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The article presents the analysis of the dialogue nature of written academic communication based on Russian evaluative academic discourse. The texts of 70 official dissertation reviews in humanities and sciences, published on the sites of dissertation councils of Russian universities in 2020–2024, were used as an empiric base for the research. The research aims to identify the role of hedge markers – specific discourse units used to mitigate the claims of the author – in manifestation of the dialogue character of the dissertation review as a speech genre. The author proves that the dialogue character of the review is determined by its polemical and potentially traumatic nature, embedded ness into a broad academic context, orientation on a concrete addressee, public character of dissertation defenses in RF as well as personal acquaintance of many scholars involved in the academic communication. The dialogue nature of the review, which is explored in close relation to such categories as mitigation, tolerance, vagueness, and politeness, simultaneously realizes the addressing strategy (concern about the addressee) and self-presentation strategy (concern about the author’s reputation). The following types of hedge markers are singled out: self-mentions, mitigation signals, reflexives, performatives with speech and thinking verbs, evaluations of the academic message. It is shown that in humanities hedges demonstrate a higher frequency rate and a greater variety than in sciences which may be explained by the anthropocentric and subjective nature of humanities. The author emphasizes the imperative necessity to use hedges in dissertation reviews to avoid or mitigate communicative and professional risks in academic sphere. The use of hedges may be considered as an ecolinguistic strategy, an element of positive communication and a necessary component of the academic competence of a scholar.

The article deals with the problem of the intradiscursive variability of the speech genre of the abstract. The article aims to identify the variability of the manifestation of the author's principle in the verbal genre of abstract functioning in academic discourse. 38 Russian-language abstracts to linguistic academic articles published in the journal “Genres of Speech” in 2023 and 34 Russian-language abstracts to biological academic articles published in the “Journal of General Biology” in 2022 were selected as the base of the study. The main research methods were general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, comparison, juxtaposition, content analysis, statistical analysis), as well as methods of complex linguistic research – lexico-semantic, component, grammatical, discursive, stylistic, linguistic and pragmatic analyses. It was revealed that the pronouns “we” and “our” (in 13 % of linguistic and 21 % of biological annotations) and the self-designation “author” (in 11 % of linguistic and 3 % of biological abstracts) are used in abstracts as explicit markers of the authorʼs presence. Biologists are more actively using indirect designation through pronouns to emphasize personal contribution to solving a scientific problem and present results reflecting new knowledge. There are no differences in the use of implicit authorization tools (passive and impersonal constructions) in the abstracts belonging to the humanitarian and natural science discourse. To express an evaluative attitude towards the components of an epistemic situation, qualitative adjectives are used in the abstracts of both scientific directions, but in linguistic abstracts the set of adjectives is much richer. It was found that in the abstracts of natural science discourse the strengthening of evaluation using qualitative adverbs is more common (50 %) than in linguistic abstracts (29 %), as well as the weakening of evaluation – 32 % and 10 %, respectively. This indicates the desire of the linguistic authors to be more accurate and selective in expressing the strengthening or weakening of the assessment and, if possible, to avoid such speech strategies. Ii is concluded that the variability of the authorʼs presence in the verbal genre of abstract, functioning in academic discourse, is due to differences in research approaches, scientific tradition and the dissimilarity of the worldview of scientists.

This article deals with the etiquette speech genre “gratitude” in the Altai language. The article aims to establish and describe categorical universal and nationally specific features of the speech genre “gratitude” in the Altai language. Categorical signs of gratitude are analyzed in line with psychological, social and communicative paradigms. The article describes the national and cultural aspects of the speech genre “gratitude” in various cultures (English, German, Chinese and Russian). The empirical basis of the study was the utterances extracted from recordings of the spoken discourse of the Altaians. We recorded 33 episodes of spoken discourse of native speakers of the Altai language presented by different ages and genders living in Ulagan, Ust-Kansk, Ongudai and Kosh-Agach districts, which helped us to record different ways of using phrases of gratitude in natural speech. A universal property of gratitude in the Altai language is the expression of feelings to the interlocutor in connection with their good deed. In our opinion, gratitude in the Altai culture has a similar cycle with other linguistic cultures. You did something good – I was emotionally touched by it – I expressed my gratitude for it. A nationally specific feature of the structure of gratitude in the Altai language is the connection with benevolence: You did something good/pleasant for me – I was emotionally touched by it – I thanked you – I wished something good to you. Addressor + addressee + reason + thanksgiving + benevolence. It is typical for the Altai people to thank the surrounding space, which shows the national and cultural distinctness of this nation. The article dexribes the propositional structure of gratitude in the Altai language: the length of thanksgiving (the length of phrases varies), standard and frequent phrases, rremarks used as replies, universal and free benevolence of “alkysh”.

The visual space of a modern city and any other populated area is very diverse and rich, both with useful elements: signs, road signs, posters, street names, etc., and with the elements which change the appearance of streets in a negative way, namely the graphic damage to urban space or unauthorized graffiti, which is in the focus of this paper. The relevance of the present study is determined by the significance of studying various types of everyday written and speech activities within the city space. The specificity of graffiti as an object of linguistic research is noteworthy. Being an ambiguous part of urban space, graphic damage is often not fully studied, but nevertheless has significant pragmatic potential that can influence the opinion of citizens. Thus, the purpose of the study is to describe graphic damage, considering the entire range of extralinguistic and linguistic components of the genre. The work is based on a descriptive research method, and the basis for the methodology for describing the genre is the model of a complex communicative-typological description of the natural written Russian speech, proposed by N. B. Lebedeva and adapted to the objectives of this study. Thus, the article presents a description of aspects of the genre under consideration through a number of characteristics: 1) author, 2) purpose, 3) addressee, 4) content, 5) communicative time, 6) linguistic embodiment, 7) social assessment 8) cognitive dominant of the genre.

The paper deals with the speech genre “wish” treated as emotional and volitive communicative event, its meaning is an expressed wish of implementation of something good or bad for somebody. Grammatically, this genre is a kind of mood named “optative”. It is a speech act describing a certain situation which implies an emotional reaction of a person. The reaction of an addressee for a good wish is usually expressed in words or gestures of gratitude. In case of a bad wish expressed directly it merges with a quarrel and a reverse bad wish. Common objects of good wishes are good health, happiness, prosperity, success and good luck. Good wishes may be combined with proactive criticism, accusation, reproach, or request. This speech act may be either neutral or discourse specific (used by soldiers, sailors, students, etc.), it is specifically used when addressed to elder people or applied to certain events, e.g. weddings. Bad wishes were initially pronounced as magic meant to bring harm to someone, and nowadays they are used as a kind of invectives or jokes. Bad wishes are usually combined with insult.

