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Air pollution, particularly SO2 emission, has become a global problem, seriously threatening the sustainable development and health of mankind. Based on the panel data of 248 prefecture-level cities in China during 2003–2018, this study used the Propensity Score Matching-Difference in Difference (PSM-DID) method within the counterfactual framework to evaluate the treatment effect of the policy made by the National Resource-Based Economic Transformation Comprehensive Supporting Reform Pilot Zone (CRZ) on sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions. The results show the following. (1) The benchmark regression results demonstrate that the CRZ policy has significantly decreased per capita SO2 emissions (PCSO2) and SO2 emissions per unit of GDP (PGSO2) in the pilot zone, and the placebo test indicates that the evaluation of the policy effect is robust. (2) The dynamic effect test indicates that there is a lag in the effect of the CRZ policy on reducing SO2 emissions. The policy effect of the CRZ policy on PCSO2 and PGSO2 was not obvious in the first stage (2011–2015), the CRZ policy significantly reduced the PCSO2 and PGSO2 in the second stage of policy implementation (2016 and beyond), and the reduction effect of CRZ policy on SO2 emissions is increasing over time. (3) The mechanism analysis shows that optimizing industrial structure, increasing human capital, strengthening technological innovation, and expanding opening to the outside world are the main ways for the CRZ policy to reduce SO2 emissions. The study will help promote SO2 emissions reduction in Shanxi Province, providing a reference for the transformation and development of other resource-based cities in China and the world and contributing to accelerating the achievement of regional emission reduction targets and sustainable development.

Tässä artikkelissa tarkastellaan teollisen ruukin vaiheita ja kulttuuriperinnön hyödyntämistä luonnonvaroihin perustuvalla talousalueella. Suomessa lukuisat ruukit ovat Museoviraston suojeluksessa. Ruukit ovat kulttuuriperintökohteita, jotka mahdollistavat palveluelinkeinoille toimintapohjan. Ruukkiyhdyskuntiin ja niiden lähiympäristöön kohdistuu paljon kulttuuri- ja luontomatkailua, mutta niiden edellytyksiin vaikuttaa lähellä sijaitsevien luonnonvarojen hyödyntäminen. Ilomantsin Möhkön ruukin nykytilaa tarkastellaan luonto- ja kulttuurimatkailun ja luonnonvarayhtiöiden ristivetoisten tavoitteiden näkökulmasta. Kysymys kohdistuu siihen, kuinka entinen teollinen yhdyskunta voi nykyään vastata sitä ympäröivien muiden teollisten maankäyttötoimijoiden luvanvaraisiin toimintoihin ja suunnitelmiin? Matkailuelinkeino hyödyntää Möhkössä paitsi kulttuurihistoriaa myös ekosysteemipalvelujen lähtökohtaa. Ekosysteemipalvelut, kuten pienmaisemat tai metsien virkistyskäyttö, eivät nauti lain suojaa. Ekosysteemipalveluista on tullut tärkeä osa ympäristöhallintaa. Mutta niiden ympäristöjuridinen yhteiskunnalliseen hyötyyn liittyvä valta-asema poikkeaa metsä-, kaivos- ja turvetuotantoa koskevista lakisisällöistä. Möhkön ruukki oli toiminnassa vuosina 1838-1907 ja se on tärkeä osa Suomen metalliteollisuuden ja maaseutuyhdyskuntien kehittymisen historiaa. Möhkö loi aikanaan vahvan sidoksen ympäröivään seutuun. Tuolloin Ruukin puunhankintaa säänneltiin senaatin lupakäytäntöjen avulla. Toisen maailmansodan jälkeen Möhkö muuttui Suomen ja Venäjän rajavyöhykkeellä olevaksi syrjäiseksi kyläksi. Kylään jäivät kuitenkin ruukin rakenteet ja sotamuistot. Sittemmin ruukin rakennukset on suojeltu ja nykyään sotahistoriallisia kohteita tutkitaan ja kunnostetaan nähtävyyksiksi. Ruukkikylän elinvoiman keskeisiä elementtejä ovat kulttuuriperintö, sotahistorialliset lähikohteet ja ruukin läheinen luonnonympäristö., This article examines the stages of industrial ironworks and the utilization of cultural heritage in a resource-based economic region. In Finland, nowadays numerous ironworks communities are under the protection of the Finnish Heritage Agency. These cultural heritage sites provides a platform for service industries and their immediate surroundings have potential business opportunities linked in culture and eco-tourism. But when there are natural resources in the vicinity of the ironworks village their exploitation affects the conditions for cultural and eco-tourism. This article deals the Möhkö ironworks, whose current state is examined in the light of the cross-cutting objectives of nature and eco-tourism and natural resource companies. The basic question is how can a ironworks community respond to the land use plans of resource based economy? The tourism industry utilizes not only cultural history but also the basis of ecosystem services in Möhkö. Ecosystem services, such as small landscapes or recreational use of forests, do not enjoy legal protection. Ecosystem services have become an important part of environmental management. But their environmental-legal predominance over social benefits is different from the legal content of forest, mining, and peat production. Möhkön Ruukki was in operation from 1838 to 1907 and it is an important part of the history of the Finnish metal industry and rural communities. Möhkö once created a strong bond with the surrounding area. At that time, Ruukki's wood procurement was regulated by Senate licensing practices. After World War II, Möhkö became a remote village on the border between Finland and Russia. However, Ruukki's structures and war memorials remained in the village. Since then, Ruukki's built environment has been protected, and nowadays military-historical sites are being explored and reconstructed as attractions. The key elements of Ruukki Village's vitality are cultural heritage, military-historical sites and Ruukki's nearby natural environment.

