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MassworksTM mass spectrometry combined with NIST11 library was used to the quasi-deterministic analysis of the aroma components of goat oil. Mass spectrometry correction function was established using the mass spectrogram of perfluorotributylamine （PFTBA） as a standard in MassworksTM mass spectrometry analysis software. Then, the mass-axis correction and peak shape correction were performed on the original scanning chromatogram of the sample collected by TD-GC/MS. The accurate mass of each compound was obtained on a low-resolution mass spectrum, and the molecular formulas of unknown target compounds were obtained by isotope peak shape correction technology (CLIPs Search). The target compounds were determined by comparing the results of MassworksTM and NIST11 library search. Finally, the results of MassworksTM mass spectrometry software and NIST11 library search were verified by standards. The results showed that the combination of MassworksTM and NIST11 libraries enabled fast and quasi-deterministic analysis of the aroma components of goat oil. Through the background subtraction function and parameter optimization of MassworkTM software, ion fragment information of compound can be obtained and analyzed to obtain the exact molecular weight and molecular formula of the target compound. In this experiment, qualitative analysis was conducted for the aroma components of different parts of the sheep body. Finally, 42 aroma components of sheep oil were identified, including 15 kinds of hydrocarbon, 14 kinds of aldehydes, 4 kinds of alcohols, 3 kinds of ketones, 2 kinds of lipids, 2 kinds of ethers, and 2 kinds of other substances. Their relative contents were compared using the area normalization method. This method not only solved the qualitative uncertainty of the natural product aroma components and the uniqueness of the NIST11 spectral library, but also provided a reference for the consumption of sheep oil and the separation of aroma components. On the other hand, the qualitative analysis method can provide new ideas and references for the analysis of aroma components of natural products in the future. The quasi-determinacy of the aroma components of sheep oil in animal oil can be used as an effective qualitative method to achieve simple and accurate qualitative analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• CROPWAT and US-BR methods exhibited the highest performance. • CROPWAT estimated the annual green and blue WF with a maximum error of −4.1% and 0.9%. • The maximum errors of USDA-SCS are −37.4% and 8.6% for green and blue WF. • FAO-AGLW method exhibited the lowest performance reaching – 81.1% estimation error. • Numerical methods significantly deviate from the SWB in extreme and sudden rainfall. Water footprint (WF) assessments have become a significant tool for the sustainable management in recent years. Effective rainfall (P eff) is a critical indicator for characterizing soil moisture (green water, WF green) and calculating irrigation requirements (blue water, WF blue). However, majority of the water footprint analyses employ empirical or numerical models to predict P eff , and the number of studies for experimental validation of these models are quite insufficient. The main scope of this study is to test the performance of commonly used P eff estimation models in relation to the soil water balance (SWB) of an experimental site. Accordingly, the daily and monthly soil water budget is estimated from a maize field which is characterized as semi-arid land with continental climate (Ankara, Turkey), equipped with moisture sensors. Then, P eff , WF green , and WF blue parameters are calculated using FP, US-BR, USDA-SCS, FAO/AGLW, CROPWAT, and SuET methods and compared with SWB method. Employed models were highly variable. CROPWAT and US-BR predictions were the most accurate. In majority of months, the CROPWAT method estimated the P eff with a maximum deviation of 5% from the SWB method. In addition, the CROPWAT method predicted blue WF with an error less than 1%. The widely utilized USDA-SCS approach did not produce expected results. The FAO-AGLW method provided the lowest performance for each parameter. We also find that the errors in estimating P eff in semi-arid conditions cause green and blue WF outputs to be quite less accurate than the dry and humid cases. This study provides one of the most detailed assessments about the impact of effective rainfall on the blue and green WF results with high temporal resolution. The findings of this study are important for the accuracy and performance of the formulae used in P eff estimations and to develop more precise blue and green WF analyses in the future. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty acid (FA) composition of suet oil (SO) was measured by precolumn methylesterification (PME) optimized using a Box-Behnken design (BBD) and gas chromatography/electron ionization-quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-EI-qMS). A spectral library (NIST 08) and standard compounds were used to identify FAs in SO representing 90.89% of the total peak area. The ten most abundant FAs were derivatized into FA methyl esters (FAMEs) and quantified by GC-EI-qMS; the correlation coefficient of each FAME was 0.999 and the lowest concentration quantified was 0.01 µg/mL. The range of recovery of the FAMEs was 82.1%-98.7% (relative standard deviation 2.2%-6.8%). The limits of quantification (LOQ) were 1.25-5.95 µg/L. The number of carbon atoms in the FAs identified ranged from 12 to 20; hexadecanoic and octadecanoic acids were the most abundant. Eighteen samples of SO purchased from Qinghai, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces of China were categorized into three groups by principal component analysis (PCA) according to the contents of the most abundant FAs. The results showed SOs samples were rich in FAs with significantly different profiles from different origins. The method described here can be used for quality control and SO differentiation on the basis of the FA profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the saponification of two fat raw matters, ovine suet and residual of African palm oil (Elaeis guineensis), by means of the use of sodium hydroxide, potassium and calcium, with the purpose of protecting these fats from the bovine ruminal degradation, an experiment according to a completely random design, with factorial arrangement 3 x 2 was conducted. A bromatological analysis of the obtained soaps, evaluation of consistency and profitability by means of cost-benefit indicator was carried out. The variance analysis showed significant interaction among the studied factors. The dry matter was higher in the residual of palm oil soaps treated with calcium, sodium and potassium (P = 0001). Likewise, ash was higher in these soaps (P = 0001).It was higher with the potassium hydroxide. This hydroxide allowed soaps with higher (P < 0, 0002) protein concentrations (with both fat sources).The higher concentration of fat was in the ovine suet soaps (P = 0001).The calcium hydroxide saponification acted in an optimum way in the consistency of residual palm oil and ovine suet soaps. The cost - benefit showed higher values (1.25) in the residual palm oil soaps protected with calcium. It is concluded that the studied saponification methods (sodium, potassium and calcium hydroxide) allowed an appropriate nutrients concentration in the obtained soaps, high contribution of fat in ovine suet, adequately hardness in calcium soaps, acceptable levels of in vitro solubility and high profitability for calcium soaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suet oil (SO) has been used commonly for food and medicine preparation. The determination of its elemental composition has became an important challenge for human safety and health owing to its possible contents of heavy metals or other elements. In this study, ultrawave single reaction chamber microwave digestion (Ultrawave) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis was performed to determine 14 elements (Pb, As, Hg, Cd, Fe, Cu, Mn, Ti, Ni, V, Sr, Na, Ka and Ca) in SO samples. Furthermore, the multielemental content of 18 SO samples, which represented three different sources in China: Qinghai, Anhui and Jiangsu, were evaluated and compared. The optimal ultrawave digestion conditions, namely, the optimal time (35 min), temperature (210 °C) and pressure (90 bar), were screened by Box-Behnken design (BBD). Eighteen samples were successfully classified into three groups by principal component analysis (PCA) according to the contents of 14 elements. The results showed that all SO samples were rich in elements, but with significant differences corresponding to different origins. The outliers and majority of SO could be discriminated by PCA according to the multielemental content profile. The results highlighted that the element distribution was associated with the origins of SO samples. The proposed ultrawave digestion system was quite efficient and convenient, which could be mainly attributed to its high pressure and special high-throughput for the sample digestion procedure. Our established method could be useful for the quality control and standardization of elements in SO samples and products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work was to research the enhancement of Epimedium fried with suet oil based on the in vivo formation self-assembled flavonoid nanomicelles. Taking icariin as the representative, under the action of suet oil, self-assembled nanomicelles were prepared under simulated gastrointestinal tract conditions and were characterized by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The experiments with icariin self-assembled nanomicelles without suet oil were done according to the above. The influence of suet oil on the transportation of icariin across Caco-2 cell monolayers and the absorption in rat intestine of self-assembled nanomicelles were evaluated. The particle size of icariin self-assembled nanomicelles with suet oil was smaller than without suet oil. The nanomicelles seemed to be monodisperse spherical particle with smooth surfaces. The icariin entrapment efficiency of self-assembled nanomicelles with suet oil was increased from 43.1% to 89.7%. In Caco-2 cell monolayers, the absorptive permeability, secretory permeability and efflux ratio of icariin self-assembled nanomicelles with suet oil was 1.26 × 10-6 cm/s, 5.91 × 10-6 cm/s and 4.69, respectively, while