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A Field experiment was conducted at Agricultural college farm, Bapatla during the kharif and rabi seasons of 2018-19 and 2019-20 to study the residual effect of nutrient management approaches in finger millet on growth and yield of succeeding horsegram crop under finger millet - horsegram system. The experimental design was split plot with three replications. The main-plot factor comprised of three crop geometries with different age of seedlings (30x10 cm with 30 days old seedlings, 30x30 cm with 15 days old seedlings and 45x45 cm with 15 days old seedlings) and seven nutrient management practices (S0: absolute control, S1: FYM @ 10 tonnes ha-1 + application of dravajeevamrutham, S2: FYM @ 10 tonnes ha-1 + application of dravajeevamrutham along with wooden log treatment, S3: FYM @ 10 tonnes ha-1 + 100% RDF, S4: FYM @ 10 tonnes ha-1 + 100% RDF along with wooden log treatment, S5: FYM @ 10 tonnes ha-1 + 125% RDF, S6: FYM @ 10 tonnes ha-1 + 125% RDF along with wooden log treatment) in subplots were given to kharif finger millet. During succeeding rabi season on the same field horsegram was grown to study the residual impact. The application of FYM @ 10 tonnes ha-1 + 125% RDF along with or without wooden log treatment to finger millet reported the significant residual effect on growth, seed and haulm yields of succeeding horsegram crop.

Water is a vital resource to sustain civilizations and pecuniary development and most importantly agriculture. Agriculture is the main contributor to the Ethiopian economy. The field experiment was conducted at Werer Agricultural Research center to evaluate the effects of drip and furrow irrigation under different irrigation levels on maize water use efficiency. The experiment was laid out in an RCBD split-plot arrangement where drip and furrow irrigations were assigned as the main plot and irrigation levels (100, 85, 70, and 55% of ETc) were assigned in the subplot arrangement with three blocks. The highest seasonal water requirement of maize was 701.7 mm at 100% ETc under conventional furrow irrigation which is considered as control while the lowest was 321.6 mm at 55% ETc under alternative furrow irrigation. The interaction effects of irrigation systems and irrigation levels have shown a highly significant (p

The study which was designed according to split plot, was established with 4 replications and 3 trees in each application. Between April and September, a fertilization program was prepared according to the results of soil and leaf analysis from the fertigation system, and the correlations between soil, leaf and fruit nutrient contents were examined by applying KNO3 (4.2 kg/12 tree), K2SO4 (3.7 kg/12 tree) and KNO3+K2SO4 (2+1.85 kg/12 tree) fertilizers. As a result of the research, it was determined that the Oil (FW) content increased by 4.08%, K2SO4 2.02% and KNO3+K2SO4 8.25% in KNO3 application compared to 2015 with different K fertilizer applications. It is seen that the yield and % oil amount increase with balanced and regular fertilizer application in olives.

When the levels of some factors in an experiment are difficult to be changed or controlled, fractional factorial split-plot (FFSP) designs are commonly used in which the factors are classified as the whole plot (WP) and sub-plot (SP) factors. Mixed-level designs are used in practice when the levels of the factors are not equal to each other. This paper considers the mixed-level FFSP designs with the WP factors being more important than the SP factors. It proposes the combined minimum aberration criterion of type WP (WP-MA $$^{c}$$ ) for mixed-level FFSP designs. Some optimal mixed-level FFSP designs are constructed under the WP-MA $$^{c}$$ criterion.

A field experiment was carried out during 2020/ 2021 winter season in a private farm at Al-Maamorah district, El-Ghafara, Tripoli, Libya to evaluate four planting dates (1st and mid November and 1st and mid December) and four seeding rates (80, 100, 120 and 140 kg ha-1) on growth, grain yield, yield attributes and grain protein content of Sidi Almsry durum wheat variety. Randomized complete block design in split plot arrangement in three replications was used, where the four sowing dates were randomly allocated in the main plots and the four seeding rates were randomly distributed within each main plot. Obtained results indicated that planting the studied variety at mid November produced the tallest plants, highest LAI, number of tillers and spikes m-2, number of grains spike-1, grain yield, H.I. and heaviest 1000-grain weight. However, 140 kg seeds ha-1 produced the tallest plants, highest LAI, number of tillers and spikes m-2, lodging percentage and grain protein content. Meanwhile, planting Sidi Almsry variety at mid November with 100 kg seeds ha-1 produced maximum grain yield, H.I and 1000-grain weight, while 140 kg seeds ha-1 at mid November produced the tallest plants and highest LAI, number of tillers and spikes m-2. The highest grain protein content resulted from sowing at mid December with 140 kg seeds ha-1.