Resumen El trabajo tuvo por objeto realizar una aproximación al modelo de la economía del bien común desde la organización de empresas, así como desde un análisis bibliométrico. Se realizó una comparación entre el enfoque empresarial de la economía del bien común y dife- rentes teorías organizativas: recursos y capacidades, stakeholders y creación de valor compartido. Mediante el análisis bibliométrico, se identificaron los trabajos publicados sobre la economía del bien común desde su surgimiento en 2010 hasta 2018, mediante búsqueda realizada en Web of Science y Dialnet. Se demuestra que su enfoque empresarial está relacionado con diferentes teorías de la organiza- ción de empresas y que aún existe una gran escasez de trabajos publicados en revistas de impacto, sobre todo de estudios empíricos. Clasificación JEL: M14, M21. Abstract The aim of this paper is to make an approximation to the model of the Economy for the Common Good (ECG) from business organization, as well as a bibliometric analysis. A comparison between the ECG’s business approach and different organizational theories has been made: resources and capacities, stakeholders, and creation of shared value. Through the bibliometric analysis, published works on the ECG have been identified since its emergence in 2010 until 2018 through a search in Web of Science and Dialnet. The results demonstrated that the ECG’s business approach is related to different theories of business organization, and there is still a great shortage of papers published in impact journals, especially empirical studies. Resumo O objetivo do trabalho é fazer uma abordagem do modelo de Economia do Bem Comum (EBC) a partir da organização das empresas, bem como uma análise bibliométrica. Foi feita uma comparação entre a abordagem de negócios da EBC e diferentes teorias organizacionais: recursos e capacidades, stakeholders e criação de valor compartilhado. Através da análise bibliométrica, os trabalhos publicados na EBC desde o seu surgimento em 2010 até 2018 foram identificados por meio de pesquisas na Web of Science e Dialnet. Mostra-se que a aborda- gem comercial da EBC está relacionada a diferentes teorias da organização empresarial; e que ainda há uma grande escassez de trabalhos publicados em periódicos de impacto, especialmente estudos empíricos.

