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Milk and its derivatives are rich in nutrients and widely consumed by the population. However, the presence of chemical residues is frequent in these products. This study aimed to carry out a diagnosis of the use of antibacterials and evaluate the knowledge about these drugs and behaviors adopted by dairy producers in Goiás, Brazil. A total of 286 dairy farms in 36 municipalities in the State were visited and interviews were conducted with the owner or auxiliary workforce. The questions addressed the production parameters of the property and the use of antibacterials. The answers were presented in percentages and graphs. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson’s chi-square test at a 5% significance level. Only 26.2% of the producers used antibacterials indicated by veterinarians and all producers (100%) disposed of milk with residues inappropriately. Tetracycline and penicillin were the most used among the 21 cited active principles. Enteritis (22.1%), cattle tick fever (21.1%), and mastitis (19.4%) were the main diseases treated with antibacterials. A total of 37.4% of respondents were unable to distinguish antibacterials from other drugs. Moreover, the more specialized the farm, the greater the veterinary assistance and the greater the care for antibacterial treatments. Most respondents (51.7%) had incomplete elementary education. These results provide important information about how rural producers in the State of Goiás use antibacterials and serve as a basis for future interventions. The need for greater access by producers to veterinary services in Goiás is evident to reduce the unnecessary and inappropriate use of antibacterials. Resumo O leite e seus derivados são ricos em nutrientes e largamente consumidos pela população. Contudo, a presença de resíduos de substâncias químicas é frequente nesses produtos. Esse estudo objetivou realizar um diagnóstico sobre o uso de antibacterianos, avaliar o conhecimento sobre esses fármacos e condutas adotadas por produtores de leite em Goiás, Brasil. Foram visitadas 286 propriedades leiteiras em 36 municípios do estado, onde foram realizadas entrevistas com o proprietário ou mão de obra auxiliar. As perguntas abordavam parâmetros produtivos da propriedade e uso de antibacterianos. As respostas foram apresentadas em porcentagem e gráficos. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson ao nível de significância de 5%. Apenas 26,2% dos produtores utilizavam antibacterianos indicados por veterinários e todos (100%) descartavam o leite com resíduos de forma inadequada. Dentre os 21 princípios ativos citados, os mais utilizados foram as tetraciclinas e penicilinas. As principais doenças tratadas com antibacterianos foram enterite (22,1%), tristeza parasitária bovina (21,1%) e mastite (19,4%). Observou-se que 37,4% dos entrevistados não souberam distinguir antibacterianos de outros medicamentos. Verificou-se que quanto mais especializada é a fazenda, maior é a assistência veterinária e maiores os cuidados para tratamentos com antibacterianos. A maioria dos entrevistados (51,7%) apresentava ensino fundamental incompleto. Esses resultados fornecem informações importantes sobre como os produtores rurais do estado de Goiás utilizam antibacterianos e servem como base para intervenções futuras. É evidente a necessidade de maior acesso dos produtores a serviços veterinários em Goiás, a fim de reduzir o uso desnecessário e inadequado de antibacterianos.

RESUMEN Objetivo : Conocer las barreras en la gestión de los establecimientos de salud que atienden a población indígena y afrodescendiente del Perú. Material y métodos : Se diseñó una encuesta virtual en gestión sanitaria al personal del primer nivel de atención de 89 establecimientos de salud (EESS) de 27 provincias, durante los meses de octubre y noviembre del 2021. Resultados : En el 73 % de EESS, el personal refiere no conocer el plan contra la tercera ola pandémica, 14,8% de EESS el personal refiere no está capacitado en manejo de la COVID-19, en el 22,7% de EESS se reunieron para coordinar cómo enfrentar la tercera ola pandémica, en el 83% de EESS el personal refiere no contar con presupuesto para su plan contra la COVID-19. Conclusiones : Hay barreras en la visión, gestión y presupuesto en EESS que atienden poblaciones indígenas y afroperuano, lo que afectaría la ejecución eficaz de estrategias para el control de la pandemia por la COVID-19. ABSTRACT Objective : To determine the barriers in the management of health facilities that serve the indigenous and Afro-descendant population in Peru. Material and methods : A virtual survey on health management was designed for first level health care personnel in 89 health facilities (EESS) in 27 provinces during October and November 2021. Results : In 73% of the EESS, the personnel reported not knowing the plan against the third pandemic wave, 14.8% of the EESS reported not being trained in the management of COVID-19, in 22.7% of the EESS they met to coordinate how to face the third pandemic wave, in 83% of the EESS the personnel reported not having a budget for their plan against COVID-19. Conclusions : There are barriers in the vision, management and budget in EESS that serve indigenous and Afro-Peruvian populations, which would affect the effective execution of strategies for the control of the pandemic by COVID-19.

