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Purpose: The growth of global food delivery (FD), which could reach a market value of 1510 billion dollars by 2027, could raise significant sustainability concerns, especially in terms of the social impact related to the expansion of the gig economy. This study, therefore, aims to analyze the social sustainability of the FD, taking Italy as a case study. The results could be a baseline to suggest practices that could promote a more socially responsible FD sector. Methods: Social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) was used, following the guidelines of the Product Social Impact Life Cycle Assessment (PSILCA) and considering four categories of stakeholders (workers, value chain actors, society, and local community), 11 risk categories, and 13 subcategories, mainly based on both the availability of data and their adherence to the objectives of the study and FD. Results and discussion: The main risks are associated with low wages, improper working hours, high accidentality, and approximation in food handling. Specifically, the wages of riders, 23% of whom are migrants, are just 14% above the poverty line in Italy and 67% below the median income. With 30-h work weeks, moreover, riders may face high risks of economic vulnerability. Stressful working conditions and the absence of mandatory protective equipment have resulted in 17 fatalities × 100,000 workers and 25 accidents × 1000 workers, which could generate a medium risk that violations of labor laws will occur. All this is also due to the low unionization in the Italian FD. Finally, results also show a flaw in food safety, as riders are not required to have HACCP and ATP attestation. Conclusions: Italian legislation and the business models of FD companies are still shown to be insufficient to guarantee the fairness of protections for riders, which are substantiated by low wages, high accident rates, poor union rights, and improper working hours. In addition, doubts are raised about the hygiene of containers carrying food during transport, as they could induce a potential microbiological health risk for consumers, especially related to food handling during transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research places emphasis on strategies for enhancing traffic safety among adolescent and adult motorcycle riders. 87.36% of accidents in Indonesia involved motorcycle riders and approximately 25% of these accidents involve underage riders. Therefore, a reasonable solution is needed to reduce the number of accidents in Indonesia. The criteria for respondents in this study were adolescent and adult motorcycle riders. The respondents were interviewed for approximately 10 minutes. The total sample amounted to 530 respondents. The research was conducted in Riau province, Indonesia. The research results indicate that adolescent riders are about 4 times more likely to experience accidents compared to adult riders. Model validation demonstrates an accuracy level of up to 89% for the obtained model. The findings of this research suggest strategies for enhancing the safety of both adolescent and adult motorcycle riders, including advising riders to drive their motorcycles in good stamina and performance, advising riders to rest when fatigued, advising riders not to ride between 12:00 AM and 06:00 AM, enforcing strict measures by law enforcement to apprehend riders without a valid driving license, exercising caution when crossing straight roads and roads with non-variable roadside variability. Another finding from this research is that the model in this research took 3 factor types into consideration that cause accidents including human factors, road and environmental factors and vehicle factor. Then, these factors are modeled simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies social perceptions of gig work and its conditions through the lenses of visual humour created and shared in digital environments. Food delivery services have thrived in cities, and riders – gig workers associated with such services – have become popular urban figures, easily recognisable through light means of transport and backpacks. These iconic elements have spread to forms of visual humour like memes and cartoons in social media. We aim to analyse the depiction of food delivery services and riders through graphic humour in digital environments, and its role as critical stances of gig work conditions. We draw from the literature on gig work, as well as critical humour in the workplace, approaching the phenomenon from the perspective of critical visualities and the memetic qualities of digital visual humour. Thus, we have conducted an analysis of rider memes, and carried out a focus group with Spanish cartoonists to better understand each form. From our analysis, we have observed that a) memes showcase less explicit critical stances but reflect a shared understanding of the hurdles associated to rider work; b) cartoons place riders in a contextualised, wider critique of platform economy and capitalism; c) while most graphic humour on riders takes an external, observational position, there is also an 'inner look' to the rider work, emphasising the promises and deceptions associated with the gig economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among materials from the Volga Bulgaria of the 11th–13th centuries, as well as the territories under Bulgarian rule, forged oval-shaped articles reminiscent of shoe heel section can be found. There is no unanimous opinion concerning these finds among researchers. A considerable assortment of these items was excavated at the Rozhdestvensky settlement in the Perm Region. Analysis showed that they were made of raw steel, with the base a half-oval plate with folded edges and with three apertures for little cylinder-capped nails, the cap standing out on the item’s surface.Cylinder nuts were put on the nails from the inner side and were forged when heated. The nuts held a leather plate in place, which was thought to be a lower lift of the built-up heel. Thus the items under scrutiny served as heeltaps. It is recognized that first heels appeared in the 9th century as a feature of Persian riders’ footwear. They helped to hold the feet firmly in the stirrups when the warrior stood on the stirrups to shoot with a bow or to slash with a sabre more efficiently. Volga Bulgaria had close relations with Iran, therefore Bulgar riders may well have adopted a new kind of footwear. Even though there is no other evidence save the iron heeltaps, it may be assumed that heeled footwear was adopted in Volga Bulgaria sooner than in Rus and European countries, where it happened in the 16th century. This fact is essential for both studying the footwear of the Middle Ages and tactics of fighting on horseback.