Murmansk oblast has large resources of polymineral raw materials at deposits that are currently in operation, as well as at future sites, and a developed network of mining enterprises. Mineral concentrates are the main products of national and international companies in the region. Technologies for processing raw materials are being developed and tested at the Kola Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences. For these reasons, the Kola Chemical Technological Cluster was established to improve and finalize processes and the upcoming development of production of functional materials, many of which can be regarded as indices of the state of industry determining national economic and defense security. The new geopolitical situation requires the national production of strategic materials for domestic needs and constituting a reserve to ensure national technological security and economic independence. The Center for Synthesis of New Functional Materials was founded as the first step toward the implementation of the idea of the Kola Chemical Technological Cluster. Additional possibilities can be found by more efficiently using the potential of the existing pilot plants of the Kola Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, and mining and processing enterprises of the region—AO Apatit, AO Kol’skaya GMK, and AO Kovdorskii GOK.

In recent years, the business scale of my country’s circulation industry has continued to expand, and the output value has continued to increase. The leading role in guiding the transformation of the industrial economy has become more and more important. Based on this, this article discusses the research on the promotion of the Internet of Things technology to the circulation industry in the transformation of the resource-based economy. The application of RFID technology and wireless sensor technology in the Internet of Things in the circulation industry can greatly improve work efficiency and information transmission accuracy. This article establishes the circulation industry based on the principles of science, system, safety, and relative independence. The evaluation index system analyzes the role of the circulation industry in the transformation of the resource-based economy in terms of circulation scale, circulation structure, circulation efficiency, circulation innovation, etc., and uses the analytic hierarchy process and entropy method to analyze the collected data. With the support of RFID technology, the output value of the circulation industry in Province Y has reached 140.508 billion yuan in 2019, accounting for about 27% of the tertiary industry, and the number of employees in the circulation industry has also increased to 57.88%, which is a strong boost to the economy of Province Y. It has a greater contribution to the total economic volume. The research of this article has realized the economic transformation of resource-based cities in the circulation industry and has a certain reference effect for the transformation and upgrading of similar cities.

Human development has been widely accepted as both the primary goal and driver of sustainable development. Human development is critically important for countries attempting a radical transformation from a resource-based economy to knowledge-based, sustainable development, like Qatar. This paper examines Qatar’s human development needs and challenges with respect to its economic, demographic, and educational development goals. Following a comprehensive literature review, domain-specific documentary information and data were collected and analyzed, along with qualitative insights and data obtained through semi-structured interviews with local professionals from various sectors, to gather opinions about the needs, challenges, drivers, and recommendations for human development. A preliminary integrated policy framework and set of recommendations for human development planning are proposed as a guide, for Qatar and similar countries, for transitioning from a resource-based economy to knowledge-based sustainable development. This framework and the understanding of the needs, challenges, and drivers based on the qualitative research, in conjunction and in comparison with the literature analysis, are expected to assist decision-makers in devising, and more importantly implementing, tailored policies and roadmaps focused on four key dimensions: skills (education), citizenship, leadership, and health.

The article is imitated to the study of urgent problems of the Russian economy; the study of the possibilities of digital technologies; the study of the possibilities of developing strategies for the technological development of regions in the conditions of Industry 4.0. The paper reveals the experience of digitization, emphasizes the use of the resource potential of the region in view of stratification in technological development of the Russian Federation. The analysis of strategies for digital transformation of the economy of Russia, Germany, Japan, China, the United States. The methodological basis of this work involves basic research of Russian and foreign scientists in the field of scientific and technological development, strategic management and regional economy. In preparing the article used the following methods of research: methods of system and formal logic, scientific analysis and synthesis, comparative analysis of economic and statistical methods and others. The characteristics of the processes of digitalization of the economy at the regional level are formulated. Analyzed the statistical data on the use of information technologies in the Russian Federation. The advantage of the work is an integrated approach and the consideration process of digitalization of regional economies, innovation processes at the business level, the possibility of the effective use of the resource potential of the region, taking into account different socio-economic effects. Disclose factors that determine the effectiveness and efficiency of the process of economic development of resource type region under the Industry 4.0.