Le mil est la deuxième importante céréale cultivée au Burkina Faso après le sorgho. Ces dernières années, les rendements sont en baisse du fait de la pauvreté des sols et des aléas climatiques. Cette étude réalisée en 2018 et 2019 à la Station de Recherches de Saria avait pour objectif d’identifier des technologies de gestion de l’eau et de la fertilisation qui optimisent les rendements du mil. Le dispositif expérimental était un bloc complétement randomisé avec une disposition des traitements en split-plot et trois répétitions où les parcelles principales correspondaient à quatre niveaux de travail du sol et les parcelles secondaires à huit niveaux de fertilisation minérale avec ou sans compost. Les résultats ont montré que l’utilisation du compost plus les engrais minéraux ont permis des gains de 338 à 502 kg ha-1 pour le grain et de 657 à 947 kg ha-1 pour la paille. Le labour a engendré des gains de 266 à 635 kg ha-1 pour le grain et de 381 à 601 kg ha-1 pour la paille. Ces résultats permettent de recommander le labour avec une fertilisation organique et minérale pour optimiser les rendements du mil dans la zone soudano-sahélienne du Burkina Faso.Mots clés : Labour, zaï manuel, billonnage cloisonné, compost, Station de Recherches de Saria Effects of tillage and organo-mineral fertilization on yields of pearl millet in the Soudano-sahelian zone of Burkina FasoABSTRACTPearl millet is the second important cereal crop cultivated in Burkina Faso after sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. In recent years, farmers failed to achieve good yields because of low productivity resulting from soil poverty and climatic risks. This study was carried out at Saria Research Station in 2018 and 2019 and aimed at finding the best combination of water management techniques and fertilizers to optimize pearl millet yields. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with split plot arrangements of treatments and three replications. The main plot was tillage method with four levels and the sub-plot was fertilization with eight levels consisting of mineral fertilizers with or without compost. Results showed that the addition of compost to mineral fertilizers resulted in yield increases from 338 to 502 kg ha-1 for grain and 657 to 947 kg ha-1 for stover. The use of plough increased grain yield from 266 to 635 kg ha-1 and stover from 381 to 601 kg ha-1. These results indicate that the use of compost plus mineral fertilizers and plough that optimize pearl millet yields can be recommended for pearl millet production in the Sudano-sahelian zone of Burkina Faso.© 2021 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Plough, manual zaï, tied-ridging, compost, Saria Research Station.

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between ambient temperature during growing season on tuber β-carotene content and yield of four orange-fleshed sweetpotato varieties; Orange Chingovwa, Olympia, Kokota and Zambezi. A split plot experiment design with the environment (main plot) and variety (subplots). The environments were: High-temperature site (HTS) (average temperature of 38.5°C) and moderate temperature site 1 (MTS 1) and moderate temperature site 2 (MTS 2) (average temperature 32.2 and 31.2°C, respectively). Results suggested that assimilate partitioning between below ground components (tubers) and above ground components (leaves and vines) were inversely related and influenced by ambient temperature during development. Low temperatures favoured tuber formation. The HTS had lower yield (0.97 ton ha-1) compared to the two moderate temperature sites that had tuber yield between 11.96 and 9.41 ton ha-1. The HTS at 7.23 mg/100 g had lower β-carotene contents compared to the MTS sites (≈15.5 mg/100 g). Zambezi and Orange Chingovwa had higher β-carotene content at 21.21 mg/100 g and (18.85 mg/100 g). Kokota had the least β-carotene (3.28 mg/100 g Vine Yield (VY) was significantly different for sites. HTS had the highest VY and leaf area (23.6 t/ha) while the two MTS had low VY of 8.7 and 12.9 t/ha. Key words: Partitioning, tuber, leaf area, vine, yield.

Pamuk, doğal lif üretiminin yapıldığı en önemli bitkidir. Türkiye koşullarında, mekanize yöntemlerle daha çok 70 x 15 cm2 (70 cm sıra arası, 15 cm sıra üzeri) ekim sıklığında yetiştirilmektedir. Bu çalışma Stoneville 468, Lima ve Candia pamuk çeşitlerinin, üç farklı ekim yöntemiyle oluşturulan bitki sıklıklarına uyum potansiyellerini saptamak amacıyla, 2019 yılında, Kahramanmaraş’ta yürütülmüştür. Çalışma tesadüf bloklarında bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Çalışma sonucunda, kütlü pamuk verimi ve lif veriminin, farklı ekim yöntemleriyle oluşturulan bitki sıklıklarından etkilendiği, çırçır randımanı ile lif özelliklerinin etkilenmediği saptanmıştır. Stoneville 468 ve Lima çeşitleri çift sıra-I, Candia çeşidi ise çift sıra-II uygulamasında en yüksek verime sahip olurken, 48 x 15 cm2 ve daha dar ekim sıklığının pamuk tarımı için uygun olmadığı saptanmıştır.