Empathy, which involves supporting the client, is a mandatory component of doctor-client communication. Sticking to the tactics of consolation in communication allows achieving greater effectiveness of the clinical activity of a medical worker. Since medical discourse as a sample of institutional discourse is characterized by a certain constant pattern, it has been proven that in the context of learning a foreign language it is appropriate to use a genre approach. The involvement of the genre approach in linguistic didactics is also explained by the dependence of the number of speech genres mastered by a foreigner and his level of formation of the secondary language personality. It is proved that consolation is a speech genre. The choice of film discourse for the study is justified by the specificity of the genre and the fact that it is a sample of authentic texts, the effectiveness of the auditory and visual channels of information perception. The "signals" of the use of the consolation genre, vocabulary and grammatical features are described. The verbal means of the main tactics within the secondary genre of consolation are listed. Methods of organizing the teaching of the Ukrainian language according to the genre approach are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

В статье дано описание речежанрового своеобразия повести О. Поповой «Маруся меняет родителей». Автор повести использует речежанровые приемы членения текста при построении композиции произведения. В условиях мультиформатного диалога предлагаем использовать понятие «речежанровая структура», позволяющее группировать разнородные реплики, диалоги, жанрово-ролевые сценки как объединенные авторским замыслом и читательским восприятием. В центре композиции повести 4 главы, организованные по единому коммуникативному заданию, координирующие диалогическое взаимодействие героини, ее физические действия и мыслеречь в текстовом и комиксовом форматах. Анализ ядерной речежанровой структуры выполнен в лингвоаксиологическом ключе.

The author attempts to explore the threat as a speech genre of verbal aggression. It is argued that the threat is most often found in the texts of modern online-communication, the characteristics of which are close to a synthetic oral-written form of communication and the colloquial genre. It is emphasized that in modern studies the threat is researched from a legal and linguistic point of view. The author proves the idea that there are two main types of threat statements – a threat-warning, including a causal action, and a threatpunishment. A specific sub-genre of threat is a blackmail, which includes manipulation by means of information compromising the addressee. Semantically, the threat can be explicit, clearly expressed, and implicit, whose interpretation requires an appeal to the logics of the statement. Implicit threat in online-communication is the most difficult type to research, since its interpretation involves analyzing the logic of constructing a statement by identifying linguistic techniques presented in the text – the use of euphemisms, idioms, semantic convolution, metaphors, sarcasm, precedent case reference and non-verbal components of communication (images, emoji. Implicit threat is studied using data from various explanatory linguistic dictionaries and fragments of texts submitted for forensic linguistic examination. It is reported that the genre of a criminal threat should be distinguished from other genres such as promises, orders, warnings, verbally expressed suicidal intentions, malevolence, a threat in a broad sense, and calls to a violent action.

This research is situated within the context of contemporary discourse studies. It examines the genre of “promise” functioning within virtual pedagogical discourse. The study explores the genre features of a speech act, considering their potential determination by the pragmatic properties of discourse. Drawing on existing models of speech genres in contemporary genre theory (models by Т. V. Shmeleva, N. B. Lebedeva), two types of genre features of promises are identified. The first type includes invariant characteristics of the genre “promise”: a) the communicative goal of the utterance, linked to a voluntary commitment by the subject to fulfill something; b) linguistic markers of the genre — syntactic constructions containing performative “I promise,” predicates “I swear” / “commit” / “give ()” with direct objects or explanatory clauses indicating the object of the promise. The second group of features comprises genre characteristics of the text, determined by its discursive nature: a) the dictum content of the genre (theme of “Education”), b) the status roles of participants in institutional-pedagogical discourse; c) properties of the speech act determined by the structural-functional features of the messenger (interactivity, media files). Ultimately, a promise emerges as a genre realization of shared and simultaneously adapted speechthinking intention and discursive means.

The article is devoted to the topical issue of optimizing programs related to the training of an education manager in order to increase his communicative competence, as well as a “plot” explanation of the importance of the genre studies course in this process. Having analyzed the textbooks and educational management course programs existing in modern pedagogical science with a view to developing the communicative competence of managers, the authors noted that the analysis of their speech behavior remains unexamined. Thus, there is a certain imbalance between the increasing needs for qualified personnel and the lack of innovative approaches in training managers capable of managing tasks, resources, people, information, quality, projects and organizational changes in this area. In terms of speech development of a manager, at best, such disciplines as «speech culture», «pedagogical rhetoric», or training in certain types of speech genres in pedagogical discourse are offered. It is concluded that from a methodology perspective, the mandatory inclusion in management education programs of a genre studies course related to improving the manager’s speech activity and increasing the status of his linguistic personality as the main tool of his information, analytical and practical activities should help correct the current situation.

The paper deals with reader comments to blogs in Runet treated as a speech genre. The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that blogging is a common practice of public discussion concerning vital or interesting problems of present day life in Russia. The topics analyzed include social problems, historical issues, literature, ecology and technological progress. The aim of the article is to describe the types of comments to blogs. The constitutive impetus of the comments is the desire to keep free intercommunication with people who share the common interest. The commentators specify and correct the information, show their attitude to it and exercise their self-expression. Their reactions are mainly evaluating the facts reported in the blog, supporting or criticizing the blogger and demonstrating their Ego. The communicative distance usually corresponds to a colloquial mode of speech. However, the comments show that their authors often keep a professional level of knowledge of the facts spoken about. They demonstrate their interest when discussing the facts and various shades of irony when characterizing themselves.

In the article the normative speech genre Schulordnung der Grundschule (Internal Regulations for Primary School Students) is considered on the material of the German language in the aspect of the functional and stylistic approach. The hypothesis is tested that the functional and stylistic peculiarity of the genre is the result of the interaction of formal and business style and the colloquial one, which act as the environment for the functioning of the genre and the texts actualizing it in the situation of institutional communication of adult norm-senders and children norm-recipients. The empirical material is represented by 100 text units created in accordance with the genre, the main purpose of which is to regulate the behavior of young schoolchildren while they remain in the educational institution. On the example of three stylistic features of formal and business speech – impersonality, non-emotionality and accuracy – it is shown how multi-level language means of colloquial style penetrating the normative texts violates their stylistic homogeneity, modifies stylistic features, and forms the inter-style nature of texts, reflecting the intention of addressees to take into account the cognitive and psychological characteristics of the younger subjects of the norm in the process of decoding normative messages by them. It is concluded that the genre of Schulordnung der Grundschule, as a way of selecting and combining linguistic means, shows openness towards different style inclusions, giving the addressees the opportunity to freely vary the linguistic means at their discretion in accordance with the ideas of the pragmatic effectiveness of the statement.