Introduction: Because of the high per capita consumption of 216 kilograms, in Costa Rica, 681 million liters of milk are processed annually, and it is particularly important to avoid the toxic effects of contaminated milk, associated with vomiting, paralysis and cramps, and, in the long term, cancer, endocrine disorders, diabetes and chromosomal alterations, among others. Objective: To determine the residue levels of five acaricides used in Costa Rica: Amitraz, Coumafos, Chlorpyrifos, Cyfluthrin and Cypermethrin, in samples of whole bovine milk. Methods: From January to September 2018, we collected samples from 200 production systems in six provinces and applied gas and liquid chromatography techniques coupled with mass spectrometry. Results: We did not find residues of Coumafos and Cyfluthrin, but in 19 farms we detected Amitraz, Cypermethrin and Chlorpyrifos (the latter, 0.01mg/kg). Few managers know alternatives to chemical control, and most do not respect the withdrawal period of the tick, and do not rotate the active ingredient. Conclusion: Education and monitoring on tick control should be improved in dairy farms. Introducción: En Costa Rica se procesan anualmente 681 millones de litros de leche, debido al alto consumo per cápita que es de 216 kilogramos, por lo que es particularmente importante evitar los efectos tóxicos de la leche contaminada, asociados a vómitos, parálisis y calambres, y, a largo plazo, cáncer, trastornos endocrinos, diabetes y alteraciones cromosómicas, entre otros. Objetivo: Determinar los niveles de residuos de cinco acaricidas usados en Costa Rica: Amitraz, Coumafós, Clorpirifós, Ciflutrina y Cipermetrina, en muestras de leche entera bovina de Costa Rica. Métodos: De enero a setiembre del 2018 tomamos muestras en 200 sistemas de producción de seis provincias y aplicamos técnicas de cromatografía de gases y de líquidos, acopladas a espectrometría de masas. Resultados: no hallamos residuos de Coumafós y la Ciflutrina, pero en 19 fincas detectamos Amitraz, Cipermetrina y Clorpirifós (este último, 0,01mg/kg). Pocos encargados conocen alternativas al control químico, y la mayoría ni respeta el periodo de retiro del garrapaticida, ni hace la rotación del ingrediente activo. Conclusión: Se debe mejorar la educación y el monitoreo sobre el uso de garrapaticidas en los sistemas de producción de leche

Each dairy property is unique and has particularities in its structure and management practices. Therefore, implementing biosafety measures is a necessary challenge for dairy cattle farming, since there are many diseases arising from pathogen contamination that can be avoided if these measures are properly put into practice. Thus, to provide the consumer with insurance and quality, in addition to ensuring the safety of animals, employees and everyone involved in the production chain, it is essential to know the principles of biosecurity and manage them in the production system. It is up to the responsible professional to assess the risks or dangers involved in maintaining the health of the animals, and from this analysis, compose a biosecurity plan aimed at mitigating health damage to the herd. For this, it is necessary not only commitment and training through health education and preventive measures, but also adequate supervision to ensure its execution. Thus, it is possible to establish sustainable production systems, generating a higher rate of productivity for the producer, as a mutual component, the lowest number of losses in production and guaranteeing the consumer a safe and quality product. Cada propiedad lechera es única y tiene particularidades en su estructura y prácticas de manejo. Por lo tanto, implementar prácticas de bioseguridad es un desafío necesario para el ganado lechero, ya que existen muchas pérdidas por contaminación de patógenos que pueden evitarse si se ponen en práctica adecuadamente. Así, para brindar al consumidor una leche segura y de calidad, además de velar por la seguridad de los animales, empleados y todos los involucrados en la cadena productiva, es fundamental conocer los principios de bioseguridad y gestionarlos dentro del sistema productivo. Corresponde al profesional responsable evaluar los riesgos o peligros que implica el mantenimiento de la salud de los animales y, a partir de este análisis, elaborar un plan de bioseguridad destinado a mitigar los daños a la salud del rebaño. Para ello, es necesario no solo el compromiso y la formación a través de la educación en salud y las medidas preventivas, sino también una adecuada supervisión para garantizar su ejecución. Así, es posible establecer sistemas de producción sustentables, generando una mayor tasa de productividad para el productor, como componente mutuo, el bajo número de pérdidas en la producción y garantizando al consumidor un producto seguro y de calidad. Cada propriedade leiteira é única e possui particularidades em sua estrutura e práticas de manejo. Portanto, implementar práticas de biosseguridade é um desafio necessário à bovinocultura leiteira, visto que há muitos prejuízos provenientes de contaminações por patógenos que podem ser evitados se estas forem colocadas em prática de maneira apropriada. Assim, para fornecer ao consumidor um leite seguro e de qualidade, além de garantir a segurança dos animais, funcionários e de todos os envolvidos na cadeia produtiva, torna-se primordial conhecer os princípios de biosseguridade e geri-los dentro do sistema de produção. Cabe ao profissional responsável avaliar os riscos ou perigos envolvidos na manutenção da saúde dos animais, e a partir dessa análise compor um plano de biosseguridade direcionado a mitigação de danos sanitários ao rebanho. Para isso, é necessário não somente comprometimento e treinamento através da educação sanitária e medidas preventivas, mas também uma supervisão adequada a fim de garantir a execução do mesmo. Assim é possível o estabelecimento de sistemas de produção sustentáveis, gerando maior taxa de produtividade para o produtor, como componente mútuo, o baixo número de perdas na produção e garantia ao consumidor um produto seguro e de qualidade.

