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ABSTRACT Background Methods Results Conclusion Adenovirus (ADV) infection can lead to significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients, particularly in those with hematopoietic stem cells or solid organ transplants. The incidence of ADV infection in kidney transplant (KT) is not well‐defined as ADV is often asymptomatic and not routinely checked.This retrospective case‐series study included KT and simultaneous pancreas‐KT (SPKT) recipients from January 1, 2008, to January 31, 2024, across three Mayo Clinic sites (Arizona, Florida, and Minnesota) with symptomatic adenovirus polymerase chain reaction cases. The primary outcomes were allograft function at various intervals post‐ADV infection, allograft, and patient survival.We report one of the largest multi‐site case series regarding outcomes of ADV in KT with 17 patients. The median time to ADV infection was 30 weeks (5–74). Five patients (29%) developed disseminated infection. Nine patients (53%) of the entire cohort experienced graft loss within a median of 35 (4–168) weeks, with four (44%) of graft loss attributed to ADV. Nine patients (53%) developed rejections post‐ADV infection with a median of 4 (2–8) weeks after resolution. One patient died from acute hypoxic respiratory failure from ADV infection.ADV should be considered in KT/SPKT patients with renal dysfunction, hematuria, and with or without fever. Despite the low mortality rate, there is a significant risk of graft loss and rejection after ADV infection. It is crucial to screen for ADV and develop intervention strategies for treatment. Further multicenter studies are needed to better define, stage, and manage ADV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated a three‐choice matching‐to‐sample procedure with an observing‐response requirement to induce select and reject control during baseline training and examined their effects on the formation of equivalence classes. The study involved four girls, aged 8 to 10 years, who participated in a computer‐based task that alternated between conditions designed to induce select and reject control by requiring observing responses to display the stimuli. In the select‐control condition, the correct stimulus was revealed first on at least 75% of the trials, increasing the likelihood of selecting the correct stimulus without seeing the incorrect ones. In contrast, in the reject‐control condition, the correct stimulus was revealed third on at least 75% of the trials, forcing the display of both incorrect stimuli. This procedure successfully generated both select and reject control, which increased progressively with the accuracy during baseline training trials. Select control was more prominent than reject control, but both led to the formation of equivalence classes. This finding suggests that reject control does not hinder control by the correct stimulus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and rejection are the main factors affecting the long-term survival of transplant kidneys. IRI or rejection reactions can cause endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) leading to renal injury. X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), as the main ERS-related protein regulating cell homeostasis, generates spliced XBP1 after splicing introns by inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), thereby affecting the expression of target genes and reshaping the cell environment. Appropriate ERS can promote cell survival. However, when the threshold is exceeded, excessive expression of XBP1 can lead to cell instability or death, thereby causing an imbalance in the renal internal environment, which is related to the pathogenesis and progression of kidney transplant-related injury. Therefore, the effective activation of XBP1 has a protective effect on stress injury and helps maintain the vitality and integrity of the renal system. This article reviews the ERS pathway IRE1α-XBP1, the role of XBP1 in renal parenchymal cells and immune cells, the role of XBP1 in renal ischemic injury and rejection, and the clinical detection and potential therapies targeting XBP1. It explores the potential value of targeting XBP1 in kidney transplant-related injury, aiming to provide new targets and directions for improving the prognosis of kidney transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, significant progress has been made in kidney transplantation research, but long-term prognosis still faces many challenges, such as rejection and infection. Artificial intelligence, which simulates and executes algorithms and systems similar to human intelligence, it shows great potential in handling complex disease treatments and prognosis predictions. With the continuous advancements in artificial intelligence technologies like machine learning and deep learning, researchers have started to apply these technologies to predict and optimize long-term outcomes of kidney transplantation, achieving certain results. Therefore, this article reviews the application of artificial intelligence technologies in predicting kidney transplant outcomes, monitoring drug concentrations, and managing long-term complications. It explores the progress of artificial intelligence applications in long-term kidney transplant recipients, discusses potential limitations and solutions, and aims to provide new ideas for promoting the practical application and dissemination of artificial intelligence in the field of kidney transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to solid organ transplantation in patients with intellectual disability is associated with health inequities due to concerns about treatment adherence, survival rates, and post-transplant quality of life. This systematic literature review aims to compare outcomes after organ transplantation in