This study determined the effect of phosphorus application rates on quality of potato tubers. Field experiments were set up at Egerton University, Njoro and Kenya Agricultural Livestock and Research Organization (KARLO), Molo. A randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement and three replicates were used. Main plot factors were varieties (Shangi, Dutch Robyjn, Unica and Wanjiku). Sub plot factors were phosphorus levels (0, 30, 60, 90 kg P ha-1). Data collected was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS software version 9.3. Application of 0 and 60 kg P ha-1 at KALRO Molo resulted in significantly higher (P

Weed interference is one of the factors that reduces carrot yield considerably. The aim of this study was to determine the periods of weed interference in carrots cultivated under two localized irrigation systems. The experiment used a completely randomized block design, with three replications, using the split plot scheme. The plots consisted of two irrigation systems (drip and micro sprinkler) and the subplots corresponded to the duration of coexistence of the crop with weeds, comprising periods of control (weed -free) or coexistence (with weeds) (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 120 days after emergence (DAE) of the crop). Considering a yield loss of 2.5%, 5%, and 10% in marketable carrots, the beginning and end of the critical period of weed control (CPWC) was determined by adjusting a sigmoid model to the relative production data. The presence of the weed community throughout the crop cycle resulted in yield losses of up to 98%. The CPWP varied for the irrigation systems used. Carrot cultivation with and without competition, under the micro sprinkler irrigation system showed a higher yield than with the drip system. Considering a yield loss of 5%, the CPWC was 23 DAE and 7 DAE in the drip irrigation and micro sprinkler irrigation systems, respectively. RESUMO A interferência de plantas daninhas representa um dos fatores de maior impacto na redução da produtividade na cultura da cenoura. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os períodos de interferência de plantas daninhas na cenoura em dois sistemas de irrigação localizada. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com três repetições, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas foram constituídas dos dois sistemas de irrigação (gotejamento e microaspersão), e as subparcelas corresponderam à duração da convivência com as plantas daninhas, constituídos de períodos de controle (no limpo) ou convivência (no mato) das plantas daninhas com a cultura (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 e 120 dias após a emergência (DAE)). O início e o fim do período crítico de prevenção a interferência (PCPI), com base em uma perda de produtividade de 2,5, 5 e 10 % de cenoura comercializável, foi determinado pelo ajuste do modelo Sigmoide aos dados de produção relativa. A presença da comunidade de plantas daninhas durante todo o ciclo da cultura pode acarretar perdas de até 98% na produtividade. O PCPI variou em 16 dias entre os sistemas de irrigação utilizados. O cultivo da cenoura com e sem competição, sob o sistema de irrigação por microaspersão apresentou maior produtividade em comparação ao cultivo no sistema de gotejamento. No sistema de irrigação por gotejamento o PCPI foi de 23 DAE e no sistema de irrigação por microaspersão foi de 7 DAE, considerando perdas de produtividade de 5 %.

An experiment was conducted in the farmer’s field at the Moddho Jutkhali village, Subornochar, Noakhali, a salinity affected area of Bangladesh to investigate the effect of variety and gypsum fertilizer on the yield of transplant aman rice under salinity condition during July to December, 2017. The experiment was laid out in a two factor split-plot design with three replications consisting of three aman rice varieties viz., Swarna (V1, an indian variety adapted to that locality), BRRI dhan52 (V2) and Binadhan-7 (V3) and three levels of gypsum fertilizer viz., 0, 75 and 150 kg gypsum ha-1. Yield components and yield of transplant aman rice were significantly influenced by variety, level of gypsum and their interactions. Among the varieties, Swarna produced the tallest plant height (126.7 cm), highest number of grains panicle-1 (76.30), weight of 1000 grains (25.80 g), grain yield (5.44 t ha-1), straw yield (7.07 t ha-1), and biological yield (12.51 t ha-1) while Binadhan-7 showed lowest values of these respective parameters but number of total tillers hill-1 (9.99) and number of effective tillers hill-1 (8.94) were maximum in Binadhan-7. Among three gypsum levels, most of the yield contributing characters showed highest values for 150 kg gypsum ha-1 that’s why grain yield was also highest (5.32 t ha-1) for this treatment. On the other hand lowest grain yield (4.92 t ha-1) was found when no gypsum was applied. In case of treatment interaction, highest number of grains panicle-1 (80.23) and highest grain yield (5.69 t ha-1) were produced when Swarna was cultivated with 75 kg gypsum ha-1 while lowest values of grain, straw and biological yields (4.36, 5.11 and 9.47 t ha-1, respectively) were found when Binadhan-7 was cultivated without applying any gypsum. Therefore, it can be concluded that the variety Swarna with 75 kg gypsum ha-1 can be practiced for the cultivation of transplant aman rice in the salinity affected area of Noakhali, Bangladesh to obtain the highest grain yield. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.7(3): 363-371, December 2020

