2.8683E-07 to 4.8014E-07 m²/s and 7.9516E-8 to 2.0964E-7 m²/s, respectively. Evidently, segmented combined drying facilitated more convenient moisture diffusion, and both coefficients increased with microwave power and hot air temperature. During the microwave vacuum and hot air drying processes, both the Wang and Singh models and the Weibull distribution models showed good fitting effects. The Weibull distribution model could effectively predict the drying behavior of segmented microwave vacuum and hot air drying of star anise. In comparison with hot air drying time, combined microwave vacuum and hot air drying shortened the drying time by 30% to 92%. Considering quality and energy consumption, a microwave power of 2,000 W, a conversion moisture content of 30%, and a hot air drying temperature of 45°C were selected as the optimal drying parameters. Employing the combined microwave vacuum and hot air drying technique, this study, with a focus on drying efficiency and high quality, provided a scientific and theoretical foundation for the drying production of star anise, which represented a significant breakthrough in the traditional drying methods of star anise as a medicinal herb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In early January 2020, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the agent responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Recently, a high percentage of patients show a high interest in natural medicines. This is mainly due to the general feeling that natural medicines are safer than synthetic drugs. This study is designed to measure the prevalence of medical and edible plants during the (COVID-19) pandemic in Taif-Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was conducted. Data was collected online using a Google forms survey. The online questionnaire was distributed to participants aged 18 years or older, living in Taif city. The data were analyzed by using IBM-SPSS version 25. In this study, we collected data from 325 participants where 76.9% of the participants were females. Considering the use of plants, 25.7% of the participants reported using Cinnamon while 20% of the participants reported using Star anise. Among the users of plants, family and friends were the main advisors of using these plants at 44.62% followed by social media at 23.69%. Moreover, 62.4 % of the participants reported using plants to protect against COVID-19 while 37.5 % reported using plants in relieving the symptoms of COVID-19. There is a significant increase in the trend of using herbs and natural products among Saudi populations, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Cinnamon, Star Anise, and pomegranate were the main reported plants to be used by the participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contemporary global spice trade is a multi-million dollar industry that frequently relies on Global North consumers' romantic visions of spices and their cultivators in the Global South. From fieldwork with ethnic minority farmers in upland northern Vietnam growing star anise, Cinnamomum cassia (often marketed as cinnamon), and black cardamom, and from a content analysis of digital marketing websites, it becomes clear that astute practices of commodification and de-commodification are invoked at different nodes along these spice global commodity chains. In this paper we investigate the strategies deployed by Vietnamese state officials, Vietnam-based exporting companies, and overseas importing and retail companies to promote and market these three spices. We find major disjunctures between the "geographical indications" approach advanced by the Vietnamese state to link products to particular places and peoples, and the "placeless" strategies mobilized by private Vietnamese and Chinese exporters. Global North importers further complicate the story, often attempting to de-commodify or de-fetishize the spices on digital-marketing platforms. By focusing on the final nodes along these commodity chains – yet to be studied or critiqued – our findings raise important questions regarding the implications of such divergent marketing strategies for farmers at the initial nodes of these spice chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive management seriously affects the output, quality, and sustainable development of star anise, and grafting is commonly used to improve its production and quality. Although many studies have explored the effects of grafting on soil microorganisms for other plants, there is a lack of research on aromatic plants, especially on the soil ecosystems of star anise plantations. The effect of grafting star anise on the soil’s biological characteristics and microbial composition remains unclear. The soil’s enzyme activities, soil microbial biomass, and microbial community composition in grafted and non-grafted star anise plantations in Guangxi, China were studied using high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that the microbial biomass carbon and phosphorus contents in the soils of grafted star anise were significantly lower and the phosphatase activity was significantly higher than in the soils of non-grafted star anise. In comparison with the soils of non-grafted star anise plantations, the proportions of Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, and WPS-2 decreased and the proportions of Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, and Verrucomicrobia increased in the grafted star anise plantations. Meanwhile, Bacteroidetes was a dominant bacterial phylum unique to the soil of the grafted star anise plantations. Moreover, the proportions of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota increased and the proportions of Mortierellomycota and unclassified_k_Fungi decreased in the soils of the grafted star anise plantations. Furthermore, Basidiomycota and Rozellomycota had significant dominance in the grafted star anise plantations. In general, grafting can improve soil fertility and maintain soil health by promoting soil nutrient cycling and increasing the soil’s microbial diversity.