The concept of sustainable development (SD) is aimed at ensuring public well-being for the present and future generations. Hundreds of methods have been proposed for assessing and comparing the sustainable development of countries and analyzing their contribution to the future of the world. When applied to resource-based economies (RBEs), assessment tools do not take into account the value and impact of mineral resources on SD indicators. The purpose of the study is to reveal the limitations of applying some tools by taking into consideration the specific features of RBEs. Research methods include a correlation analysis between gross national income (GNI) per capita and aggregated indices (the Sustainable Society Index (SSI), the Human Development Index (HDI), and the Environmental Performance Index (EPI)), a comparative analysis of these indices and mining companies&rsquo, performance indicators. Object Eurasian RBEs were selected, but Norway was analyzed separately from the sample. The results of the study show that correlations between GNI per capita and SD indicators are heterogeneous. There is no statistically significant correlation between GNI per capita and SSI, a strong correlation with HDI, and a weak correlation with EPI. The EPI and SSI structures do not reflect the specific features of RBEs.

In global socioeconomic development facing climate change challenges to minimize the output of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and moving to a more low-carbon economy (LCE) the major driving force for success in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is the cost of energy generation. One of the main factors for energy source selection in the power supply and energy type generation process is the price parameters often influenced at different degree by government policies incentives, technological and demographic challenges in different countries. We research the energy sources situation and possible development trends for developing country Kazakhstan with resource-based economy. In general, the economic aspects affect the quality and quantity of energy generated from different sources with incentives for environmental concern. Traditional energy sources in Kazakhstan, such as coal, oil and natural gas remain low-cost in production due to high reserve base, which leads to steady growth in this area. In general, the cost for generating 1 kWh of energy from the cheapest carbon source of energy sub-bituminous coal is about 0.0024 $, for natural gas 0.0057 $, conventional oil 0.0152 $ (conventional diesel is 0.0664 $) and for expensive unconventional oil 0.0361 $, whereas renewable hydrocarbons could potentially become more competitive with unconventional oil production (methanol 0.0540 $, biodiesel 0.0837 $, bioethanol 0.1933 $ for generating 1 kWh). Furthermore, we consider the main non-traditional and renewable energy sources of energy from the sun, wind, water, and biofuels, hydrogen, methane, gasoline, uranium, and others. There is a difference between the breakeven prices of conventional gas and biomethane (0.0057 $ and 0.047 - 0.15 $ respectively averaging 0.0675 $ per 1 kWh for biomethane) which is often related to the difference in their production methods. The main advantage of biomethane is environmentally friendly production. We also propose an assessment of fuel by environmental characteristics, where one of the hazardous sources Uranium is forth cheap 0.0069 $ per kWh, but the environmental damage caused by its waste is the greatest. At the same time hydropower is seven times more expensive than uranium, but it does not cause direct health damage issues, however influencing significantly ecosystem balance. Hydrogen fuel is the most expensive among others. Overall in Kazakhstan energy-producing from the sun, wind and biogas is more expensive comparing with global trends from 0.4 to 5.5 cents per 1 kWh, but remains cheaper for hydropower. In addition, based on the research findings we analyzed the potential for sustainable non-renewable and renewable energy development in the future for the case of the resource-based economy in Kazakhstan.

This paper examines the relationship among capital flight, domestic investment and economic growth in the small resource based economy of Trinidad and Tobago. The study utilized capital flight estimates from previous work. A Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) combing short run and long run analysis is presented. The results confirm the a priori expectation that the financial haemorrhage of capital flight is a fundamental problem, which is affecting both the levels of domestic investment and economic growth. Therefore, a reduction of capital flight may provide a stimulus to the overall economy. These findings provide clear evidence of the harmful effects of capital outflows and provide support for the potential re-introduction of capital controls. Key words: Capital flight, domestic investment, economic growth, Trinidad and Tobago.