It is of great importance to determine the correct sowing dates to ensure technical and physiological maturity that affects high grain yield and quality. With present study, it was aimed to determine the suitable sowing date and varieties in quinoa grown under Igdir irrigated conditions for high seed production. For this purpose, in the adaptation study carried out with 15 quinoa genotypes, Mint Vanilla and Titicaca varieties with the highest seed yield were tested by sowing at 10-day intervals (mid-March, last week of March, early April and mid-April). The study was established according to split plot experimental design on completely randomized blocks with 3 replications in 2017 and 2018. As a result of analysis; the effects of years, sowing dates and varieties on some parameters examined were found to be significant. Accordingly, it was observed that the other parameters except for thousand grain weight (TGW) and crude protein (CP) ratio in stem were higher in 2018. While the highest panicle ratio, TGW, seed yield, harvest index, CP ratio in grain and stem were determined in Titicaca, ripening time, stem thickness, plant height, number of branches, straw and biological yield were determined in Mint Vanilla. Compared to other sowing dates, ripening period, TGW and harvest index were found to be higher in the first sowing period, but stem thickness, plant height, branch number, straw and biological yield in the second sowing date. Consequently, it was concluded that sowings should be done without delay (in the third week of March) to avoid significant decreases in seed yield and quality characteristics and that Titicaca for seed production was the suitable variety for this region.

Summary We consider a new method of constructing non-orthogonal (incomplete) split-split-plot designs (SSPDs) for three (A, B, C) factor experiments. The final design is generated by some resolvable incomplete block design (for the factor A) and by square lattice designs for factors B and C using a modified Kronecker product of those designs (incidence matrices). Statistical properties of the constructed designs are investigated under a randomized-derived linear model. This model is strictly connected with a four-step randomization of units (blocks, whole plots, subplots, sub-subplots inside each block). The final SSPD has orthogonal block structure (OBS) and satisfies the general balance (GB) property. The statistical analysis of experiments performed in the SSPD is based on the analysis of variance often used for multistratum experiments. We characterize the SSPD with respect to the stratum efficiency factors for the basic estimable treatment contrasts. The structures of the vectors defining treatment contrasts are also given.

In practice, fractional factorial split-plot (FFSP) designs are widely used when the levels of some factors are very difficult to change or control. The factors of an FFSP design are divided into two groups, the whole plot (WP) and subplot (SP) factors. When the WP factors are more important than SP factors, Wang et al. (2019) gave a new optimal criterion for selecting designs, that is, the minimum aberration of type WP (WP-MA). This article considers the construction of WP-MA FFSP designs by using the complementary sets as the main technical tool. The results are then applied to find optimal designs under the WP-MA criterion. Many useful designs are found and tabulated.

La valorisation de certaines espèces sous-utilisées constitue des moyens palliatifs de la diversification des cultures dans certaines localités de l’Extrême-Nord. Plus spécifiquement, l’absence des connaissances sur les méthodes culturales de la culture de souchet (Cypérus esculentus L.) constitue un frein de sa production. Face à cette situation, une étude été menée dans la plaine du Mayo-Danay (Danay-vokgora) afin de transférer le paquet technologique (itinéraire technique) de production de cette culture aux producteurs en vue de substituer les cultures sensibles à la variabilité et au changement climatique. Une parcelle de démonstration (Champ Ecole Paysan (CEP)) de quatre accessions de souchet (Cyperus esculentus L.) a été mise en place. Les opérations culturales ont été mise en oeuvre dans le dispositif en split plot comprenant les blocs de placettes complètement randomisées. La densité de semis et les accessions comportant quatre modalités chacun et répétées quatre fois ont été appliquées et contrôlées. L’issu des résultats révèlent qu’il n’existe pas des effets des densités de semis sur les rendements moyens en t/ha de souchet au seuil de 5% de signification. Par contre, les accessions « c= glazay » et « d= wéchéché » se sont différenciées avec les meilleurs rendements moyens en t/ha. Bien que l’accession « c= glazay » fasse l’objet du choix de préférence des bénéficiaires de ladite localité, la comparaison des quantités nécessaires et des productivités marginales des inputs de production de souchet (Cyperus esculentus L.) ont montré qu’il serait avantageux de produire avec l’accession « d= wéchéché », car avec la meilleure combinaison des inputs de production, sa productivité marginale (73,09 FCFA) serait plus profitable pour l’unité additionnelle relative au coût de location de la parcelle. De ce fait, il est important d’évaluer cette pratique culturale pour mieux apprécier le degré d’adoption de l’innovation relative à l’itinéraire technique de la culture de souchet dans la localité de Danay-vokgora.Mots clés: Valorisation, Souchet, Rendement, Danay-vokgoro, Soudano-sahélienne. English Title: Valorization of four accessions of tigernut (Cyperus esculentus L.): a good option of cultural diversification for the producers of the locality of danay-vokgora (Mayo-danay) in sudano-sahelien zone CameroonThe development of some underutilized species is a palliative means of crop diversification in some communities in the Far North. More specifically, the lack of knowledge about the cultivation methods of Tigernut culture (Cyperus esculentus L.) is a hindrance to its production. Faced with this situation, a study was conducted in the Mayo-Danay plain (Danay-vokgora) in order to transfer the technological package (technical practice) of production of this crop to producers in order to replace crops sensitive to variability and climate change. A demonstration plot (Field School Peasant (CEP)) of four accessions of Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus L.) has been set up. To do this, the implementation of the operations was conducted in the experimental split plot including randomized completely block design. Seedling density and accessions with four modalities each and repeated four times were applied and controlled. At the end of study, the results show that at 5% level of the significance, the effects of planting densities do not influence on average yields in t/ha of Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus L.). On the other hand, "c = glazay" and "d=wéchéché" accessions of Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus L.) differed by presenting best average yields in t/ha. While "c = glazay"accession is subject to the choice of preference beneficiaries to Danay-vokgora locality (Mayo-Danay), but the comparison of quantities needed and the marginal productivity of the production of the accessions of the Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus L.) has shown that it would advantageous to produce with the "d=wéchéché" accession, because with the best combination of inputs, her marginal productivity would be more profitable for an additional unit of 73.09 FCFA for the renting cost of the parcel. Therefore, it is important to evaluate this farming practice to better appreciate the degree of adoption of innovation related to the technical practice of Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus L.) culture in the locality of Danay-vokgora.Keywords: Valorization, Nutgrass, Yield, Danay-vokgoro, Sudano-sahelien.