Objetivo. Evaluar el impacto de las intervenciones introducidas en Costa Rica durante 2020 y 2021 para el control de la pandemia por COVID-19. Método. Se empleó un modelo bayesiano de regresión de Poisson que incorporó las medidas de control o intervención como variables independientes sobre la modificación de la cantidad de casos por semana epidemiológica. Resultados. Los resultados evidenciaron el efecto relativo y conjunto que han tenido las políticas o medidas de contención en la reducción de casos, principalmente la restricción vehicular, el uso de mascarillas y la puesta en práctica de los lineamientos y protocolos sanitarios. Las evidencias de los efectos se optimizaron y se pusieron a disposición para la toma de decisiones de las autoridades sanitarias y de emergencia del país. Se generaron varias iteraciones para el monitoreo constante de la variación en los efectos en cuatro momentos distintos del avance de la pandemia. Conclusión. La aplicación simultánea de distintas medidas de mitigación en Costa Rica ha sido un agente promotor de la disminución de casos de COVID-19. Objective. Assess the impact of interventions introduced in Costa Rica during 2020 and 2021 to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. A Bayesian Poisson regression model was used, incorporating control or intervention measures as independent variables in the changes in reported case numbers per epidemiological week. Results. The results showed the relative and combined impact of containment policies and measures on the reduction of cases: mainly vehicular traffic restrictions, use of masks, and implementation of health guidelines and protocols. Evidence of impact was optimized and made available for decision-making by the country’s health and emergency authorities. Several iterations were generated for constant monitoring of variations in impact at four different moments in the pandemic’s spread. Conclusion. The simultaneous implementation of different mitigation measures in Costa Rica has been a driving force in reducing the number of COVID-19 cases. Objetivo. Avaliar o impacto das intervenções realizadas na Costa Rica durante 2020 e 2021 para o controle da pandemia de COVID-19. Método. Foi utilizado um modelo Bayesiano de regressão de Poisson que incorporou as medidas de controle ou intervenção como variáveis independentes sobre a variação do número de casos por semana epidemiológica. Resultados. Os resultados evidenciaram o efeito relativo e conjunto que as políticas ou medidas de contenção tiveram na redução de casos, principalmente as restrições a veículos, o uso de máscaras e a implementação de diretrizes e protocolos de saúde. As evidências dos efeitos foram otimizadas e disponibilizadas às autoridades sanitárias e de emergência do país para auxiliar na tomada de decisão. Diversas iterações foram geradas para o monitoramento constante da variação nos efeitos em quatro momentos distintos do avanço da pandemia. Conclusão. A aplicação simultânea de diferentes medidas de mitigação na Costa Rica tem sido um agente promotor da diminuição de casos de COVID-19. Universidad de Costa Rica/[748-C0-245]/UCR/Costa Rica UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Sociales::Centro de Investigación y Capacitación en Administración Pública (CICAP)

RESUMEN: Los expertos en gestión sostienen que, profesionalizar la gestión, estableciendo perfiles claros de puesto, procesos de selección que tengan en cuenta las competencias, así como mecanismos de evaluación del desempeño, garantizaría que los profesionales de enfermería en gestión poseyesen estas competencias y se aplicasen día a día en su trabajo. La profesionalización de la gestión debe basarse tanto en la formación como en la experiencia gestora, siendo, más relevante la formación en gestión que la experiencia para puestos de gestión a nivel de supervisión de unidad. Una vez desempeñados esos puestos, la experiencia y la formación continuada específica en gestión harán que el profesional se encuentre más preparado para acceder a puestos de alta dirección. Objetivos: Evaluar el nivel formativo y la experiencia profesional de los profesionales de enfermería del Servicio Cántabro de Salud que desempeñan puestos de gestión y describir el perfil del enfermero gestor en el Servicio Cántabro de Salud. Metodología: Estudio transversal, descriptivo y observacional dirigido a los profesionales de Enfermería de Atención Especializada del Servicio Cántabro de Salud que desempeñan puestos de gestión. Para ello, se tomará una muestra de 108 sujetos. Las variables a estudiar serán recogidas a través de un cuestionario de 27 preguntas cerradas, elaborado para tal fin, alojado en una plataforma online. Se analizarán los datos mediante el programa SPSS 26.0, estimando las proporciones de las variables discretas con el intervalo de confianza 95% y para las variables continuas, se estimarán medias con su desviación estándar o su mediana y rangos intercuartílicos en caso de distribución anormal. Para todos los test estadísticos se considerará estadísticamente significativo cuando el valor de p sea

Wild birds host a wide variety of endoparasites. These endoparasites are important because they cancause serious infections in birds. The present study aimed to conduct a copro-parasitological survey inwild birds captured in the Cazumbá-Iracema Extractive Reserve (Resex) located in the county of SenaMadureira, State of Acre, in northern Brazil. In order to capture these birds, ornithological mist nets wereplaced in different ecosystems of the Resex. Captured birds were identified and held in cloth sacks for30 min. Fecal samples, from each bird, were collected if available. Direct examination and spontaneoussedimentation were used to analyze these samples. The prevalence rate of endoparasite infections in thefecal samples examined was 70.58% (72/102). Oocysts and cysts of protozoa were detected in 69.44%(50/72) of the samples, whereas helminth eggs were seen in 75.00% (54/72) of these specimens. To date,the southwest of the Amazon rainforest, northern Brazil, is a poorly explored area that warrants furtherresearch on the parasitic fauna of wildlife., As aves silvestres são hospedeiras de uma grande variedade de endoparasitos. Esses endoparasitos sãoimportantes, pois podem causar infecções graves às aves. O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizarum estudo copro-parasitológico em aves silvestres capturadas na Reserva Extrativista Cazumbá-Iracema(Resex) localizada no município de Sena Madureira, no estado do Acre, norte do Brasil. Para capturaressas aves, redes ornitológicas foram dispostas em diferentes ecossistemas da Resex. As aves capturadasforam identificadas e mantidas em sacos de pano por 30 minutos. Amostras fecais de cada ave foramcoletadas, se disponíveis. O exame direto e a sedimentação espontânea foram os métodos utilizados paraanalisar as amostras. As amostras positivas para coccideos foram submetidas a técnica de Ziehl-Neelsenmodificada. A taxa de prevalência de infecções endoparasitárias nas amostras fecais examinadas foi de70,58% (72/102). Oocistos e cistos de protozoários foram detectados em 69,44% (50/72) das amostras,enquanto ovos de helmintos foram observados em 75,00% (54/72) desses espécimes. Até o momento,esta é uma área pouco explorada que merece mais pesquisas sobre a fauna parasitária de animais silvestresno sudoeste da floresta amazônica.