patients with intellectual disability compared to patients without intellectual disability. Embase, Medline Ovid, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Trials, and Google Scholar databases were systematically searched for studies concerning pediatric or adult solid organ transplantation in recipients with a diagnosis of intellectual disability prior to transplantation. Primary outcomes were patient and graft survival rates. Secondary outcomes were acute rejection rate, adherence rates, and quality of life. Nine studies were included, describing kidney (n = 6), heart (n = 4) and liver (n = 1) transplantation. Reported graft survival rates were non-inferior or better compared to patients without intellectual disability, while patient survival was reportedly slightly lower in two studies reporting on kidney transplantation. Although current evidence has a potential selection bias based on including patients with a sufficient support network, intellectual disability alone should not be regarded a relative or absolute contra-indication for solid organ transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring the status of grafts and the occurrence of postoperative complications, such as rejection, is crucial for ensuring the success and long-term survival of organ transplants. Traditional histopathological examination, though effective, is an invasive procedure and poses risks of complications, making frequent use impractical. In recent years, graft-derived cell-free DNA (gd-cfDNA) has emerged as a promising non-invasive biomarker. It not only provides early warnings of rejection and other types of graft injury but also offers important information about the effectiveness of immunosuppressive therapy and prognosis. gd-cfDNA shows potential in the monitoring of organ transplants. The early, real-time information on graft injury provided by gd-cfDNA facilitates timely individualized treatment and improves patient outcomes. However, the progress of research on gd-cfDNA varies across different organs. Therefore, this article will comprehensively review the application and findings of gd-cfDNA in monitoring various solid organs, discussing the advantages, limitations, and some future research directions to aid in its clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to some dialetheists, we ought to reject the distinction between object and meta‐languages. Given that dialetheists advocate truth‐value gluts within their object‐language, whether in order to solve the liar paradox or for some other reason, this rejection of the object‐/meta‐language distinction comes with the commitment to use a glutty metatheory. While it has been pointed out that a glutty metatheory brings with it expressive deficiencies, we highlight here another complication arising from the use of a glutty metatheory, this time evidential in nature. According to this countermodel problem, while the thoroughgoing dialetheist who embraces a glutty metatheory can justify their acceptance of a rule of inference's invalidity using countermodels, to justify their renunciation of an unwanted rule they actually require the means to warrant their rejection of the rule's validity—which cannot be supplied by countermodels based on a standard dialetheic semantics. We end by sketching out a possible solution for the thoroughgoing dialetheist using a bilaterialist semantics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Transplantation is vital for acute and terminal irreversible liver conditions. While imaging and functional measurements are valuable for evaluating post-transplant hepatocellular or biliary issues, liver allograft biopsies are used to determine the underlying causes of these changes. Long-term Immunosuppression (IMS), complex clinical circumstances, and de novo complications present challenges in transplant pathology, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach. Aim: To conduct a histopathological assessment of allograft liver biopsies for differential diagnosis, timing (postoperative day), and prevalence of post-transplantation complications, including identifying the causes of graft damage. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2019 and June 2022 at Vayalil Parambath Shamsheer (VPS) Lakeshore Hospital, Kochi, Kerala, India. A total of 45 post-transplant needle biopsy samples were analysed, examining histological characteristics and clinical data extracted from hospital records. Over 3.5 years, 45 post-liver transplant biopsies were performed. All clinical records and biopsy findings were examined using staining, and immunohistochemical analysis was performed. The Banff Working Group's criteria were used to grade rejection based on a semiquantitative index, the Rejection Activity Index (RAI), into indeterminate (Score 1, 2); mild (Score 3, 4); moderate (Score 5, 6); and severe (>6). The classic histologic findings are characterised by predominant portal-based lesions, including a classical triad of mixed inflammatory cell infiltrates, venous endothelial inflammation, and inflammatory infiltration of bile ducts. Results: Among 38 patients, a total of 45 needle biopsies were performed. The first specimen was collected within a few hours of transplantation, and the final specimen was collected after 770 days. Notably, T-Cell-Mediated Rejection (TCMR) was diagnosed in 9 out of 45 (20.00%) specimens. Other complications included Intrahepatic Cholestasis (IHC) in 11 out of 45 (24.44%) cases, biliary obstruction in 5 out of 45 (11.11%) patients, Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) hepatitis in 3 out of 45 (6.67%) specimens, Plasma Cell-Rich Rejection (PCRR) in 2 out of 45 (4.44%), and Isolated Central Perivenulitis (ICP), Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF), and veno-occlusive-like disease in 2 out of 45 (4.44% each) specimens. One patient had ethanolinduced liver injury (1 out of 45, 2.22%). Conclusion: Post-transplant liver biopsies are essential for accurate and timely diagnosis of rejection and other complications, guiding therapeutic interventions. This study offers insights into the types, prevalence, and timing of critical complications following liver transplantation (LTx). