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The article deals with the peculiarities of using specialized knowledge as a component of the methodology for investigating terrorist crimes. The problems of using special knowledge in non-procedural and procedural forms are considered. The author analyzes the peculiarities of using certain types of specialized knowledge to investigate terrorism-related crimes. The criminalistic recommendations for improving the quality of the use of special knowledge during investigative actions and operational search activities are elaborated. Particular attention is paid to evaluating an expert's opinion by an investigator. The possibility of increasing forensic expert support in forming the evidence base is determined. It is noted that recently, due to many factors, such a socially dangerous act as terrorism (terrorist act) has occurred quite often in different parts of our planet. Law enforcement agencies work annually to prevent, investigate, and deter terrorist acts. The structure of the investigation methodology contains a standard set of elements: forensic characteristics of a particular type of crime; circumstances to be established; typical investigative situations; methods of collecting evidence and other forensically significant information; use of specialized knowledge; and specifics of crime prevention during their investigation. A specific feature of specialized knowledge in investigating terrorism-related crimes is the appointment and conduct of forensic examinations. The study of investigative and judicial practice shows that many types and genera of forensic examinations have been appointed to investigate this crime category. The most common are forensic linguistics, explosive, trace, fingerprint, handwriting, technical and forensic examinations of documents, ballistics, materials, substances and products, phonoscopic, etc. Nowadays, forensic linguistic examination is of particular importance, during which complex lexical, morphological, semantic, syntactic, stylistic and other analyses of text (language) are carried out to identify signs of extremism in the content of audio, video or printed materials. It is concluded that the study and consideration of the peculiarities of specialized knowledge will improve the development of new forensic and technical forensic support methods for detecting and investigating such a crime as terrorism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to identify the main models of organisation of the forensic system in Ukraine and to assess international experience in the field of expert support of justice, as well as to analyse ways to adapt modern world standards to national expert practice. The theoretical basis of the study was the documents defining the status and organisation of forensic experts in Ukraine, Latvia and the Czech Republic. The functions related to forensic examinations, examination, and seizure were analysed. It was revealed that the organisation of forensic expert activity in European countries is focused on creating an effective system of expert institutions and ensuring optimal conditions for conducting examinations by qualified specialists who are appropriately accredited and included in the official registers of forensic experts. It was emphasised that in Ukraine there is a mixture of two approaches to structuring forensic expert activity. The advantages of such a mixed model include harmonisation of forensic examinations, standardization of expert methods, accreditation of forensic laboratories and publicity of the register of forensic experts. The author substantiated the need to integrate the Ukrainian system of expert support of justice into the international context and to participate Ukrainian forensic institutions in international organisations that bring together foreign expert institutions. This will help to improve the procedures for the participation of forensic experts in justice. The author proposed to establish a single body – the National Service for the Provision of Forensic Expertise, which will be subordinated to the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine. Thus, the practical significance of the study is that its results can be used to centrally address the problem of methodological and information support of expert activity, which in turn will improve the organisation of forensic activities in Ukraine

Knowledge required to teach mathematics at the university level is a current and relevant research topic in Mathematics Education. Thus, the case study presented in this article pertains to one mathematics lecturer whose knowledge is examined focusing on his delivery of a Multivariable Calculus course. The data required were gathered via classroom observations and a semi-structured interview and were subsequently analyzed through the lens of the Mathematics Teacher's Specialized Knowledge model. The interactions among different components of the lecturer's specialized knowledge that were identified in terms of intra-domain and inter-domain relationships provide empirical support for the complex and integrated nature of the mathematics lecturer's knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lesson planning makes possible organizing a teaching sequence coherent with the expected knowledge. The purpose of this work is to characterize the knowledge that a secondary mathematics teacher puts into play when designs class lessons about quadrilaterals. We present a case study in which the categories of the Mathematics Teacher Specialized Knowledge are used to show the knowledge he/she uses in the designing of the aforementioned lesson plans. The outcomes show the relevance of the decisions taken by the teacher during teacher planning related to the didactical strategies and resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Aula Abierta. Revista de Investigación, Formación e Innovación en Educación (RIFIE) is the property of Universidad de Oviedo, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Liability for the illicit production and trafficking of pornographic materials or objects, production and trafficking of materials or objects with pornographic images of minors, and the use of a minor for the production of pornographic materials or objects is provided for in Articles 242, 242.1, 242.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. A prerequisite for the effective investigation of such crimes is the classification of seized material as pornographic, for which, in most cases, specialized knowledge is used. Purpose: to analyze the problems of determining the area of specialized knowledge required in the investigation of crimes under Articles 242, 242.1, 242.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. In the result of the study, the article identifies the main types of specialized knowledge used in deciding whether to classify materials or objects as pornographic. The article formulates the subject, object and tasks of forensic examination of pornographic materials. It is shown that the examination of pornographic materials and examinations that establish the impact of such materials on society and the individual have different research objects.