Submitted by Sheila MONTEIRO (sheila.monteiro@ufma.br) on 2021-04-15T14:18:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ELINALVA-MORAES.pdf: 1251161 bytes, checksum: 3ba12b6bd5d2418d75211aa80702336a (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-04-15T14:18:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ELINALVA-MORAES.pdf: 1251161 bytes, checksum: 3ba12b6bd5d2418d75211aa80702336a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-08-30 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES Eimeriosis or coccidiosis is a frequent goat disease caused by protozoa of the genre Eimeria, responsible for significant economic losses in goat production. The control is performed with chemotherapeutic agents, which can leave residues in meat and milk and which can induce the resistance of the parasite. In this sense, the use of natural plant products can become an alternative for the control of Eimeria. The effect of the essential oils of Lippia gracilis and lectins has been shown in several studies applied to animal production, however, their effects on Eimeria are still little known. Considering the need for the development of technologies for animal health management using the native flora of the region, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of L. gracilis, monoterpenes and lectin isolated from Canavalia brasiliensis (ConBr) essential oil on Eimeria de goat Different concentrations of essential oil of L. gracilis and monoterpenes carvacrol, p-Cimeno and γ-Terpineno were analyzed for viability of Eimeria spp. oocysts and a study was performed to analyze the viability of E. arloingi sporozoites under ConBr lectin action. The analyzes showed that L. gracilis essential oil genotype 201 presented LC50 of 4.56 mg/mL against oocysts and genotypes 108 and 109 destroyed 44.3% and 34.8% of oocysts when submitted to 10 mg/mL. Inhibition of oocyst sporulation by carvacrol was observed at an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.42 mg/mL (95% CI 0.35-0.50; R2 0.97) and oocyst destruction resulted in lethal concentration (LC50) 0.963 mg/mL (95% LC 0.87-1.07; R2 0.97), with increased destruction of oocysts to a concentration of 7.0 mg/mL with 9.92% viable oocysts. The p-Cimeno and γ-Terpineno monoterpenes were not effective when analyzed separately. C. brasiliensis lectin protein had a lethal concentration (LC50) of 0.167 mg / mL (95% LC 0.10-0.27; R2 0.67) for E. arloingi sporozoites. The present work is the first one using L. gracilis essential oil, monoterpenes and C. brasiliensis lectin (ConBr) on Eimeria oocysts and sporozoites isolated from small ruminants in destruction, inhibition of oocyst sporulation and inhibition of viability of E. arloingi sporozoites. A eimeriose ou coccidiose é uma doença frequente em caprinos, causada por protozoários do gênero Eimeria, responsável por prejuízos econômicos expressivos na produção de caprinos. O controle é realizado com quimioterápicos, que podem deixar resíduos na carne e leite e que podem induzir a resistência do parasita, nesse sentido, a utilização de produtos naturais de plantas podem tornar-se alternativa para o controle de Eimeria. O efeito dos óleos essenciais de Lippia gracilis e lectinas tem sido demostrando em diversos estudos aplicados à produção animal, no entanto, seus efeitos sobre Eimeria ainda são pouco conhecidos. Considerando a necessidade do desenvolvimento de tecnologias para o manejo sanitário animal utilizando a flora nativa da região, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do óleo essencial de L. gracilis, monoterpenos e da lectina isolada da Canavalia brasiliensis (ConBr) sobre Eimeria de caprino. Diferentes concentrações de óleo essencial de L. gracilis e monoterpenos carvacrol, p-Cimeno e γ-Terpineno foram analisadas para viabilidade de oocistos de Eimeria spp e realizado estudo para análise da viabilidade de esporozoítos de E. arloingi sob ação da lectina ConBr. As análises mostraram que o genótipo 201 do óleo essencial de L. gracilis apresentou LC50 de 4,56 mg/mL contra oocistos e os genótipos 108 e 109, destruíram 44,3% e 34,8% dos oocistos quando submetidos à 10 mg/mL. A inibição da esporulação dos oocistos pelo carvacrol foi observada na concentração inibitória (IC50) de 0,42 mg/mL (IC 95% 0,35-0,50; R2 0,97) e a destruição dos oocistos obteve concentração letal (LC50) de 0,963 mg/mL (LC 95% 0,87-1,07; R 20,97), com aumento da destruição dos oocistos até a concentração de 7,0 mg/mL, com 9,92% de oocistos viáveis. Os monoterpenos p-Cimeno e γ-Terpineno não apresentaram eficácia quando analisados isoladamente. A proteína da lectina de C. brasiliensis apresentou concentração letal (LC50) de 0,167 mg/mL (LC 95% 0,10-0,27; R2 0,67) para esporozoítos de E. arloingi. O presente trabalho, trata-se do primeiro realizado com a utilização de óleo essencial de L. gracilis, monoterpenos e da lectina de C. brasiliensis (ConBr) sobre oocistos e esporozoítos de Eimeria isolados de pequenos ruminantes, no qual mostraram a descrição da ação na destruição, inibição da esporulação dos oocistos e inibição da viabilidade dos esporozoítos de E. arloingi.

