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The paper explores whether the two Scholastic criminal-legal models - namely, punishment by guilt and sanctions based on reasons other than personal guilt - parallel Aquinas' fundamental definition of society. Thus, while the punitive model corresponds to the idea of a 'minimal' State, restricted to the function of bringing peace, the other model evinces traits relating to a notion of providence where authority is in no sense minimalistic. Aquinas seems to hold that both models are not only acceptable, but necessary in the fullness of political life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper explores two key approaches in the attribution of criminal liability: that of imputabilitas, based on the philosophicallegal analysis of the individual's capacity to understand and act in accordance with the norm, and that of neuroimputability, which incorporates the advances in neuroscience to evaluate how certain mental illnesses and neurological disorders affect criminal behavior. The paper highlights the strengths and limitations of both approaches, arguing that the integration of these perspectives can offer a more complete and fair assessment of criminal liability. The imputabilitas element, with philosophical-legal roots, can and should be complemented with the empirical analysis of neuroimputability, obtaining a coherent methodological framework to address complex cases that involve certain mental illnesses and neurological disorders. This integration should not only enrich the analytical structure of the crime applied, but can also offer valuable practical contributions to the contemporary criminal justice system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El objetivo principal de esta investigación documental fue determinar las implicaciones forenses de los trastornos disociativos en personas en conflicto con la ley, siempre que se demuestre una relación contingente entre el hecho delictivo y su estado mental. Para ello, se ha implementó una metodología documental con un enfoque transversal, centrada en la psiquiatría forense en el contexto de la legislación ecuatoriana. Se tomaron en cuenta investigaciones donde los individuos que padecen trastornos disociativos tienen derecho a la inimputabilidad, siempre que una evaluación pericial certifique dicha condición de salud mental. Las alteraciones de la identidad en los trastornos disociativos se fundamentan en una disrupción de la organización integrada de la conciencia, la identidad y la memoria, tal como lo describe el Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales V (DSM-V), siendo tres los principales modelos y mecanismos involucrados como son el procesamiento de la información, los sistemas de memoria, y el trauma, que permiten el diagnóstico global de los trastornos disociativos, los cuales se basan en criterios específicos. La falta de formación especializada y de acceso a herramientas diagnósticas limita la capacidad del sistema judicial para abordar estos casos, con reformas normativas y mayor inversión en capacitación, es posible fortalecer la relación entre la justicia y la salud mental en Ecuador.

En la Argentina aún rige el régimen penal de la minoridad (decreto-ley 22.278/80) y es uno de los pocos países a nivel mundial que mantiene la edad mínima de responsabilidad penal (EMRP) en 16 años. Precisamente esta circunstancia, ha constituido alrededor de la edad un núcleo de discusión problemático con variadas posiciones y tesituras en torno a qué hacer con las personas que infringen la ley y cometen acciones disvaliosas y no son susceptibles de reproche penal. En este artículo he de focalizarme en reconstruir el arco de posiciones para lo cual me valdré de tres fuentes: opiniones de los funcionarios y magistrados de la justicia penal juvenil, colectadas a través de entrevistas; posiciones dogmáticas, expresadas en textos legales y proyectos de ley con trámite legislativo vigente, que independientemente de la EMRP fijada, realizan previsiones en relación a los “no punibles” o inimputables.

El derecho penal distingue entre personas imputables e inimputa­bles. La Convención de 2006 sobre Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad excluye cualquier tipo de discriminación basada en la discapacidad, lo cual conviene a eliminar la figura de los inimputables. Aparentemente esto cambia la estructura del derecho penal e impone hacer profundos cambios legislativos. Aquí se plantea que no es así, que los modelos de responsabilidad penal son compatibles con la Convención y que se requiere de una política judicial y cri­minal orientadora más que cambios legislativos al proceso y al sistema penal.