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Donor‐derived cell‐free DNA (dd‐cfDNA) has emerged as a reliable, noninvasive method for the surveillance of allograft rejection in heart transplantation (HT) patients, but its utility in multi‐organ transplants (MOT) is unknown. We describe our experience using dd‐cfDNA in simultaneous MOT recipients. Methods: A single‐center retrospective review of all HT recipients between 2018 and 2022 that had at least one measurement of dd‐cfDNA collected. Patients who had simultaneous MOT were identified and included in this study. Levels of dd‐cfDNA were paired with endomyocardial biopsies (EMB) performed within 1 month of blood testing if available. Acute cellular rejection (ACR) was defined as ISHLT (International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation) grade ≥ 2R. and antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR) was defined as pAMR grade > 0. The within‐patient variability score of the dd‐cfDNA was calculated by the variance/average. Results: The study included 25 multiorgan transplant recipients: 13 heart–kidney (H‐K), 8 heart–liver (H‐Li), and 4 heart–lung (H‐Lu). The median age was 55 years, 44% were female; the median time from HT until the first dd‐cfDNA measurement was 4.5 months (IQR 2, 10.5). The median dd‐cfDNA level was 0.18% (IQR 0.15%, 0.27%) for H‐K, 1.15% (IQR 0.77%, 2.33%) for H‐Li, and 0.69% (IQR 0.62%, 1.07%) for H‐Lu patients (p < 0.001). Prevalence of positive dd‐cfDNA tests (threshold of 0.20%) were 42.2%, 97.3%, and 92.3% in the H‐K, H‐Li, and H‐Lu groups, respectively. The within‐patient variability score was highest in the H‐Li group (median of 0.45 [IQR 0.29, 0.94]) and lowest in the H‐K group (median of 0.09 [IQR 0.06, 0.12]); p = 0.002. No evidence of cardiac ACR or AMR was found. Three patients experienced renal allograft ACR and/or AMR, two patients experienced rejection of the liver allograft, and one patient experienced an episode of AMR‐mediated lung rejection. One person in the H‐K group experienced an episode of cardiac allograft dysfunction that was not associated with biopsy‐confirmed rejection. Conclusion: Dd‐cfDNA is chronically elevated in most MOT recipients. There is a high degree of within‐patient variability in levels (particularly for H‐Li and H‐Lu recipients), which may limit the utility of this assay in monitoring MOT recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) is used as a biomarker after transplantation to detect graft injury, relying on the donor fraction (DF). We have established a PCR‐based approach allowing us to separately quantify absolute values of dd‐cfDNA and recipient‐derived cfDNA (rd‐cfDNA). We aimed to present typical clinical scenarios after heart transplantation (HTx) to illustrate the advantages of absolute cfDNA values over DF. Methods: We used the cfDNA results of our cohort (509 samples of 52 patients followed during the first year after HTx) as background and determined the trajectories of cfDNA in specific clinical situations. We profiled an uncomplicated clinical course, viral and bacterial infections, acute and chronic rejection, and false‐negative and false‐positive rejections in six patients (five adults, one child). Results: There was a substantial discrepancy between relative (DF) and absolute cfDNA‐levels in several clinical situations. Rd‐ and dd‐cfDNA were independently elevated during episodes of rejection and infection and were better suited to depict treatment response than DF alone. Conclusions: Absolute quantification of cfDNA may offer clinically relevant information additive to DF in various situations after HTx and could be helpful for more accurate monitoring of diagnosis and treatment of rejection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

College counseling centers are seeing increasing rates of suicidal thoughts and behaviors, and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) among students. The high degree of need and limited resources underscores the need for novel approaches to identify at-risk students. We used latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify subgroups of students (n = 371) with different patterns of interpersonal factors and examine whether these subgroups differed by risk for self-injurious thoughts and behaviors. The best-fitting LPA had three profiles, which differed in urges to die by suicide and engage in NSSI. The profile with low average social support and higher instability (greater day-to-day fluctuations of self-reported social support and rejection) was associated with greatest risk, suggesting that this combination leaves individuals more vulnerable to suicide and NSSI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social ostracism refers to the phenomenon of being excluded from social interactions and not being accepted by society. While previous research has examined its impact on prosocial and antisocial behaviour, few studies have investigated how individuals respond to ostracism by seeking solitude. Therefore, our study aims to explore the association between social ostracism and solitude seeking as well as the potential psychological mechanisms involved. We conducted three studies involving 488 Chinese students (59% female) and found that (a) long‐term ostracism experiences positively correlated with preference for solitude, (b) short‐term ostracism did not immediately lead to solitude seeking but increased the desire to establish new connections with others and (c) hostile assessment and negative emotions