Proper management of rice cultivation through the use of superior varieties and the application of a planting system adapted to site-specific conditions are very important in increasing rice yields. The purpose of this study was to determine and obtain the appropriate planting system to increase rice yield of superior varieties. The experiment adopted a split plot arranged in a randomized complete block design with two mainplot (planting systems) and three subplot (rice varieties) replicated four times. The mainplot was the planting system consisting of tile 20 cm × 20 cm and legowo 4:1 (20 cm–40 cm) × 10 cm, while the subplot was rice varieties consisting of Mira 1, Inpari 32, and Inpari 34. There was an interaction effect between the planting system and the rice varieties on grain yields. Legowo 4:1 planting system showed higher grain yield than the tile planting system on the three varieties tested for this experiment. The application of the legowo 4:1 planting system on Mira 1 obtained the highest grain yield of 5.65 t ha-1 or increased by 5.6% compared to the tile planting system. The Mira 1 was a superior rice variety that was suitable to be applied to the planting system of legowo 4:1 (20 cm–40 cm) × 10 cm to increase rice yield.

An experiment was conducted during December, 2017 to May, 2018 at the Agronomy field of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka to evaluate the performance of white maize variety under different spacing and integrated fertilizer management. The experiment comprised two different factors; (1) two plant spacing viz. S1 (60 cm × 20 cm) and S2 (40 cm × 20 cm) and (2) four levels of integrated fertilizer application viz. T1: All chemical fertilizer (recommended dose), T2: maize straw compost +½ of recommended dose,T3: cowdung+½ of recommended dose and T4: vermicompost +½ of recommended dose. The experiment was set up in split plot design with three replications. Results revealed that both the individual and the interaction treatments had effect on different growth and yield parameters of white maize. In respect of the spacing effect, the wider spacing S1 showed higher plant height, number of leaves plant-1, cob length, cob circumference, number of grains cob-1, shelling percentage, 100 grains weight and harvest index where S2 showed higher grain yield. The integrated fertilizer had significant effect on different growth and yield parameters of white maize. In respect of the integrated fertilizer effect, the highest values in plant height, number of leaves plant-1, leaf area index and crop growth rate, cob length, cob circumference, number of grains cob-1, shelling percentage, 100 grains weight, grain yield, stover yield and biological yield were highest with T3 whereas, the lowest corresponding values were recorded from T2. Among the interaction treatments, higher seed yield was obtained with the interaction treatment S2T3 (10.01 t ha-1) while S1T2 showed significantly the lowest seed yield (5.27 t ha-1). The highest seed yield was mostly attributed to the number of grains per cob (328-433) and 100 seed weights (29.67-33.33 g).

The knowledge about harvest time in carrots is important to determine the moment when the farmer will be able to obtain higher yield and quality of roots. Thus, this work aimed to verify the moment of harvest, aiming to maximize yield and the quality of roots. From November 2018 to March 2019, three cultivars, Brasília, BRS Planalto and HX4098 were evaluated in Brasília-DF in DBC design with three replications, in a split plot scheme, in which the treatments of the subplots were the harvest times at 80, 90, 100, 110 and 120 days after sowing (DAS). The experiment was installed on November 20, 2018, in 1 m2 useful area seedbeds. Sowing was done manually, in transverse grooves, with double spacing rows 10 x 20 cm, and 5 cm spacing between plants. Cultural treatments were those adopted for the carrot culture for the Brazilian Cerrado biome. At harvest, the total mass, non-commercial and commercial roots, number of roots of each class, average diameter and length of commercial roots and °Brix were evaluated. The best harvest time to obtain maximum yield is close to 110 DAS, with a small reduction in °Brix after 90 DAS.