that of icariin self-assembled nanomicelles without suet oil was 0.62 × 10-6 cm/s, 3.00 × 10-6 cm/s, and 4.84, respectively. In rat intestinal perfusion experiments, the permeability coefficient of icariin self-assembled nanomicelles with suet oil in duodenum was higher than the value of icariin self-assembled nanomicelles without suet oil (p < 0.05). With the action of suet oil, icariin self-assembled nanomicelles were more stable and the entrapment efficiency was higher than that without suet oil, which could increase the solubility of icariin and improve its intestinal absorption. Therefore, suet oil plays a role in its enhancement [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Dietary fats have been implicated in the progression of coronary heart disease (CHD), and cholesterol-lowering procedures have attracted much attention since the link between cholesterol and CHD was established. This study aims to investigate the cholesterol-lowering effect of soybean lecithin on bleached and deodorized beef suet, a slaughterhouse by-product. Beef suet was bleached, deodorized and subjected to lecithin treatment, and the effects of lecithin-to-suet ratio, stirring time, stirring rate, and lecithin-to-water ratio on cholesterol reduction were investigated. Bleaching and deodorization, increasing of lecithin to-suet ratio, stirring rate, and stirring time up to 1.5h elicited a linear reduction in cholesterol content, although further stirring showed no evidence of significant cholesterol reduction. In addition, different lecithin-to-water ratios did not show significant effect on cholesterol removal content. In all, up to 54.8% of bleached and deodorized beef suet cholesterol was reduced by lecithin treatment. Moreover, treatment with lecithin demonstrated an increase in suet-free fatty acids and color value with no effect on peroxide value. In conclusion, our observations suggest lecithin treatment as an appropriate method to reduce cholesterol in beef suet. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Most birds consume hard animal fat (suet) through repetitive pecking. Suet hardens considerably as the temperature declines below freezing, The caloric value of suet during the winter months is such that it is worthwhile for many birds to continue simple pecking as temperatures decline, but with diminishing returns. Some Common Ravens (Corvus corax) exhibit a more complex behavior while caching, or feeding young. I report an apparent territorial pair that repeatedly divided suet by carving deep grooves into it. Substantially larger portions of suet and other foods were isolated through this advantageous behavior and carried off, than would be possible through simple pecking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing theories of the origin of HIV-related adipose tissue redistribution syndrome cannot adequately explain simultaneous hypertrophy of certain depots and atrophy of others, or its occasional occurrence in untreated HIV infection. These experiments explore the hypothesis that hypertrophy of lymphoid tissue-containing adipose depots arises from drug-induced disruption to local interactions between perinodal adipocytes and activated lymphoid cells. Guinea pigs were fed on plain or lipid-supplemented (10% suet, sunflower or fish oil) chow ad libitum or restricted, and the popliteal lymph nodes were activated by repeated injection of lipopolysaccharide. Explants of perinodal and other samples from popliteal, mesentery, omentum and nodeless perirenal and epididymal depots were incubated with lymphoid cells and zidovudine, didanosine, lamivudine or stavudine at physiological concentrations (0.1–1 μg/ml) or interleukin-10 and interleukin-6, and basal and maximum lipolysis was measured. All drugs increased lipolysis from perinodal adipocytes, especially mesenteric, though less than exogenous cytokines. Effects on adipocytes from non-perinodal sites and nodeless depots were minimal. The sunflower-oil diet enhanced, and the fish-oil and restricted diets reduced, these effects. We conclude that these NRTI antiretroviral drugs modulate the local interactions between perinodal adipocytes and activated lymphoid cells. Local interactions, and hence the selective hypertrophy of node-containing adipose depots, may be curtailed by dietary manipulation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Rats were fed from weaning on chow supplemented with suet or sunflower oil (10 % (w/w) each). The appearance of receptors for tumour necrosis factor-α on perinodal adipocytes from the popliteal depot following a subcutaneous injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide was examined. In rats fed on sunflower oil-supplemented chow receptors appeared at a time similar to that described in rats fed unsupplemented chow, but in rats fed on chow supplemented with suet receptor appearance was significantly delayed. The popliteal adipocytes were found to contain different proportions of fatty acids as assessed by GLC. These preliminary results suggest that the fatty acid component of the diet can, by influencing the triacylglycerol-fatty acids within adipocytes, directly alter the time course of an early inflammatory immune response. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]