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the speech genre “live text commentary” within the football discourse. The analysis procedure covers seven criteria, with the help of which the communicative-pragmatic genre aspects are examined in English and Ukrainian languages. The addresser’s communicative goal and the recipient’s corresponding model have been identified. The narrative content of the communicative event has been clarified. Potential preceding and subsequent speech genres have been identified. The peculiarities of the verbal realization of the author's communicative goal have been taken into account. The results of the research have assisted in determining the leading characteristics of the hybrid genre. Common and distinctive features in the represented languages have been established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the research into hedges and hedging strategy realization in evaluative academic genres viewed from a transdisciplinary perspective. To this end, 64 dissertation reviews written by Russian male and female scholars in humanities (linguistics, literature studies, history) and sciences (physics, chemistry, medicine) were analyzed. Hedging is understood as a system of linguistic means, which perform a mitigating function associated with expressing vagueness, uncertainty, skepticism and doubt. Perlocutionary effects of hedging are connected with reducing the illocutionary strength of the writer’s claims or risks of opposition, face saving, positive and negative politeness. The following classification of hedges is proposed: self-mentions, mitigation hedges, hedged performatives, evaluations of propositions and vagueness hedges. The results of the comparative quantitative and qualitative analyses reveal that hedging strategy is determined by a number of discursive and personal factors such as sphere of communication, speech genre, gender and professional experience of the writer. In dissertation reviews hedges show high frequency of occurrence, which can be explained by the public nature of reviews, their potential traumatic effect on the reader, the existing requirements for scientific data presentation in a tentative and indeterminate way, as well as high academic competence of reviewers. The research proves that in humanities hedges demonstrate a higher frequency rate than in sciences. At the same time, male reviewers reveal higher hedging frequency than female reviewers.

Introduction. The aim of the article is to analyze an extramural express consultation as a genre of oral medical discourse. New telemedicine technologies expand the forms of communication, it results in transformation of the dialogue between a doctor and a patient when communicating online, which requires linguistic research.Methodology and sources. The article is based on the main theses of the theory of speech genres formulated by M.M. Bakhtin, T.A. Van Dijk, O.B. Sirotinina, T.V. Shmeleva and others. The author has taken the scientific works on the study of speech genres of oral medical discourse as the methodological basis of the analysis. This includes the works of V.V. Zhura, E.A. Ponomarenko, M.I. Barsukova and others. The study applies methods of linguistic analysis of recorded online consultations for speech-genre characteristics of express consultations.Results and discussion. The article gives a description of an express consultation, including the following parameters: communicative goal, utterance content, speech roles of communicators, linguistic embodiment of the genre. The author pays special attention to doctor's communicative style and gives its assessment in terms of achieving communicative and consequently professional success. The author also describes a speech-genre scenario of a medical online consultation and a chain of communicative moves in a doctor's speech.Conclusion. The study shows that doctor's every speech act is specified by a complex system of communicative targets, primarily related to informative goals (requesting information from the patient and providing information in the form of an explanation and recommendation) and therapy goals to maintain a patient's psychological and emotional well-being. Communicators' speech behavior is regulated by the institutional roles of «an agent» and «a client» of an institution, native speakers having their own invariants. The utterance content is specified by a patient's specific complaint and is organized in accordance with the stages of a medical consultation. The study concludes that genre competence as a part of communicative competence in the form of online communication is the most important professional tool of a consulting specialist.

This article is devoted to the speech act of compliment, which is treated herein as express­ing the speaker's attention and partiality to their interlocutor. The similarities and differences between speech acts of compliment and praise are analysed, with the characteristics of com­pliment linked to the gender and age of the interlocutor. Particular attention is paid to the concepts of speech act and speech genre and the applicability of these notions in analysing the speech act of compliment. When considering a compliment as an independent act, the con­cepts of 'speech act' and 'speech genre' serve as synonyms. When a compliment is part of a complex utterance consisting of several different speech acts, 'speech act' and 'speech genre' refer to disparate concepts. This article examines cases of compliment usage as an independent act (speech genre) and within other speech genres, such as requests, gratitude expressions, consolations and condemnations, where a compliment amplifies or mitigates the speaker's intention.

We analyze the influence of new technologies of communicative interaction on the transformation of the speech genre of consumer reviews on the Internet. The research is based on reviews of doctors and medical services taken from the websites of specialized online publications and forums. The author compares modern Internet-reviews of the consumer with the genre-prototype – reviews in the Book of Complaints and Suggestions. The research determines the main direction of the genre transformation, connected with the communication channel and the change in the position of the addressee: the Internet review acquires all the properties of a public media genre, since its addressee becomes a mass one. The changes also affect the image of the author: access to an unlimited audience determines the transformation of the text towards the mass media and advertising discourses with their basic functions of influencing and regulating the behavior and way of thinking of the mass addressee. The communicative-pragmatic study of the review is based on one of the essential genre-forming features – the intention of the addressee, which is expressed, first of all, in a positive or negative assessment of the medical service. The study reveals structural-semantic models of two types of reviews and analyses evaluation tactics in the texts of reviews. It is indicated that there exist communicative and legal risks due to the public nature of the negative feedback distributed on the network. The author notes pragmatic characteristics of a positive consumer feedback, which bring it closer to the advertising text.

This article presents the results of a linguo-stylistic analysis of a Germanlanguage commentary within the context of public political internet discourse. The analysis aims to identify distinctive features specific to this genre. Empirical material consists of over 200 comments on internet posts made by the German political party “Alternative for Germany,” selected through random sampling. The study applies both general scientific and linguistic methods, such as discourse analysis and contextual analysis. The relevance of this chosen topic is justified by the need for research in the field of internet linguistics, particularly in addressing genre-related issues. The goal is to determine, identify, and describe the characteristic features of commentary as an internet text. The article thoroughly examines the approaches taken by German linguists to define the concept of “invective,” encompassing lexical-semantic perspectives, speech act theory, and post-structural discourse analysis. Additionally, the analysis of the material reveals that invective is a hallmark of German political internet discourse, with manifestations in both explicit and implicit forms. The article discusses implicatures, arising through irony and metaphorization. The author concludes that metaphor can serve as a tool of persuasion. Metaphor, as a persuasive device, involves the intentional alteration of the mental representation of a given object based on the metaphorical image imposed by the manipulator. This typically includes exaggeration in some aspects of the metaphorically represented phenomenon while diminishing others.