This paper considers the construction of mixed-level supersaturated split-plot designs (SSSPDs) which are very useful in screening situations where the number of factors is larger than the number of available observations and several of these factors have levels that they are hard to change. As a benchmark of obtaining optimal SSSPDs, lower bounds to our proposed designs are established. Illustrative examples are presented supporting our constructed designs.

Series of investigations have been carried out on the effect of sowing depths on seed germination and early seedlings growth of Aframomum citratum and has shown that sowing depth influences germination and early growth of most plant species. Thus, the importance of varying planting depths has received much attention from researchers for some time now. The depths studied in this research were 0, 3 and 6 cm, respectively. Using a split plot complete randomized design (CRD) in a non-mist propagator, a total of 864 seeds (432 fresh and 432 dry) of A. citratum were sown with three replicates for each soil type in prepared polyethylene bags. Germination was monitored daily for a period of six weeks while data for germination parameters was collected. Early growth parameters such as average number of leaves (NL), average leaf surface area (SA) and average height of seedlings, (SH) were measured every week for two months. Results revealed that germination started 2 months after fresh seeds were sown in all soil types. Dried seeds being treated with 50% dilution of concentrated sulphuric acid for 20 min did not germinate during the germination period that ranged from 2 to 7 months. Sowing depths significantly affected the cumulative germination percentage and early growth (p

Oilseeds crops have a strong bearing on national economy as they constitute about 5 percent of total imports and 50% of agricultural imports. Productivity enhancement of oilseeds, therefore, is of vital importance. Our national consumption of edible oils is around 1.95 million tones, of which about 70% is met through imports. Due to these reasons it is very necessary to enhance the area as well as productivity of oil seed crops. Therefore; a study was carried out to evaluate the productivity and quality of white mustard by exogenous application of selenium under arid climate of Thal at Agronomic Research Area, BZU, Bahadur Sub-Campus Hafizabad Layyah Pakistan, during the year 2016. This experiment was conducted using the RCBD with split plot arrangements. The results revealed that the plant height, stem diameter, 1000-seed weight, seed and biological yield were significantly improved by selenium at Thal region.

Background and Objective: There are several varieties of grass that have resistance to shade and the quality is not disturbed by the shade. Grass that is resistant to shade will have high production and quality even though it grows in shaded areas. This research investigated the effect of grass variety and shade under palm oil plantation on fresh and dry matter production, stems and leaves proportion and nutrition content of grass. Materials and Methods: Split plot with completely randomized design was used in this study. Main plot factor was land condition of land without shade (N0) and land shaded under palm oil plantation (N1) and subplot factor was variety of grass consisted of Pennisetum purpureum (A1), Setaria sphacelata (A2) and Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott (A3). Duncan multiple range test was performed to investigate the effect of the factors. Results: Results showed that there was interaction (p0.05) on crude protein content, but it affected (p 0.05) on crude protein content, although this factor affected (p

Throughout eastern Arkansas, Palmer amaranth resistant to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicides (Group 14 herbicides) has become widespread. Most PPO-resistant Palmer amaranth biotypes possess a target-site mutation, but a metabolic resistance mechanism to fomesafen (Group 14) has also been identified. Once metabolic resistance manifests, plants may also be tolerant to other herbicides and sites of action. To evaluate whether varying spray parameters affected control of PPO-resistant Palmer amaranth in dicamba-tolerant crops, field trials were conducted in 2017 and 2018 at the Lon Mann Cotton Research Station near Marianna, AR, and on-farm in Marion, AR. The experiment included split plot factors of dicamba rate, nozzle type, and carrier volume, with a whole plot factor of population. Dicamba was applied at 560 or 1120 g ae ha−1 through 110015 TTI or AirMix nozzles at 70 or 140 L ha−1 to PPO-resistant or PPO-susceptible Palmer amaranth. Palmer amaranth control 14 d after treatment (DAT) was influenced by an interaction between population and carrier volume. PPO-resistant Palmer amaranth control 14 DAT was 81% regardless of carrier volume, compared with 90% and 95% control at 70 and 140 L ha−1, respectively, of the PPO-susceptible population. An interaction between nozzle type and carrier volume influenced Palmer amaranth control 21 DAT, whereas AirMix nozzles at 140 L ha−1 controlled Palmer amaranth at a greater level (94%) than any other nozzle and carrier volume combination (≤90%). An interaction between population and dicamba rate influenced the relative density of Palmer amaranth 21 DAT. PPO-resistant Palmer amaranth density was less affected by dicamba at either rate than PPO-susceptible Palmer amaranth, relative to the nontreated check. Results concur with those of other research that suggest PPO-resistant Palmer amaranth is harder to control with dicamba. Otherwise, increasing carrier volume affected overall Palmer amaranth control to a greater degree than any other factor.

