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In this paper, an investigation was conducted to examine the non-functional fuel line components of the fuel delivery system to cylinder head number 10 in the 3516 B series diesel engine generator set. The system experienced fuel leakage at the connection between the main line and the fuel line tube after operating for 8,922 hours. This problem significantly affects engine performance and increases the risk of fire hazards in the powerhouse and surrounding areas. Therefore, the main objective of this investigation is to identify the underlying cause of the fuel line tube leak and determine the fuel tube replacement schedule. The methods used in the research include chemical composition analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and microstructure observation. Two distinct structures are visible when the microstructure of the pipe material is viewed at 200x magnification: a black pearlite structure and a white ferrite structure. SEM/EDS tests revealed erosion cavitation on the material's surface; the material's EDS testing was indicated by a box mark. The results of the research conducted in the standard fuel testing are as follows: API Gravity @ 60°F test results showed a value of 39, within the specifications from the Directorate General of Oil and Gas, which range from 31 to 42. The density was measured at 830 kg/m³ at 15°C, within the standard range of 815-870 kg/m³. The water content was 197 ppm, compared to the standard ASTM D-1744 limit of

Background Children globally, including in Bangladesh, are facing various forms of online sexual abuse including sextortion, exploitation, body shaming, and blackmail. They are also coerced into engaging in intimate activities, harassed through the sending of sexual content, among other forms of abuse. We aimed to explore the root cause of online child sexual abuse (OCSA) in Bangladesh. Methods This qualitative research design utilized in-depth interviews (IDIs) and key informant interviews (KIIs) between February and April 2022. The study sample comprised 21 school-going children aged 13−17 years, selected from two different geographical settings (10 from rural areas and 11 from urban areas) in Bangladesh using purposive sampling techniques. They participated in in-depth interviews (IDIs) while additional data was obtained through key informant interviews (KIIs) with 11 multidisciplinary stakeholders. Results Children from both rural and urban areas reported facing abuse in various ways, such as being asked to send naked photos, being invited to be naked in video calls, and being invited to have virtual sex, among others, over the internet. Conclusions The government should consider integrating OCSA education into secondary levels. Additionally, there should be efforts to ensure a safe online environment through content scrutiny, promotion of outdoor activities, and community campaigns. An anonymous reporting system must be implemented, and strict measures under the Children's Act must be enforced against perpetrators. Further intervention studies are needed to ensure effective child protection measures in Bangladesh.

Background Children globally, including in Bangladesh, are facing various forms of online sexual abuse including sextortion, exploitation, body shaming, and blackmail. They are also coerced into engaging in intimate activities, harassed through the sending of sexual content, among other forms of abuse. We aimed to explore the root cause of online child sexual abuse (OCSA) in Bangladesh. Methods This qualitative research design utilized in-depth interviews (IDIs) and key informant interviews (KIIs) between February and April 2022. The study sample comprised 21 school-going children aged 13−17 years, selected from two different geographical settings (10 from rural areas and 11 from urban areas) in Bangladesh using purposive sampling techniques. They participated in in-depth interviews (IDIs) while additional data was obtained through key informant interviews (KIIs) with 11 multidisciplinary stakeholders. Results Children from both rural and urban areas reported facing abuse in various ways, such as being asked to send naked photos, being invited to be naked in video calls, and being invited to have virtual sex, among others, over the internet. Conclusions The government should consider integrating OCSA education into secondary levels. Additionally, there should be efforts to ensure a safe online environment through content scrutiny, promotion of outdoor activities, and community campaigns. An anonymous reporting system must be implemented, and strict measures under the Children's Act must be enforced against perpetrators. Further intervention studies are needed to ensure effective child protection measures in Bangladesh.