The platform economy is an ecosystem of algorithmically-organised social–technical relationships. In the specific area of home food delivery via digital platforms, algorithmic mediation motivates agents to act in specific ways based on algorithmic logic, creating a distinct form of subjectivity. Based on an ethnography carried out with delivery riders in the City of Madrid (Spain) between 2021 and 2023, in this paper we explore the concept of participatory subjectivity, proposing a distinction between three categories: (a) systems in which the delivery worker seeks algorithmic recognition, (b) systems in which users act in such a way as to be ignored by the algorithm and (c) systems in which it is the design of the algorithms themselves that fosters participation by users. We believe that the concept of participatory subjectivity contributes to the debate on algorithmic mediation in the platform economy, while also affording new perspectives on its effects on workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginalski‐type E5 button spurs made from a Cu alloy are a characteristic attribute of the Middle Roman period in barbarian Europe. The find of part of a mould made of non‐ferrous metal at the Luleč site in the district of Vyškov, Czech Republic, provided key evidence for explaining the issue of their production. The discovery of this unique artefact showed that based on current knowledge, the spurs made from a Cu alloy were also produced in the Middle Danube region and not only in Northeast Europe as had previously been thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Over the last few decades, road accidents have become one of the biggest problems worldwide. Despite improved road infrastructure and potential measures to address the problem, developing countries are experiencing an alarming increase in morbidity and mortality from accidents for pedestrians, drivers, and passengers. Most of the cars involved in accidents involved pedestrians and passengers. Pillion riders are the most common. To find ways to prevent these traffic accidents, this study aims to identify many types and patterns in pedestrian, driver, and passenger accidents. Aim: To understand the pattern of Injuries in Road Traffic Accidents and to prevent associated morbidity and mortality. Method: 1085 instances in all were utilized for the investigation, and information was gathered from the Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences Emergency Department, records, and police records for the six months from October 2022 to March 2023. Result: Male Pillion Riders of the group of 15-35 years without wearing Safety precautions and having been drunk were most common among the affected. Conclusion: Education, adherence to traffic regulations, road improvement, and instruction on safety precautions like wearing helmets or seat belts while traveling can minimize the risk associated with RTA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existe un creciente interés en el ámbito de las ciencias sociales por el estudio de fenómenos relacionados con la denominada gig economy o economía de plataformas y, entre ellos, por la figura del rider, un término que alude a los repartidores de productos a domicilio que se emplean a través de plataformas digitales. Dentro de estas plataformas el trabajo de los riders se configura desde lógicas de gestión algorítmica, una mediación en la que ha tendido a enfatizarse la cualidad panóptica de sus formas de control y gubernamentalidad. Frente a estas aproximaciones, este trabajo presenta un enfoque teórico-metodológico que subraya la co-constitución, en un agenciamiento abierto, del rider y la aplicación, con el objetivo de aproximarnos etnográficamente a la cotidianidad de las prácticas laborales de los repartidores. Con el interés de explorar cómo funciona la mediación algorítmica en la diversidad de experiencias de los riders, analizamos los trabajos de coordinación encargados de producir una geografía de espacio-tiempos compartida y las estrategias de control flexible que media la aplicación. El texto describe cómo el algoritmo genera una suerte de andamiajes que definen espaciotemporalidades directivas en la operativa de los riders, dentro de las cuales los repartidores extienden el paisaje de calculabilidad a aquellos elementos que el algoritmo no puede contemplar y a aquellos otros que debe incorporar el rider para hacer compatible su actividad con la lógica algorítmica. Este artículo presenta resultados iniciales de una etnografía desarrollada en Madrid desde septiembre del 2021 con riders de varias de las principales plataformas digitales de reparto a domicilio: Glovo, Uber Eats y Getir. Junto al trabajo de campo con los riders, esta investigación se ha complementado con entrevistas a cuatro tecnólogos del ámbito de la logística urbana. Los resultados muestran cómo entre los riders el tipo de contratación asalariado ha generado una vivencia menos intensa de la cronografía directiva del algoritmo, poniendo en evidencia cómo la autonomía no es necesariamente homóloga a la capacidad de elección de los repartidores. There is a growing interest in the field of social sciences in the study of topics related to the so-called gig economy or platform economy and, among them, in the figure of the rider—a term that refers to the home delivery workers employed through digital platforms. In these platforms, the work of the riders is organized from algorithmic management logics, a mediation in which the panoptic quality of their forms of control and governmentality has tended to be emphasized. In contrast to these frameworks, this paper presents a theoretical-methodological approach that emphasizes the co-constitution—in an open agency—of the rider and the application, to ethnographically approach the everyday labor practices of riders. In the interest of exploring how algorithmic mediation functions in the diversity of riders’ experiences, we analyze the coordination tasks responsible for producing the shared space-time geography and the flexible control strategies that mediate the application. The text describes how the algorithm generates a kind of scaffolding that defines directive spatiotemporalities in the riders’ operations, within which the deliverers extend the landscape of calculability to those elements that the algorithm cannot consider and to those others that the rider must incorporate in order to make his activity compatible with the algorithmic logic. This article presents the initial results of an ethnography carried out in Madrid since September 2021 with riders from several of the main digital home delivery platforms: Glovo, Uber Eats, and Getir. Along with the fieldwork with riders, we interviewed four technologists in urban logistics. The results show that salaried riders have a less intense experience of the directive chronography of the algorithm, showing how autonomy is not necessarily equivalent to the riders’ capability to choose.