Currently, in connection with the social and scientific and practical metamorphoses, special attention is paid to the problems of differentiation of forensic expert’s and specialist’s specialized knowledge, as well as the results of their activities (expert and specialist opinions). This is facilitated by the relatively vague legislative structure that regulates them, as well as its very arbitrary interpretation in law enforcement. At the same time, the current judicial and investigative practice of using these institutions in legal proceedings cannot be recognized as fully consistent with the letter of the law and the tasks of justice.In this article, based on the analysis of legislation, doctrinal sources and judicial practice, the criteria for delimiting the competence of a specialist and an expert, as well as the procedural documents emanating from them are considered. The authors note the widespread substitution of concepts and the substantive component of the specialized knowledge of a forensic expert and the conclusion drawn up by him based on the results of a forensic expert study, on the one hand, and the specialized knowledge of a specialist and his conclusion prepared on their basis, but without conducting a study, on the other. The streamlining and systematization of the considered sources of evidentiary information is carried out in strict accordance with the normative regulation.The authors propose options of the definitive norms, revealing the content and purpose of forensic examination, specialist’s specialized knowledge, as a unified basis for sectoral procedural legislation, and also give other recommendations aimed at unifying law enforcement in the field of the use of specialized knowledge in legal proceedings.It is recommended to differentiate “specialized knowledge” into: “specialist’s specialized knowledge”, “specialized knowledge of a forensic expert”, “specialized knowledge in an expert specialty (a specific expert specialty should be indicated)”. For example, a specialist’s specialized knowledge is a system of theoretical knowledge and practical skills in the field of specific science, technology, art, craft, which are acquired through higher education and practical experience in a certain field of social and legal activity (using specialist’s specialized knowledge to meet the needs of legal proceedings). It is also necessary to create a System of voluntary certification of the competence of forensic experts and specialists based on the Russian Federal Chamber of Forensic Experts, within which voluntary certification of the competence of specialists whose involvement is in demand in the administration of justice will be carried out.Information about specialists certified as persons with specialized forensic knowledge (handwriting specialists, construction specialists, etc.) should be placed in a special Register of forensic experts and specialists to meet the needs of legal proceedings on the official website of the Russian Federal Chamber of Forensic Experts. The formation of clear rules and criteria for the involvement of persons with specialist expertise in the administration of justice, combined with strict compliance with the law, are necessary components for making a just and fair decision on a case.

The article presents an analysis of the terms «knowledgeable persons» and «forensic expert». Based on the historical analysis of the activities of the «knowledgeable persons» figure and the «expert» figure, a logical sequence of concepts has been established: knowledge – science – knowledgeable persons – knowledgeable persons’ specialized knowledge – expert knowledge – forensic expert’s specialized knowledge – specialized knowledge in an expert specialty – a forensic expert. The authors consider the criteria for differentiating forensic expert’s specialized knowledge into: «expert knowledge», «forensic expert knowledge», «specialized knowledge in an expert specialty». They also propose to distinguish «specialized knowledge» as a legal category. In this case, «forensic expert’s specialized knowledge» is seen as expert knowledge as a result of obtaining forensic expert education and experience in conducting forensic examinations within the framework of its specific type, as well as specialized knowledge in an expert specialty (a specific expert specialty is indicated), which should be understood as expert knowledge, skills and abilities acquired during the development of a specific expert specialty and the subsequent acquisition of professional experience in the production of forensic examinations of a specific type. The feasibility of differentiating forensic expert’s specialized knowledge is analyzed, considering the type of forensic examination in which he specializes. A classification of the names of forensic experts is proposed based on differences in the expertise required to produce a certain kind of forensic examinations.

