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The aim of the paper is to provide details on the Czechoslovak Scouting organisation in exile during the Second World War, especially in relation to what is known as the Czechoslovak Foreign Action. The purpose of the text is to point out the role that Junák (the organization of Scouts and Guides in the Czech Republic) was supposed to play from the point of view of the government in exile and which was also constructed by its leading figures. In doing so, it also reveals some elements of the survival strategy pursued by the official Czechoslovak Scouting Organisation during the war years as well as certain features of post-war Scouting in Czechoslovakia.

The aim of the paper is to provide details on the Czechoslovak Scouting organisation in exile during the Second World War, especially in relation to what is known as the Czechoslovak Foreign Action. The purpose of the text is to point out the role that Junák (the organization of Scouts and Guides in the Czech Republic) was supposed to play from the point of view of the government in exile and which was also constructed by its leading figures. In doing so, it also reveals some elements of the survival strategy pursued by the official Czechoslovak Scouting Organisation during the war years as well as certain features of post-war Scouting in Czechoslovakia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional conceptual models of movement assume that animals have 'perfect knowledge' of their environments. Although strong selective pressure may optimize animals' abilities to select favourable habitat components, few, if any, are born with an innate understanding of their environments. That is, individuals need to learn about the distributions and qualities of resources available to them, and this is particularly true for long-lived animals that must cope with dynamic environments over the courses of their lives. Members of many species passively acquire information about their environments while performing other essential activities, such as acquiring food, maintaining territories or searching for mates. But growing evidence suggests that animals may move deliberately for the express purpose of acquiring information. One such behaviour that may benefit animals particularly is to scout for winter resources (i.e. a limiting period) during summer (i.e. a time of abundance) when movements are less costly. Here, we investigate a population of North American porcupines, Erethizon dorsatum , to test whether they display this behaviour. We compared summer and winter habitat use by porcupines using GPS data and radiotelemetry. We also monitored seasonal selection of winter habitat with the use of trail cameras. We examined selection of nutritional and structural characteristics to identify potential drivers of scouting behaviour. We found that porcupines randomly sampled winter habitat during summer and returned in winter to locations with greater structural complexity but not higher nutritional quality. This study provides evidence of animals deliberately moving during summer to gain information about winter resources. More broadly, we suggest that scouting may be a search behaviour that individuals use to inform selection of resources in limiting seasons. Future research should test for similar seasonal movement characteristics across taxonomic groups and ecoregions. • We examined whether porcupines 'scout' for winter resources during summer. • Porcupines randomly sampled winter habitat during summer and returned in winter. • Revisited habitat had greater structural complexity but not higher nutritional quality. • Scouting behaviour may inform individuals' selection of resources in limiting seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early and accurate detection of diseases, and implementation of efficient disease management practices are crucial to reducing the economic impact associated with plant disease outbreaks. Based on survey responses from dogwood nursery growers in Tennessee, USA, scouting was identified as an important disease management practice adopted by a majority of growers for disease management in field-grown, container-grown, and pot-in-pot production systems. Our results show a significant positive correlation between disease severity and scouting frequency for dogwood plants grown in container and potin-pot production systems. Our efficiency measure is a self-rated efficacy scale perceived by the nursery growers about their existing disease management system in nursery plants. A significant positive correlation was found between the efficacy of disease management and the number of workers involved in scouting and a negative association between the worker hours spent in scouting and the grower's experience/exposure to other disease detection methods. The majority of nursery growers followed a set spray schedule between May and October, with applications scheduled every other week. In addition, our results showed significant positive correlations