The growing requirements imposed on cosmetic products are associated with the need for continuous selection of natural raw materials to meet the changing trends on the cosmetics market. The appearance of newer and newer targeted actives reflects the dynamics in the skincare field. Certain trends, however, despite the passage of time, remain unchanged and will always constitute a solid basis in the canon of maintaining good skin condition. Regardless of the type of skin, its age or condition, it is extremely important for the cosmetic to provide adequate antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory protection. Few raw materials combine such a diverse biologically active activity, which is why star anise (Illicium verum) deserves special attention. It is the raw material relatively well known and used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TMC) as a therapeutic agent. It also has an important position as a food and fragrance plant. In the European Pharmacopoeia 4.0 since 2002 and in the Polish Pharmacopoeia VIII (Farmakopea Polska VIII), since 2008 there are two monographs of raw materials obtained from I. verum: fruit - Anisi stellati fructus, and essential oil - Anisi stellati aetheroelum. Moreover, I. verum also appears in various forms as a source of raw materials for the production of cosmetics in the created by European Commission, CosIng database (Cosmetic Ingredients database). I. verum is a rich source of valuable biologically active compounds, such as: monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and flavonoids, which determine the biological activity of these raw materials. In medicine, their expectorant and spasmolytic effects are mainly used. The documented by the latest scientific research; anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant of fruit extracts and / or essential oil, determine the use of this species in the production of cosmetics. Trans-anethole (E-anethole) is recognized to be the most important compound in the essential oil of I. verum, determining its activity. The valuable sensory features (aromatic, sweet taste) and biological properties (antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory) of this compound, are used in the food, cosmetic, perfume and pharmaceutical industries. Opinion-forming organizations such as: FEMA (Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association) and FDA (Food Drug Administration) have granted both I. verum and trans-anethole the status of safe raw materials. This multifunctional biological effect makes anise an extremely interesting raw material in cosmetic formulations, however, its potential is still underestimated.

This study explores the extraction of polysaccharides from star anise (Illicium verum Hook. f.) with its anti-obesity, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and antioxidant properties. The aim is to optimize the extraction conditions of star anise polysaccharides (SAP) utilizing propane alcohols-based deep eutectic solvents and microwave-assisted methods. The optimized conditions resulted in an extraction yield of 5.14%. The characteristics of acidic pectin-like SAP, including high viscosity (44.86 mPa s), high oil-holding capacity (14.39%), a high degree of esterification (72.53%), gel-like properties, highly amorphous, a high galacturonic acid concentration, and a highly branching size polysaccharide structure, significantly contribute to their potent inhibition of pancreatic lipase (86.67%), angiotensin-converting enzyme (73.47%), and α-glucosidase (82.33%) activities as well as to their antioxidant properties of azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS, 34.94%) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP, 0.56 mM FeSO 4). Therefore, SAP could be used as a potential therapeutic agent for obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus management. [Display omitted] • SAP was successfully extracted using the microwave-DES assisted extraction method. • Parameters of SAP extraction via microwave-DES assistance were optimized using BBD. • Acidic pectin-like polysaccharides were extracted from star anise. • SAP: Potent anti-obesity, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and antioxidant agents. • SAP: High OHC, viscosity, and complex branched polysaccharide structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illicium verum Hook. F., also known as star anise, is one of the most important plants of the genus Anise in the family Magnoliaceae. I. verum not only has the functions of warming Yang, dispersing cold, regulating Qi and relieving pain but can also be used as a condiment to increase flavor as well as reconcile and remove fish smells. Currently, 201 chemical constituents have been identified from star anise; among these, star anise oil and shikimic acid are the two most widely used and studied chemical components in star anise, with the oil accounting for a large proportion of the total. This review integrates, classifies and updates studies related to the botany, pharmacology, phytochemistry, traditional and modern uses and quality control of star anise, with a special reference to its phytochemical composition and pharmacological activity. It will provide a reference for further research on this important medicinal plant. In addition, the broad applications and research profiles of star anise essential oil and shikimic acid are highlighted. Our review indicates that the research prospects regarding star anise are very broad and worthy of further investigation.