played a chain mediation role in the relationship between social ostracism and solitude seeking. These findings provide new insights and empirical evidence for understanding the relationship between social ostracism and solitude‐seeking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the increasing frequency of simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplants performed in recipients with Type II diabetes and CKD, we sought to evaluate possible differences in the rates of allograft rejection, infection, and surgical complications in 298 Type I (T1D) versus 47 Type II (T2D) diabetic recipients of simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplants between 2006-2017. There were no significant differences in patient or graft survival. The risk of biopsy-proven rejection of both grafts was not significantly different between T2D and T1D recipients (HRpancreas = 1.04, p = 0.93; HRkidney = 0.96; p = 0.93). Rejection-free survival in both grafts were also not different between the two diabetes types (ppancreas = 0.57; pkidney = 0.41). T2D had a significantly lower incidence of de novo DSA at 1 year (21% vs. 39%, p = 0.02). There was no difference in T2D vs. T1D recipients regarding readmissions (HR = 0.77, p = 0.25), infections (HR = 0.77, p = 0.18), major surgical complications (HR = 0.89, p = 0.79) and thrombosis (HR = 0.92, p = 0.90). In conclusion, rejection, infections, and surgical complications after simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant are not statistically significantly different in T2D compared to T1D recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis paper explores the intricate relationship between people who use Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) and their AAC devices. Drawing upon insights from phenomenology, I conducted a modified systematic review to explore the enduring phenomenon of low AAC device adoption and as a means to unravel the moments of embodiment and disembodiment experienced by people who use AAC with their devices. The discussion begins with an introduction to phenomenology as a philosophical inquiry and the guiding principles I employed to explore the phenomenon, namely, parte extra parte and object embodiment. Subsequently, I analyze the hegemony of a device-centric approach within the AAC landscape and delve into the first-person experiences of people who use AAC in living with their devices. Lastly, I discuss the embodiment and disembodiment of people who use AAC with their devices, conceptualize the interrelationship between them, and provide future directions for a more holistic and participatory AAC development and investigation that centers on the lived experiences of people who use AAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study scheduling problems with release times and rejection costs with the objective function of minimizing the maximum lateness. Our main result is a PTAS for the single machine problem with an upper bound on the rejection costs. This result is extended to parallel, identical machines. The corresponding problem of minimizing the rejection costs with an upper bound on the lateness is also examined. We show how to compute a PTAS for determining an approximation of the Pareto frontier on both objective functions on parallel, identical machines. Moreover, we present an FPTAS with strongly polynomial time for the maximum lateness problem without release times on identical machines when the number of machines is constant. Finally, we extend this FPTAS to the case of unrelated machines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Advances in surgical procedures and immunosuppressive therapies have considerably improved the outcomes of patients who have undergone liver transplantation in the past few decades. In 2020, the Italian Liver Transplant Working Group published practice-oriented algorithms for immunosuppressive therapy (IT) in adult liver transplant (LT) recipients. Due to the rapidly evolving LT field, regular updates to the recommendations are required. This review presents a consensus- and evidence-based update of the 2020 recommendations. Methods: The Italian Liver Transplant Working Group set out to address new IT issues, which were discussed based on supporting literature and the specialists' personal experiences. The panel deliberated on and graded each statement before consensus was reached. Results: A series of consensus statements were formulated and finalized on: (i) oncologic indications for LT; (ii) management of chronic LT rejection; (iii) combined liver–kidney transplantation; (iv) immunosuppression for transplantation with an organ donated after circulatory death; (v) transplantation in the presence of frailty and sarcopenia; and (vi) ABO blood group incompatibility between donor and recipient. Algorithms were updated in the following LT groups: standard patients, critical patients, oncology patients, patients with specific etiology, and patients at high immunologic risk. A steroid-free approach was generally recommended, except for patients with autoimmune liver disease and those at high immunologic risk. Conclusion: The updated consensus- and evidence-based 2024 recommendations for immunosuppression regimens in adult patients with ABO-compatible LT address a range of clinical variables that should be considered to optimize the choice of the immunosuppression treatment in clinical practice in Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kidney transplantation significantly improves the survival of patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) compared to other forms of kidney replacement therapy. However, kidney transplant recipients' outcomes are not fully satisfactory due to increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, infections, and malignancies. Immune-related complications remain the