between efficacy and spray-related factors, such as disease severity and worker hours spent in spraying; efficacy of disease management and spraying frequency in field-grown dogwoods; and foliar spray costs and efficacy of disease management. We estimated ≈$379/acre per year average costs for dogwood disease management, which the growers find to be one of the major components of the dogwood production budget. Moving to automated systems of disease scouting and management has the potential to reduce the cost of these labor-intensive disease management practices of dogwood production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the Boy Scout Movement in Iran, under Reza Shah Pahlavi (r. 1925–1941) and the role it played in the formation of a new elite boyhood. I argue that the movement's emphasis on self-reliance, masculinity, and loyalty aimed to soothe adult anxieties that stemmed from changing attitudes toward and practices of modern Iranian masculinity and childhood. These adult anxieties also derived from the conflicting hopes and fears inspired by elite adolescence as a modern phenomenon. The gradual transition from child labour, as the expected constitutive experience of adolescence, to schooling as required and ubiquitous caused these mixed public sentiments on boyhood. Alongside the desire to see independent, educated, and self-reliant youth, fears of potential political activism among young Iranians drove the state to support scouting as fostering obedience and loyalty to the Shah. The article will demonstrate how scouting sought to inculcate loyalty and obedience, in order to answer the possible challenge posed by educated, strong, teenagers – namely that of political opposition to the ruler. In this manner, scouting was perceived as an antidote to the maladies of modern masculinity and childhood in Iran and solved the problem of legitimate activities of children in the outdoors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The findings of the present study may inform decision-making for track cycling coaches and practitioners in planning talent identification and development strategies. Moreover, the results presented raise concerns and underscore the importance of distinguishing between primary and secondary factors when aiming to support future talent in track cycling. Track cycling entails a challenging progression from the youth categories to elite competition. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the importance of early performance and various publicly available performance indicators in predicting the success of male and female cyclists across different track disciplines. Additionally, the study enriches the findings by incorporating interviews with international-level coaches and athletes. A retrospective analysis of data from UCI track cycling databases was conducted, supplemented by interviews with international-level coaches and athletes. The success rate for highly ranked junior track cyclists was found to be less than 20%, with a majority of these athletes specializing in sprint events, regardless of gender. The study indicated that the UCI ranking and points earned during the season were not reliable indicators for distinguishing future success (p < 0.05). From the interviews, we identified three main themes: (1) trends in career success from the youth to elite categories, (2) performance markers as predictors of future success, and (3) the challenges and time involved in reaching elite categories. Junior category performance alone may not be the sole indicator of future success in track cycling. However, integrating performance analyses with practitioners and athletes' perspectives enables a deeper understanding of the results and the developmental context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil sampling is used in agriculture to monitor fields and plan fertilizer application. This task is typically performed manually, but ground robots have recently been introduced. However, ground robots are often slow and heavy, which contributes to soil compaction. Fast-flying drones could provide an interesting alternative to ground robots. However, drones are severely limited in their payload and in the forces that they can apply to the soil. This paper presents the Terra-22, the first airborne system capable of sampling densely compacted agricultural soils. To do so, many challenges were addressed, including the development of (i) a high-power density drilling system that outperforms typical brushed DC gear motor by 39%, (ii) a drill design that is 48% lighter than traditional steel auger drills and that keeps cross-contamination under 4%, and (iii) a drill penetration rate controller that reduces the torque requirement by 33% and the axial force requirement by eight folds when compared to a constant penetration speed controller. Outdoor soil sampling tests in a corn field (sandy loam soil, compaction between 0.8 and 2 MPa) demonstrated a 94% success rate on flat terrain and a sampling duration under one minute.