Australian Aboriginal stories have thrived for thousands of years through oral tradition and Aboriginal author Alexis Wright invokes this tradition in the construction of her novel Carpentaria. This article investigates the orality of Carpentaria, which stages "oral" narrators who speak differently to Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal readerships. First, using Bakhtin's notion of "speech genre", the article explores why Wright creates these two narrative layers. Second, it investigates the language use and tone of voice in the framing narrative that addresses non-Indigenous readers. Third, it looks closely at Wright's linguistic experimentation in the embedded narrative, creating multiple oral effects through language and mobilising the storytelling dynamics of performance, spontaneity, rhythms and mnemonics. Finally, it discusses how her creative use of orality plays off and with its Western literary conceptions and enacts cross-cultural communication between the two readerships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article deals with the subgenre ‘address’ in the speech behavior of members of the Soviet intelligentsia. The research is based on 9 Soviet plays of V. Azernikov, S. Aleshin, A. Arbuzov, L. Zorin, S. Mikhalkov, M. Roshchin. The character’s education, profession, the author’s description, the actual speech portrait of the character (lexical, stylistic, communicative content), moral qualities of the character were important criteria for definition of a member of intelligentsia. All the selected characters were divided into three generational groups. The analysis showed that the subgenre “address” is a polyfunctional communicative unit, one of the components of the genres “greeting”, “farewell”, “congratulation”, “gratitude”, “apology”, “compliment”, “consolation”, “reproach”, “argument”, “declaration of love”. Addresses with possessive pronouns, ameliorative adjectives, metaphors and precedent names are actively used in the speech of members of the intelligentsia.

Such a speech genre as wishing, which functions both in real communication and in the Internet environment, has considerable flexibility in terms of content, despite the rather stereotypical forms of expression. The content of wishes is traditionally influenced by the personality factor of the addressee, their gender, age, social and professional affiliation, hobbies. In addition, the wish genre actively responds to changes taking place in the social sphere. Themes, vocabulary and intertextuality of wishes reflect various processes that occur in the modern culture. The purpose of this study was to identify markers, or signs of time, that label the text as belonging to a specific historical period. The material of the study was mainly the friendly wishes of young people, recorded in speech and Internet communication, as well as the wishes of older people. The article analyzes the linguistic and content signs of time. Various types of precedent phenomena that are often found in wishes are considered, such as: song lyrics and advertising texts, names of musicians, media personalities, movie characters, names of social networks, popular public places. Precedents, firstly, give wishes an individual creative character, and secondly, serve as features of the 21stcentury. They can be said to be establishing the dates of the texts of wishes. Particular attention is paid to how global extralinguistic events that concern all age groups of people (such as the coronavirus pandemic, a special operation in Ukraine) affect the content plan of wishes, generate new thematic components in their texts, or update and fi ll traditional desiderata (meaningful wish components) with new connotations. The conclusion is made about the dependence of human values, actualized in the texts of wishes, on the social processes of the given period.

The study examines the genre-defining features of the speech genre “reminder” in virtual pedagogical discourse. The relevance of the research is determined by its inclusion in the problems of modern discourse studies (the problem of discursive conditioning of the genre) and virtual pedagogy (the involving of computer technologies as a means and platform for learning in the information-educational environment). Based on T. V. Shmeleva’s genre survey, the genre features of the speech act “reminder” are described, taking into account their determination by communicative-pragmatic conditions in virtual pedagogical communication. It is established that invariant features of the genre include (1) a communicative goal, which is related to the need to activate the addressee’s existing knowledge, and (2) the presence of language markers — syntactic constructions modeled by verbs remind, remember, and don’t forget. The discursive conditioning of the genre is manifested at the level of its dictum content (the sphere of pedagogical communication united by the semantic field “Teaching”), participants in communication (status-oriented roles of communication participants), and those substantial characteristics that are determined by the electronic information carrier (attachment of media files, communication interactivity).

Modern dialectology develops in compliance with anthropocentric linguistics and it is a polyparadigmatic scientific field in which one of the leading positions is currently occupied by the communicative direction. The peculiarities of the genre nature of the dialect text is one of the topical directions of communicative dialectology. The article presents the study of the speech-genre representation of the food tradition which existed in the past and currently exists in the villages of the Vytegorsky and Totemsky districts in Vologda Oblast. The article shows that the main forms of representation of the food tradition in dialect speech include such genres as a story-memoir, a genre of wining and dining, a culinary recipe. It is noted that there are no clear boundaries between the genres, while communicating we may include one genre into another, as well as move from one genre to another. The main form of keeping food tradition is the genre of culinary recipe. We analyzed the peculiarities of the dialect text of the culinary recipe on the basis of a sample of recipe contexts, which are the core of the local food tradition: recipes for bakery products, drinks and dairy products. We also identified and analyzed the communicative features of the dialect text of the recipe (the principle of figurativeness, the priority of procedural knowledge, the predominantly collective image of the recipe’s author). We established the factors influencing the completeness and representativeness of the culinary recipe, among them the most important ones are extralinguistic (transformation of everyday realities of the modern village) and individual factors (the age of the informant, the ability of the informant to be a good storyteller).

The article presents the analysis of the chains of speech genres in A. P. Chekhov’s short story “Enemies”. It is argued that the speech genres which formalize the social relationships of the main characters of the story lead to an understanding of the concept of the work, as well as reveal the essence of the title of the story. It is noted that the verbal interaction of the main characters of the narrative is a system of interconnected speech genres. The article describes the speech genres that have developed in the context of the situation of verbal communication between a doctor and a patient, specifically the speech genre of a medical complaint forming the core of institutional discourse, as well as speech genres that go beyond the core area: speech genres of pleading, refusal, appeal, silence, unburdening the soul, payment for medical services. It is stated that integrating into the medical discourse, these speech genres form a functional unity with it. The author concludes that the speech genres of medical discourse reproduce the process of professional speech interaction and qualify both individual and socially conditioned qualities of the originator character and the recipient character, as well as the situation of their conversation. Invective speech genres of accusations and insults inherent in ordinary (non-institutional) discourse are characterized as conflicting speech genres indicating the status-role degradation of institutional relations. Special attention is paid to the speech genres of pleading and the speech genre of the unburdening the soul, the peculiarities of their functioning and language aspects in connection with the general cultural values and traditions of Russian spiritual culture. The article also specifies the role of the author’s remarks in the description of communicative situations.

The article presents the results of the cross-disciplinary research which focuses on the two types of discourse markers – hedges and boosters and their use in Russian official dissertation reviews. The study is based on reviews of official opponents and external reviewers of PhD theses on linguistics, literary criticism, history, physics, chemistry and medicine. The reviews were borrowed from the online pages of dissertation councils of Russian universities. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data proved the gradual nature of hedging and boosting and showed that hedges and boosters frequency depends on the discipline and the author of the review’s gender. It is shown that in the reviews of humanities scholars hedges prevail over boosters, whereas in natural sciences hedges are more frequent. In all disciplines excepting physics men use hedges and boosters more often than women. Moreover, boosters demonstrate a greater dependence in their frequency on both the discipline and gender whereas the hedges appear more universal in their use in all the reviews under study.