Abstract Background Chronic hyperglycemic triggers the non-enzymatic glycation of biomolecules, resulting in the production of advanced glycation endproducts, that lead to several micro- and macrovascular complications. Therefore, the discovery of new, effective, and safe anti-glycation agents is an important need. One of the best choices for the management of diabetes is to use complementary and alternative medicinal therapies. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the anti-glycation activity of ethanolic extract of Illicium verum Hook. f. (Star anise, a frequently used spice and medicinally important herb). Methods The anti-glycation activity of ethanolic extract of Illicium verum Hook. f. was determined by using both in-vitro and in-vivo assays. HSA-fructose glycation model was employed to assess the in-vitro inhibition of protein glycation, additionally cross-linked AGEs (formed by incubating lysozyme with fructose) were assessed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Dual inhibitory mechanisms, i.e., antioxidant and metal chelating activities, were also evaluated by using DPPH, ABTS, and Fe (II)-chelation assays. Acute toxicity of I. verum extract was also performed (by administrating different doses i.e. 2,000, 1,500, 1,000, and 500 mg/kg of body weight). Finally, in-vivo anti-glycation potential was evaluated by 7 weeks of administration of I. verum extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Results In HSA-fructose glycation model, extract of I. verum showed a good inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 0.11±0.001 mg/mL, as compared to the standard inhibitor, rutin (IC50 = 0.02±0.01 mg/mL). Extract of I. verum showed inhibitory activity in DPPH, and ABTS radical scavenging assays with IC50 values of 130±1.0, and 57±2.0 μg/mL, respectively, while it was found to be inactive in the Fe+2-chelation assay. The extract was found to be non-toxic, and reduce the elevated blood glucose, urea, lipid, liver function parameters, and renal AGEs levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Conclusions These results suggest that I. verum supplementation might help to reduce the burden of AGEs, and may have potential in preventing diabetes-associated complications.

Background: Intracanal irrigants are considered one of the most important factors for the success of root canal therapy, especially in primary teeth. Recently, many researchers directed their research toward the use of biological medicines of herbal origin due to their multiple benefits. Accordingly, the current study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of Moringa, costus, and Star anise herbal intracanal irrigants, and their effect on dentin roughness. Methodology: Herbal extract of Moringa (Group 1), Costus (Group 2), and Star anise (Group 3) were specially prepared as experimental intracanal irrigants and were compared to two widely used irrigants; 0.5% NaOCl as positive control (Group 4) and 0.9% normal saline as a negative control (Group 5). These five groups were investigated for their antibacterial efficacy against Enterococcus faecalis (Subgroup A) and Candida Albicans (Subgroup B), in addition, to the effect of these irrigants on the surface roughness of human root canal dentin, after placing them in 200 distal roots of extracted primary molars for 15 minutes was studied. Results: Regarding the antibacterial effect, NaOCL shows the highest percent of reduction of both E. Faecalis and C. Albicans followed by Costus with no significant difference between the two groups. The highest mean decrease in surface roughness in both Sa and Sz parameters was in group 4 (NaOCL). Conclusion: Indian Costus shows a high antibacterial effect which is comparable to NaOCL with lower surface roughness that can decrease the adhesion of bacteria to the dentinal surface. On the other hand, the Sz parameter is considered a reliable method for measuring bacterial adhesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetite Fe3O4 and spinel (2:1) and (4:1) NiFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were prepared by simple and affordable co-precipitation methods using an extract of star anise (Illicium verum) as a green reducing agent. The morphology and chemical composition of these MNPs were confirmed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The synthesized magnetite Fe3O4 and spinel (2:1) and (4:1) NiFe2O4 MNPs were in the size range of 0.1–1 µm. The MNPs had irregular clustered platelets (magnetite Fe3O4) and pyramidal structures (spinel (2:1) and (4:1) NiFe2O4 NPs). The average sizes of the synthesized magnetite Fe3O4, and spinel (2:1) and (4:1) NiFe2O4 MNPs calculated using XRD analysis were 66.8, 72.5, and 72.9 nm, respectively. In addition to the characteristic absorption peaks of magnetite Fe3O4, those of spinel (2:1) and (4:1) NiFe2O4 MNPs were detected at ~300–350 nm and ~700 nm, respectively. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the synthesized magnetite Fe3O4, and spinel (2:1) and (4:1) NiFe2O4 MNPs showed high biomedical activities against liver carcinoma cells and non-small lung adenocarcinoma cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic hyperglycemic triggers the non-enzymatic glycation of biomolecules, resulting in the production of advanced glycation endproducts, that lead to several micro- and macrovascular complications. Therefore, the discovery of new, effective, and safe anti-glycation agents is an important need. One of the best choices for the management of diabetes is to use complementary and alternative medicinal therapies. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the anti-glycation activity of ethanolic extract of Illicium verum Hook. f. (Star anise, a frequently used spice and medicinally important herb). Methods: The anti-glycation activity of ethanolic extract of Illicium verum Hook. f. was determined by using both in-vitro and in-vivo assays. HSA-fructose glycation model was employed to assess the in-vitro inhibition of protein glycation, additionally cross-linked AGEs (formed by incubating lysozyme with fructose) were assessed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Dual inhibitory mechanisms, i.e., antioxidant and metal chelating activities, were also evaluated by using DPPH, ABTS, and Fe (II)-chelation assays. Acute toxicity of I. verum extract was also performed (by administrating different doses i.e. 2,000, 1,500, 1,000, and 500 mg/kg of body weight). Finally, in-vivo anti-glycation potential was evaluated by 7 weeks of administration of I. verum extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Results: In HSA-fructose glycation model, extract of I. verum showed a good inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 0.11±0.001 mg/mL, as compared to the standard inhibitor, rutin (IC50 = 0.02±0.01 mg/mL). Extract of I. verum showed inhibitory activity in DPPH, and ABTS radical scavenging assays with IC50 values of 130±1.0, and 57±2.0 μg/mL, respectively, while it was found to be inactive in the Fe+2-chelation assay. The extract was found to be non-toxic, and reduce the elevated blood glucose, urea, lipid, liver function parameters, and renal AGEs levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Conclusions: These results suggest that I. verum supplementation might help to reduce the burden of AGEs, and may have potential in preventing diabetes-associated complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Star anise (Illicium verum Hook. f) has been used as spice and herbal medicine for many years with lacking researches on evaluating its application for improving relative organ weight, intestinal development, and quality of animal products. The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of star anise, its essential oil and leavings on carcass traits, relative organ weight, intestinal development, and meat quality of broiler chickens. A total of 384 broilers were randomly assigned to 4 treatments with 8 replicates of 12 birds each. The 4 dietary treatments were basal diet (Control), basal diet supplemented with 5 g/kg star anise (Star anise), basal diet supplemented with 0.22 g/kg essential oil (Essential oil), and basal diet supplemented with 5 g/kg leavings (Leavings). The concentration of main active components in the experimental diets was 0.204 g trans-anethole/kg of diet. All birds were fed a starter diet (0–21 d) and a grower diet (22–42 d). Birds supplemented with star anise and essential oil had a greater (P 0.05) among all treatments. Birds supplemented with star anise and essential oil had higher (P = 0.010) relative weight of thymus than those in control and leavings groups. Essential oil supplemented groups appeared to contain the highest (P