El programa de manejo sanitario y aprovechamiento de aguas lluvias pretende analizar los beneficios que se pueden presentar con la implementación de cada una de las técnicas en las viviendas de interés social del Municipio de Tocancipá, este plantea un diseño de saneamiento básico, así como la ejecución de un programa de manejo sanitario, que será identificado bajo parámetros presupuestales y cronograma de ejecución con la ejecución de cada uno de los programas. Listado De Tablas 4 Listado de Figuras 4 Listado de Anexos 4 1. Descripción del problema 5 2. Planteamiento del problema 9 2.1. Pregunta general 9 2.2. Sistematización del problema 9 3. Objetivos 10 3.1. Objetivo general 10 3.2. Objetivos específicos 10 4. Justificación 11 5. Marco referencial 14 5.1. Marco histórico 14 5.1.1. Captación de agua de lluvia, pasado y actualidad 15 5.2. Marco teórico 16 5.3. Marco conceptual 21 5.4. Marco Normativo 23 6. Marco Metodológico. 27 6.1. Cualitativo – descriptivo 27 6.2. Fuentes De Información 27 6.2.1. Fuente Primaria 27 6.2.2. Fuentes Secundarias 28 6.3. Análisis de Variables 28 6.4. Interpretación de datos 28 6.5. Caso de estudio 28 6.5.1. ubicación geográfica en el territorio: 28 6.5.2. Localización general del proyecto 30 6.5.3. Acceso a la localidad. 30 6.5.4. Hidrografía e hidrología. 31 6.5.5. Hidrogeología. 32 6.5.6. Climatología y meteorología. 33 6.5.7. Precipitación. 34 6.5.8. Temperatura. 35 6.5.9. Humedad relativa. 36 6.5.10. Meteorología. 37 6.5.11. Vivienda en el Municipio de Tocancipá. - caso de estudio. 38 6.5.12. Estructura topológica del sistema de acueducto. 40 6.5.13. Análisis población y demanda: 41 6.5.14. Proyección de demanda de agua en el municipio. 42 7. Marco Técnico 45 7.1. Plan de Manejo Sanitario 45 7.1.1. Memoria de cálculo unidad sanitaria rural. 45 7.1.2. Tanque de almacenamiento. 45 7.1.3. Sistema de Tratamiento. 46 7.1.4. Tanque Séptico. 47 7.1.5. Trampa de Grasas. 48 7.1.6. Campo de Infiltración. 49 7.2. Manejo de Aguas Lluvias 50 7.2.1. Aprovechamiento de aguas de lluvia, análisis conceptual y referenciación de buenas prácticas. 50 8. Manejo de residuos sólidos 67 9. Conclusiones 1 10. Recomendaciones 2 11. Bibliografía 3 12. Anexos 6 The program of sanitary management and use of rainwater aims to analyze the benefits that can be presented with the implementation of each of the techniques in the social interest housing of the Municipality of Tocancipá, this raises a design of basic sanitation, as well as the execution of a health management program, which will be identified under budgetary parameters and execution schedule with the execution of each of the programs.

This study aimed to investigate the current state of foodservice management and demands for improvement in long-term care hospitals. The survey was performed in experienced dietitians working at 25 hospitals. General characteristics, status of sanitary management (document management, self-assessment of importance and performance), necessity and ranking of sanitary management items were investigated. Approximately 2.5 dietitians worked in each hospital, but only 7 (28.0%) hospitals employed clinical dietitians. From the questionnaire, the scores of the importance in sanitary management and performance were 4.5 ± 0.7 and 4.3 ± 0.9, respectively, and were significantly different (p = 0.000). Participants also reported “special therapeutic diets management” and “compliance with standards of refrigerating time, food, method management” had the lowest importance and performance, respectively. The result of Importance-Performance Analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between importance and performance (R2 = 0.427). However, items such as “performing hand hygiene” and “compliance with standards of refrigerating time, food, method” and etc. had low importance recognition with low performance. All participants reported “preparing sanitary management standards was necessary” is necessary and “development of sanitary management manual” is the most important. These findings suggest that sanitary management is important in food service management of long-term care hospitals, and improving awareness is required. Developing a hospital foodservice hygiene manual would ensure better safety and quality for patient care and public health.

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2018-03-19T13:18:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VanderlanWSS_TESE.pdf: 2092778 bytes, checksum: 98b36c85f8cc1fcfb1471b0f0ed96da2 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2018-06-15T23:26:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 VanderlanWSS_TESE.pdf: 2092778 bytes, checksum: 98b36c85f8cc1fcfb1471b0f0ed96da2 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2018-06-15T23:26:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 VanderlanWSS_TESE.pdf: 2092778 bytes, checksum: 98b36c85f8cc1fcfb1471b0f0ed96da2 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-15T23:26:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VanderlanWSS_TESE.pdf: 2092778 bytes, checksum: 98b36c85f8cc1fcfb1471b0f0ed96da2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-10-17 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior The objective of this work was to determine the epidemiological situation of Bluetongue virus (VLA) infection in sheep herds and to characterize the technological and sanitary aspects in the states of Alagoas (AL), Ceara (CE), Maranhao (MA) , Paraiba (PB), Piaui (PI), Rio Grande do Norte (RN) and Sergipe (SE). For this purpose, 226 farms visited and applied a questionnaire where blood of 2.692 apparently healthy sheep collected. In the present study, a mean prevalence in the northeast of 60,62% (137/226) of positive animal properties and 26,52% (714/2.692) of seropositive sheep. A mean VLA seroprevalence of 33,06% (162/490) in sheep and 82,93% (34/41) in the herds, with at least one positive animal observed in the state of CE. In AL, a seroprevalence of 2,55% was observed (7/275) from the animals and 21.74% (5/23) on farms. In the MA State, 64,13% (177/276) of the animals and 100% (23/23) of the herds were positive. Regarding the RN State, of the 33 properties surveyed, 12 (36,36%) had seroreagents and 16 of the animals studied (4,04%) were positive. In PB State, 2,82% (8/284) of the sheep were seroreagent and of the 24 farms analyzed, 2 (8,33%) presented a positive animal. In the PI, 76,98% (291/378) of the animals and all the properties (32/32) were seroreagent. In SE State, 894% (53/593) of the sheep were positive and 58,0% (29/50) in the sampled herds showed positivity. There was a significant association (p