In the article, discourse of B. Shaws play Pygmalion is studied from the standpoint of view of interdiscursivity theory with the use of methods of critical, linguopragmatic and sociolinguistic analyses. The authors definition of the term interdiscursivity is given. Within the analyzed book, a number of discourses are singled out. Among them are mundane linguistic, philosophical and pedagogical discourses. It is pointed out that in the light of their mundane, non-institutional character, these discursive spheres have not been studied in detail even though the scientific interest to mundane discourses is growing. These considerations determine the importance of the undertaken research. The main discourse of B. Shaws paly Pygmalion is recognized to be mundane pedagogical one. However, the latter is determined by the hero of the play Higginss mundane philosophy who takes on the role of the teacher. His pupil is Eliza Doolittle, a poor flower girl, who speaks a dialect of the English language, viz. cockney. In the process of research, it is found out that if mundane pedagogical discourse is understood broadly, it can include the sayings of other characters of the book Higginss friend Pickering, Higginss mother, etc. The most important linguopragmatic opposition of mundane pedagogical discourse is recognized to be politeness impoliteness which is expressed communicatively as the result of uneven distribution of power between the teacher and the pupil which in the course of everyday mundane interaction may be significantly reviewed, for example be reversed in the pupils favor. The lack of institutional limitations enriches the speech genre specificity of the studied discourse which is hybrid in its essence, i.e., located at the intersection of different discursive practices.

The article raises the problem of identifying the online marketing fraud text as a virtual genre. This type of Internet communication remains linguistically understudied. The research objective was to determine the specifics of the genre of online marketing fraud texts in line with modern genre studies. The research relied on the method developed by T. V. Shmeleva, who identified the following genre parameters: dictum-modus content, purpose, author, and addressee. The study featured 30 accounts of popular bloggers known in Russia as infogypsy or online marketing fraudsters. Online marketing fraud, or infogypsyism, is a special type of manipulative Internet communication aimed at obtaining commercial benefits by selling an information product, which, as a rule, possesses neither intellectual nor practical value for the consumer. The speech genre model projected onto the obtained material showed a high epistemological significance. The article introduces the definition and genre-forming features of the online marketing fraud text. Further research is needed to identify the dominant strategies and tactics for promoting information products by bloggers in social networks.

The article carries out a comparative genre analysis of popular science articles about animals in the Soviet press of the 20th century, and in the Runet of the 21st century. The research is based on a model that includes the following items: animal; author and addressee; society (community of readers of the article about animals) and the state of literature; language. It is shown that the image of an animal in the article about animals is represented by a number of narrative plots: appearance; nutrition; intraspecific relationships; the birth of the young ones; attitude towards a human, which, being universal, reveal a certain dynamics in details. The image of the reader of the article about animals is also relevant: in the 20th century they were presented as a “simple Soviet person” (tendency for self-education, optimism), in the 21st century – a layman observert, in many ways reminiscent of a tourist: their attitude towards the described animals is characterized by superficial curiosity, a share of indifference, non-involvement, non-empathy, however, not excluding sentimentality. As for the dynamics of the article about animals as a speech genre, the most significant changes are the changes in the state of society / literature: “Soviet society ∼ capitalist society”, “pre-Internet literature ∼ Internet literature”. In particular, the Soviet manner of expression, which was restraint, optimistic and humanistic, is changing to permissiveness bordering on dissoluteness, pedaling “the bottom” and agonal plots. Among the linguistic means of expression in the articles about animals, the author focuses on the method of personification (the similarity of an animal to a human), which at all stages of the development of the article about animals is both a constant factor of the additional interest in the animal and a source of a number of productive models of metaphorization. The main sources of “humanizations”, specific images and precedent texts in the articles about animals are art, fiction, cinema, estrade, etc., in modern times – a new mythology created by “Hollywood-Disney”.

The article presents the analysis of evaluation in the speech genre “Internet comment” and focuses on the ways and means of its expression. The research is based on the comments on Instagram (organization banned on the territory of the Russian Federation) posts about sports, namely figure skating. The authors of the article define two relevant factors determining axiological characteristics of the Internet comment: anonymity of Internet communication and the desire of many users to stand out from other commentators. The anonymity factor leads to a more frequent use of negative evaluation and more explicit ways of its expression: online communication gives users more freedom in expressing their opinions. Since for many people expressing their opinion is equivalent to expressing disagreement with an opposite point of view, negative evaluation in the analyzed Internet comments significantly prevails over positive evaluation. Furthermore, anonymous and remote communication in cyberspace provides a suitable environment for criticizing other people’s ideas neglecting etiquette rules obligatory for face-to-face communication. The general tendency towards rather negative attitudes in the analyzed Internet comments results in more various means of expressing negative evaluation compared with the ones of expressing positive evaluation because users criticizing an Internet post may try to find more original ways of articulating their views. Thus, the research revealed that positive evaluation is mostly expressed with the help of evaluative vocabulary whereas negative evaluation in the analyzed comments can be also expressed by means of specific vocabulary as well as rhetorical questions, rhetorical exclamations, metaphors, neologisms. Indirect means of expressing evaluation can draw more attention to a comment, foster linguistic persuasion which finally helps the author of an Internet comment stand out from the crowd.

This review was written in response to the publication of a collection of research articles dedicated to Tatiana V. Shmelyova’s anniversary. Therefore, all articles included in the collection “Increment of Meaning” are related to one of the leading Russian studies researchers of our time, her scientific interests and studies, among which are syntax, philology, speech genres, onomastics, media linguistics, history of science, and key words of the present moment. This review describes and analyses the research articles and reports included in the collection, describes the structure and contents of the publication, identifies the most distinct tendencies in the study of language. Some of the Tatiana V. Shmelyova’s original texts are mentioned as a favourable feature of the collection – the keynote speech at the VI International Russian Language Researchers Congress which opens the collection “Increment of Meaning”, as well as an interview with Tatiana V. Shmelyova which shows her personality as a Scientist, Teacher and Person. The unique thematic and compositional structure of the collection is especially noteworthy–the fact that along with Tatiana V. Shmelyova’s original texts there are also articles written by her colleagues, students and friends gives it a dialogic quality rarely seen in research papers, creates an impression of an unhurried conversation full of discussions about science and, at the same time, full of memories of days/months/years spent together that have inspired each of the participants of the “dialogue” to actively pursue their research and creative work. This dialogic quality is found in the form of other people’s numerous opinions and impressions of Tatiana V. Shmelyova and their experience of working with her which are present in almost every article in the collection (this review contains their quotations) as well as in a more concentrated form in the final section “Materials and Accounts”. The collection “Increment of Meaning” is not only an important research resource for specialists in the Russian language and modern linguistics, but also an invaluable source of information about Tatiana V. Shmelyova as a Person.