El presente estudio aborda la temática de la auditoría jurídica empresarial como atenuante de la responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas en el contexto ecuatoriano, considerando que, la auditoría jurídica empresarial comprende una fiscalización periódica dentro de la sociedad anónima. El objetivo principal de la investigación se centró en establecer los fundamentos legales para reconocer e implementar una auditoría jurídica empresarial en compañías anónimas en Ecuador. El enfoque de la investigación es cualitativo, tomando en consideración el método histórico, exégesis jurídica y jurisprudencia, y, finalmente; análisis bibliográfico. Como instrumento se utilizó el cuestionario estructurado estandarizado. La técnica aplicada correspondió a la encuesta y entrevista. La población se conforma por ocho sociedades anónimas ecuatorianas. Dentro de los resultados, se observa que, en las encuestas se ha detectado un descenso en el cumplimiento normativo en empresas, con solo el 40% que considera importante. Esto sugiere que muchas empresas no tienen en cuenta la importancia de cumplir con las leyes y reglamentos que rigen su operación. Las entrevistas realizadas, los directivos fueron más cautos en sus respuestas, pero se pudo evidenciar que no mantienen libros societarios actualizados, desconocen el origen del capital de los aportes de los accionistas, convocan a juntas generales ex temporáneas y tienen balances financieros con retrasos en su presentación. Se concluye que, en el Ecuador, la auditoría legal empresarial es un mecanismo de control que tiene como objetivo prevenir y eliminar las infracciones normativas y los actos delictivos en las empresas públicas, mediante la implementación de una supervisión efectiva y velando por el cumplimiento de las normas y estándares éticos.

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La actual delincuencia empresarial genera nuevas demandas político-criminales que han provocado la superación del clásico principio societas delinquere non potest. El Derecho penal protege los bienes jurídicos de la persona físicas (la vida, la libertad…). Sin embargo, las personas jurídicas son naturalmente diferentes y susceptibles de adaptarse a nuevas regulaciones debido a la competencia en un mercado económico globalizado y en constante evolución. Su equiparación en la norma penal plantea problemas fundamentales, teóricos y conceptuales que los operadores jurídicos aún no han sabido afrontar.

The current state of society is that of a threat of widespread criminal expansion in minors with more extreme practices such as those of hitmen, to the detriment of common and personal integrity. In addition, there is a climate of turbulence and economic uncertainty typical of the difficult context that modern and globalized societies are going through, with a tendency to increase due to the global economic and social crisis. These crises are, in turn, consequences of the impact of armed conflicts between powerful countries at the very beginning of the transition in the use of energy inputs, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, of the negative impact of climate change in an environment pandemic and post-pandemic. from covid-19. This reality makes it worrying to decide to take preventive actions with beneficial and direct effects for society and the common good. The social upheaval and the high cost of living bring with them not only unemployment but also the consumption of illicit substances as an escape route for minors and adolescents in moral abandonment, all of which can encourage them to commit crimes on their own account or by participating in criminal gangs. This is how this review work aims to collect all the contributions from various realities in the Latin American region regarding the treatment of juvenile offenders based on the magnitude of the damage and order of the crime committed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the great technological advances of the XXI century, is undoubtedly AI, because it has come to revolutionize our way of life and to a large extent to facilitate our daily chores, for example, from kitchen robots, smart thermostats, or robots that clean our homes, just to mention some of them. However, in the face of this great technological advance, new problems also arise in the field of Law. Well, these conflicts, specifically in the field of criminal law, are aggravated in cases where computer supports or robots equipped with AI cause damage or endanger people, since we are faced with cases in which machines or computer programs act mutually own applying the various algorithms with which it was programmed, Even going further, no responsibility can be attributed to the programmer, nor to the company that manufactured it, much less to the end user. However, some sector of the doctrine is in favor of this conflict being resolved through criminal law, however, as will be shown throughout this article, trying to solve the problems generated by AI through criminal law is unwise, since there are other means more suitable and consistent with the legal system, that can be applied in these cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the expansion of interactions between legal persons and their vulnerability to being used in criminal conduct, both in the international context and as an obligation of the states, the creation of risk self-management systems was imposed, and the so-called compliance officer was in charge of their design and implementation. However, in the exercise or omission of the functions assigned to this individual, liability may arise for the legal person, which could mean the attribution of some criminal conduct to his charge. For this reason, it is intended to resolve whether there may be legal imputation on the occasion of the lack of control. Thus, through the study of the figure of the compliance officer in Colombia as well as the dogmatic analysis of the crimes of commission by omission, the scenarios of possible liability will be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El presente trabajo se centra en analizar de qué manera una persona jurídica puede tener responsabilidad penal en el marco de una operación de M&A, específicamente en una fusión o escisión, por un acto ilícito cometido por la persona jurídica absorbida (target). Sin embargo, la persona jurídica absorbente puede quedar exenta de responsabilidad penal si es que realiza un adecuado procedimiento de debida diligencia (due diligence) antes de que se concrete la operación de M&A. Nuestra normativa no establece cómo es que se debe realizar una adecuada debida diligencia en el marco de una operación de M&A. Por ello, con base en la experiencia profesional, se procederá a proponer una serie de acciones que debería realizar la persona jurídica absorbente para evidenciar la realización de una adecuada debida diligencia sobre temas de Compliance Penal.