The present study was carried out at Abess, Alexandria, Egypt, during the two seasons of 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 to study the effect of water stress and foilar application of salicylic rates on yield and quality of wheat. This experiment was laid out in a split plot system with three replications in both seasons. The main plots were water stress treatments (normal irrigation, skipping the first irrigation at the age of 50 days, skipping the second irrigation at the age of 70 days, and skipping the third irrigation at the age of 90 days from sowing), while salicylic acid (SA) concentration (water = control, 1 mM; 2 mM and 3 mM) distributed in a sub plot in both seasons. The obtained results showed that sowing wheat cultivar namely Shandaweel- 1 with foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) twice at 50 and 70 days after sowing (DAS) at the rate of 2 mM/l under normal irrigation or skipping one irrigation at the first or the second irrigation achieved the highest mean value of yield, yield components and protein (%) in grain under study conditions at Abess, Alexandria Governorate, Egypt.

El tizón foliar causado por Mycosphaerella graminicola (anamorfo Zymoseptoria tritici o Septoria tritici), es una enfermedad presente en áreas lluviosas de siembras de temporal de trigo en los Valles Altos del Centro de México. El efecto sobre el rendimiento de grano que causa la enfermedad es variable, dependiendo de la localidad y el nivel de resistencia de las variedades. Los objetivos de la investigación fueron determinar el porcentaje de pérdidas que causa el tizón foliar y la respuesta de variedades comerciales sembradas en ambientes de temporal. Se evaluaron cinco variedades de trigo harinero en dos tratamientos, con control y sin control de la enfermedad, en las localidades de Juchitepec, Estado de México y Nanacamilpa, Tlaxcala, durante los ciclos verano 2007 y 2008. El diseño experimental fue bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones con arreglo de tratamientos de parcelas divididas. La disminución en el rendimiento que causo el tizón foliar fue del 41 y 40% en Salamanca S75 y Gálvez M87 respectivamente, 33% para Verano S91, Triunfo F2004 24% y 9% de pérdidas en Rebeca F2000. Con base al nivel de resistencia, se determinaron tres grupos de variedades: Rebeca F2000 resistente, Triunfo F2004 moderadamente resistente, Gálvez M87, Salamanca S75 y Verano S91 susceptibles. El mejor sitio de prueba fue Juchitepec, Estado de México. Los resultados indican que se debe de incorporar mayor resistencia a Zymoseptoria en futuras variedades incluyendo a Rebeca F2000 como fuente de resistencia, lo que permitirá disminuir pérdidas en rendimiento en ambientes donde la enfermedad es importante.

The development of various degenerative diseases is very rapid. Degenerative disease is a medical term to describe a disease that arises as a result of the deterioration of the function of the body's cells from a normal state that becomes worse or the level of cell activity in the body decreases.Degenerative disease was caused by over consuming high trans fatty acid that exist in fried foods with reused cooking oil. The cooking oil that used to fry food repeatedly contained high trans fatty acid. Noni fruits contained antioxidant which can prevent formation of trans fatty acid by obstructing oxidation reaction. . The objective of this research was to determine the effect of fried frequency and noni juice addition in the amount of trans fatty acid optimally. This research used Randomized Experimental Design Split Plot 4x5x2. Treatments applied were addition of noni juice in various volume (0 ml, 45 ml, 50 ml, 55 ml), and frying frequency of cooking oil (G1, G2, G3, G4, G5). The result of this research were frying frequency affect the increase of trans fatty acid (p=0.000) and the addition of noni juice affect the decrease of trans fatty acid (p=0.005) but interaction between frying frequency and addition of noni juice did not affect the amount of trans fatty acids (p=0.71). Volume of noni juice which can reduced trans fatty acid optimally is 55 ml of noni juice in second frying. In conclusion, the amount of trans fatty acid affected by frying frequency and addition of noni juice.

Supersaturated designs are useful in the initial stage of experiments to identify important factors from many of interest with a small number of runs. Traditional supersaturated designs were mainly...

A field experiment was conducted at Research Farm, Dept of Agril Meteorology, CCS HAU, Hisar Haryana, India during the Rabi season in the 2017-18. Experimental designed laid out with split plot, as main plot treatment: three growing environment i.e. D1-1st week of November, D2-3rd week of November and D3-1st week of December with sub plot treatment viz., V1: WH-1105, V2: HD-3086, V3; HD-2967 and V4: WH-1080. Humidity in the atmosphere is of great biological importance. Measurements relative humidity was made at 2.30 hourly intervals throughout the observation day with the help of Psychrometric. The relative humidity profiles were lapse inside the crop canopy throughout the day but profiles were near iso-humic at 0930 hours in all treatments during both the crop seasons. Decrease in relative humidity with height from the ground.