The article describes the pragmatic, semantic, and axiological features of the speech genre of congratulation complement in pedagogical discourse with asymmetric communicants. The research material included 170 fragments. The research revealed two groups based on semantic, axiological, pragmatic, and linguistic differences: personal informal internet congratulations made by teaching staff to students and formal public speeches given by university rectors and teaching staff to students published on official websites of universities. The analysis relied on the factor of formality / informality. The differences between formal and informal congratulations manifested themselves in the content, language, and tactics. Both types were detailed and poly-intentional. The informal congratulations touched upon the addressee's personality, hobbies, achievements, and character traits. The formal congratulations showed a much greater distance between the sender and the addressee. They focused on the addressee's status, not personality. The texts often reflected current events, e.g., in 2019–2020 they touched upon the COVID-2019 pandemic.

On the material of the texts of the spiritual writer B. I. Gladkov, the features of the implementation of the speech genre “interpretation of the Gospel” are considered. The specificity of the embodiment of the ideas of Orthodoxy is indicated. Significant features of the functioning of religions and tropes in the presented speech genre are revealed. Conclusions are drawn about its distinctive features. Particular attention is paid to the typology and functioning of Christian religions, the use of which is considered as one of the features of the church-religious functional style. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time it examines in detail the types of religions that exist in the genre of “interpretation of the Gospel”, provides illustrations of their use, indicates the functions they perform (characterological, emotive, evaluative, prescriptive, etc.). It has been established that in the analyzed texts the most common types of religion names are theonyms; biblonyms; hagioanthroponyms; names of biblical events; names of gospel heroes, etc. It is shown that the author’s use of a combination of such intra-genres as “opinion”, “comment-explanation”, “advice” belongs to the main features of the “interpretation of the Gospel” genre. The results of the study are of interest for theolinguistics, stylistics, and rhetoric.

The paper analyses the slogans of “Monstration”, a manifestation that was held for the first time in Novosibirsk in 2004 and has become an important social and cultural event in many other Russian cities as well as in some other countries. The corpus compiled by the author includes about 4000 slogans and allows, basing on the theory of speech genres, to highlight the main topics and structural features of this type of texts and to identify their similarities and differences with the slogans of political manifestations. The study proves that Monstration may be considered as a form of “linguistic self-defense” and could be compared with the linguistic resistance that existed in the Soviet Union: the totalitarian language that dominated the public sphere was opposed by the anti-totalitarian language used in the sphere of personal communication; and one of the main instruments of the anti-totalitarian linguistic self-defense was irony. It seems that in 2019, the totalitarian language in Russia was yet at such a stage of development that language resistance was relevant; however, it was feasible not only in private space (and the Internet), but also manifested itself in public space from time to time.

The article studies speech behavior of the class of Soviet intelligentsia in communicative situations of flirting. The research is based on Soviet comedy plays of the 1960s–1970s: “Dobryaki”, “Entsiklopedisty”, “Tranzit”, “Pokrovskie vorota”, “Teatral’naya fantaziya” by Leonid Zorin and “Vozmozhny varianty” by Valentin Azernikov. The relevance of the topic is related to the increased interest ofmodern linguistics in the verbal means typical of romantic discourse in general and of the genre of flirting in particular. Authors of dramatic texts create a speech portrait of the characters and place them in different communicative situations using speech genres and their verbal means of actualization, appropriated for the social group to which the character belongs. The semantic content of the lexeme “flirt” includes the following main features: ambiguity, elements of comic genres and play. The article presents the subgenres of the speech genre of flirting: compliment, gratitude, hint, joke. The author describes the revealed verbal means which actualize the speech genre of flirting in the speech of the class of Soviet intelligentsia. They are complicated and ambiguous constructions, polysemous words, lexical repetitions, use of plural “you”, vocabulary with positive semantics in assessing moral qualities, precedent statements. Stage directions describing characters’ intonation, gestures and movements are treated as supporting means of modeling of the non-verbal behavior in flirting.

The topicality of the research is justified by intensification of distractive communication between Internet users and by lack of understanding how to regulate such speech behavior, as the social function of internet-mediated communicative environment is still undetermined. The paper explores communicative features of threats-punishments and threats-warnings verbalized through written communication mediated by gadgets with access to the Internet. The aim of the research is to define the perlocutionary effect produced by verbalized threats based on written communication. Threats are understood as utterances containing a message about harmful consequences of the action of a threat sender towards a recipient of the threat if he or she will or will not do some action demanded in the threat. Verbalization means that threat is articulated in speech communication and realized in verbal form. The research hypothesis is tested on the basis of 68 threatening messages in the Russian language retrieved from contexts of speech communication in internet-messengers and on social network sites. We prove that the addresser (threatening person) verbalizes treats mostly in the form of punishments describing possible damage to the addressee’s (recipient’s) life and or health. We found out that threatening speech acts verbalized on the Internet are mostly similar in form and content to those realized in face-to-face communication. However, Internet threats are mostly determined as a reflection of emotional-modal state of the addresser in response to the actions of the addressee. Men are more active in the verbalization of threats-punishments, whereas women verbalize more threats-warnings. People tend to protect themselves by ignoring threats addressed to them. The obtained results clarify the idea of Internet-threat as affected speech behavior, the regulation of which is impossible within the framework of the existing legislation; therefore it is necessary to develop a criteria base consistent with public morality, with the participation of expert and academic communities and technological companies.

Pauses act as important acoustic cues to prosodic phrase boundaries. However, the distribution and phonetic characteristics of pauses have not yet been fully described either cross-linguistically or in different genres and speech styles within languages. The current study examines the pausal performance of 24 Czech speakers in two genres of read speech: news reading and poetry reciting. The pause rate and pause duration are related to genre differences, overt and covert text organization, and speech tempo. We found a significant effect of several levels of text organization, including a strong effect of punctuation. This was reflected in both measures of pausal performance. A grammatically informed analysis of a subset of pauses within the smallest units revealed a significant contribution for pause rate only. An effect of tempo was found in poetry reciting at a macro level (speaker averages) but not when pauses were observed individually. Genre differences did not manifest consistently and analogically for the two measures. The findings provide evidence that pausing is used systematically by speakers in read speech to convey not only prosodic phrasing but also text structure, among other things. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article views a speech genre shaming understood as a person’s public censure or criticism leading to cultivating in them a feeling of shame or guilt, which contributes to their loss of reputation and respect in an online community. The author also clarifies the designation and underlying intentions which give an opportunity to delimit shaming from other Internet genres of aggressive nature (such as flame, trolling, holy war, hating, cyberbullying / sybermobbing, cyberstalking, and griefing) and to give its exact definition. The analyzed genre is modelled by the succession of sentences expressing the addresser’s intentions and motivation and is analyzed considering the implemention of its speech strategies (evaluating, positioning, discrediting and explaining), tactics as well as language and speech peculiarities. On the base of the quantitative data there are distinguished, explained and ranged the types of shaming typical for communicating in the Runet, such as body shaming including several subtypes; grammatical shaming; incorrect communicative behaviour shaming; insufficient well-being shaming; a way of living shaming including several subtypes; slut shaming; multi-child parenting shaming; coffee shaming; eco-shaming including two subtypes, etc. The research is based on the analysis of modern Russian 425 contexts selected by the continuous sampling method from different Internet genres, such as web-chats, forums, blogs, social nets and recording communicants’ interaction in this genre.