biggest challenge in the management of kidney graft recipients. Despite the broad spectrum of immunosuppressive agents available and more detailed methods used to monitor their effectiveness, chronic allograft nephropathy remains the most common cause of kidney graft rejection. The kynurenine (KYN) pathway is the main route of tryptophan (Trp) degradation, resulting in the production of a plethora of substances with ambiguous properties. Conversion of Trp to KYN by the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is the rate-limiting step determining the formation of the next agents from the KYN pathway. IDO activity, as well as the production of subsequent metabolites of the pathway, is highly dependent on the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory conditions. Moreover, KYN pathway products themselves possess immunomodulating properties, e.g., modify the activity of IDO and control other immune-related processes. KYN metabolites were widely studied in neurological disorders but recently gained the attention of researchers in the context of immune-mediated diseases. Evidence that this route of Trp degradation may represent a peripheral tolerogenic pathway with significant implications for transplantation further fueled this interest. Our review aimed to present recent knowledge about the role of the KYN pathway in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of kidney transplant recipients' complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung transplantation offers a lifesaving option for patients with end-stage lung disease, but it is marred by a high risk of post-transplant infections, particularly involving multidrug-resistant bacteria, Cytomegalovirus, and fungal pathogens. This elevated infection rate, the highest among solid organ transplants, poses a significant challenge for clinicians, particularly within the first year posttransplantation, where infections are the leading cause of mortality. The direct exposure of lung allografts to the external environment exacerbates this vulnerability leading to constant immune stimulation and consequently to an elevated risk of triggering alloimmune responses to the lung allograft. The necessity of prolonged immunosuppression to prevent allograft rejection further complicates patient management by increasing susceptibility to infections and neoplasms, and complicating the differentiation between rejection and infection, which require diametrically opposed management strategies. This review explores the intricate balance between preventing allograft rejection and managing the heightened infection risk in lung transplant recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diagnosis of liver antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is challenging and likely underrecognized. The association of AMR with donor-specific antibodies (DSA), and its clinical course in relation to pathologic findings and treatment are ill defined. We identified cases of liver AMR by following the criteria outlined by the 2016 Banff Working Group. Patient demographics, native liver disease, histopathologic findings, treatment type, clinical outcome, and transaminase levels during AMR diagnosis, treatment, and resolution were determined. Patients (n = 8) with AMR average age was 55.2 years (range: 19-68). Seven of eight cases met the Banff criteria for AMR. Personalized treatment regimens consisted of optimization of immunosuppression, intravenous pulse steroids, plasmapheresis, IVIG, rituximab, and bortezomib. Five patients experienced complete resolution of AMR, return of transaminases to baseline, and decreased DSA at long-term follow-up. One patient developed chronic AMR and two patients required retransplantation. Follow-up after AMR diagnosis ranged from one to 11 years. Because AMR can present at any time, crossmatch, early biopsy, and routine monitoring of DSA levels should be implemented following transaminase elevation to recognize AMR. Furthermore, treatment should be immediately implemented to reverse AMR and prevent graft failure, chronic damage, re-transplantation, and possibly mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bidding for research funding has increasingly become a main feature of academic work from the doctoral level and beyond. Individually and collectively, the process of grant writing – from idea conceptualisation to administration – involves considerable work, including emotional work in imagining possible futures in which the project is enacted. Competition and failure in grant capture are high, yet there is little discussion about how academics experience grant rejections. In this article we draw on our experiences with grant rejections, as authors with diverse social science backgrounds working with death and bereavement, to discuss how grant rejection can be conceptualised as a form of loss and lead to feelings of grief. We end by considering what forms of recognition and support this may enable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to review the literature regarding the relationship between pre- and post-transplant hypo-Albuminemia with various renal transplant-related infections. Materials and Methods: In a systematic review, we included the following keywords in the search: (Albumin*) AND (infection*) AND ("renal transplant" OR "renal transplantation" OR "renal transplants") OR ("kidney trans- plant" OR "kidney transplantation" OR "kidney transplants") OR "kidney grafting") with investigating databases including ProQuest, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to May 2023. All adult patients who had renal trans- plantation were included. Albumin levels of infected (bacterial, fungal, or viral) patients and the type of infection should be reported in the included studies. The search strategy used in this review was reported