The food delivery app business has grown in recent years, with an increasing number of customers and workers on these platforms. Food delivery apps are also an iconic example of the increasing precarity of working conditions. Delivery app workers have mobilised to demand greater stability and regulation, with one of their main demands being to switch from their current status as self-employed workers to being employees of these companies. However, in Spain, those who want to remain self-employed have also mobilised, demanding better wages and improved conditions from the platforms. In this article, we focus on the mobilisation of delivery workers in Spain, exploring the characteristics of the main actors involved and the evolution and current situation of the conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing interest in the field of social sciences in the study of topics related to the so-called gig economy or platform economy and, among them, in the figure of the rider-a term that refers to the home delivery workers employed through digital platforms. In these platforms, the work of the riders is organized from algorithmic management logics, a mediation in which the panoptic quality of their forms of control and governmentality has tended to be emphasized. In contrast to these frameworks, this paper presents a theoretical-methodological approach that emphasizes the co-constitution-in an open agency- of the rider and the application, to ethnographically approach the everyday labor practices of riders. In the interest of exploring how algorithmic mediation functions in the diversity of riders' experiences, we analyze the coordination tasks responsible for producing the shared space-time geography and the flexible control strategies that mediate the application. The text describes how the algorithm generates a kind of scaffolding that defines directive spatiotemporalities in the riders' operations, within which the deliverers extend the landscape of calculability to those elements that the algorithm cannot consider and to those others that the rider must incorporate in order to make his activity compatible with the algorithmic logic. This article presents the initial results of an ethnography carried out in Madrid since September 2021 with riders from several of the main digital home delivery platforms: Glovo, Uber Eats, and Getir . Along with the fieldwork with riders, we interviewed four technologists in urban logistics. The results show that salaried riders have a less intense experience of the directive chronography of the algorithm, showing how autonomy is not necessarily equivalent to the riders' capability to choose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To correlate the symptoms of dry eye with young adult riders. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Al-Tibri Medical College, Isra University, Karachi. Period: December 2020 to November 2021. Material & Methods: 60 young riders with dry eyes between the age of 21-30 years were included in the study and their duration of years in riding bike, duration of riding bike a day, and lastly the symptoms were recorded. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 24.0 and the correlation was assessed using Pearson’s correlation. The level of significance was set at P<0.05. Results: The mean age of the riders were 25.46 ± 0.12. 70% of the riders were riding for more than 5 years, 23.3% riders were riding for more than 2 years, while only 6.7% were riding for less than 2 years. 36.1% riders rode for >8 hours/day, 26.7% for >6 hours/day, 21.7% for >4 hours/day, and 15% for 2 hours/day. Symptoms of dryness, burning, itching, crusting, blurring, and redness all showed significant difference with the duration of years as a rider as well as the number of hours the rider rode during the day. Conclusion: Dry eye symptoms significantly correlate with young adult riders and the appropriate intervention is required to treat it accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appearance of new technologies has had its impact on the new economy, and this has been also translated into a change in the labor relations. This paper analyzes the legislation that regulates the employment relationships of people working through digital labor platforms, focusing on food delivery workers, or also called "riders." On the one hand, the article analyzes different decisions and judicial rulings that allow progress in Spanish legislation in this area, giving birth to the "Rider Law", and on the other hand, analyzes the European proposal for a Directive on improving working conditions in platform work, also carrying out a comparative study between different legislations, highlighting the comparison with Italian legislation and analyzing the impact on the different legal systems of the possible transposition of this proposal for a directive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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En este artículo etnografiamos cómo los repartidores de comida a domicilio están reaprendiendo a trabajar en la economía de plataformas. En la intersección de la economía feminista y los estudios sociales de ciencia y tecnología, nuestro trabajo de campo rastrea el conjunto de prácticas, tácticas y saberes que producen los riders en torno al algoritmo. Atendemos a la producción colectiva de saberes porque, por un lado, frente a la opacidad que caracteriza a estas plataformas, situarlos en el centro del análisis nos permite visibilizar las relaciones que sostienen su trabajo, aquellas que los algoritmos invisibilizan pero sin las cuales no podrían operar; y porque, por el otro, nos permiten entender los mundos de algoritmos no como mundos cerrados sino como relaciones sociales que (pre)ocupan a los repartidores y cuyo manejo puede convertirse en una cuestión de cuidados.