Resource-based cities play a crucial role in China's economic development. However, they are faced with the challenge of urban shrinkage due to the slowdown of economic growth in China, single industrial structure and the ‘boom and bust’ industrial cycle. To reverse the expected decline of these cities in the future, the Chinese Government has implemented active policies at national, provincial and municipal levels. This paper reviews the current planning policies and practices in resource-based cities in China from the macro perspective, and analyses how the Government engages with the pressing economic problems faced by resource-based cities, in particular, focussing on economic restructuring. To further analyse the policies from Central Government and the diversification of practices in local contexts, this paper presents two case studies, a petroleum mining city (Daqing City) and a coal mining city (Pingxiang City). Through discussion and an evaluation of general and place-based policies and practices for resource-based cities, this paper aims to enhance the understanding of shrinking cities in China and shed light on the policy-making of economic development for other resource-based cities in developing countries.

~ ~ ~ The article studies the problem of distributing the limited socio-economic resource using mathematical methods. The aspects of morals and justice can play a significant role in considering these problems. Such situation appears mostly when the consumers of the resource are groups of people in differentiated conditions. In this case, proportional distribution of the resource cannot be " fair" and the problem of searching for the distribution algorithm occurs, which would satisfy all groups, - the so called indicator of "happiness".

The aim of this research paper is to investigate factors and mechanisms that may facilitate the transition from coal resource-based economy to sustainability. Based on the energy technology innovation theory, factors that may influence the transition of coal resource-based economy were categorized into four types, including: innovation policy, innovation input, innovation ability, and innovation organization. Hypotheses were proposed regarding the mechanisms of these factors. Data were collected from surveys administered to 314 Chinese energy firms, and a structural equation model (SEM) was employed to test the hypotheses. Ten of fifteen hypotheses were retained based on the reliability tests, validity tests, and SEM. The results show that the four proposed factors are crucial in transforming the coal resource-based economy, and the effects become statistically significant through three intermediate variables, namely, transition of energy consumption structure, correction of resource wealth investment, and improvement of transition environment.

In this article, we present a stark depiction of the growth and decline of a resource-dependent prairie region in southwest Saskatchewan, part of the northern Great Plains. Canada’s national development policy at the turn of the 20th century with respect to the region was comprised of immigration incentivized by the Dominion Lands Act which awarded homesteads to European immigrants, the building of a national railroad, and trade protection for eastern manufacturers. The resulting rapid population growth from about 1911 to 1921 in the region spawned a network of rural communities and public and private infrastructure development. However, the rapid growth was especially short-lived in our study area, spanning about 10 to 15 years, followed by more or less continuous decline. The spatial equilibrium framework suggests that the population more or less catapulted into the study area by what turned out to be poorly conceived government policy, and would subsequently exit in large measure, having encountered relatively unfavorable employment and income prospects. Their large-scale exit, as a primary adaptation strategy, would continue until local per capita economic conditions are restored to provincial levels. Per capita incomes and other economic indicators in the study area suggest that out-migration has indeed served this equilibrating function.

We study an optimal growth model for a single resource based economy. The resource is governed by the standard model of logistic growth, and is related to the output of the economy through a Cobb-Douglas type production function with exogenously driven knowledge stock. The model is formulated as an infinite-horizon optimal control problem with unbounded set of control constraints and non-concave Hamiltonian. We transform the original problem to an equivalent one with simplified dynamics and prove the existence of an optimal admissible control. Then we characterize the optimal paths for all possible parameter values and initial states by applying the appropriate version of the Pontryagin maximum principle. Our main finding is that only two qualitatively different types of behavior of sustainable optimal paths are possible depending on whether the resource growth rate is higher than the social discount rate or not. An analysis of these behaviors yields general criterions for sustainable and strongly sustainable optimal growth (w.r.t. the corresponding notions of sustainability defined herein).

According to Paul Kennedy, the international standing of a great power depends on a delicate balance between its military expenditure and economic capability. He posits that military overstretch and a relative political decline are the constant twin threats facing powers whose ambitions and military commitments exceed the capacity of their economic resource base. Does the evolution of the US-China relationship during the Obama era confirm the Kennedy thesis that no great power can exercise its dominance permanently?