by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses literature search extension (PRISMA-S). To conduct Meta-analyses, Stata version 17 was used. Also, DerSimonian-Laird random-effects models were used for this study. In our study, heterogeneity was quantified with I2 and τ2 statistics. Inconsistency across studies is quantified by I2 statistics, and the impact of heterogeneity on the meta-analysis is assessed by this quantification. Results: Overall, 18 studies were found to be reporting measures of association including risk ratio, odds ratio, and, hazard ratio. Among them, 10 and 8 studies reported bacterial and viral types of infection. The combined risk ratios were not statistically significant, in either type of infection. The mean (SD) of ages for bacterial and viral infections were found to be 45.3 (6.4) and 50.5 (7.6) years old, respectively. Conclusion: Hypoalbuminemia is not related to post-transplantation infections, and it seems that with adherence to proper pretransplant screening of recipients, vaccination, and post-transplant surveillance and prophylaxis, the impact of infections may be reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High levels of negative urgency imply risk for impulsive and potentially self-destructive behavior. The social consequences of these impulsive states remain poorly understood. In the present study, we examined how state-like fluctuation in negative urgency provokes day-to-day interpersonal stressors using experience sampling methods. We recruited 119 adults with a history of recurrent self-injury to complete surveys of negative urgency and interpersonal stress (i.e., exposure to criticism and rejection) 4 times per day over 14 days. Results from hierarchical linear models showed that when people experienced more negative urgency, relative to their personal norms, they were more likely than usual to encounter interpersonal stress over the next few hours. There was some evidence to suggest that this within-person connection was more pronounced for people who tended to have higher negative urgency levels in general across the experience sampling period. We interpret these findings in the context of stress generation theory, and we conclude that within-person variation in negative urgency may represent a clinically useful model of near-term risk for interpersonal dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research from the United States suggests that having voted for a losing-side candidate in presidential elections is associated with individual feelings of exclusion and social pain, reactions usually observed in interpersonal or small-group instances of exclusion. The current research replicates these findings for voters of losing-side parties in a field study on a real election in a European country (Austria; Study 1), demonstrating that findings hold within a different political system. Moreover, we add experimental support for the causal effect of electoral loss on feelings of exclusion and social pain reactions in a two-party (Study 2) and a multiparty context (Study 3). We further extend previous research by demonstrating that postelectoral need-threat likely translates into behavioral intentions on a societal level (Studies 1–3). The current findings add to an emerging line of research on the importance of individual feelings of exclusion in politics by integrating small-group research with macropolitical behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the identity processes among second‐generation Afghans living in Iran and evaluates the relevance of the social identity model of social change (SIMIC) to understand their unique experiences. We conducted 23 in‐depth interviews and analysed the data using grounded theory method. The findings show that Afghan youths' efforts towards integration often fail due to unfavourable responses from the host society, compounded by the perceived discriminatory environment. In addition, in line with SIMIC, the results show that participants lacks socio‐psychological resources linked to previous group membership and this leads to poorer mental health. Finally, we explore the engagement in de‐labelling, the formation of purposeful social bonds, and the development of a cosmopolitan identity among our participants as the main identity‐oriented mechanisms to navigate the challenges of being rejected by both one's and the host community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the research progress and development trend of xenotransplantation in China. Methods Literatures related to xenotransplantation in Chinese and English were searched from CNKI and Web of Science Core Collection databases from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2023. Visualization analysis of the research progress, hot topics and research frontiers in this field was performed by CiteSpace software and R language from the aspects of number of publications, keywords, distribution of journal origin, core author cooperation network, main research institutions, and citation of key literatures, etc. Results Chinese scholars published 684 articles in Chinese and 624 articles in English, ranking 2nd worldwide. The top 3 Chinese journals regarding the number of publications were Organ Transplantation, Practical Journal of Organ Transplantation (Electronic Version) and Acta Laboratorium Animalis Scientia Sinica. The top 3 English journals were Xenotransplantation, Frontiers in Immunology and Scientific Reports. The top 5 authors regarding the number of publications in Chinese were Pan Dengke, Cai Zhiming, Mou Lisha, Li Xiao and Dou Kefeng. The top 5 authors regarding the number of publications in English were Mou Lisha, Cai Zhiming, Dai Yifan, Wang Yi and Pan Dengke. High-frequency Chinese keywords included xenotransplantation, immune rejection, transplantation, xenogenic, animal model, xenogeneic bone, liver