This study aims to identify and analyze the Implementation of Article 283 Law No. 22 of 2009 concerning the Prohibition of Other Activities (Smoking) That Cause Concentration Disorders While Driving by the Gorontalo City Traffic Unit (Satlantas). The type of research used is empirical. This research is descriptive in nature. The location of this research is the Traffic Police Unit which has the authority to enforce the law against the Prohibition of Other Activities (Smoking) That Cause Concentration Disorders While Driving. Data collection techniques were carried out by means of observation and interviews as well as document studies which later the data would be analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study show that the cause of accidents while driving, namely one of the ignorance of someone who smokes while driving, is one of the factors in accidents because it is distracting and becomes unfocused while driving. road users who do this, even though this new ban will only be ticketed during large-scale traffic operations or joint operations. It is hoped that the Gorontalo city traffic police unit will be able to try to apply Article 283 of Law No. 22 of 2009 as much as possible, because basically the behavior of smoking while driving is still very common on the road, many motorists and cars do this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lan Harremanak - Revista Relaciones Laborales is the property of Lan Harremanak and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The essay first of all highlights the difficulties of doctrine in interpreting art. 2 of the legislative decree n. 81/2015, relating to the collaborations organized by the client. The author criticizes the thesis, which considers these collaborations as self-employment relationships, subject to the discipline of subordinate work. In particular, he points out the irrationality of the effects of this opinion and the difficulties it causes in identifying the discipline of subordinate employment relationships applicable to these collaborations. The author also highlights the uncertainties of the jurisprudence regarding the discipline applicable to the collaboration relationships of platform workers. He believes that art. 2 has implicitly qualified these collaborations as subordinate and that this solution guarantees rationality to the legislative system and certainty of the applicable discipline