A perda de habitats e espécies tem atingido cifras alarmantes; entretanto, as medidas de conservação começam a contrapor tais tendências. Ainda que não sejam os mais eficazes, projetos de recuperação de aves silvestres em cativeiro têm, cada vez mais, auxiliado na luta contra a extinção de espécies. Nesse sentido, métodos aplicáveis em manejo de recintos, nutrição, sanidade e genética são prioritários. Esse estudo inclui a pesquisa de Salmonella spp., Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) e vírus da doença de Newcastle (DNC) em amostras de pássaros Paroaria coronata (Cardeal) e Saltator similis (Trinca-ferro), duas das espécies mais traficadas e, portanto, mais apreendidas pela fiscalização ambiental, no Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Amostras de sangue, fezes e swabes de cloaca e orofaringe de cardeais e trincaferros apreendidos, além de amostras de fezes de coespecíficos de vida livre foram incluídas no estudo. Amostras de 03 espécimes de cada espécie mantidos no plantel de chamas do projeto e vacinados contra MG e DNC foram controles positivos. Os ensaios foram realizados utilizando os métodos oficiais (adaptados) do Programa Nacional de Sanidade Avícola (PNSA). Foram analisadas 138 amostras de fezes e/ou swabes de cloaca, e Salmonella enterica Sorovar Cerro (Grupo K) foi isolada de um pássaro de vida livre. A Soroaglutinação Rápida (SAR) para MG foi positiva em 80,2% de 94 amostras, das quais 10,3% confirmaram por reação em cadeia da polimerase quantitativa (qPCR) para MG, em swabes orofaríngeos. Todas as 86 amostras foram negativas na inibição da hemaglutinação (HI) para NC. Através da amostragem e métodos aplicados, não foi possível verificar evidência de exposição relevante de cardeais e trinca-ferros apreendidos e de vida livre a Salmonella spp., bem como de cardeais e trinca-ferros apreendidos ao vírus da doença de Newcastle. Entretanto, houve evidência de exposição relevante de Paroaria coronata e Saltator similis apreendidos a Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Há necessidade de elevar os números amostrais de pássaros apreendidos e coespecíficos de vida livre. The habitats and species losses have reached catastrophic numbers; however, conservation measures begin to counter such trends. Although not the most effective, captive wild bird rescue projects have increasingly aided in the fight against species extinction. In this sense, methodologies applicable to the management of enclosures, nutrition, sanitation and genetics are priorities. This study searched Salmonella spp., Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Newcastle Disease (NCD) disease virus in samples from birds Paroaria coronata (Red crested Cardinal) e Saltator similis (Green-winged Saltator), two of the most common species included in the illegal wildlife trade in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Samples of blood, feces and cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs from seized Red crested Cardinal and Greenwinged Saltator, apart of samples from free life conspecifics were included in the study. Samples from 03 birds in each species previously vaccinated for MG and NCD were positive controls. Tests were performed using the official methods (adapted) of the Nacional Poultry Health Program (PNSA). In total, 138 feces samples /cloacal swabs were analyzed, and Salmonella enterica Serovar Cerro (Group K) was isolated from one free living bird. Positive Rapid Serum Agglutination (RSA) for MG were detected in 80.2% of 94 samples, of which 10.3% were confirmed by quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) for MG, as positive in oropharyngeal swabs. All the 86 samples were negative in hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test for NC. Using this sampling and methods, it was not possible verify evidence of relevant exposure with Salmonella spp. in seized and free living Red crested Cardinal and Green winged Saltator, as well as of exposure to NC disease virus in seized Red crested Cardinal and Green winged Saltator. However, consensus remains that Mycoplasma gallisepticum may be an important pathogen or carried by seized Paroaria coronata and Saltator similis. There is a need to increase the sample numbers of confiscated and conspecific free-living birds.

Background: Infectious diseases have expanded their host and geographic ranges, increasing impacts on both human and animal health. Mycoplasma gallisepticum usually causes avian chronic respiratory conditions and Histomonas meleagridis infects the cecum and the liver of poultry. Although these diseases have been reported in several bird species, information associated with their prevalence and impact in local flocks of ornamental birds is scarce. This communication describes severe outbreaks of mycoplasmosis and histomoniasis that affected a southern Brazilian commercial flock of ornamental birds.Case: The outbreaks occurred in an ornamental bird flock that contained 2,340 birds from 39 different species, distributed mostly in the orders Galliformes, Anseriformes, and Psittaciformes. Mycoplasma gallisepticum affected 12 chukar partridges, 12 Indian peacocks, 19 ornamental chickens and 46 individuals of 4 species of pheasant. The disease cases were distributed between April and July 2015. A total of 36 birds died due to the disease’ complications and most surviving birds suffered from severe ocular sequels, which determined their subsequent culling, despite attempts of different treatment protocols. The main signs included coughing, sneezing, infraorbital swelling, wasting, and death which were mostly associated with caseous sinusitis. Affected birds had positive samples when stained with anti-Mycoplasma gallisepticum immunohistochemistry and tested by Mycoplasma gallisepticum-Polymerase Chain Reaction. The application of 2 doses of a Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine in early 2016 to all the Galliformes in the flock reduced the annual prevalence to 4 clinical cases. Histomoniasis affected and killed 19 out of 27 chukar partridges that were being kept with ring-necked pheasants in the same enclosure. The disease occurred between September and December 2016 and a high prevalence of Heterakis gallinarum was detected in the flock. The main findings included apathy and death linked to hepatic and cecal necrosis. Admixed in the necrotic areas, there were numerous round to oval, eosinophilic, protozoal trophozoites of 15-20 µm in diameter, occasionally containing a 3-5 µm centrally located basophilic nucleus (histomonads) surrounded by a clear halo. Anthelmintic dosing, exchanging and liming the bedding material of the enclosures, and keeping the remaining partridges in an aerial aviary with a wire mesh floor prevented additional cases of histomoniasis.Discussion: In Brazil, as in other countries, the sanitary management practices applied in commercial chicken production reached high levels of technification. However, this is not the case in ornamental bird breeding systems, which may still suffer the impacts of diseases that are practically extinct in industrial chicken flocks. For both diseases, diagnosis was based on typical clinical signs and detection of the pathogens in association with characteristic pathological findings. The occurrence of mycoplasmosis and histomoniasis was associated with improper management practices at the farm; the main risk factors observed were a high turnover of birds, the absence of quarantine, the absence of basic health care, overcrowding and poor hygiene. The prevention of further cases of both diseases was mostly established with the application of basic sanitary measures, including vaccination and anthelmintic dosing, for mycoplasmosis and histomoniasis respectively. This report alerts bird keepers and avian veterinarians of the importance of establishing proper sanitary management in local ornamental bird flocks. Because some of the ornamental bird species that have been commercially propagated worldwide may be included in the list of threatened species, the findings described here also show that simple health care may promote the fight against extinctions.