This article, which highlights the religious origin of early Chinese scouting, scrutinises the connections between scouting, Christianity, and cultural exchange in early twentieth-century China. It provides insight into the history of Chinese youth by examining how British missionary scoutmasters, highly critical of Chinese parenting, introduced an alternate model of adolescence with a 'civilising' mission at Griffith John College – a mission school founded by the London Missionary Society in Hankou for Chinese male adolescents. This article contends that Chinese scouting was initially designed as an effective means to practice Christianity in evangelical ministries which equipped Chinese scouts with 'fine virtues' – elements that shaped them to become 'good citizens' and help them 'overcome' superstitious social customs. Apart from studying the role of scouting in China, this article also examines the effects of Christian missions on Chinese society in the cultural exchange influenced by the 'civilising' perspective that upheld by missionary scoutmasters. The cultural imperialism inherent in scout training hindered the development of a thorough Chinese citizenship at the national level. But the ways foreign evangelists educated their boy scouts did bring some positive impacts on Chinese youth culture, enlarging the scope of Christian missions to different possibilities and creative potential in cultural interaction between the colonisers and the colonised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the relationship between psychomotor abilities and baseball performance by analysing data from 379 athletes who participated in the USA Baseball, Prospect Development Pipeline (PDP). Hit and pitch metrics were generated during practice sessions using the RapsodoTM System. Data were compared through exploratory factor analysis and hierarchical regression. Factor analysis grouped batter’s PDP evaluations into four latent variables accounting for 63% of variance. Pitcher performance grouped into three factors accounting for 51% of variance. Regression on batter data revealed a significant demographic/anthropometric base model with height, weight, and age that accounted for 58% of the batted ball speed (R2 = 0.581). Player position explained 2% of the variance (R2 = 0.604), and PDP evaluation scores contributed an additional 3% (R2 = 0.631). Regression of pitcher data showed a significant base demographic/anthropometric model accounting for 36% of fastball pitch speeds (R2 = 0.363), with the PDP evaluation scores adding 6% additional variance (R2 = 0.424). Uniformly, assessments of lower body strength added the greatest predictive information. Hand grip strength did not correlate with pitch metrics. While demographics/anthropometrics are major contributors to batted and pitched ball speed, position and psychomotor variables add statistically significant contributions and may be of practical value for player selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Previously, we developed a minimal foraging model in a honey bee colony that is applicable to describe both the decision-making process and the phase transition between two behavioral modes of the colony, individual and collective. In this paper, we show that this model is also applicable to determine the optimal division of labor in the colony, namely, to determine the optimal proportions between different types of foragers, scouts and recruits. Model. We represent the steps in the foraging process as reactions of chemical kinetics, which leads to reaction–diffusion equations. The reaction part describes the dynamic modes of the foraging process: the recruitment of unemployed foragers to profitable food sources, that have become unprofitable as a result of their exploitation, and scouting. Diffusion describes the transfer of information in a honey bee colony. We assume almost perfect accuracy in the transmission and use of information about food sources in the colony, which is modeled by a very small diffusion coefficient of working foragers in the information space. On the contrary, the diffusion coefficient of unemployed foragers is chosen large to ensure their full mixing in the information space. This models the equal accessibility to transmitted information for all unemployed foragers in the hive. Results. We consider the profit of a colony on an exploited food source as the number of foragers working on that source, weighted by its value to the colony. It was found that with an increase in the intensity of scouting, the profit of the colony first grows, and then begins to fall, thus illustrating that there is an optimal balance of scouts and recruits, which ensures the greatest influx of food resources into the colony. Conclusion. An optimal division of labor in a honey bee colony, defining a dynamic balance between exploration and exploitation in a constantly changing environment, is essential to the survival of the colony. Considering that scouts use exclusively personal information, and recruits take advantage of social information, we can say that our model describes the optimal balance between the individual and the collective in the colony.