Copyright of Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research relevance is stipulated by the negative dynamics of the increase in the number of iatrogenic offences in Ukraine and the need to update the criminalistic support tools to effectively counteract these types of acts. Given this, the study aims to explore the prospects for developing an information system for recording cases of defects in the provision of medical care in Ukraine to promptly detect and investigate criminal offences in the field of medical practice. Various research methods were used, including analysis, synthesis, comparison, structural and functional, statistical, formal, and legal, and deduction. The study identifies the factors that necessitate the development of an information system for registering and studying cases of inadequate medical care to patients. In addition, the author examines the experience of Denmark, Germany, Great Britain, France, and other European countries in ensuring the operation of mechanisms for recording and reporting on adverse effects caused by defects in the provision of medical care. The advantages of information systems in the context of combating iatrogenic criminal offences are also revealed and proposals for the implementation of such mechanisms in Ukraine are developed. The study pays special attention to establishing the essence of iatrogenic criminal offences and identifying their specific features which create difficulties for the investigation of criminal offences in the field of medical activity since they are latent. The results obtained in the course of the study should be used to improve the competence of criminal justice officials whose activities are aimed at conducting pre-trial investigations of iatrogenic criminal offences through the use of innovative criminalistic tools

A few of the norms of the Russian legislation are aimed at the protection of public morality, including the suppression of public actions that can harm children’s health and development. In this context, within the framework of administrative and tort proceedings for the subsequent legal assessment of information materials, there is a need to involve experts and specialists with specialized knowledge to establish their content and orientation. The article discusses the methodological provisions of the complex psychological and linguistic examination of informational materials on cases of offenses infringing on public morality (provided for in Articles 6.21, 6.21.1 and 6.21.2 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation), the tasks to be solved, basic expert concepts and criteria for expert assessments.

The article discusses the provision on the domain forensic sciences of the concept of forensic expertology developed in the 1970s by A.I. Vinberg and N.T. Malakhovskaya. The author reveals the essence of domain forensic sciences as the sciences, serving as the substantiating knowledge for specific genera (types) of forensic examinations. The article summarizes the controversial aspects on the domain forensic sciences, and also demonstrates the development of this provision in the modern forensic expertology and expert practice of a number of forensic examinations. The author has also attempted to outline the prospects for the development of the provision on the domain forensic sciences in terms of formation of forensic expert sciences basing on the modern ideas about the directions of integration of scientific knowledge, as well as in the aspects of deducing the laws studied by forensic sciences and determining the functions performed by them. Finally, it is concluded that the concept of forensic (forensic expert) sciences is promising for the development of the general theory of modern forensic expertology, as well as its relevance in connection with the active introduction of new types of forensic examinations in recent years.

One of the recent advancements in law enforcement in Ukraine is profiling. Economic criminal activities involve systematic actions aimed at illegal enrichment. Therefore, the introduction of economic (financial) profiling for investigating such crimes is entirely logical and necessary. Economic (financial) profiling comprises a set of methods that involve analyzing the financial records of a person suspected of committing a crime and their close associates. This analysis is based on studying financial transactions and the concealment of sources of funding, which, in turn, allows for the identification of illegal enrichment and the verification of information provided by the subject regarding their sources of income (if any). Collecting and processing this information assists law enforcement agencies in creating a real "financial portrait" of the offender and developing hypotheses about their means and methods of obtaining funds, as well as providing potential courses of action based on the subject's psychological characteristics. To correctly and effectively implement this type of profiling, it requires activities such as processing financial statements and analyzing accounting documentation. The use of specialized knowledge that is not standard for a typical investigator or operative personnel becomes necessary. Given this fact, there is no doubt about the appropriateness of involving forensic experts to assist in creating the economic (financial) profile of the criminal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research relevance is stipulated by the negative dynamics of the increase in the number of iatrogenic offences in Ukraine and the need to update the criminalistic support tools to effectively counteract these types of acts. Given this, the study aims to explore the prospects for developing an information system for recording cases of defects in the provision of medical care in Ukraine to promptly detect and investigate criminal offences in the field of medical practice. Various research methods were used, including analysis, synthesis, comparison, structural and functional, statistical, formal, and legal, and deduction. The study identifies the factors that necessitate the development of an information system for registering and studying cases of inadequate medical care to patients. In addition, the author examines the experience of Denmark, Germany, Great Britain, France, and other European countries in ensuring the operation of mechanisms for recording and reporting on adverse effects caused by defects in the provision of medical care. The advantages of information systems in the context of combating iatrogenic criminal offences are also revealed and proposals for the implementation of such mechanisms in Ukraine are developed. The study pays special attention to establishing the essence of iatrogenic criminal offences and identifying their specific features which create difficulties for the investigation of criminal offences in the field of medical activity since they are latent. The results obtained in the course of the study should be used to improve the competence of criminal justice officials whose activities are aimed at conducting pre-trial investigations of iatrogenic criminal offences through the use of innovative criminalistic tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the knowledge revealed and developed by Elementary Mathematics teachers, in a teacher education course related to the representation of fraction division and the flexibility of the reference unit. The teachers solved a task aimed at mobilizing (and accessing) their knowledge related to their approaches to the sense of division, representation, and reference unit regarding fraction division. The results suggest that teachers face challenges when representing and justifying fraction divisions using pictorial models, especially when the divisor is a non-unit fraction. This is based in a gap regarding the flexibility of the reference unit to which the numbers refer in their representations, as well as a challenge concerning the sense of fraction division and the different forms of representation. With this research we intend to contribute to reducing the scarcity of empirical studies in the area and the importance of this specialized teachers’ knowledge to deal with this topic.