transplantation, gene editing, kidney transplantation, burn and bone transplantation. High-frequency English keywords were expression, xenotransplantation, cells, transplantation and survival. Conclusions In recent years, certain research achievement and global influence have been obtained in the field of xenotransplantation in China, involving a variety of disciplines and a wide range of research contents. However, cooperation among different institutions is still lacking. In the future, cross-regional and interdisciplinary communication and cooperation should be prompted. Resource sharing and integration should be strengthened to maintain rapid and steady advancement in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To summarize the occurrence of complications in renal graft biopsy, and to analyze the indications for puncture and types of pathological diagnosis. Methods The data of 703 samples of ultrasound-guided renal graft biopsy from 644 kidney transplant recipients from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2022 was retrospectively analyzed. The puncture qualification rate, complications, indicative biopsy indications and pathological diagnosis types were analyzed. The application of surveillance biopsy and pathological diagnosis were also analyzed. Results The qualification rate of renal tissue puncture biopsy was 99.9%, and the complications of puncture bleeding included one sample of perinephric hematoma and one sample of hematuria. Increased serum creatinine (76.8%) and proteinuria (13.8%) were the main indications for puncture, and 48 samples (6.8%) were surveillance biopsy for the assessment of therapeutic effects. A total of 399 samples of pathological diagnosis of rejection, including 293 samples of cellular rejection reaction, 60 samples of antibody rejection reaction, and 46 samples of mixed rejection reaction. One hundred and ninety-five samples of recurrence or new-onset kidney disease, mainly including 144 samples of IgA nephropathy and 42 samples of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Fifty-seven samples of infection related kidney disease, including 56 samples of BK virus-associated nephropathy (BKVAN). Thirty-one samples of calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) nephrotoxicity injury, including 15 samples of acute CNI nephrotoxicity injury and 16 samples of chronic CNI nephrotoxicity injury. Forty-five samples for other diagnoses. Conclusions The success rate and safety of renal graft biopsy are high, and at present, cellular rejection reaction is still the main pathological diagnosis of indicative biopsy for renal graft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective preoperative matching of organ transplantation is essential for the success of organ transplantation. The current methods of preoperative matching for xenotransplantation are derived from human allogeneic organ transplantation. However, these methods are simple and cannot accurately predict whether rejection will occur after transplantation. A noteworthy feature of xenotransplantation lies in the stability of the donor source and the clarity of its genotype, which facilitate convenient sampling and ensure robust repeatability. The multi-link and multi-dimensional preoperative matching is conducive to accurately screening suitable donors and reducing the occurrence of postoperative rejection after xenotransplantation, including making full use of the advantages of donor control in xenotransplantation, expanding tissue level matching methods on the basis of improving traditional cytological matching, paying attention to the role of endothelial cells in matching, and developing organic-level matching methods. Therefore, this article reviews the methods of allogeneic organ transplantation matching, current methods, existing problems and possible breakthroughs of xenotransplantation matching, in order to provide reference for further research on xenotransplantation matching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xenotransplantation is a potential solution to the shortage of human organs. In the previous 100 years, xenotransplantation has witnessed preliminary attempts and persistent progress. At present, it has entered a new stage of rapid development and achieved a series of results. Nevertheless, the management of xenotransplantation rejection is more challenging compared with that of allogeneic organ transplantation rejection. Therefore, researchers have developed a series of immunosuppressive strategies, such as use of genetically modified pig donors, use of traditional and novel immunosuppressants, and co-transplantation of donor pig thymus with donor organs, aiming to adjust the immune system response of recipients, mitigate the intensity of rejection and prolong the survival time of grafts. In this article, research progress in the mechanism, prevention and treatment strategies of xenotransplantation rejection was reviewed, aiming to provide reference for accelerating subsequent development of xenotransplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current monitoring after heart transplantation (HT) employs repeated invasive endomyocardial biopsies (EMB). Although positive EMB confirms rejection, EMB fails to predict impending, subclinical, or EMB-negative rejection events. While non-human leukocyte antigen (non-HLA) antibodies have emerged as important risk factors for antibody-mediated rejection after HT, their use in clinical risk stratification has been limited. A systematic review of the role of non-HLA antibodies in rejection pathologies has the potential to guide efforts to overcome deficiencies of EMB in rejection monitoring. Databases were searched to include studies on non-HLA antibodies in HT recipients. Data collected included the number of patients, type of rejection, non-HLA antigen studied, association of