The offensive tactics of basketball teams consist of a series of actions performed with the collaboration of two or more players on the court. The study aimed to determine the differences in the possessions and the points of the play-type statistics of the eight playoff teams and the other ten non-playoff teams of the 2020 to 2021 men's Euroleague season. The study sample consists of a total of 13,056 play types obtained through systematic observation methodology, which examined 272 matches involving 17 teams. Descriptive statistics and the Mann–Whitney U test was employed to obtain the findings. It was found that the catch'n & shoot, pick and roll ball handler are the most frequently used possessions and points that produced play-type statistics for all teams. Results showed that isolation (U = 3,7740.5; z = −3.93; p <.05) pick and roll handler's (U = 39,932; z = −2.91; p <.05), post-up (U = 39,878.5; z = −2.94; p <.05) and Screen-off possessions (U = 41,689; z = −2,107; p <.05) of the playoff teams were statistically higher than non-playoff teams. Positively significant differences were also observed in isolation (U = 38,172; z = −3,744; p <.05), pick and roll handler's (U = 40,278.5; z = −2,748; p <.05), post-up (U = 38,353.5; z = −3,659; p <.05), and Screen-off (U = 38,819.5; z = −3,434; p <.05) points of the playoff teams and non-playoff teams. These results show that playoff teams are prominent with the screen-off possessions and points as a team play, but post-ups, pick'n roll handlers selection, and catch'n shoot possessions and points are displayed by highly talented players. The findings may assist coaches and managers in roster building. Coaches might consider including these play-types in offensive sets and can create a more productive system. This understanding can be integrated into youth organizations' training programs to raise high-level players. Plain Language Summary: The Importance of Play Type Statistics in Men's Euroleague Basketball The offensive tactics of basketball teams consist of series of actions performed with the collaboration of two or more players on the court. These actions of the teams on the field are very important in terms of winning strategies. Recording these actions as box score is called play-type statistics. The study aimed to determine the differences in the possessions and the points of the play-type statistics of the eight playoff teams and the other ten non-playoff teams of the 2020-2021 mens Euroleague season. The data set consists of 13,056 play-types statistics were analysed by Mann–Whitney U test to determine the differences between the playoff and non-playoff teams. The catch & shoot, pick and roll ball handler are the most frequently used possessions and points that produced play-type statistics for all teams. Results showed that isolation pick and roll handler's, post-up and screen-off possessions of the playoff teams were statistically higher than non-playoff teams. Positively significant differences were also observed in isolation, pick and roll handler's, post-up, and screen-off points of the playoff teams and non-playoff teams. These results show that playoff teams are prominent with the screen-off possessions and points as a team-play, but post-ups, pick and roll handlers selection, and catch and shoot possessions and points are displayed by highly talented players. The findings may assist coaches and managers in roster building. Coaches might consider including these play-types in offensive sets and can create more productive systems. This understanding can be integrated into youth organizations' training programs to raise high-level players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of New Economics & Social Sciences (IJONESS) is the property of International Institute of Innovation Science-Education-Development in Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Track cycling entails a challenging progression from the youth categories to elite competition. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the importance of early performance and various publicly available performance indicators in predicting the success of male and female cyclists across different track disciplines. Additionally, the study enriches the findings by incorporating interviews with international-level coaches and athletes. A retrospective analysis of data from UCI track cycling databases was conducted, supplemented by interviews with international-level coaches and athletes. The success rate for highly ranked junior track cyclists was found to be less than 20%, with a majority of these athletes specializing in sprint events, regardless of gender. The study indicated that the UCI ranking and points earned during the season were not reliable indicators for distinguishing future success (p < 0.05). From the interviews, we identified three main themes: (1) trends in career success from the youth to elite categories, (2) performance markers as predictors of future success, and (3) the challenges and time involved in reaching elite categories. Junior category performance alone may not be the sole indicator of future success in track cycling. However, integrating performance analyses with practitioners and athletes’ perspectives enables a deeper understanding of the results and the developmental context.