Currently Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have become relevant in the practices of mathematics teachers, national guidelines have demanded that this be an integrated competence in graduates. However, given the flexibility in the country that any professional with training for a degree in Mathematics can work as a teacher, it prevents teachers from using technological resources effectively and according to today's educational needs. day. Thus, the objective of this research is to characterize the specialized knowledge of the mathematics teacher who teaches the modeling of the hyperbola and its parts through ICT. The approach of this research is qualitative, with an instrumental type case study design, the questionnaire and non-participant observation are used as information collection techniques to a teacher who teaches mathematics in tenth of secondary school using ICT, especially the GeoGebra software. Among the relationships found in this research is the knowledge of the practices and teaching of mathematics as an approximation to the graphic modeling of the hyperbola through GeoGebra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of investigating and discovering crimes, examining criminal cases in the court session, issues and questions often arise, the solution of which requires the application of specialized knowledge in the field of science, technology, art or craft. These questions are resolved by persons possessing special knowledge and invested with appropriate powers in this respect. The knowledge obtained by certain subjects in the process of practical activity through the special training or professional experience they possess, based on a system of theoretical knowledge in the respective field, is recognized as special. However, the possibilities of forensics in ensuring that the judicial bodies obtain authentic, accurate and objective information regarding the crimes committed are constantly increasing. Currently, the science of forensics is in full development and consolidation. Forensic researchers, in the scientific works developed, make heavy use of modern achievements in various fields of science. This direction of scientific and practical research has become one of the most important in the further improvement of the forensic activity of investigation and detection of crimes. As a result, the creative potential of forensics is continuously expanding, and the arsenal of tools, procedures and methods recommended by it is becoming more and more effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A profession is characterized by specialized knowledge, barriers to entry, and self‐regulation. While these attributes are noted in subdisciplines, forensic science as an entity is not well recognized and does not have these traits. Most forensic science is produced in organizations so a quick review of organizational forms is useful to consider which best suit the nurturing of such traits. Overall tacit forensic science knowledge is neither passed from subdiscipline to subdiscipline or generation to another resulting in lost opportunities in education, research, and practice. Professional bodies could help address this using the definition and principles in the Sydney Declaration and more effectively address some of the issues criticized in forensic science than the existing methods which frequently do not take an overview. This article is categorized under:Ethical and Social ImplicationsJurisprudence and Regulatory Oversight > Communication Across Science and Law [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Electrónica Interuniversitaria De Formación del Profesorado is the property of Asociacion Universitaria de Formacion del Profesorado (AUFOP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article addresses the criteria for the classification of forensic examinations, including the analysis of the relevance of the division of the examinations into forensic and other. The authors reveal the contradictions in determining the names of forensic examinations conducted in various departments, they also demonstrate that the classification of examinations directly affects the training of forensic experts. The article provides some recommendations on the appointment of forensic examinations for the law enforcement officers.It is shown that to divide forensic examinations into classes, kinds, and types, an expertologic approach should be used: a comprehensive classification criterion defined within the framework of forensic expertology. In practical terms, the authors propose to enshrine the most frequently performed kinds (types) of examinations in a Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, and that departments should bring their internal orders in line with the list approved by the Government.

The focus of this paper is to address the issue of rehabilitation professionals having their credibility and the admissibility of their opinions challenged when called to testify in litigation matters, and how rehabilitation professionals should adhere to proper methodology that reflects their day-to-day clinical work. The objectives of this paper are to identify what qualifies rehabilitation professionals to provide opinions to the court, to discuss subjects of credibility often raised in a deposition and at trial, and how to address these subjects from various perspectives. Beginning at the point of referral and moving through the full spectrum of an assessment (i.e. clinical interview, testing, research, consultations, and report writing), the authors discuss effectively defending the relevance and admissibility of their opinions in a deposition and at trial. This paper covers the following topics: clinical practice, methodology, court rules, and the line between professional style, professional preference, and admissible practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents complex forensic psychological and linguistic examination models developed basing on various kinds of integration of psychological and linguistic knowledge in solving typical expert tasks. Based on forensic expertise, expert practice, methodological developments in complex, as well as psychological and psychiatric examinations, the author describes the following types of studies: a sequential complex of examinations, parallel complex examination, complex sequential analysis, sequential-parallel complex study.The author also illustrates the sequence of the use and integration of the results of applying specialized knowledge with particular examples.