Resumen En el presente artículo se aborda la problemática acerca de la responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas con especial atención al caso peruano, y mediante una perspectiva anticonceptualista. Para tal propósito, en primer lugar, se presenta una definición de persona jurídica a partir de una perspectiva anticonceptualista; en segundo lugar, se abordan los principales modelos teóricos que niegan o aceptan regímenes de responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas; en tercer lugar, se ofrece una explicación acerca de los cambios en las regulaciones sobre la responsabilidad de las personas jurídicas en sistemas jurídicos de tradición jurídica continental; y, en cuarto lugar, se define el régimen de responsabilidad adoptado en Perú. Luego de una revisión de diversas fuentes documentales relativas a los objetivos planteados, concluimos que el aforismo societas delinquere nec punire potest no es un dogma irrefutable, sino una cuestión política, por lo que la adopción de un modelo de responsabilidad penal por autorresponsabilidad para las personas jurídicas es plausible, tanto respecto a Perú como respecto a otros países de tradición jurídica continental.

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The article "Humanitarian limits on foreign trade in conventional weapons: some notes on their importance for criminal law" examines the regulation and control of the trade in conventional weapons and dual-use material by the State. The importance of this control in preventing unwanted diversions and misuse of weapons is highlighted. The article analyzes the regulatory limits imposed by supranational legislation, such as the Arms Trade Treaty and the Common Position of the European Union, as well as the arms export regime in Spain and its implications for criminal law. The need to include new criminal offenses to control and monitor the use of weapons once they reach their destination is raised, with the aim of preventing unwanted diversions and ensuring respect for human rights. The importance of humanitarian limits in the arms trade and the need for transparency and public scrutiny in the administrative activity of arms export control are also emphasized. [Extracted from the article]

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Introduction: legal and criminal liability of the health professionals, regardless its antiquity, at present has becoming more and more theoretical and practical relevance in which an excessive judicialization of medical activity is revealed as a mechanism for the protection of patient rights. Objective: systematization of the different theoretical positions that are currently identified around the judicialization process of medical activity and the likely causes that stimulate it. Method: a documentary study was carried out through an exhaustive bibliographic review in bibliographic search engines such as Scopus, SciELO, Google Scholar and PubMed. The argumentative and exploratory research was conducted on March 16, 2023 and of the 30 articles found concerning medical malpractice, only 11 were chosen for the study with strict selection criteria. Development: the theoretical positions on the judicialization of medical activity and the causes that stimulate it were systematized; in addition, the correct interpretation of the lex artis was presented as a mechanism of normative heterointegration of the duty of care by the medical personnel, in order to avoid excesses in the application of the criminal law in this area of professional activity. Final considerations: a much greater intervention of criminal law in the practice of medicine is not the most efficient policy to protect the life and integrity of the patient in the face up to the medical malpractice.