Focusing on the Hungarian diaspora in Sydney, Australia, this paper finds that the key to preserving the Hungarian identity of emigrants and their descendants is maintaining and cultivating Hungarian traditions. Some institutions and organizations, such as Hungarian schools and the Hungarian Scout Association in Exteris, can help in this regard. To examine this topic, I conducted a pilot study asking the following questions: (1) What are the main elements of Hungarian identity in the diaspora? and (2) What is the main role that Hungarian scouts and other organizations play in preserving Hungarian identity? In the first part of the research, the most prominent people of the Hungarian diaspora in Sydney, Australia were interviewed. The interviews showed that Hungarian scouting plays a crucial role in the survival of Hungarian culture and community, which was reflected linguistically too. Subsequently, I conducted a questionnaire survey, whose results also confirmed that scouting is both an element of and a tool for Hungarian identity construction. Some key elements of identity, according to the respondents—language, culture, holidays, and community—are clearly included in scouting. The results also suggest that support for Hungarian emigrant organizations can be an effective way to maintain national identity. constantinovits.kinga.katalin@hallgato.ppke.hu

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The article presents the vicissitudes of Professor Anna Przecławska’s life, showing how they influenced her scientific and didactic work, social commitment and attitude towards other people. Thus, reference was made to the period of happy childhood interrupted by the outbreak of World War II, scouting and underground activities, including service as a nurse in the Warsaw Uprising. These events meant that throughout her life she undertook tasks that went far beyond the requirements of everyday life. They also directed her research on topics related to the role of reading in the lives of young people, the world of young people’s values and transformations of culture in the context of upbringing problems. A. Przecławska also emphasized the need to reinterpret the concept of the educational environment in social pedagogy and the importance of serving people, which she considered a constant principle in pedagogy and in her life, changing the world in accordance with the competences she possessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In various sports large amounts of data are nowadays collected and analyzed to help scouts with identifying talented young athletes. In contrast, the literature on result-based talent identification in road cycling is remarkably scarce. The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into the possibilities of the use of publicly available data to discover new talented Under-23 (U23) riders via statistical learning methods (linear regression and random forest techniques). At the same time, we try to find out the main determinants of success for U23 riders in their first years of professional cycling. We collect results for more than 25000 road cycling races from 2007–2018 and consider more than 2500 riders from over 80 countries. We use the data from 2007 to 2017 to train and validate our models, and use the data from 2018 to predict how well U23 riders will perform in their first three elite years. Our results reveal that past U23 race results appear to be important predictors of future cycling performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

تهدف الدراسة الراهنة إلى محاولة التعرف على واقع دور مفوضية طبرق للكشافة والمرشدات في تحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة، وتنتمي إلى الدراسات الوصفية، وقد اعتمد فيها الباحث على منهج دراسة الحالة، وقام باستخدام دليل دراسة الحالة والمقابلات غير المقننة والملاحظة المشاركة كأدوات لجمع البيانات. وجاءت أبرز نتائج الدراسة متمثلة في: حرص المفوضية في أنشطتها على تحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة، حيث يتم تغطية الجانب الاجتماعي( الأهداف: الأول والثاني والثالث والرابع والخامس والسادس عشر)، ويتم تغطية الجانب الاقتصادي(الأهداف: الثاني والخامس والثامن والتاسع والثاني عشر والسابع عشر)، كما يتم تغطية الجانب البيئي (الأهداف: السادس والسابع والحادي عشر والثاني عشر والثالث عشر والرابع عشر والخامس عشر). وأن أهم المعوقات التي تعوق المفوضية في دعم تحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة عدم توفر التمويل المالي الكافي لتنفيذ البرامج والأنشطة نقص التمويل أهم المعوقات التي تعوق المفوضية عن تحقيق أهدافها، وأن أهم مقترحات تفعيل دور الحركة الكشفية في تحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة يتمثل في توفير التمويل المالي والكافي. Abstract The current study aims to try to identify the reality of the role of the Tobruk Commission for Scouts and Guides in achieving the sustainable development goals, and it belongs to descriptive studies, in which the researcher relied on the case study approach, and used the case study guide, unstructured interviews and participatory observation as tools for data collection. The most prominent results of the study were represented in: the Commission’s keenness in its activities to achieve the goals of sustainable development, where the social aspect is covered (goals: first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixteenth), and the economic aspect is covered (objectives: second, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth and seventeenth). The environmental aspect is also covered (goals: sixth, seventh, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth). And that the most important obstacles that hinder the Commission in supporting the achievement of the sustainable development goals are the lack of sufficient financial funding to implement programs and activities. The lack of funding is the most important obstacle that hinders the Commission from achieving its goals, and that the most important proposals to activate the role of the scouting movement in achieving sustainable development goals is to provide adequate and financial funding.