In the article, the authors refer to the history of the study of preventive statements, where the semantics of the notice and warning are not distinguished. The genre approach allowed the authors to qualify the warning and the notice as a diffuse zone in the system of speech genres, and the warning is considered as a poly-intentional speech genre and it is proposed to distinguish between two variants of the genre based on the identification of the leading intention. An imperative warning, synonymous with a notice, can function as an indirect threat, and an informative warning can be used as a speech genre of denunciation. The variability of the warning genre is manifested not only in the dominance of one of the intentions, but also in the ways of speech embodiment. The genre model and possible syntactic structures in which the warning is embodied are considered. It is noted that the complete semantic model of an utterance in the warning genre contains a modus component, which is a marker of the genre, and a dictum component, which reveals the content of the warning. The dominance of one intention causes differences in the linguistic embodiment, which are manifested in the frequency implicitness of the expression of the second intention, as well as in the choice of the modal indicator of the genre. The authors focused their attention on the modus marker of the genre, since the dictum component, which reveals the content of the warning, has repeatedly become the subject of study and is described in detail in different languages, and the mode marker of the genre most often remained outside the field of view of researchers. A wider range of modus indicators is noted for an informative warning, and the choice of a specific indicator is determined by discourse.

The article views the specific communicative situation “frank confession” in institutional (legal) and personality-oriented (everyday) discourses. The author attempts to determine its genre affiliation in the discourses. Frank confession in legal discourse is a speech genre, which is addressed to the investigative bodies, it is characterized by a certain compositional structure, the accuracy of designation, concreteness, conciseness, standardization of presentation, the use of legal terminology and the absence of semantic ambiguity and expressive-emotional language means. Its communicative purpose is to outline the events and criminal actions committed by the author of the confession, to indicate the circumstances and information about other participants in the crime. Frank confession in everyday discourse is a speech action that varies in the degree of sincerity/frankness, does not have a strictly formal structure, correlates with three main types of actualization – a statement about guilt, an honest answer or a truthful utterance. In both discourses, there is a desemantization of the nominee’s attributive characteristic ‘frank’ found. The collocation «frank confession» functions as a term in legal discourse, it is conventionalized in everyday discourse, in which it is approximately equal to speech stamps that have lost their original connotation.

The article presents the analysis of Russian self-mentions – elements of authorization comprising “the voice of the author” – in evaluative academic discourse. These are phrases containing fi rst person personal pronouns and possessive pronouns (я; мы; меня; мне; нам; нас; мой; наш). Self-mentions include two-member constructions (мы считаем; мы полагаем; как мы хорошо знаем; я уверен), one-member constructions (допускаю; заметим; согласимся), phrases with pronouns in oblique cases (нам кажется; у меня замечание; нам думается) and possessive pronouns (на наш взгляд; с моей точки зрения; по нашему мнению). The research is based on 64 offi cial review reports given by offi cial opponents and external reviewers to dissertations on linguistics, literary criticism, history, chemistry, physics and medical science. Self-mentions are regarded as part of the so-called pragmatic framework of communication formed by discourse markers – elements of the supplementary level of communication providing the setup of the discourse in the context of its logical arrangement, cohesion, consecution, composition and regulating the interaction between the author and the addressee. The research aims at the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the use of self-mentions in the speech genre of the dissertation review report and attempts to determine the factors infl uencing this use. Self-mentions used in evaluative academic discourse help create the eff ect of ecological, positive communication: they are viewed as hedges which subdue the critical stance of the report’s contents or as boosters which highlight the achievements of the reviewed research, create the atmosphere of closeness and solidarity with the addressee and on the whole enhance the persuasive eff ect within academic communication. Among the factors determining the use of self-mentions the author of the article singles out the academic sphere (discipline), the genre of academic discourse and gender. The research proves that self-mentions are more typical of reviews written by humanitarians than by natural scientists. It is also shown that we-self-mentions prevail over I-self-mentions and men use self-mentions more frequently than women.

The research features letters written by soldiers of the Great Patriotic War. It focuses on the written speech skills of military letter-writers and their written speech personalities. The study involved the method of scientific description and the comparative analysis. The article introduces such terms as natural written speech, linguistic personality, written speech personality, and text. War correspondence is an example of natural written speech. Based on N. B. Lebedeva's authentic typology of the written-speech personality, the authors defined five types of linguistic personalities and arranged them according to the inclusion of the letter-writer in the written code. The scale ranges from letter-writers with a poor command of the written language and those who easily switched from oral to written speech. The latter were eager to use the written channel of communication as a means of self-expression.

The subject of the research in the article is the Russian revolutionary political discourse as an object of artistic reflection. The analysis was carried out on the material of the «most political» novel by F.M. Dostoevsky «Demons». The main method of research is semiotic analysis, which revealed the totality of the basic values and challenges of the revolution in Dostoevsky's interpretation: the categories of revolutionary political power (a new person and his main attribute – self-will, a new society, «friends» and «enemies» of the revolution), the strategies of the revolutionarist's speech behavior and revolutionary genres. The various image focuses used by Dostoevsky – from the grotesque to the tragic – allow highlighting many acute problems of Russian history, from which it is easy to draw a parallel to the problems of modernity.

The article deals with the genre of news stories clustering around the theme of coronavirus infection in the English electronic newspaper The Daily Mail. The purpose of the paper is to systematize the main characteristics of various news stories within the selected topic. The key genre-forming features of electronic news stories are the explicit nature of authorship, a wide range of readers, synchronous and asynchronous comments. There is a description of three news stories with various structures – an inverted pyramid, an hourglass and a multimedia story. It has been determined that such kinds of news stories combine different types of information (factual, probabilistic, normative, program and evaluative); a significant event is described by alternating a verbal text and visual material, which is represented by illustrations, video segments and infographics. Interactivity is presented at two levels – on the one hand, in the interaction between a reader and a news story, on the other hand, between several news stories, divided by time, but written within the same topic. Key thematic lexis captures the theme of the text, and synonymic sets with literary and informal lexical units diversify the narrative and reduce the distance between the electronic newspaper and its audience.