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En Ecuador, en 2014, con el nuevo del Código Orgánico Integral Penal (COIP), se introdujo este modelo de responsabilidad penal cumpliendo las obligaciones de carácter internacional que el país tenía pendiente. Este nuevo sistema de imputación penal de las personas jurídicas carecía de precedentes, y ha manifestado problemas de carácter doctrinario y procesal que dificultan la imputación del crimen empresarial. En este documento se busca encontrar y dar una solución a ciertos vacíos normativos. Tomando como punto de partida el modelo español con sus más de diez años de evolución legislativa en delitos corporativos, a partir de la reforma en su Código Penal, en 2010. La amplia y elevada discusión académica que se ha mantenido sobre el modelo de imputación empresarial español, servirán para qué, a partir de las legislaciones de Ecuador y España, se realice una comparativa descriptiva del modelo ecuatoriano de responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas y sus rasgos procesales mas notorios.

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Pese al acuerdo sobre la proscripción del reclutamiento de menores, representado principalmente en su carácter de crímen de guerra, no es claro si quienes cumplen la mayoría de edad al interior del grupo armado son sujetos de protección o deben responder ante la justicia penal por los crímenes cometidos, así como el alcance de esta responsabilidad. Al interior de la Corte Penal Internacional la dualidad de criterios se hace evidente cuando, por un lado, se condena únicamente por reclutamiento de menores a Thomas Lubanga, pero a la vez se juzga de manera plena a Dominic Ongwen por los crímenes cometidos siendo mayor de edad sin tener en cuenta su temprano reclutamiento. De la misma manera, en el escenario colombiano existen posturas a favor y en contra de la responsabilidad, aunque la justicia se ha decantado por una eventual responsabilidad por hechos cometidos durante la minoría de edad pero responsabilidad plena para aquellos perpetrados siendo mayor. Así, la Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz se enfrenta a un escenario en el que deberá conciliar argumentos contradictorios y hacer uso efectivo de sus características únicas con el fin de lograr verdadera justicia para todas las víctimas del conflicto colombiano.

Los involucrados en narcotráfico buscan legitimar ganancias a través de las personas jurídicas, al existir vacíos jurídicos en la legislación pena, las empresas se constituyen en escenarios para este propósito. El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar la responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas en el marco de la legislación boliviana, a través del ejemplo del dirigente Muriel en el Club Blooming en el año 2019. Por medio, del estudio de caso, el método exegético para el análisis de la norma jurídica y al bibliográfico para la revisión de la información, se obtuvo como principal resultado la identificación de carencia normativa penal que regule la responsabilidad de las personas jurídicas, misma que se constituye en un escenario apto para utilizar las mismas con fines ilegales. Se concluye en la urgente necesidad de regulación.

Medical disabilities in Colombia are characterized by being those through which certain guarantees stipulated in the national regulations, specifically in the Political Constitution and in the labor and social security legislation are given concrete expression, given that who are workers, they must have certain minimums which act as the limits of protection in terms of subordination of their quality, bearing in mind that in any case, whoever is the object of some suffering as far as health is concerned, maintains the non-potestativa faculty of being covered by a certain term individualized by the health professionals, in order to help with their recovery; within which, several inconsistencies are denoted that result in problems of desnaturing the very object of medical disabilities, from the economic and fallacy perspective, both on the part of the one who grants them and on the part of who is the object of application of such; that is why this article focuses on the examination and identification of the already mentioned reality, seeking to erect the possibility of regulating and/or restricting practices contrary to what is in law, without going to affect in any way their granting given the event in which it becomes appropriate and really necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (0797-5538) is the property of Universidad de la Republica, Faculdad de Ciencias Sociales, Departmento de Sociologica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study focuses on the nature and discipline of administrative liability derived from crimes committed by legal entities in the Vatican system, in compliance with the commitments assumed by the Holy See on the occasion of its Monetary Agreement with the European Union (2010) for the fight against financial malfeasance at an international level. The situation is examined in its various aspects, from the particular attribution criteria to the scope of legislative application to its sanctioning protocol, coming to the conclusion that its incidence is limited in the Vatican order due to its particular characteristics as a small state devoid of a free market and private entities running financial operations. Finally, the author focuses on the argument that the introduction of this institution in the Vatican legal system would mark a reaffirmation of criminal responsibility of legal entities in the canonical system, making some critical observations and placing the institution in the context of possible signs of the principle of canonization of civil laws (can. 22, CIC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]