The present study sought to investigate the knowledge of cow milkers onsanitary management of milking and caring for the quality of milk in the Milkproducing Units in the region of Rio Bonito-RJ, Brazil, through a qualitative approach. In order to achieve this objective, we interviewed ten milkers from farms in the Rio Bonito city, state of Rio de Janeiro, using a semi-structured form, consisting of observations and questions whose responses were recorded, transcribed and analyzed according to the triangulation methodology. Individual analysis of discourses showed that milkers had previous experience milking of animals, but they had no clear ideas on how to improve their workflow. It can be concluded that certain factors like scholarity and production volumes did not influence the application of hygienic sanitary practice and lack of skilled labor leads to failure in effective hygienic sanitary control. O presente trabalho buscou investigar o conhecimento de ordenhadores de vacano manejo sanitário da ordenha e cuidados com a qualidade do leite nas UnidadesProdutoras de Leite (UPL) no município de Rio Bonito – RJ, por meio de umaabordagem qualitativa. Para isso, foram realizadas entrevistas com ordenhadores dedez propriedades rurais da cidade de Rio Bonito no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, baseadasem um formulário semi-estruturado, composto de levantamentos observacionais eperguntas cujas respostas foram gravadas, transcritas e analisadas de acordo coma metodologia de triangulação. A análise individual dos discursos mostrou que osordenhadores apresentavam prévia experiência em ordenha de animais, mas nãotinham ideias claras em relação à melhoria do seu fluxo de trabalho. Conclui-se quedeterminados fatores como a escolaridade e volume de produção não influenciaram naaplicação da prática de higiene de ordenha e que a falta de mão de obra especializadaacarreta a falha no controle higiênico-sanitário efetivo.

Manejo nutricional e recintos adequados são prioritários para a manutenção de aves silvestres em cativeiro. O programa sanitário, terceiro aspecto em importância nesses sistemas, inclui várias técnicas, entre as quais, destaca-se aqui, a vacinação que tem sido objeto de pouquíssimos estudos. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar, clínica e sorologicamente, o efeito da aplicação de um protocolo de vacinação contra doença de Newcastle em diferentes espécies de aves ornamentais. Foram comparadas as respostas obtidas em 10 galinhas ornamentais com as registradas em 12 faisões coleira (Phasianus colchicus), 7 perdizes Chucar (Alectoris chukar), 6 psitacídeos (2 Calopsitas Nymphicus hollandicus, 2 Lóris Trichoglossus haematodus moluccanos and 2 Roselas Platycercus eximius) e 6 Turacos (2 Persas Tauraco persa, 2 Bochecha-branca Tauraco leucotis e 2 Violetas Musophaga violacea). As aves foram capturadas com puçá, transferidas à sala de manejo, em caixas transporte e coletas de sangue foram feitas antes e após as vacinações. Instilou-se uma gota das vacinas vivas contra Newcastle HB1 e La Sota, no 1º e 21º dias do experimento. No 112º dia, as aves foram injetadas, intramuscularmente, com 0,25 mL/kg de uma vacina inativada oleosa contra Newcastle. As amostras foram submetidas ao teste Newcastle disease virus antibody Test Kit ELISA-BioChek. Exceto por súbitos e transitórios sinais em um faisão coleira (perda de equilíbrio) e um turaco persa (blefaroptose), os quais ocorreram após a vacinação intramuscular, nenhuma outra alteração clínica que pudesse ser associada com as vacinações foi observada. Exceto pelos psitacídeos, todas as outras espécies demonstraram reações consideráveis nos títulos de anticorpos; entretanto as médias de títulos de anticorpos diferiram significativamente daquelas registradas nas galinhas. A capacidade protetora das respostas imunológicas observadas permanece por ser determinada. Ressalta-se a necessidade de continuidade em estudos dessa natureza. Proper nutrition and enclosure management are priorities for conserving wild birds in captivity. The health program, a third step in importance in these initiatives, may include several techniques, among which we highlighted vaccination that has rarely been studied in such animals. This study clinically and serologically evaluates the effect of applying a vaccination protocol against Newcastle disease in several wild bird species. The responses observed in 10 ornamental chickens were compared to those recorded in 12 ring-neck pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), 7 Chukar patridges (Alectoris chukar), 6 psittacines (2 Cocktails Nymphicus hollandicus, 2 lorikeets Trichoglossus haematodus moluccanos and 2 eastern rosellas Platycercus eximius) and 6 touracos (2 Guinea Tauraco persa, 2 White-cheeked Tauraco leucotis and 2 Violet Musophaga violacea). Birds were captured inside their enclosures with a bird catching net and then were transferred in transport boxes to a safe room, where blood samples were collected before and after vaccinations. Samples were submitted to the Newcastle disease virus antibody Test Kit ELISA-BioChek. One drop of the live Newcastle HB1 and La Sota vaccines was ocularly instilled on the 1st and 21st experimental days, respectively. On the 112th day, one shot of 0.25 ml/kg of an inactivated oily Newcastle vaccine was intramuscularly injected. Except for sudden and transient sings in one ring-neck pheasant (loss of balance) and one Guinea touraco (blepharoptosis), which occurred after the intramuscular shot, none other clinical change that could be associated with the vaccines was observed. Except for the psittacines, the other bird species showed considerable antibody titers responses. However, their mean antibody titers differed significantly from that record in the chickens. The protective effect of the immunological responses observed remains to be determined. The need of further studies in the subject is highlighted.