The main research objective of this article is to reconstruct reflections on Polish language issues in Jerzy Pilch's columns (1952-2020). Among other things, the author poses questions concerning the evaluation of the state of contemporary Polish contained in these texts and the existing - according to Pilch - relations between language and the social context. The textological analysis and interpretation of the selected columns is made with the help of some concepts of the eminent humanist Mikhail Bakhtin (1895-1975), such as polyphonicity, dialogue, speech genre... The analysis demonstrates the importance of the theme of language in Jerzy Pilch's column writing. His reflections range from the general contemporary Polish language to individual words, their history, semantics and connotations. The meta-linguistic motifs of the columns concern not only private speech, everyday conversations, but also dialogue in the public, political sphere. Pilch's assessment of contemporary Polish is generally negative. Descriptions of linguistic usus dominated by Internet slang and unnecessary English neologisms prevail. However, language, Pilch believes, is a 'self-cleaning' mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study investigates children's science learning in a nursery in Turkey. The participating children (aged 5 and 6) are from a socio-economically disadvantaged community. This is an ethnographic study that includes participant observations and audio recordings of classroom interactions based on a long-term basis. It takes a socio-cultural approach and uses the concept of speech genre [Bakhtin, M. M. 1986. Speech Genres and Other Late Essays. Austin: University of Texas Press] to examine children's science learning. The findings highlight the role of the teacher in learning scientific concepts. It shows that the experiments enable the children to test and investigate scientific concepts. It also problematises the role of the teacher in structuring science activities and classroom talk by suggesting that teachers need to be explicit when they introduce children to concepts, rather than leaving technical knowledge for children to make inferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the linguo-pragmatic conditions of the speech genre of apology in modern German. The purpose of the research is a comprehensive analysis of the examined speech genre. The main task is to identify and describe the conditions for the success of apology in German linguistic culture. To achieve a certain goal and solve the tasks, a number of methods have been applied: logical-semantic – to identify formal, semantic and functional parameters of apology; descriptive method – to characterize the typical linguistic means of apology; comparative analysis – to compare apologies with related speech acts; pragma-semantic method – to identify communicative strategies and tactics of apology; transactional method – for the analysis of verbal and nonverbal behavior of participants of communication; intent-analysis – to identify an indirect apology; method of quantitative calculations – for the implementation of quantitative characteristics of the use of apologies in German; questionnaire method – to confirm ethno-specific signs of forgiveness in German linguistic culture. Since in the proposed study the speech genre (hereinafter SG) is considered a set of SA with a common illocutionary goal to apologize to the interlocutor for the negative act committed by the speaker, the basis for success of the SG of apology constitutes the parameters of successful implementation of SA of apology. However, we consider it expedient to pay additional attention to external factors of SG realization, semantics and syntax of linguistic means of expression of the studied SG, as well as the pragmatics of creation and perception of SG by communicators. In view of apology in terms of its success, we believe that the most important thing for its implementation is the condition of sincerity, which is directly related to such components as malefactive action, guilt, pity (repentance), request, positive reaction of the addressee. Having committed a malefactive action, the speaker realizes his guilt, feels sorry for what he did, and asks the interlocutor for apology. A positive reaction of the addressee is also a necessary condition for the success of apology, i.e. the addressee must accept the speaker’s apology, otherwise the SG will fail and the communicative goal (restoration of harmony in the relationship) will not be achieved. The condition of sincerity of the SG of apology may include the following components: 1) the speaker actually believes that he has committed or intends to commit a malefactive action in relation to his interlocutor; 2) the addressee actually admits his guilt; 3) the speaker feels psychological discomfort and sincerely regrets the damage caused; 4) the addressee apologizes to the listener for his misconduct; 5) the addressee accepts the apology of the speaker and forgives his guilt. Based on the results of the analysis, the following conditions for the success of the speech genre of apology are formulated: 1) fulfillment of the condition of sincerity; 2) knowledge of the rules of polite behavior in the relevant cultural environment; 3) the presence of general knowledge about the situation; 4) compliance with the principles of speech cooperation; 5) analysis and planning of one’s behavior and the behavior of the interlocutor. It was found that the success or failure of apology can be assessed by analyzing the perlocutionary effect, and violation of the conditions of success can lead to communicative failure, which manifests itself in a negative reaction of the addressee and hinders cooperative interpersonal communication.

Статья посвящена выявлению интенционального плана жанра англоязычных массмедийных светских слухов. Речевой жанр представлен как коммуникативная единица, в которой воплощается интенциональность, образующаяся набором интенций продуцентов текстов. Интенциональность проявляется во всех аспектах текстотипа (содержательном, формальном, стилистическом) и рассматривается как жанроформирующий фактор. Речевой жанр англоязычных медиаслухов о селебрити в рамках содержательно-тематического уровня обладает комплексной интенциональной структурой. Сумма типичных коммуникативных интенций исследуемого текстотипа включает ряд установок, связанных с информирующей, развлекающей, оценивающей и воздействующей функциями. Доминантной целеустановкой выделена макроинтенция фатики, соединяющая рекреативную и гедонистическую функции его текстовых репрезентантов. Интенциональная модель исследуемого жанра формируется посредством как экстралингвистических, так и языковых средств.

Современные СМИ активно используют в медиатекстах элементы комического, облекая их в такие виды, как сарказм, ирония и юмор, и реализуя в разнообразных речевых приемах с использованием всего арсенала экспрессивно-выразительных средств. В связи с этим возникает необходимость описания и типологизации жанровых особенностей печатных комических медиатекстов и выявления механизма восприятия комического в различных жанрах. Целью представленной статьи является анализ современных печатных медиатекстов с точки зрения реализации в них категории комического, определение их жанровой принадлежности и выявление воздействующего потенциала этих медиатекстов. Для достижения поставленной авторами цели был проведен контент-анализ наиболее популярных печатных средств массовой информации. Осмысление феномена комического и его средств воздействия базируется на использовании комплексного подхода к анализу печатных медатекстов, реализованного через методику лингвостилистического анализа текста.Анализ показывает, что тексты, насыщенные аттрактивными комическими элементами, вызывают эмоциональный отклик, становятся более понятными для аудитории и более демократичными. Внесение в медиатекст шутливого, ироничного или саркастического начала требует значительных интеллектуальных усилий как от автора текста, так и от потребителя, что является проявлением тенденции к интеллектуализации массмедиа. Использование элементов комического реализует воздействующую функцию публицистического медиатекста, значительно повышает привлекательность журналистского материала для аудитории и способствует конкурентоспособности издания на медиарынке. В современных СМИ сложившиеся правила и механизмы порождения смыслов активно меняются вследствие чрезвычайно быстрого проникновения современных информационно-коммуникационных технологий в глобальное коммуникативное пространство. В связи с этим перспективными направлениями для дальнейшего исследования являются механизмы воздействия медиатекста и его интерпретации с учетом форматных характеристик массмедиа, трансформация и появление новых медиажанров, культурно-специфические свойства комического в СМИ.