The article provides the periodization of the development of forensic linguistics as one of the primary forms of application of specialized linguistic knowledge in legal proceedings. The author distinguishes four main stages: the 1st stage – the emergence of forensic linguistic expertise, the 2nd stage – its formation, the 3rd stage - development, and the 4th stage - improvement. Finally, at a more generalized alternative periodization (before-the-expert/philological and expert stages), the author reveals pressing issues of developing this kind of expertise and the prospects for its evolution.

To anticipate and respond to the diverse ways of reasoning students with disabilities use to make sense in inclusive mathematics classrooms, special educators require a deep understanding of a diverse array of student thinking. Unfortunately, historic and contemporary data suggest that opportunities for special educators to develop this knowledge prior to classroom teaching are diminutive. Further inquiry is needed into pre-service experiences that might support growth in teachers' knowledge. We present results from a US-based semester-long course grounded in neurodiversity and students' mathematical thinking designed to improve 20 special educators' pedagogical content knowledge. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted to determine how the pre-service teachers anticipated students' diverse mathematical thinking before and after experience in the course along with their propensity to adapt problems to respond to diversity during instruction. Furthermore, the pre-test to post-test changes in pre-service teachers' anticipations of students' problem-solving strategies and adaptations of problems were statistically significant. Implications for teacher preparation and future research are shared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses the influence of multidirectional processes of differentiation and integration of specialized linguistic knowledge on the development of forensic science and the practice of expert research, where it is used. The author highlights that both processes contribute to developing theoretical and methodological provisions that allow experts to solve new and complex problems at a higher quality level. The role of differentiation of specialized linguistic knowledge is to create new kinds and types of forensic examinations: author’s, linguistic, forensic analysis of video and sound recordings, forensic research of intellectual property objects. At the same time, the integration of specialized linguistic knowledge ensures the development of the whole scientific direction.

The article addresses theoretical and normative frameworks and the practice of applying specialized knowledge in trials of cases on challenging the results of determining the cadastral value of real estate objects. The authors establish the elements of specialized knowledge necessary for forensic experts when conducting examinations of this category. It is noted that the change in the volume and structure of specialized knowledge is influenced by the tasks that are assigned to an expert. It is also the case when determining the market value of real estate objects when considering administrative cases on challenging the cadastral value. The specialized knowledge applied by experts in determining the market value of construction objects and land plots can be presented as a system that includes such structural elements of a knowledgeable person’s competence as expertise, competencies, and professional skills. Finally, the authors outline the problems leading, on the one hand, to the increased burden on the forensic expert and extension of the terms of examinations and, on the other hand, the financial burden on the person who appointed an examination.

The paper describes the directions of counteracting extremist materials dissemination in Russia and their results as seen in the Federal List of Extremist Materials of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation, statistics of the State Information and Analytical Agency of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia on the number of registered crimes and persons brought to criminal responsibility as well as the Judicial Department at the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on the state of criminal record and activities of the federal courts of general jurisdiction and justices of the peace.The study aims to develop recommendations to optimize the judicial and investigative use of specialized knowledge to counteract the dissemination of extremist materials. The research tasks are: examining the shortcomings of preliminary investigation, analyzing the current judicial practice of administrative proceedings, and formulating proposals for the best use of specialized knowledge to identify the signs of hatred and enmity in the disseminated products. The study reveals the problems of the investigative practice related to the definition of the forensic examination subject for various categories of objects in terms of their material carriers. The author also notes cases of unjustified expansion of the subject of expert examination of extremist materials. Furthermore, the article identifies the shortcomings and positive experience in judicial practice on publicly available administrative cases on recognition materials as extremist and prosecution persons for inciting hatred or hostility or for posting on the Internet materials included in the Federal List of Extremist Materials. Finally, forensic recommendations on using specialized knowledge in the analysis of disseminated extremist materials are offered.