Foodborne outbreak investigations often provide data for public health officials to determine how the environment contributed to the outbreak and on how to prevent future outbreaks. State and local health departments are responsible for investigating foodborne illness outbreaks in their jurisdictions and reporting the data to national-level surveillance systems, including information from the environmental assessment. This assessment is designed to describe how the environment contributed to the outbreak and identifies factors that contributed to the outbreak and environmental antecedents to the outbreak. Environmental antecedents, also referred to as root causes, are specific reasons that allow biological or chemical agents to contaminate, survive, or grow in food. From 2017 to 2019, 24 jurisdictions reported 1,430 antecedents from 393 outbreaks to the National Environmental Assessment Reporting System. The most reported antecedents were lack of oversight of employees/enforcement of policies (89.1%), lack of training of employees on specific processes (74.0%), and lack of a food safety culture/attitude towards food safety (57.5%). These findings highlight the critical role that employees play in restaurant food safety and are heavily influenced by restaurant management, who can exercise active managerial control to manage these antecedents. Identifying antecedents during investigations is essential for understanding the outbreak’s root cause and implementing sustainable corrective actions to stop the immediate outbreak and future outbreaks.

Failure of farm machinery components is an undesirable event that often occurs during field operations and becomes a crucial problem facing rice farmers in Riau Province. The purpose of the research is to investigate the component type and failure frequency and find out the root causes of the component failures for selected farm machinery used by small rice farmers. The survey was carried out in three regencies of the province namely Kampar, Siak, and Indragiri Hulu from June to July 2022. The data were collected from personally interviewing 30 machine operators and 10 mechanics. Five types of farm machinery were selected for study, including mouldboard plows, rotary tillers, four-wheel tractors, rice transplanters, and combine harvesters. The machines have often experienced breakdowns on the field due to the failure of one or more components/parts. Mouldboard plows had the most component failures with 137 cases, followed by rotary tillers with 85 cases, and four-wheel tractors with 57 cases. There were 34 and 43 cases of component failures for rice transplanters and combine harvesters, respectively. The root causes of component failures were poor field conditions (30%), ignoring maintenance (22%), intensive use of machinery (21%), improper storage (14%), and unskilled operators (13%). The results recommend that machine operators must keep the work area clean before beginning operation, conduct regular maintenance, store farm machines inside and keep them clean from dust and filth, have the necessary training and experience to help reduce failures, and run their machines precisely at the maximum power levels to prevent needless strain and early failure.

Building construction refers to the methods and businesses associated with assembling and erecting structures, particularly those designed for residential purposes. The need for a controlled environment to mitigate the effects of climate change was initially purely functional. A construction site presents a wide range of ever-evolving threats, with risks that are often unique to the construction business. Therefore, ensuring that workers are well-trained and aware of these risks is essential for safeguarding themselves and their coworkers from potential harm or even fatalities. This research aims to explore the root causes and consequences of falling object incidents on individuals, assets, and reputation within the construction industry. Thoroughly analyzing the root causes and consequences of incidents informs the development of a targeted intervention plan. This plan aims to reduce severity and address specific issues, such as inadequate safety measures or equipment failures, with the overarching goal of significantly decreasing falling object incidents. This study employs a survey questionnaire as its methodological tool. The procedure includes conducting literature reviews and incorporating sample survey questionnaires from previous researchers. The methodology used to analyze the statistical data was SPSS software via Reliability Tests, One-way ANOVA Tests, and Correlation and Interferential Analysis. The results revealed a strong statistical correlation (r > 0.5, n = 50, p < 0.05) between organizational/departmental roles and responsibilities, the behavioral behavior of construction workers, incidents at work, health/disease problems, and the consequences of the incident. Therefore, to mitigate all the potential consequences, some intervention plans are being proposed, such as the implementation of Toolbox Meeting (TBM) and Toolbox Talk (TBT), a Toolbox Training Program, and the monitoring of physiological conditions for construction workers to maintain the well-being of the workforce and ensure a safe working environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the correlation between excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and sleep disordered breathing after stroke. Methods A total of 148 patients with stroke were divided into the EDS group (ESS＞7, n=69) and the non-EDS group (ESS≤7, n=79) according to Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). The general data, blood biochemistry and polysomnography (PSG) parameters were compared between the two groups of patients. The correlation between EDS and SDB incidence rate after stroke was analyzed by spearman test. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was applied for influencing factors of EDS after stroke. Results There were higher proportion of males, hypoventilation index (AHI), oxygen reduction index (ODI), proportion of N1 sleep period and average nighttime diastolic blood pressure in the EDS group than those of the non-EDS group (P＜0.05). There was a positive correlation between the incidence rate of EDS and SDB in stroke patients (rs =0.225, P＜0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that gender (OR=2.768, 95%CI: 1.133- 6.765), high AHI (OR=1.048, 95%CI: 1.023-1.074) and high average nighttime diastolic blood pressure (OR=1.035, 95%CI: 1.001-1.071) were the independent risk factors for EDS after stroke. Conclusion Male, higher AHI and high average nighttime diastolic blood pressure are independent risk factors for EDS after stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An arc flash and fire in the secondary compartment of an industrial facility utility transformer resulted in destruction of newly installed electrical metering equipment. Inherent to this type of event are two loss-ofevidence challenges: extremely high heat burns or melts everything nearby, and urgency to restore normal operation may prevent comprehensive examination of the scene. The facility contractor's operations staff conducted an initial root cause analysis. The contractor's management called on an external forensic team to provide an independent assessment. Having an established investigation methodology allows the forensic examiner to better understand what was, and was not, evaluated by facility staff and prevents confirmation biases. This paper examines the facility's report, addresses shortcomings in its conclusions, and goes on to detail the methods and reasoning behind the forensic team's findings. The methodology presented in this paper is applicable to a wide range of industrial electrical fires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Children globally, including in Bangladesh, are facing various forms of online sexual abuse including sextortion, exploitation, body shaming, and blackmail. They are also coerced into engaging in intimate activities, harassed through the sending of sexual content, among other forms of abuse. We aimed to explore the root cause of online child sexual abuse (OCSA) in Bangladesh. Methods This qualitative research design utilized in-depth interviews (IDIs) and key informant interviews (KIIs) between February and April 2022. The study sample comprised 21 school-going children aged 13−17 years, selected from two different geographical settings (10 from rural areas and 11 from urban areas) in Bangladesh using purposive sampling techniques. They participated in in-depth interviews (IDIs) while additional data was obtained through key informant interviews (KIIs) with 11 multidisciplinary stakeholders. Results Children from both rural and urban areas reported facing abuse in various ways, such as being asked to send naked photos, being invited to be naked in video calls, and being invited to have virtual sex, among others, over the internet. Conclusions The government should consider integrating OCSA education into secondary levels. Additionally, there should be efforts to ensure a safe online environment through content scrutiny, promotion of outdoor activities, and community campaigns. An anonymous reporting system must be implemented, and strict measures under the Children's Act must be enforced against perpetrators. Further intervention studies are needed to ensure effective child protection measures in Bangladesh.

Background Children globally, including in Bangladesh, are facing various forms of online sexual abuse including sextortion, exploitation, body shaming, and blackmail. They are also coerced into engaging in intimate activities, harassed through the sending of sexual content, among other forms of abuse. We aimed to explore the root cause of online child sexual abuse (OCSA) in Bangladesh. Methods This qualitative research design utilized in-depth interviews (IDIs) and key informant interviews (KIIs) between February and April 2022. The study sample comprised 21 school-going children aged 13−17 years, selected from two different geographical settings (10 from rural areas and 11 from urban areas) in Bangladesh using purposive sampling techniques. They participated in in-depth interviews (IDIs) while additional data was obtained through key informant interviews (KIIs) with 11 multidisciplinary stakeholders. Results Children from both rural and urban areas reported facing abuse in various ways, such as being asked to send naked photos, being invited to be naked in video calls, and being invited to have virtual sex, among others, over the internet. Conclusions The government should consider integrating OCSA education into secondary levels. Additionally, there should be efforts to ensure a safe online environment through content scrutiny, promotion of outdoor activities, and community campaigns. An anonymous reporting system must be implemented, and strict measures under the Children's Act must be enforced against perpetrators. Further intervention studies are needed to ensure effective child protection measures in Bangladesh.