This study was designed to investigate carbofuran (CF)-induced pathological alterations in broiler chicks and ameliorative potential of Star anise against these anomalies. Ninety-day old broiler chicks were procured from a local hatchery, equally divided into six groups and were given different combinations of CF (6 and 10 mg/kg) and Star anise (6 g/kg). Parameters studied were feed intake, mortality, body weight gain, and relative organ weights along with some hematological and serum biochemical parameters. Results of this experiment confirmed a mitigative potential elucidated by Star anise against CF-induced toxicopathological, hematological, serum biochemical, and histopathological alterations in broiler chicks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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[Display omitted] • Four key off-odorants are identified in braised duck legs via HS-SPME-GC-O-MS. • Star anise is considered as a positive contributor to the aroma profile of braised duck legs. • 0.2% of star anise significantly improves the umami value of braised duck legs. • Characteristic flavor biomarkers for braised duck legs treated with star anise are explored. • 0.2% of star anise is recommended for the braised duck legs processing. To promote the rationalized and standardized application of star anise in braised poultry products, the effects of different concentrations of star anise (0 %, 0.1 %, 0.2 %, 0.3 %, and 0.4 %) on the aroma and taste compounds intensities of braised duck legs from the perspective of flavor were evaluated by using flavor omics approach combined with multivariate statistics. The volatile flavor results showed that there were 17 key aroma compounds with odor activity values (OAVs) > 1, including aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, furans, hydrocarbons, and ethers. Most of the aroma compounds related to lipid oxidation were significantly inhibited when the concentration of star anise reached 0.2 %, especially inhibited the concentrations of the unpleasant off-odorants containing hexanal, heptanal, 1-octen-3-ol, and 2-pentyl-furan by 30.27 %, 15.08 %, 30.30 %, and 41.63 %, respectively. And the flavor intensities of these compounds were negatively correlated with the concentration of star anise. Additionally, star anise gave braised duck legs characteristic aroma such as floral and herbal notes. The taste results revealed that the maximum umami value (4.36 g MSG/100 g) of braised duck legs was observed when the concentration of star anise reached 0.2 %. Six flavor markers were obtained via PLS-DA model, and the flavors of braised duck legs with different concentrations of star anise were distinguished. This study provided a vital theoretical basis for the rational application and flavor control of star anise in braised poultry products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural products have been widely used by the population around the world. The objective of this research was to evaluate the genotoxic effect of Illicium verum on the cell cycle of Pisum sativum L. and Allium sativum. In order to preparate the infusions, the dried fruits were purchased in the local commerce in the municipality of Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, four treatments were prepared in four concentrations for 200mL of distilled water: 1,5g, 3,0g, 4,5g, 6,0g, plus a positive control composed of 40 drops of paracetamol, and a negative control composed of distilled water. After 24, 48 and 72 hours, the radicles were collected from the infusions, fixed in methanol-acetic acid (3:1) for 24 hours. Cells were analyzed at all stages of the cell cycle, totalizing 3000 cells, for each treatment group. Mitotic indexes (MI) were calculated and submitted to analysis of variance and the Scott Knott 5% test. The results showed that in the samples P. sativum and Allium sativum with negative control there was no anomaly. Mitotic indices increased as a result of the increased concentration of infusions. Chromosomes anomalies occurring in the roots of P. sativum, but A. sativum was less sensitive in the detection of anomalies. It was concluded that the infusions of I. verum, in the concentrations studied, have an antiproliferative and mutagenic effect on the cell cycle of P. sativum.