Активное развитие нефтяного и газового бизнеса в XX в. породило целый ряд научных дискуссий относительно пользы ресурсного богатства для ресурсозависимых экономик. Теория о негативном влиянии природного богатства на экономический рост получила название «ресурсное проклятие», или «парадокс изобилия». Этой теме посвящено достаточно большое количество научной литературы, но до сих пор не существует однозначного мнения относительно того, представляет ли «ресурсное проклятие» объективную закономерность или существуют способы его преодолеть. Целью данной работы является систематизация научных подходов к исследованию экономических и политических последствий природного изобилия. На основе анализа работ российских и зарубежных авторов, посвящённых феномену «ресурсного проклятия», выделены три научных направления (макроэкономическое, географическое и институциональное), объясняющих проблемы государств, ориентированных на сырьевую экономику., Active development of the oil and gas industries in the 20th century gave rise to a number of scientific discussions on the utility of resource wealth for resource-dependent economies. The paradigm of the negative impact of natural wealth on economic growth was called the “resource curse” or the “paradox of abundance”. A rather large amount of scientific literature is devoted to this topic, but there is still no unambiguous opinion as to whether the “resource curse” is an objective law or there are ways to overcome it. The aim of this work is to systematize the scientific approaches to the study of the economic and political consequences of natural resources. On the basis of the analysis of the works of Russian and foreign authors devoted to the phenomenon of the resource curse, three scientific directions (macroeconomic, geographic and institutional) are singled out, explaining the problems of states oriented on the export of natural resources.

This chapter vestigates the effects of natural resource dependence and financial development on the sectoral value added in a resource based economy, Yemen. We allow the effect of these two factors to be different for the growth of agricultural, manufacturing and service sectors respectively. We remark on one hand that natural resource curse hypothesis is strongly supported. The agricultural and manufacturing sectors are affected by this phenomenon which implies the existence of Dutch disease symptoms in Yemen. On the other hand, financial sector development does not play an important role in fostering real sectors activities. The service sector is the only sector that benefit from the financial sector development in Yemen. This finding opens up a new insight for Yemeni economy to sustain sectoral growth by controlling the level of natural resource dependence and proactiveness sectoral strategy for financial sector development.

Purpose: This paper attempts to empirically develop a validated structural equation model (SEM) to measure the level of market orientation in a resource-based economy among the financial services providers. Design/methodology/approach: A structural equation model has been developed and validated with four constructs, namely: corporate culture, strategy formulated and implemented, structure and systems employed, and market-orientated activities. Each of these identified constructs is measured by three items apart from the ‘strategy formulated and imple

The current assessments and characteristics of the Russian economy as a resource-based economy are analyzed. The impact of resource-based economic institutions on inequality is explored. Of particular relevance for a federal state is the analysis of mechanisms applied for levelling horizontal inequality in the regions with a declining production of raw materials (Tomsk oblast), with a growing mining industry (Komi Republic), and with a specific ethnic composition (the Republic of Tatarstan). The possibilities and the experience of these regions in alleviating inequality through innovation-based development is analyzed. A range of possibilities that local authorities at the level of federal subjects can realize in order to localize the effects of commodity-based economic development and attract stock market investment based on the the principle of manual control over economic processes is demonstrated. Key factors of influence and the negotiating power of regional authorities in different federal subject are identified.

This paper analyzes a social planner's solution in a resource-based economy under a constant-utility criterion. The utility function includes social progress in a multiplicative form. The resulting paths of consumption include the patterns of growth that are conventionally used in the literature. A closed form solution, derived for the Dasgupta-Heal-Solow (DHS) model, includes the Solow–Hartwick result as a special case. This paper extends the link between the utilitarian criterion and the maximin for the cases with finite elasticity of marginal utility. The result also implies that economic growth in a resource-based economy may be slower than exponential; therefore, the expression for utility with social progress may become a more appropriate measure of sustainable growth than the percentage of consumption growth.