Background: Children globally, including in Bangladesh, are facing various forms of online sexual abuse including sextortion, exploitation, body shaming, and blackmail. They are also coerced into engaging in intimate activities, harassed through the sending of sexual content, among other forms of abuse. We aimed to explore the root cause of online child sexual abuse (OCSA) in Bangladesh. Methods: This qualitative research design utilized in-depth interviews (IDIs) and key informant interviews (KIIs) between February and April 2022. The study sample comprised 21 school-going children aged 13−17 years, selected from two different geographical settings (10 from rural areas and 11 from urban areas) in Bangladesh using purposive sampling techniques. They participated in in-depth interviews (IDIs) while additional data was obtained through key informant interviews (KIIs) with 11 multidisciplinary stakeholders. Results: Children from both rural and urban areas reported facing abuse in various ways, such as being asked to send naked photos, being invited to be naked in video calls, and being invited to have virtual sex, among others, over the internet. Conclusions: We found inadequate internet literacy is a leading cause of OCSA. The causes of OCSA reported in this study is a serious public health concern in Bangladesh.

Drug shortages impact multiple stakeholders and are detrimental to patient safety. Additionally, drug shortages are an extensive financial burden. In Germany, drug shortages, according to data from the federal ministry for drug and medical products (BfArM), have been increasing by 18% between 2018 and 2021. Studies show that shortages are most frequently supply side driven and that often reasons remain unknown. The aim is to develop a holistic understanding of supply side causes for drug shortages in Germany from marketing authorization holders' perspectives and to derive implications for shortage mitigation. A mixed-methods research design, with a grounded theory approach based on a structured literature review, BfArM data analysis, and semi-structured interviews, was used. Input factor supply issues, manufacturing issues, logistics issues, product recalls, and product discontinuations were identified as first-level causes. Furthermore, a theory on their connection to higher-level causes related to business decision-making, as well as root causes linked to regulations, company values, internal processes, market dynamics, external shocks, and macroeconomic factors, was developed. Actions to mitigate drug shortages in Germany (e.g., improving business processes, diversifying tender criteria) were derived. These may thus increase patient safety and decrease the financial burden on the healthcare system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The R programming language that provides a variety of statistical calculation functions is considered to be one of the programming languages most suitable for artificial intelligence.The correctness of the language implementation is a prerequisite for the correctness of the programs developed with such a language.However,there are inevitably many defects in the R programming language.This paper conducts an empirical study on defects in the R programming language and its core packages.By analyzing 7020 issues,we find that:1) Among all the 35 versions involved in these defects,there are the most defects in R 3.1.2,R 3.0.2 and R 3.5.0,and these defects are primarily distributed in a few components such as Documentation,Graphics,Language.2) The components with higher overall defect priority include Startup,Installation and Analyses,and the components with higher overall defect severity include I/O,Installation and Accuracy.There is a significant intermediate correlation between the priority and severity of the defects.3) About 78% of defects could be repaired within one year.4) Semantic faults are the most frequent root cause of defects,in which the “missing feature” and “processing” are more than others.These findings reveal some laws of defects in the R programming language and its core packages.It can assist developers of the R programming language in improving their development quality,assist maintainers of the R programming language in detecting and repairing defects more effectively,and suggest users of the R programming language evade potential risks.