Introduction: Globally, Injuries and fatalities occur in all forms of transportation but road traffic accidents accounts rank first among all causes. Head injuries are leading causes of death from motorized two wheeler accidents with significant mortality despite optimal use of the standard medical facilities. Material and methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of General Surgery, MGMMC, Indore to see the magnitude of head injury due to motorized two wheeler road traffic crash. Result: A total of 251 cases of head injuries due to motorized two wheeler crash were reported for the study. Riders constituted (79.3%) and pillion riders (20.7%). Most victims were male (88.88%). Majority of victims were not wearing helmet. Linear fracture of vault (37.8%) was the commonest pattern of fracture observed in two wheeler accidents. Conclusion: This study highlights that wearing helmets by the two-wheeler riders are very essential in preventing injury and reducing the casualty during a RTA. There is need for increased helmet use among two-wheeler rider in both rural and urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay aims at analyzing the Italian and comparative case law on digital platform workers’ classification in order to reflect upon the changing functions of working time in digital work widely considered. The Author, taking into account the difficulties in overcoming the dichotomy subordination-autonomy, believes that it is important to introduce a new notion of working time, in line with the new ways of carrying out work.

The purpose of the contribution is to examine the contents of the Spanish Law n.12/2021. The Author focuses on the relationship with the Social Agreement on the use of riders at the service of digital platforms, analyzing three specific themes: the qualification of the rider's work, the algorithmic management and the Union’s involvement through specific representation rights, collective negotiation without finally neglecting the role of the strike.

The article comments on the recent ruling of the Court of Milan that re-qualified a Deliveroo rider as a subordinate worker. The article affirms that subordination is compatible with discontinuity and occasionality of performance and does not presuppose a constraint of making work available. Finally, it contains some reflections on the relationship between hetero-direction and hetero-organisation.

So far, food-delivery riders have been addressed in reference to broad socio-economic processes related to the diffusion of digital labour platforms. Adopting a dispositional approach, this paper frames the rider’s occupation as a specific and openended occupation. We try to shed light on the dynamics of differentiation and positioning within this occupational space, thus recomposing its heterogeneity. The article is based on a mixed-methods research carried out in Milan in 2020, centred on an “observant participation” of seven months, during which the researcher worked as a rider. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work “Equestrian Tourism” contains in its structure information related to the activities carried out in equestrian tourism, the organizations that implement quality standards in the leisure riding and equestrian tourism industry in Romania, as well as the methods and tools used to promote and attract tourists. The central idea of this paper is based on the fact that equestrian tourism creates conditions for restoring work capacity, while having a pleasant and instructive leisure and acquiring new knowledge, information and even skills. We specify that Romania has an extraordinary potential, composed of anthropic natural resources and of state and private studs and wild horses. We believe that the beneficial effects of equestrian tourism must force decision-makers in this field to create a strong image or brand for this form of tourism, because a compelling message is needed to attract tourists from the country and abroad.