Developing fit-to-purpose analytical screening methods for plant marker constituents by simple and affordable techniques represents a constant and important request from the current transformation chain of plant products. In this work, methods developed on classical thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and overpressured layer chromatography (OPLC) have been applied on some of the most valuable commercial plant products, such as star anise (Illicium verum Hook. f.) essential oil and extracts, common thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) essential oils and acerola fruit (Malpighia punicifolia L.) hydroalcoholic extracts, to evaluate OPLC potentiality in comparison with TLC performances in the detection of some characteristic constituents. OPLC provided higher performance with respect to TLC in all experiments performed due to higher selectivity demonstrated on all the tested marker compounds except for flavonoids in acerola extracts. Considering the usage of planar chromatography in the quality control of plant derivatives, the present paper shows how the OPLC protocols were both highly time- and solvent-saving in comparison with classical TLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illicium verum Hook f. (star anise) is considered an important species in Traditional Chinese Medicine and is also used in contemporary medicine in East Asian countries. It occurs in natural habitats in southeastern parts of China and Vietnam, and is cultivated in various regions in China. The raw materials—Anisi stellati fructus and Anisi stellati aetheroleum obtained from this species exhibit expectorant and spasmolytic activities. The European Pharmacopoeia (4th edition) indicates that these raw materials have been used in allopathy since 2002. The biological activities of the above-mentioned raw materials are determined by the presence of valuable secondary metabolites such as monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and flavonoids. Recent pharmacological studies on fruit extracts and the essential oil of this species have confirmed their antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities and thus their medicinal and cosmetic value. The aim of this review was to examine the progress of phytochemical and pharmacological studies that focused on possible cosmetic applications. In addition to fruit extracts and essential oil, the current consensus on the safety of trans-anethole, which is the main compound of essential oil used in cosmetology, is underlined here.

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Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Medicinal herbs are one of the imperative sources of drugs all over the world. Star anise (Illicium verum), an evergreen, medium-sized tree with star-shaped fruit, is an important herb with wide distribution throughout southwestern parts of the Asian continent. Besides its use as spice in culinary, star anise is one of the vital ingredients of the Chinese medicinal herbs and is widely known for its antiviral effects. It is also the source of the precursor molecule, shikimic acid, which is used in the manufacture of oseltamivir (Tamiflu®), an antiviral medication for influenza A and influenza B. Besides, several other molecules with numerous biological benefits including the antiviral effects have been reported from the same plant. Except the antiviral potential, star anise possesses a number of other potentials such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, anthelmintic, insecticidal, secretolytic, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective, sedative properties, expectorant and spasmolytic, and estrogenic effects. This review aimed to integrate the information on the customary attributes of the plant star anise with a specific prominence on its antiviral properties and the phytochemical constituents along with its clinical aptness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To investigate the effects of repeatedly used broth containing star anise on the volatile flavor compounds in meat broths and stewed meat, broth containing star anise was repeatedly used to cook pork loin for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 times, respectively. Volatile flavor profiles and compounds in meat broths were determined by sensory evaluation and identified by solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The sensory evaluation based on a triangle test elucidated significant differences on aroma between meat broths repeatedly used for 1 time and 3 times. Moreover, a total of 37 volatile compounds were identified in meat broths cooked with star anise and the main volatile compounds were anethole, eucalyptol, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, alpha-terpineol, cedrol. The relative contents of the volatile flavor compounds in meat broths decreased as the times for the broth being reused increased. After the meat broth containing star anise being repeatedly used for 3 times, the total amount of volatile compounds was only about 50% of the initial level, and therefore, an additional 40–50% of the initial amount of star anise was recommended to add into meat broth after the broth being used 2 times. The supplementation of star anise to the meat broth helped ensure the flavor consistency of the resulted stewed meat product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Volatile compounds of seasoned sea cucumber were characterized by HS-SPME-GC–MS. • The processing technology of sea cucumber was optimized by RSM. • Effects of seasonings soaking on volatile compounds of sea cucumber were analysed. • The characteristic flavor compounds in sample were identified from star anise. The quality of sea cucumber is closely associated with its processing technology. In this study, the response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the thermal process conditions for seasoned sea cucumber, while gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) technique identified 25 characteristic compounds. Terpenes and their oxygen derivatives constituted approximately 70% of all compounds detected. Among these, trans -anethole emerged as the predominant volatile aroma compound in seasoned sea cucumber at a concentration of 39.99 ± 4.52 mg/g, followed by p-anisaldehyde, cis -anethole, linalool, estragole, and d -limonene. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that trans -anethole, cis -anethole, estragole, and d -limonene collectively contributed over 45.0% to the flavor profile of sea cucumber. This investigation provides an initial exploration into the alterations in volatile compounds within star anise-seasoned seasoned sea cucumber, thereby establishing a foundation for instant sea cucumbers' flavor processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese Star Anise (Illicium verum) is a common spice used in many cultures as an herbal treatment for infant colic.1,2 Often, it has been found to be contaminated with Japanese Star Anise (Illicium anisatum) or is used in high doses resulting in neurotoxicity and gastrointestinal disturbances.1,3,4 Here we present a case of a previously healthy 2-week-old male who was evaluated in the emergency department for abnormal movements, irritability, and emesis after ingestion of star anise tea for the treatment of colic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the multiple usages of star anise, a spice harvested from trees native to northeast Vietnam and southeast China, and notwithstanding its potential as a 'flex crop' due to being a key component in the pharmaceutical production of the anti-influenza drug Tamiflu, little is known about who cultivates this spice and how it reaches consumers around the world. Putting commodity chain analysis literature into conversation with recent 'flex crop' debates, we analyse the roles of actors along star anise commodity chains originating in rural, upland northern Vietnam. Our qualitative fieldwork reveals the intricate and idiosyncratic nature of these commodity chains upon which ethnic minority cultivator livelihoods depend, and which connect uplands and lowlands through manifold linkages. Cultivators, intermediaries, wholesalers, exporters and marketplace traders are constantly having to renegotiate their positions along these chains to maintain viable livelihoods due to uncertain financial returns and shifting demands. Adding to livelihood insecurities, financial gains have fluctuated wildly over time. The segmented knowledge individuals have of these commodity chains keep many in a vulnerable position, while the Vietnamese state's approach to promoting this commodity as a way to improve local livelihoods is questionable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years scientists have focused on the identification and the application of natural products for inactivation of mycotoxins. Essential oils with antimicrobial properties are probably the most promising method for the prevention of potentially toxigenic fungi. Thus the aim of this work is to characterise star anise (Illicium verum) and to assess its antioxidant and antifungal and antimycotoxigenic properties using different methods. Results revealed that the major components of star anise essential oil identified by GC/MS were trans-anethole (82.7%), carryophyllene (4.8%) and limonene (2.3%). Total phenolics of ethanol and methanol extracts recorded 112.4 and 96.3 mg GAE/g DW respectively, whereas higher total flavonoid content was recorded for the ethanol extract than the methanol extract. Star anise essential oil showed lower antioxidant activity (55.6 mg/mL) than the extracts using DPPH-scavenging and β-carotene/linoleic acid assays. Results revealed growth reduction of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and Fusarium verticillioides by 83.2%, 72.8% and 65.11%, respectively when using 100 ppm of the star anise essential oil, where a complete inhibition was achieved at 200 ppm for A. flavus and A. parasiticus respectively. Aflatoxin B1 and Fumonisin B1 production were inhibited completely at 100 and 200 ppm respectively. It could be concluded that star anise extracts could be considered an important substance that should be explored for the discovery and development of newer and safer food supplements as well as drug products.

This study investigated the effect of flavoured nanophytosomes loaded with vitamins A, E, D, B complex, folic acid, and C, as well as zinc on the immunosuppressive cyclosporin A (CsA)-induced liver and kidney injury in male rats. The vitamins flavoured nanophytosomes (VFnPs) were characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency. Ice cream was flavoured with star anise volatile oil to mask the VFnPs' flavour and unacceptable taste. The study found that treatment with CsA alone resulted in increased (P > 0.05) levels of creatinine, urea, and MDA, as well as the activities of AST and ALT, while the levels of SOD, CAT, GST, proteins, CD4, INF-ᵧ, IL-6, IL-1β, and TLR4 decreased (P > 0.05). However, the group that received CsA simultaneously with VFnPs showed a significant (P > 0.05) decrease in the levels of creatinine, urea, and MDA, as well as the activities of AST and ALT, and increased (P > 0.05) levels of SOD, CAT, GST, proteins, CD4, INF-ᵧ, IL-6, IL-1β, and TLR4. The increase in the ratio of VFnPs had little effect on the physiochemical and sensory evaluation of the ice cream. Finally, the study suggests that VFnPs could potentially protect against CsA-induced liver and kidney injury and serve as a promising natural therapy for treating such conditions., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)