In this reflection article, the objective is to characterize the specialized knowledge of the mathematics teacher, from a perspective of the MTSK model, whose main feature consists of studying the mathematical and didactic-pedagogical knowledge that a mathematics teacher requires to teach this area of knowledge in any academic level and that never before in the models related to the study of the mathematics teacher had been described in an explicit way, with respect to the knowledge that a teacher requires for the disciplinary teaching of mathematics, which makes it different from other types of professionals, with knowledge of the area. In that order, the structure of the MTSK model expressed in domains, subdomains, subdomain categories and examples of the subdomain categories that contribute to the exploration of knowledge that the mathematics teacher must have to teach mathematics content is presented. . It is concluded that, given the versatility of this model, it can be taken as a reference for the constitution of new lines of research in the field of mathematics teacher training [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses one of the current problems of forensic linguistics - the problem of a forensic linguist’s specialized knowledge. Basing on the study of the concept of “specialized knowledge” in legislation and the theory of forensic science and the practice of forensic linguistic analysis, the author demonstrates that a forensic linguist’s specialized knowledge is inhomogeneous in its nature. It is not limited to linguistic knowledge only but has a complex structure, which includes background knowledge, awareness of forensic science theory, and understanding of substantive and procedural law. It seems that at the present stage, such a structure of specialized knowledge of a forensic linguist most fully contributes to solving the tasks of forensic linguistics and implementing the principles of forensic expert activity regulated by Federal Law No. 73-FZ of 31.05.2001.

Forensic experts’ primary and additional professional education does not include such a subject as logic. At the same time, knowledge of logic is crucial at all stages of the examination process. Filling this gap, the authors of this article reveal the content of the fundamental laws of logic and demonstrate their role in the cognitive activity of knowledgeable persons who implement their specialized (primarily construction and technical) knowledge in court proceedings. This paper deals successively with such laws of logic as the law of identity, the law of contradiction, the law of the excluded middle, the law of sufficient reason, the law of double negation, Clavius’s law, the law of contraposition, and laws of division (the dichotomy of logic) concerning various investigative and forensic situations. The projection of these laws of logic on the intellectual operations performed by experts will allow, from the authors’ point of view, to give the process of forensic examinations greater clarity and consistency, which, ultimately, should ensure an increase in its efficiency and quality of results. Logically verified approaches to work will also reduce time and financial costs.

The article addresses the existing points of view on the term “the language of forensic expertise”. The author draws attention to the fact that many forensic expert terms comprise a synthesis of legal and scientific concepts. The legal concepts contained in Chapter 26 “Environmental crimes” of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, and the definitions of some of them are analyzed. It is pointed out that a range of expert notions necessary for forensic purposes is defined by the GOST R 58081-2018 “Forensic environmental expertise. Terms and definitions”, including the concepts of “environmental harm”, “damage caused to an environmental object”. They should be gradually implemented into the practice of conducting forensic environmental investigations.

Introduction: in the teaching of mathematics, the use of technological resources has become important in teaching practices. However, on some occasions the non-professionalization of teachers in the classroom prevents them from being able to use this type of tools effectively and in accordance with today's educational needs. Objective: characterize the specialized knowledge of the mathematics teacher who effectively teaches the modeling of the ellipse through technological mediations. Materials and Methods: the focus of this research is qualitative, with an instrumental case study design. The information was collected through 13 non-participant observation units, a field diary, a questionnaire and a semi-structured interview with a teacher with training and experience in teaching the ellipse using ICT. Results: Relationships were found between the teacher's specialized knowledge of the topics and the teaching of mathematics, which contribute to the teaching approach to ellipse modeling using the GeoGebra software. It was Concluded that it is essential that the teacher has both disciplinary, didactic-pedagogical knowledge and knowledge of the technological resource that he uses to teach a specific content of mathematics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

本文透過訪問日本九家大公司的人資部門主管，闡釋為何在日本勞動力市場上文學碩士畢業生不受到重視，而理科碩士畢業生卻獲得相當程度的賞識之原因。研究結果發現，一、一般公司仍對文學碩士畢業生有刻板的印象，認為他們的專業知識不夠實用。二、假設碩士畢業生的專業學習讓他們太自傲，公司則對其人格特質有負面的評價。三、公司相信聘用無過錯紀錄的應屆大學畢業生並提供公司內部培訓是最短的途徑。然而，這些都是假象，因為公司幾乎很少有機會細查文學碩士畢業生的真實狀況。也因為如此，我們必須找出讓恆久不變的日本就業市場結構能夠轉變的因素。而本文認為，全球經濟是其中一個因素。 The aim of this paper was to elucidate the reasons why MA holders were less valued in the Japanese labor market as compared to MS holders, who received a greater degree of appreciation during interviews with executive Human Resource officers from nine of Japan’s major corporations. The conclusions are as follows: 1. Companies held the stereotype that the specialization and knowledge of MA holders were not useful for their organization; 2. Companies evaluated the personal characteristics of MA degree holders negatively due to the assumption that their specialized learning resulted in pride; and 3. Companies believed that employing fresh college graduates and providing in-house training was more efficient than hiring MA holders. These illusions resulted from companies having had few opportunities to evaluate MA holders’ actual job performance. Future research should evaluate which factors may serve to overcome these immutable stereotypes within the Japanese labor market. It is suggested that the global economy may play a role in transforming existing structures.