• The two phases of invasion behavior were divided. • A hazard-based duration was carried out to model the invasion duration. • The Kaplan–Meier analysis identifies the effect of categorical variables on the invasion duration. • The log-logistic distribution provided the best fit to the invasion duration. • The model identified the significant covariates that affected the invasion duration. Electric two-wheeler riders' invasion behavior is a violation and a significant contributor to traffic safety concerns. Invasion duration, an essential parameter in invasion behavior, measures the travel time of an ETW rider in a motorized lane and represents the rider's risk exposure time. This paper endeavors to elucidate the characteristics of invasion behavior and model invasion duration. Using trajectory data, it addresses questions about the length, degree, duration, and two phases of invasion behavior. The hazard-based duration model is employed to fit the duration and analyze the factors influencing it. The results indicate that characteristics exhibit mean values of 3.23 s for duration, 8.313 m for length, and 0.629 m for degree. The log-logistic Accelerated Failure Time (AFT) model exhibits better performance for fitting invasion duration than the Weibull and the Log-normal AFT models. The findings of this paper can provide a reference for enhancing traffic safety and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2018 started to grow up the digital platforms in Argentina with a business model based on the algorithmic management which, not only, transfer the labour risks to the workers, but also affects the employees guarantees. This has been generating tensions between the capital and labour, producing unrest. The objective of this research looks forward to analyzing the expressions that took the labour conflict on this market by studying three specific conflicts addressed by grassroots groups during 2018-2020. We will use a qualitative methodology that includes firstly information gathering, secondly a nethnography of the social media of the unions, thirdly interviews to key informants, and finally an elaboration of conflict indicators. As a result of this, we have been able to make two expressions of the conflict: the technological and the foundational. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Work being conducted via online platforms has developed extremely rapidly in recent years and is one of the most important factors in the digital transformation of employment. While platform work in Western Europe has been a subject of increasing research interest during the last five years, contributions about Central and Eastern Europe are relatively scarce, especially concerning food delivery. The article demonstrates that while globally online food delivery platform work is most often associated with low quality, in the case of Bulgaria and Serbia delivery riders benefit from at least some dimensions of decent work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is not difficult to verify the centrality that the protection of the health and safety of riders has assumed at national level and almost entirely in foreign legal systems, starting from the organization of the claims movements aimed at contesting the inadequate working conditions set by the platforms operating in the sector of food delivery. At the end of a bumpy path, first marked by the elaboration of regional legislative proposals, models of co-determination of the working rules by territorial bargaining (such as the Bologna Charter) or of self-determination of guarantees by the companies in the sector (the Charter of Values ​​signed in Milan), the A. reports the approval of Law no. n. 128/2019 which converted (with modifications) the original regulatory framework introduced by Legislative Decree n. 101/2019 (containing measures to protect the workplace and resolve corporate crises). Among the preventive guarantees in favor of self-employed workers who, using specific means of transport, deliver goods in the urban context conveyed by digital platforms, the essay intends to focus on the provision contained in art. 47 septies, Legislative Decree no. 81/2015 which attributes to the platform the respect, with charges and expenses at its own, of the Legislative Decree no. 8172008. By accessing an alternative reading to that which leads the contribution of the novum essentially to the provisions of art. 21, Legislative Decree no. 81/2008, a more guaranteed interpretation is preferred which appears more consistent with the ratio legis of Law no. n. 128/2019 and, as far as we know, in line with some recent European guidelines expressed in the field of prevention / precaution of professional risks. The latter exegesis appears recently endorsed by the jurisprudence of the work in the context of precautionary procedures initiated, during the health emergency by SARS - VOC 2, by riders who have carried out activities without receiving suitable protective devices individual.