Information on the nutritional requirements of J. Curcas is extremely important in developing a fertilization manual for the species, and there are no conclusive studies with phosphorus and nutritional demand for this element is still unknown. The objective of the present study was to identify and recommend adequate phosphate fertilization for J. curcas growth and productivity. The experiments were conducted in two years using J. curcas plants four months old implanted in the spacing of 4 x 2 m. We used the randomized block design in arrangement in a split plot arrangement with five treatments (phosphorus doses of 0; 75; 150; 225 and 300 kg ha-1) in the plots and two years of evaluations (2015 and 2016) in the subplots, four replications and plot of two plants. Triple superphosphate was used as phosphorus source (P2O5) and the doses were divided into five monthly applications starting in November in the first year and in October in the second year, shortly after the first rainfall. The results justify the need to pay special attention to phosphate fertilization because it interferes decisively in vegetable growth and grain yield J. curcas. The grain yield in J. curcas plants is closely related to the foliar concentration of phosphorus. The highest yields were obtained with foliar phosphorus concentrations of 2.81 g kg -1 in the 1st year of cultivation and 3.35 g kg -1 in the 2nd year of cultivation. It is recommended the doses of 208 kg ha-1 of P2O5 in the 1st year of cultivation and 214 kg ha-1 of P2O5 in the 2nd year of cultivation to obtain plants of J. curcas with vigorous vegetative growth and maximum yield of grains.

Leaf harvesting of sweet potato during vegetative stage is common in most parts of Liberia. There is little information on the effects of severity of apical shoot harvesting on tuber yield of sweet potato. Experiments were conducted in 2017 at the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta to determine the effects of severity of apical shoots harvest on growth and tuber yields. Experiment consisted of two varieties (SHABA and SPK-004) and three levels of cutting severity; no cutting, cutting of 15 and 30 cm long apical shoots at 4-weeks. Treatments were arranged in split plot with variety as the main plot and cutting severity as sub-plot arranged in (RCBD) with three replications. Data were collected on vine length, number of leaves per plant, number of branches per plant, leaf area, and leaf area index, fresh and dry apical shoots weight, tuber, unmarketable yield, marketable yield and total number of tuber. Data collected on growth, yield parameters were subjected to analysis of variance and mean values separated using standard error at (p

The runoff and soil loss were assessed in situ at the scale of 2.12 m2 plots during the rainy season of 2010 to better understand the determinants and magnitude of the massive soil loss and land subsidence (donga) in the sub-humid zone of Africa in Karimama, North Benin. The experimental design was a split plot with two factors: the topography in 3 modalities (upstream, center and downstream of the donga) was assigned as main plot factor and the degree of degradation of dongas in 2 modalities (beginner dongas and advanced dongas) was assigned as subplot factor. Runoff water was collected through a storage system composed of two tanks. Data were collected on 36 plots (9 plots per donga × 4 dongas). The runoff varies significantly from one site to another for the rainy episode of October 10, 2010. It is twice as high in land use areas (5.87 mm) as in W Park (2.32 mm; l.s.d. = 1.81 mm). From upstream to downstream, runoff and soil loss increased from 2.4 mm to 85.3 mm and 80 g·m-2 to 197 g·m-2, respectively. Runoff is high in the early dongas (7.60 mm) and low in the advanced dongas (5.68 mm) in contrast to lower soil loss in the early dongas (34 g·m-2) and high in the advanced dongas (237 g·m-2). The low value of soil loss with respect to the magnitude of the phenomenon suggests the probable occurrence of other soil loss mechanisms to be elucidated.

It seems that most work has been done for continuous time random variables. Our grouped time models that are used for inference are chosen to relate to these we known continuous time models. We have generalized by the cox (1972) model to include main unit variability to time model.

The objective of this study was to estimate sugar content variation (°Brix) in 95 accessions from the elephant grass germplasm active bank of Embrapa Dairy Cattle research center, located in Coronel Pacheco, MG, Brazil. The accessions with the highest sugar content were identified, and the effect of plant age on sugar concentration was evaluated. The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks design with two replications. Sugar content analysis occurred twice during the growth-cycle (at 70 and 100 days) along two points of the stem, one 30 cm from the base and the other at the midpoint. The analysis of variance considered the split plot model, with accessions as main plots and plant age as subplots. The means were compared using the Scott Knott test. While there was sugar content variation between accessions, increased plant age had no significant effect on the sugar content. However, some accessions did have a significant increase or decrease in sugar content as they aged. The highest and lowest mean sugar content was 6.96% (in the accession BAG80) and 4.03% (in the accession BAG13) °Brix, respectively Made available in DSpace on 2021-08-22T01:54:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sugar-content.pdf: 475552 bytes, checksum: c5a3708917b5d64b25098f12ce41d690 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022