For companies to retain customers and ensure effective management-level resolution, they need to anticipate customer churn and determine the root cause of complaints. To achieve this, analyzing personalized complaints from the customer's perspective is crucial. This research advocates for a multidisciplinary approach that combines language behavior, relevance feature extraction, feature weighting, and sentiment analysis to extract the underlying problem in real-time. Applying this approach to the CFPB database sample yielded an accuracy rate of 82% and a system validity of 75%, which can help improve customer service and protect consumers in the financial and other service industries. By addressing individual customer issues that cause dissatisfaction, businesses can enhance customer satisfaction and retention levels. Thus, by analyzing complaints from a personalized standpoint, companies can identify the root cause of the problem, improve their services, and establish stronger customer relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Readymade garments are a major textile value chain industry and play a significant role in Pakistan's economic growth, as they make up approximately 54% of export revenues in the textile sector. Because of its importance, companies face intense local and international competition in this region. Currently, textile companies compete for consistency, reliability, customer loyalty, process efficiency, consistency, and distribution costs. Bottlenecks are the key causes of the decreased production, performance, and power of the entire system. It is often within the scheme in various forms, such as management constraints, resources, materials, facilities, procedures, policies, environment, etc., but the approaches and methods for finding the bottlenecks are almost the same. The primary purpose of this paper is to provide a wider range of bottlenecks in the garment production unit, identify root causes, and evaluate and suggest possible solutions to eliminate these bottlenecks from a selected garment industry in Karachi, Pakistan. To do this, we have worked in a specific section (i.e., cutting and stitching) on a specific product (i.e., woven pants). Data from factory records, management, and observations have been collected for two months. Pareto Analysis is carried out on the data to find the bottleneck's key area. Cause-Effect Diagrams are then arranged to define hierarchies of causes for individual problems. Finally, potential solutions are being presented for eliminating these bottlenecks to improve the company's performance and productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk of leakages in process industry is environmentally critical and potentially hazardous. Many technologies and schemes for process monitoring are theoretically developed and applied in an industrial context. Nevertheless, most approaches still focus on individual monitoring of a process and its environment. The major challenge is the lack of a priori knowledge about the leakage. This paper introduces a new approach combining monitoring of the environment and its embedded process. The application on an industrial use‐case in a real plant environment illustrates the success of this combined monitoring approach as well as a decision support to localize an incipient leakage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this work is to reduce blowhole defect occurring in a cast iron transfer box. The transfer box moulds were produced using green sand moulding process, and cores were made using CO2 process. It was found that the transfer box had a rejection rate as high as 60%, and it was mainly due to a blowhole on the top surface of the casting. The Ishikawa and risk Ishikawa diagrams were used to analyze this major defect. The risk Ishikawa diagram was constructed by assigning weights to the major and sub-causes due to which the defect occurs. Further, the probability of risk and its impact values were employed to compute risk scores for the main causes and also global risk. From the work carried out, it was found that that the moulds and the sands along with melting and pouring parameters were the major causes for this defect while damp chill, pouring delays and high moisture content in sand were identified as the root causes for the blowhole defect. The main root cause for the blowhole defect was pouring delay that eventually causes dampness in the chill pieces kept inside the moulds. The remedial measures of keeping the moisture content of the sand within 3.5% and pouring the moulds in the shift II within half an hour after closing them were implemented to eliminate it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a scripting language that has been widely used in web development. This paper conducts an empirical study on bugs in PHP. By analyzing 35,921 bug reports, 6524 revisions, and root causes of randomly selected 500 bugs, we find that: (1) Among all the 385 versions involved in these bugs, there are the most bugs in PHP 4.0.4, PHP 4.0.6, and PHP 4.0.3; Documentation bugs are mainly distributed in PHP 4.y.z and PHP 5.y.z; Security bugs are distributed primarily in the relatively later normal versions of PHP 5.y.z. (2) Documentation, Compile, and Scripting Engine packages are greatly affected by bugs; 73.71% of documentation bugs affect documentation; PHAR, EXIF, and GD are more affected by security bugs. (3) It may be not difficult to repair most bugs since the number of modified lines of code and files are limited; However, nearly 11% of bugs need more than one year to repair; Compared with documentation bugs, security bugs are more difficult to be repaired; The duration of bugs in PHP 8.y.z is shorter than in other versions. (4) Semantic bugs and documentation bugs are the more common root causes of bugs than others. Besides, among semantic bugs, the "Missing Features" bugs and "Processing" bugs are more