The paper examines the Court of Florence’s recent ruling in the judgment of opposition to a decree pursuant to article 28, law no. 300/1970. The most interesting aspects of the decision appear to be those regarding the identification of individual and, especially, collective protection granted to hetero-organized collaborators, including the feasibility of the appeal pursuant to article 28 of Workers’ Statute against conducts carried out by clients of hetero-organized collaborations; secondly, it deals with the issue of selecting the trade unions qualified to conclude a National Collective Labour Agreement pursuant to article 2, paragraph 2, legislative decree no. 81/2015, with particular regard to the distribution of the burden of proof on the greater representativeness in comparison; finally, the issue of the legitimacy of the Assodelivery-Ugl Rider National Collective Labour Agreement is dealt with, with particular regard to the stipulating union’s lack of representativeness and authenticity.

The paper analyses the measures implemented by food delivery companies to reduce the risk of contagion among riders. In particular, it aims to verify whether these companies have fulfilled their obligations regarding the protection of workers' health during the first phase of the health emergency. The empirical basis on which the article is based was produced by a case study conducted in Catania in the period June-October 2020, involving five platforms - Glovo, Foodys, Just Eat, Social Food and Winelivery - and 120 riders. This allowed us to verify whether the measures implemented by the platforms comply with the guidelines defined in Italy by the Emergency Protocols, signed between the Government and social partners, as well as with the principles defined by case law.

Considering that the regulation of the time and the possible economic relevance of the phases of waiting for delivery is a field of discussion still access regarding the work of riders, the Author analyzes, in detail, how the JustEatTakeway supplementary company agreement regulates the working hours of riders. The Author illustrates the discipline contained in the CCNL Logistica,Trasporto, Merci e Spedizione and in the Protocol signed on July 18, 2018 for the same sector, to which the same company agreement in comment refers.

The article focuses on Takeaway.com's collective agreement, signed with the traditional trade unions. In particular, the author addresses the provisions on the health and safety protection of riders. The author first highlights the legislation on health surveillance and on the intensity of cooperation required from the worker. The analysis then focuses on the insurance protection that the company offers in the case of death or permanent disability of the worker and in relation to injuries that the rider may cause to third parties or their property. The aim of the article is to highlight any deviations from the protection discipline provided by Legislative Decree 81/2008.

This comment examines the corporate events of the companies belonging to the Just Eat Group. These aspects are important to try to understand if the operation is fraudulent and if the rules on the transfer of the company had to be applied.

The contribution examines the forms of flexible work and the first company agreement signed between Just Eat Italia and the trade unions. The Agreement provides, in fact, that anyone who transports people or things discontinuously should be classified as an employee. The worker can be hired with an open-ended or temporary employment contract or even with an intermittent employment contract with an interminable or fixed term. The different possibilities of use of atypical forms of work and the consequences for riders are then examined, in a difficult balance between protection and flexibility.

The paper addresses the issue of the current ability of art. 28 Workers’ Statute to safeguard the constitutional rights involved in industrial relations. The analysis starts from three decisions of the Court of Florence, Milan and Bologna concerning digital platforms’ conducts that the Trade Unions considered harmful to the freedom of association and to collective bargaining. Particular attention is also given to the legitimacy of Trade Unions to take legal action under art. 28 when the anti-union conduct affects autonomous platform workers (especially riders and shoppers).

The Author presents the comment to the corporate collective agreement Takeaway.com Express Italy (JustEatTakeaway group), in the section Reports & Comments of the journal. Some leading figures of the negotiation and a group of academics were asked to comment on the genesis and the most relevant legal aspects of the collective agreement, given its novelty. The agreement, in fact, has the purpose to combine the flexible organization of the company with a network of rider, hired, for the first time in Italy, as employees.