Spodoptera frugiperda is a new invasive pest in Indonesia and its severity in maize ranges from 26.50 to 100%. However, information on the strains or genetic diversity of the S. frugiperda in Indonesia is still very limited. This research aimed to identify the genetic diversity of S. frugiperda from South Sumatra and determine its damage in maize. Surveys from January to June 2021 were carried out from the lowlands to highlands of South Sumatra. The field scouting was performed to calculate the incidence of damage and to estimate the severity caused by S. frugiperda larvae. The severity was assessed using a visual rating scale from 1 (no damage) to 5 (plant stunting and funnel damaged severely). The S. frugiperda larvae was identified based on morphological characters and molecular techniques using sequence analysis of Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. All larvae collected from South Sumatra showed identical morphological characteristics identified as S. frugiperda. The sequence analysis results showed that the 6 isolates of S. frugiperda shared 100% of sameness as the rice strain haplotype 1, S. frugiperda isolate from Lampung Province. The other 3 isolates of S. frugiperda shared 100% sameness as the corn strain haplotype I and IS 1 (obtained from sugarcane in Japan). All isolates have been deposited in the GenBank. This study confirmed the presence of rice and corn strains of Spodoptera frugiperda and this is the first report of the occurrence of both strains in South Sumatra. We also found that outbreaks of S. frugiperda have occured in the South Sumatra. The incidence and severity of S. frugiperda reached 100% and 65% respectively. Comprehensive further study should be performed to confirm the presence of both strains and their damage in all corn producing areas in Indonesia.

The exploration of the environment through the body and motor skills, become fundamental objectives for the discovery of both physical and geometric space, for the correct structuring of its body scheme by recovering the roots of our being in the world, discovering their memories, objects, The matter of things, of the natural elements of the landscape through action. Exercise in its components integrates perfectly at an interdisciplinary level by promoting recreational-recreational, relational, emotional actions, capable of soliciting a correct relationship with the natural environment. The scouting pedagogy is analyzed to understand the pedagogical methods of directing the boy's evolutionary personality towards the Inter sensorial unit and the most authentic meaning of these activities in a natural environment. Reality is considered as an emotional experience that implies the possibility of an involvement of all senses, modulated according to their magical polyphony.

The National Football League (NFL) Combine provides NFL teams the ability to assess prospective athletes' medical histories and physical and psychological abilities. Using this information, NFL personnel must then decide whether an athlete is a good fit to their team. Given the combine's 40-year history and the availability of peer reviewed articles on the function and efficacy of the combine, the purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize the literature evaluating the predictive validity of the combine according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). Full-text, peer-reviewed articles containing information relevant to the NFL combine and at least one measure of future success were retained. The search yielded 1954 articles and after screening, 68 articles remained. These remaining articles focused on measures of success pertaining to (a) medical testing and future performance (n = 25), (b) combine tests (n = 12), (c) draft position (n = 10), (d) draft and future performance (n = 8), (e) medical testing (n = 7), (f) career longevity (n = 3), (g) draft and salary (n = 2), and (h) playing performance (n = 1). Due to the mixed results of combine measures on future success, this review highlights the need for more research to investigate the combine's influence on long-term performance and success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Association football has been viewed as an industry with considerable lucrative career prospects; however, this has not prevented the use of unpaid staff throughout football in the UK. There has been increasing academic research regarding the professionalisation and commercialisation of football, yet there has been little acknowledgement of the role of those working in football in an unpaid capacity. Therefore, this paper examines the culture of unpaid work in football scouting, by exploring the motivations of 12 unpaid scouts at professional clubs, from a figurational perspective. Our findings suggest that scouts want to work in the industry because of their 'love of the game', in a 'quest