than others. These results could indicate some potential problems during the detecting and repairing of PHP's bugs. These findings reveal some laws of bugs in PHP. It could assist developers of PHP in improving their development quality, assist maintainers of PHP in detecting and repairing bugs more effectively, and suggest users of PHP evade potential risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of microservice architecture in Cloud systems poses a new challenges for the reliability operation and maintenance. Due to numerous services and diverse types of metrics, it is time-consuming and challenging to identify the root cause of anomaly in large-scale microservice architecture. To solve this issue, this article presents a multi-metric and self-adaptive root cause diagnosis framework, named MS-Rank. MS-Rank decomposes the task into four phases: impact graph construction, random walk diagnosis, result precision evaluation, metrics weight update. Initially, we introduce the concept of implicit metrics and propose a composite impact graph construction algorithm, using multiple types of metrics to discover causal relationships between services. Afterwards, we propose a diagnostic algorithm in which forward, selfward and backward transitions are designed to heuristically identify the root cause services. In addition, we establish a self-adaptive mechanism to update the confidence of different metrics dynamically according to their diagnostic precision. Lastly, we develop a prototype system and integrate MS-Rank into real production system - IBM Cloud. Experimental results show that MS-Rank has a high diagnostic precision and its performance outperforms several selected benchmarks. Through multiple rounds of diagnosis, MS-Rank can optimize itself effectively. MS-Rank can be rapidly deployed in various microservice-based systems and applications, requiring no predefined knowledge. MS-Rank also allows us to introduce expert experiences into its framework to improve the diagnostic efficiency and precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the issue of automotive products. The product is a component necessary for the proper functioning of the engine in a car. The application of various quality tools represents the identification and subsequent elimination of defects to improve the manufacturing process. The aim was to reduce the proportion of complaints related to product malfunction and to increase the overall control of the manufacturing process. This includes activities such as identification, analysis, and elimination of the root cause of the claimed product function. Standard tools used to identify and analyse the root cause of the problem such as Ishikawa, Pareto, 4Wh1 were used. It usually focuses on inventory reduction, machine optimization, process synchronization. In addition to basic quality tools, process capability or microscopic analyses were also used. The system quality management tool of auditing was also used. The root cause of the problem was identified. Measures were subsequently taken and savings of more than EUR 50,000 were achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. This study aimed to perform an in-depth analysis of a catastrophic coach crash that occurred on the Chinese expressway, and thus draw useful lessons to avoid similar mistakes. Methods. Various causes were identified from the investigation report based on a proposed accident causation model, which provides a universal pathway for accident analysis from the individual level to the organizational level. Results. Driver error in an emergency affected by fatigue and speeding led directly to the crash. Accordingly, drivers in coaches should be monitored effectively and their unsafe acts must be corrected in a timely manner to avoid the formation of unsafe habits. Based on individual flaws, weaknesses in the construction of the organizational safety management system and safety culture were further deduced and discussed. Conclusion. The work and rest system, as well as the dynamic monitoring system for drivers, should be perfected strictly according to the regulations. Additionally, external factors regarding deficiencies in the design and management of the expressway and the supervision of the transportation company also had great impact on this crash. In summary, more efforts should be taken regarding root causes at the organizational level, regardless of internal or external factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use comparable 2005 and 2018 population data to assess threats driving the decline of lion Panthera leo populations, and review information on threats structured by problem tree and root cause analysis. We define 11 threats and rank their severity and prevalence. Two threats emerged as affecting both the number of lion populations and numbers within them: livestock depredation leading to retaliatory killing of lions, and bushmeat poaching leading to prey depletion. Our data do not allow determination of whether any specific threat drives declines faster than others. Of 20 local extirpations, most were associated with armed conflicts as a driver of proximate threats. We discuss the prevalence and severity of proximate threats and their drivers, to identify priorities for more effective conservation of lions, other carnivores and their prey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the implementation of dam construction, there are usually many problems at the stages of work, therefore careful planning is needed so that the project can run smoothly and be completed on time. The method used in this study is the fault tree analysis (FTA) method which is used to find the root cause of the dominant risk factor (major risk). Data collection was carried out using a literature study approach, namely references to journals and similar research in the latest editions as well as field studies in the form of