The article takes a critical look at the contract signed by Takeway.com express (Just Eat) with trade union by which the parties agree that the Scoober App and GPS are indispensable working tools and its legal implication. The Author also discusses the limits to the power of remote control arising from the legal system for the protection of personal data.

The essay deals with the supplementary agreement of 29 March 2021, signed by Just Eat Takeaway with the logistics trade unions belonging to Cgil, Cisl and UIL, from the point of view of the legal representative of the company. The author points out that, in particular, the agreement has made possible, among the first experiences in Italy, the coexistence between the so-called gig economy and the rights of employees.

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The coming of the platform economy forces the doctrine to propose theoretical constructions and interpretative solutions that avoid the looming danger of displacement of labour law protections. Today, the digital technologies applied to the organization of delivery services allow companies to be able to benefit from a "crowd" of workers willing to accept job opportunities without being obliged to do so. The absence of an obligation to perform the service is likely to determine the slippage of the bike-riders in the area, almost without protection, of coordinated and continuous self-employment. The last ruling on the subject (Court of Appeal of Turin, 4th February 2019), marked a change with respect to the previous judgments, bringing the work of digital riders in the context of heterorganized collaborations. At the center of the Turin judges' motivation is the art. 2, paragraph 1, of the d. lgs. n. 81 of 2015, a rule that, after being downgraded to the status of "apparent norm" by the court of first instance, is re-evaluated by the Court of Appeal until it becomes the door of access for the legal protections of the riders . The latter are denied the qualification of employees: nevertheless, if their tasks are organized by the entrepreneur, the discipline of employees be applied, despite the fact that the relationships remain "technically" self-employment. The qualification of the work of the riders as heterorganized collaborations also leaves open the possibility of stipulating trade union agreements which, in consideration of the productive peculiarities of the sector, possibly provide for modulations, adaptations or exceptions to the discipline applicable to digital riders.

The Lagrangian-particles simulation in the Lofoten Basin area in the Norwegian Sea, based on the GLORYS12V1 reanalysis for the period from 2016-05-31 to 2016-06-28, was used to track the vortex pair consisting of the large quasi-permanent Lofoten Vortex (LV) and a cyclone generated nearby the LV. We show that the cyclone is a part of a shield around the LV. The core of the cyclone is partly located inside the LV. This structure forms an uneven vortex pair. We provide a complementary analysis of Lagrangian maps with temperature, salinity, and relative vorticity at 75 horizons from the surface to the bottom, consider the evolution of the vortex pair and obtain its characteristics. The cyclone moves around the LV passing along its periphery 348.97 km with a speed of 14 cm/s, which is comparable 23 cm/s, the orbital velocity of the LV during the study period. The orbital velocity of the satellite cyclone is 15 cm/s. The mean amplitude of the LV in the period from 2016-05-31 to 2016-06-28 is 12.50 cm, and the mean amplitude of the satellite cyclone for the same period is − 2.92 cm. The average radius of the LV is 57.48 km and 13.42 km for its satellite cyclone. The orbital velocities of the LV and its satellite cyclone (with their mean values of amplitude and radii) are 0.23 m/s and 0.15 m/s, respectively. The average integral (in a volume) relative vorticity of the eddies in the vortex pair is − 1.41 × 1018 c−1 for the LV and 3.19 × 109 c−1 for the satellite cyclone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work "Equestrian Tourism" contains in its structure information related to the activities carried out in equestrian tourism, the organizations that implement quality standards in the leisure riding and equestrian tourism industry in Romania, as well as the methods and tools used to promote and attract tourists. The central idea of this paper is based on the fact that equestrian tourism creates conditions for restoring work capacity, while having a pleasant and instructive leisure and acquiring new knowledge, information and even skills. We specify that Romania has an extraordinary potential, composed of anthropic natural resources and of state and private studs and wild horses. We believe that the beneficial effects of equestrian tourism must force decision-makers in this field to create a strong image or brand for this form of tourism, because a compelling message is needed to attract tourists from the country and abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]