for excitement' in their career. Unpaid work was in the pursuit of experience and contacts, the latter of which was highly valued in the industry. Football clubs are enclosed figurations and the scouts placed importance on developing interdependent social relations to gain entry to the industry, demonstrating how football may be perceived nepotistic. The likelihood of gaining a paid role directly from an unpaid position was low and therefore the decisions to continually accept unpaid work represented the notion of fantasy-laden thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on the Hungarian diaspora in Sydney, Australia, this paper finds that the key to preserving the Hungarian identity of emigrants and their descendants is maintaining and cultivating Hungarian traditions. Some institutions and organizations, such as Hungarian schools and the Hungarian Scout Association in Exteris, can help in this regard. To examine this topic, I conducted a pilot study asking the following questions: (1) What are the main elements of Hungarian identity in the diaspora? and (2) What is the main role that Hungarian scouts and other organizations play in preserving Hungarian identity? In the first part of the research, the most prominent people of the Hungarian diaspora in Sydney, Australia were interviewed. The interviews showed that Hungarian scouting plays a crucial role in the survival of Hungarian culture and community, which was reflected linguistically too. Subsequently, I conducted a questionnaire survey, whose results also confirmed that scouting is both an element of and a tool for Hungarian identity construction. Some key elements of identity, according to the respondents--language, culture, holidays, and community--are clearly included in scouting. The results also suggest that support for Hungarian emigrant organizations can be an effective way to maintain national identity. constantinovits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article discusses the reconfiguration of citizenship education in the Swedish Boy Scout movement, one of the country's largest civil society organizations, after 1945. Citizenship education was a core feature of scouting since its establishment during the first decades of the twentieth century, with patriotism and practical helpfulness as core tenets. Additionally, an emphasis on hiking and camping sought to train Scouts to become self-reliant and self-regulatory members of society. After 1945, several former Scout virtues, such as honour, self-sacrifice and bravery, became increasingly associated with authoritarian values and were thus challenged by democratic, individualist ideals. By the 1950s, differences between Boy Scouting and Girl Scouting became less apparent, and explicitly masculine ideals were rejected by leading figures of the Boy Scout movement. The reconfiguration of citizenship education contributed to gender integration and co-educational reform that reshaped the Scout movement in Sweden during the 1950s and 1960s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith), a serious pest of cereals from the Americas, has spread across sub-Saharan Africa and Asia since 2016, threatening the food security and incomes of millions of smallholder farmers. To measure the impact of S. frugiperda under different management approaches, we established on-farm trials across 12 landscapes (615–1,379 mm mean annual rainfall) in Malawi and Zambia during the 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons. Here we present the results from our conventional tillage, monocrop maize, no pesticide treatment, which served to monitor the background S. frugiperda impact in the absence of control measures. Median plot-level S. frugiperda incidence ranged between 0.00 and 0.52 across landscapes. Considering severe leaf damage (Davis score ≥5), the proportion of affected plants varied between 0.00 and 0.30 at the plot scale, but only 3% of plots had ≥10% severely damaged plants. While incidence and damage severity varied substantially among sites and seasons, our models indicate that they were lower in high tree cover landscapes, in the late season scouting, and in the 2020/2021 season. Yield could not be predicted from S. frugiperda incidence or leaf damage. Our results suggest S. frugiperda impacts may have been overestimated at many sites across sub-Saharan Africa. S. frugiperda incidence and damage declined through the cropping season, indicating that natural mortality factors were limiting populations, and none of our plots were heavily impacted. Long-term S. frugiperda management should be based on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) principles, including minimising the use of chemical pesticides to protect natural enemies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Spectral remote sensing has the potential to improve scouting and management of soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura), which can cause yield losses of over 40% in the North Central Region of the United States. We used linear support vector machines (SVMs) to determine 1) whether hyperspectral samples could be classified into treat/no-treat classes based on the economic threshold (250 aphids per plant) and 2) how many wavelengths or features are needed to generate an accurate model without overfitting the data. A range of aphid infestation levels on soybean was created using caged field plots in 2013, 2014, 2017, and 2018 in Minnesota and in 2017 and 2018 in Iowa. Hyperspectral measurements of soybean canopies in each plot were recorded with a spectroradiometer. SVM training and testing were performed using 15 combinations of normalized canopy reflectance at wavelengths of 720, 750, 780, and 1,010 nm. Pairwise Bonferroni-adjusted t- tests of Cohen's kappa values showed four wavelength combinations were optimal, namely model 1 (780 nm), model 2 (780 and 1,010 nm), model 3 (780, 1,010, and 720 nm), and model 4 (780, 1,010, 720, and 750 nm). Model 2 showed the best overall performance, with an accuracy of 89.4%, a sensitivity of 81.2%, and a specificity of 91.6%. The findings from this experiment provide the first documentation of successful classification of remotely sensed spectral data of soybean aphid-induced stress into threshold-based classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the militarisation of school life was the primary motivation and the ideological basis for the introduction and promotion of the Boy Scouts in China. Church schools used Scouting to expand the influence of the schools themselves and even their religion. Chinese and western educators in Republican China jointly promoted the process of 'sinicisation' of Scouting, allowing young children to experience the fun while winning the recognition of the general public. Compared with the original British Scouting, this 'sinicisation' is mainly reflected in the Scout Motto, Oath and Law rather than organisation and training content. Early Scouting in Republican China further proves that Scouting is both military and educational. It was also its dual role that contributed to the Kuomintang's decision to directly lead the Boy Scouts in 1926. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spodoptera frugiperda is a new invasive pest in Indonesia and its severity in maize ranges from 26.50 to 100%. However, information on the strains or genetic diversity of the S. frugiperda in Indonesia is still very limited. This research aimed to identify the genetic diversity of S. frugiperda from South Sumatra and determine its damage in maize. Surveys from January to June 2021 were carried out from the lowlands to highlands of South Sumatra. The field scouting was performed to calculate the incidence of damage and to estimate the severity caused by S. frugiperda larvae. The severity was assessed using a visual rating scale from 1 (no damage) to 5 (plant stunting and funnel damaged severely). The S. frugiperda larvae was identified based on morphological characters and molecular techniques using sequence analysis of Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. All larvae collected from South Sumatra showed identical morphological characteristics identified as S. frugiperda. The sequence analysis results showed that the 6 isolates of S. frugiperda shared 100% of sameness as the rice strain haplotype 1, S. frugiperda isolate from Lampung Province. The other 3 isolates of S. frugiperda shared 100% sameness as the corn strain haplotype I and IS 1 (obtained from sugarcane in Japan). All isolates have been deposited in the GenBank. This study confirmed the presence of rice and corn strains of Spodoptera frugiperda and this is the first report of the occurrence of both strains in South Sumatra. We also found that outbreaks of S. frugiperda have occured in the South Sumatra. The incidence and severity of S. frugiperda reached 100% and 65% respectively. Comprehensive further study should be performed to confirm the presence of both strains and their damage in all corn producing areas in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upbringing is an indispensable element of the growing up of children and youth. In the first years of life, it is the parents who exert the greatest influence on the child, trying to show the child what is right and what is wrong. Over time, when the child grows up, the parents are no longer alone in this difficult process, because they are helped by the school, the community of the Church and various associations to which children and young people can belong. This association includes the Association of Catholic Scouting "Zawisza" Federation of European Scouting. It is an association that follows a decades-old scouting tradition and is a movement based on the principles of the Roman Catholic religion.