expert interviews and distributing questionnaires to stakeholders involved in implementing this project. From the results of the risk analysis, there are 5 dominant risk variables, namely unfinished land acquisition (R2), changes in drawings/designs (R9), material availability (pile) less than the volume requirement (R11), damage to work equipment and equipment (R18), and the effect of weather on the execution of work (R21). From the fault tree analysis (FTA) obtained 54 basic events that are the cause of the dominant risk. Knowing the root cause of the dominant risk can be information for all parties involved in the Package 1 Temef Dam Development Project (stakeholders) to be able to minimize the occurrence of risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foodborne outbreak investigations often provide data for public health officials to determine how the environment contributed to the outbreak and on how to prevent future outbreaks. State and local health departments are responsible for investigating foodborne illness outbreaks in their jurisdictions and reporting the data to national-level surveillance systems, including information from the environmental assessment. This assessment is designed to describe how the environment contributed to the outbreak and identifies factors that contributed to the outbreak and environmental antecedents to the outbreak. Environmental antecedents, also referred to as root causes, are specific reasons that allow biological or chemical agents to contaminate, survive, or grow in food. From 2017 to 2019, 24 jurisdictions reported 1,430 antecedents from 393 outbreaks to the National Environmental Assessment Reporting System. The most reported antecedents were lack of oversight of employees/enforcement of policies (89.1%), lack of training of employees on specific processes (74.0%), and lack of a food safety culture/attitude towards food safety (57.5%). These findings highlight the critical role that employees play in restaurant food safety and are heavily influenced by restaurant management, who can exercise active managerial control to manage these antecedents. Identifying antecedents during investigations is essential for understanding the outbreak's root cause and implementing sustainable corrective actions to stop the immediate outbreak and future outbreaks., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Material handling activities within a company have a very important role, especially in warehousing activities ranging from the process of receiving goods, storing goods to product distribution. To reduce the waste that occurs in material handling, a lean manufacturing approach is used with the Value Stream Mapping (VSM) method for mapping the flow of material handling activities and the flow of information on material handling activities. Waste that occurs in the material handling work process in the printing sheets area includes waiting, excess processing, and transportation. With Root Cause Analysis and Risk Matrix, it is known that the most influential root causes of waste are inadequate human resources, material handling tools in preparing goods and process break quantity from standard pallets, and distribution of areas far from the printing sheets warehouse area. Recommendations for improvement proposals offered are, providing additional material handlers, material handling tools for activities within one department by considering distance and time, reducing break quantity requests and temporary locations for receiving printing sheets in the production area, as well as collaborating with suppliers to arrange the arrival schedule of printing sheets material by communicating and updating regularly with the forwarder if the frequency of delays is too frequent. So that if it is repaired and applied it will improve the performance of the material handling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to review the fundamentals of problem solving by evaluating alternative processes and proposing an enhanced process model named Defined 8D. The enhanced model guides the problem solver through a defined step completion process to enable complex problems to be broken down into manageable and defined segments. Existing processes present challenges in defining the problem and can lead to continuously testing preconceived theories in a revolving loop without eventually confirming the root cause. The defined step completion criteria support product specialists to quickly acquire problem solving skills and reduce the cost and duration of resolving product related issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Understanding the causes of accidents plays a major role in learning from accidents and developing accident prevention and control strategies. Objective. This study aimed at application and modification of the Tripod Beta method for analyzing accident causes in the oil and gas industries. Materials and methods. A total of 68 accidents occurring in the oil and gas industries during 2005–2016 were analyzed. For this purpose, we used the Tripod Beta method and modified it using Reason's Swiss cheese model and analysis accident results. Results. The main causes that have been ignored in the Tripod Beta method were supervision factors involved in 66% of the accidents (underlying causes) and unsafe conditions that contributed to 55% of accidents (immediate causes). The former was incorporated as a sublayer of the underlying cause and the latter as a sublayer of immediate cause to the modified Tripod Beta method. Conclusions. The results of the present study added to the knowledge on the causes of accidents. These results can help increase the capabilities of the Tripod Beta method for analyzing accident causes, such as supervision factors and unsafe conditions, which have been ignored in analyses performed using the Tripod Beta method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]