This article addresses the pressing issue of reforming the system of regulation for construction activities. The author analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the existing opposing points of view: preserving the existing “rigid” system on the one hand, or its abolition – the transition to the “flexible” method of calculation justification of design decisions, on the other. The choice in favor of the second option will cause large-scale changes in the construction sector, hence – forensic construction activities. Such changes will undermine the entire forensic expertise institution because it will become impossible to comply with the basic principles of an expert’s work - scientific validity and reliability of conclusions. The author concludes that the current regulating system does not work not because of its shortcomings but for some other reasons: negligence in construction work conduct, non-compliance with the construction technology, lack of design documentation, and others. In order to improve the current situation concerning the regulation of forensic construction and technical examinations, the following measures have been proposed: revision and improvement of their methodological, theoretical, and legal foundations, in-depth analysis of the content of urban planning legislation from the point of view of requirements mandatory for application by a forensic expertbuilder, specifying the limits of an expert’s competence, the formation of unified algorithms and forms of presenting research, the development of sub-theories on the legal and organizational support of the nonstate forensic activity, the active involvement of research institutions and higher educational institutions in the conduct of expert examinations.

The article addresses the concept of relevance concerning foreign criminal proceedings, in particular those applying forensic technologies. The author emphasizes that the variety of parties involved in the trial leads to the anticipated pluralism of relevance evaluation. For forensic experts, the relevance assessment is determined by data describing the cognitive object, perceived by the cognizing subject in different object’s reflections.Foreign criminal systems take great interest in recognizing the importance of the concept of relevance. From examining the crime scene to a court ruling, the understanding of the argumentation process in assessing the relevance of the evidence is a part of the information control procedure that will be used to justify court decisions.

The article analyses legal regulations of a forensic investigation into intellectual property o jects regarding the appointment of examinations of trademarks and service marks. The matter of necessity of specialized knowledge to conduct such investigations is addressed as well as current expert and judicial practice in this field. The author notes that forensic analysis of trade and service marks should be carried out as a part of a comprehensive examination in complex cases. The investigation should also include a sociological study.It is shown that the training of state forensic experts in the Russian Ministry of Justice system for intellectual property forensics, among other things to assess its value, will provide fully competent, unbiased, and independent experts and specialists in the field. The author proposes acknowledging and adding to the List of types of forensic examinations conducted in the Federal budget forensic institutions of the Russian Ministry of Justice the new type of forensic examinations – “Intellectual Property Forensics”.

One of the pressing issues of forensic activity is the absence of an approved list of the necessary and sufficient documentation to conduct a full and comprehensive study for every type and kind of forensic examination, including construction forensics. This makes the tasks put before an expert more challenging, expands the duration of the examination, and sometimes it even leads to the additional and re-examinations. The resolution of this problem would make the work easier for investigators and experts streamlining their activity at the early stages of investigations. The author identifies the types of input data for forensic construction and technical examinations of destroyed buildings. The article provides a list of documentations regulating the research process in cases of building collapse; limits for the use of equipment and tools are also covered.

The article presents a detailed examination of typical forensic situations requiring various specialized knowledge for their resolution, primarily in the field of land management. The first of them stems from land disputes over the location, configuration and area of land, as well as real estate related to it. The article presents a list of issues to be resolved by a forensic land surveyor who should have specialized knowledge in the fields of land management, cadastre and registration of real estate as well as from related fields. The second situation is due to the conflicts related to the right of shared ownership on land, dwellings and household constructions located at the premises. Forensic research of this type is presented in stages. It is noted that in this situation both specialized land management and engineering knowledge is applied, which allows to define the type and kind of buildings located on the land in question, the degree of their physical wear and tear, the size of premises as well as other technical characteristics which collectively enable an expert to say whether it is possible to actually split the disputed house and grounds, to consider its options and present them graphically. The third forensic situation is aimed at reviewing the question of whether the building under study is an obstacle to the use of the land (unauthorized construction). A judge’s and expert’s purview in resolving such issues is defined. Particular attention is paid to field observations including search, detection, fixation and evaluation of the characteristics of the construction site located on the land plot. The fourth situation involves disputes over the cadastral value of land plots engaging both a forensic expert and an appraiser. It is shown that although both determine the value of the disputed property their activity differs significantly.