Although abortion for health reasons is not considered a crime in Peru, the State does not allow its inclusion in public policy, thus violating women’s right to terminate a pregnancy when it affects their health. When examining the article in the Criminal Code which decriminalizes this type of abortion, provisions are identified which protect women and set the conditions to offer this type of service. This document sets the debate about the arguments used by the Peruvian State for not approving a therapeutic abortion protocol which would regulate the provision and financing of therapeutic abortion in public services, and explains why this obligation should be complied with, based on the conceptual framework of “health exception”. In addition, it presents two cases brought before the judicial court in which the Peruvian State was found guilty of violating the human rights of two adolescents to whom a therapeutic abortion was denied. A pesar de que el aborto, por razones de salud, no es considerado un delito en el Perú, el Estado niega su inclusión en la política pública, con lo cual infringe el derecho de las mujeres a interrumpir un embarazo cuando este afecta su salud. Al examinar el artículo del Código Penal que exceptúa de delito a este tipo de aborto, se identifican atribuciones que protegen a las mujeres y establecen condiciones para ofertar dicha atención. En el presente documento se pone en debate los argumentos que el Estado Peruano viene usando para no aprobar el Protocolo de Aborto Terapéutico, con el cual se reglamentaria su oferta y financiamiento en los servicios públicos y se fundamenta por qué se debería cumplir con esta obligación, en base al marco conceptual de la “causal salud”. Se presentan, además, dos casos judicializados, en que el Estado Peruano ha sido encontrado responsable de violar los derechos humanos de dos adolescentes a quienes se les negó el aborto terapéutico.

A pesar de que el aborto, por razones de salud, no es considerado un delito en el Perú, el Estado niega su inclusión en la política pública, con lo cual infringe el derecho de las mujeres a interrumpir un embarazo cuando este afecta su salud. Al examinar el artículo del Código Penal que exceptúa de delito a este tipo de aborto, se identifican atribuciones que protegen a las mujeres y establecen condiciones para ofertar dicha atención. En el presente documento se pone en debate los argumentos que el Estado Peruano viene usando para no aprobar el Protocolo de Aborto Terapéutico, con el cual se reglamentaria su oferta y financiamiento en los servicios públicos y se fundamenta por qué se debería cumplir con esta obligación, en base al marco conceptual de la “causal salud”. Se presentan, además, dos casos judicializados, en que el Estado Peruano ha sido encontrado responsable de violar los derechos humanos de dos adolescentes a quienes se les negó el aborto terapéutico. Although abortion for health reasons is not considered a crime in Peru, the State does not allow its inclusion in public policy, thus violating women’s right to terminate a pregnancy when it affects their health. When examining the article in the Criminal Code which decriminalizes this type of abortion, provisions are identified which protect women and set the conditions to offer this type of service. This document sets the debate about the arguments used by the Peruvian State for not approving a therapeutic abortion protocol which would regulate the provision and financing of therapeutic abortion in public services, and explains why this obligation should be complied with, based on the conceptual framework of “health exception”. In addition, it presents two cases brought before the judicial court in which the Peruvian State was found guilty of violating the human rights of two adolescents to whom a therapeutic abortion was denied.

0 desenvolvimento da caprinocultura na regiao Nordeste do Brasil é severamente afetado por inúmeros fatores, entre eles a alta incidência de doenças. Objetivou-se conhecer o atual manejo sanitário empregado e os problemas sanitarios existentes na opiniao do criador do Ceara. 0 trabalho foi realizado nas varias regiôes criadoras de caprinos de raças leiteiras, nativas ou sem raça definida. Foram selecionadas 127 propriedades onde se aplicou um questionario. A percentagem média de mortalidade de animais foi de 22,8% e 4,6% em jovens e adultos, respectivamente. Os sinais clinicos relatados, por ordem, foram: anemia e edema de barbela (81,9% dos criatórios), diarréia (78,7%), aborto (75,6%), pododermatite (67,7%), linfadenite (66,9%), ectoparasitoses (63,8%), mamite (51,2%), pneumonia (44,9%), lesões vesiculares de pele (35,4%), ceratoconjuntivite (29,1%), problemas de ordem nervosa (26,8%), malformaçao fetal (15%), criptorquidismo (11%), prolapso de vagina/utero (11%) e artrite (8,7%). Pode-se concluir que o manejo sanitario dos caprinos desses criatórios é precario, independente do tipo de exploraçao ou regime de criaçao, a mortalidade de animais, principalmente de jovens, é considerada alta. Mesmo em criatórios com exploraçao leiteira não existe uma preocupaçao rigorosa com higiene e qualidade do leite. Epidemiological aspects of the raising goat in Ceará State, Brazil. ABSTRACT - The development of the goat raising in the Northeastern region of Brazil is hardly affected by several factors, among them, the high incidence of illness. The aim of this study was to assess the adopted sanitary management and the healthy problems according to Ceara?s goat breeders. The work was carried out in many regions of dairy and native goat raising. There were selected 127 properties where a questionnaire was applied. Mean percentage of animals? mortality was 22.8 and 4.6% for young and adult, respectively. Reported clinical signs were: anemia and dewlap edema (81.9% of the properties), diarrhea (78.7%), abortion (75.6%), foot rot (67.7%), lymphadenitis (66.9%), external parasites (63.8%), mastitis (51.2%), pneumonia (44.9%), goat pox (35.4%), keratoconjunctivitis (29.1%), nervous disorders (26.8%), fetal malformation (15%), cryptorchidism (11%), uterus/vagina prolapsed (11%), arthritis (8.7%), foot and mouth disease (2.4%) and rabies (0.8%). It could be concluded that the goats? sanitary management of those properties is precarious, independently either the exploitation way or the raising regimen; the animals? mortality, especially the youngest ones, is considered high; and even in dairy properties there is a lack of rigid worry concerning about hygiene and milk quality.