In the United States, research on beginning science teachers provides little guidance regarding empirical minimum levels of discipline‐specific science coursework for sufficient subject matter knowledge to teach science. Accordingly, in this study we analyzed secondary physical science teachers' science coursework for subject matter knowledge (SMK) and resulting misconceptions of chemistry and physics concepts. Findings were compared with state‐level science teacher certification policies. Participants had either: (a) completed a master's level teacher preparation program with an undergraduate degree in science, (b) completed an undergraduate teacher preparation program with a minor degree or more in science, or (c) were undergraduate students enrolled in science courses required for chemistry and physics teacher certification. We analyzed participants' transcripts for discipline‐specific science coursework credit hours and GPAs and identified possible predictors of SMK predictors of the likelihood of passing chemistry and physics misconceptions tests. We categorized teachers' level of SMK and used multiple variable and logistic regressions (n = 212 participants; n = 109 chemistry and n = 103 physics). To identify teacher candidates' possible misconceptions, we analyzed chemistry (n = 97) and physics (n = 91) participants' item responses with the corresponding science credit hours and GPAs. With increasing numbers of credit hours teachers held fewer misconceptions. However, even with medium to high SMK levels, teachers still held misconceptions about chemical bonding, electromagnetism, and Newton's laws until they reached critical credit hour and GPA thresholds. Lastly, we provide recommendations for physical science teachers' programs of study and state‐level teaching certification policies, using empirical minimum quantity and quality of chemistry, physics, and mathematics coursework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses modern ways countering corruption. Based on the analysis of foreign experience the major trends in improvement of national and international legal anti-corruption framework are presented. The development of a high level anti-corruption culture in a society, which relates directly to transparency, publicity and repudiation of this phenomenon across all levels of government, is shown to be one of the most effective ways. Reporting on all cases of corruption should be seen as any citizen’s civil duty since corruption is considered a threat to state of law institutions, democracy, human rights and social justice.The article presents the main legal and institutional models of corruption counteraction in modern countries. It is justified that, with the current level of technology development, appointment of forensic examinations is becoming the most prevalent investigative action. They are particularly relevant in cases involving corruption.

Purpose: This article contributes to the discussion of teaching migration in upper primary school by examining teachers' didactical choices concerning specialized knowledge and pupils' previous knowledge. Design/methodology/approach: The approach is practice-based design research, in which meetings with teachers and focus group interviews with tento-twelve-year-old pupils are analysed in relation to educational practice and exemplary teaching. Findings: Teachers expanded concept of migration developed through discussions of specialized knowledge in relation to pupils' previous knowledge contributes to a more qualified migration education. Migration can be taught from a perspective or in thematic interdisciplinary projects. Migration biographies as well as using stories, pictures, and affective dimensions, can make the abstract concepts become concrete when reconstruction of migration in teaching. Practical implications: This addresses issues of continuous education in social studies for teachers and the need for collaborative platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article starts with a comment on John White’s article published in 2019 in the London Review of Education, 17 (3), entitled ‘The end of powerful knowledge?’, and particularly on the point made about specialized knowledge and its relation to powerful knowledge. It is argued here that it is important to clarify the distinction between specialized knowledge, systematic knowledge, and what Young and Muller mean by powerful knowledge, as, while these are related, they are not equivalent. Not all specialized knowledge is codified and systematized, and not all systematic specialized knowledge is necessarily powerful. It is suggested that some of the characteristics attributed to powerful knowledge by Young and Muller, in particular ‘systematic revisability’ and its enactment in specialized communities, are crucial for understanding what they mean by powerful knowledge.

The education of graduated teachers is an underexplored field in Mathematics Education. We present a teaching experiment focusing graduated teacher education, structured by the model of Mathematics Teachers' Specialized Knowledge. This experiment took place in the University of Huelva with 39 primary teachers, in the context of a course aiming to actualize the old teaching degrees to the new ones. The experiment was founded in the model of Mathematics Teachers Specialized Knowledge, that also was used to generate a progression hypothesis. We will show both the design of the experiment, and the retrospective analysis of this cycle. The results of the study show that the primary school teachers involved in the experiment improve their use of their knowledge of topics and knowledge of mathematics teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article starts with a comment on John White’s article published in 2019 in the London Review of Education, 17 (3), entitled ‘The end of powerful knowledge?’, and particularly on the point made about specialized knowledge and its relation to powerful knowledge. It is argued here that it is important to clarify the distinction between specialized knowledge, systematic knowledge, and what Young and Muller mean by powerful knowledge, as, while these are related, they are not equivalent. Not all specialized knowledge is codified and systematized, and not all systematic specialized knowledge is necessarily powerful. It is suggested that some of the characteristics attributed to powerful knowledge by Young and Muller, in particular ‘systematic revisability’ and its enactment in specialized communities, are crucial for understanding what they mean by powerful knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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