non-HLA antibodies with rejection, and evidence for synergistic interaction between non-HLA antibodies and donor-specific anti-human leukocyte antigen antibody (HLA-DSA) responses. A total of 56 studies met the inclusion criteria. Strength of evidence for each non-HLA antibody was evaluated based on the number of articles and patients in support versus against their role in mediating rejection. Importantly, despite previous intense focus on the role of anti-major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related gene A (MICA) and anti-angiotensin II type I receptor antibodies (AT1R) in HT rejection, evidence for their involvement was equivocal. Conversely, the strength of evidence for other non-HLA antibodies supports that differing rejection pathologies are driven by differing non-HLA antibodies. This systematic review underscores the importance of identifying peri-HT non-HLA antibodies. Current evidence supports the role of non-HLA antibodies in all forms of HT rejection. Further investigations are required to define the mechanisms of action of non-HLA antibodies in HT rejection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For patients with intestinal failure, small bowel transplantation remains one of the most effective treatments despite continuous advancements in parenteral nutrition techniques. Long-term use of parenteral nutrition can result in serious complications that lead to metabolic dysfunction and organ failure. However, the small intestine is a highly immunogenic organ with a large amount of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and histocompatibility antigens; therefore, the small intestine is highly susceptible to severe immune rejection. This article discusses the mechanisms underlying immune rejection after small bowel transplantation and presents various options for prevention and treatment. Our findings offer new insights into the development of small bowel transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the prize-collecting single machine scheduling with bounds and penalties (PC-SMS-BP). In this problem, a set of n jobs and a single machine are considered, where each job J j has a processing time p j , a profit π j and a rejection penalty w j . The upper bound on the processing number is U. The objective of this study is to find a feasible schedule that minimizes the makespan of the accepted jobs and the total rejection penalty of the rejected jobs under the condition that the number of the accepted jobs does not exceed a given threshold U while the total profit of the accepted jobs does not fall below a specified profit bound Π . We first demonstrate that this problem is NP-hard. Then, a pseudo-polynomial time dynamic programming algorithm and a fully polynomial time approximation scheme (FPTAS) are proposed. Finally, numerical experiments are conducted to compare the effectiveness of the two proposed algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate a two-machine job shop scheduling problem with optional job rejection. The target is to look for a feasible schedule for the set of accepted jobs so that the sum of the makespan of the accepted jobs and the total penalty of the rejected jobs is minimized. We propose an exact pseudo-polynomial dynamic programming algorithm, a greedy 5 + 1 2 -approximation algorithm, an LP-based e e - 1 -approximation algorithm, and a fully polynomial time approximation scheme to solve it. We demonstrate that the proportionate case is N P -hard and provide an O (n 2) -time algorithm for the agreeable case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Posttransplantation complications pose a major challenge to the long‐term survival and quality of life of organ transplant recipients. These complications encompass immune‐mediated complications, infectious complications, metabolic complications, and malignancies, with each type influenced by various risk factors and pathological mechanisms. The molecular mechanisms underlying posttransplantation complications involve a complex interplay of immunological, metabolic, and oncogenic processes, including innate and adaptive immune activation, immunosuppressant side effects, and viral reactivation. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the clinical features, risk factors, and molecular mechanisms of major posttransplantation complications. We systematically summarize the current understanding of the immunological basis of allograft rejection and graft‐versus‐host disease, the metabolic dysregulation associated with immunosuppressive agents, and the role of oncogenic viruses in posttransplantation malignancies. Furthermore, we discuss potential prevention and intervention strategies based on these mechanistic insights, highlighting the importance of optimizing immunosuppressive regimens, enhancing infection prophylaxis, and implementing targeted therapies. We also emphasize the need for future research to develop individualized complication control strategies under the guidance of precision medicine, ultimately improving the prognosis and quality of life of transplant recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Rejection seriously affects the success of kidney transplantations. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this rejection remain unclear. The GSE21374 and GSE36059 datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Next, the Cell-type Identification by Estimating Relative Subsets of RNA Transcripts (CIBERSORT) algorithm was used to infer the proportions of 22 immune cells. Moreover, infiltrating immune cell-related genes were identified using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and enrichment analysis was conducted to observe their biological functions. Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) logistic regression algorithms were used to screen hub genes. Quantitative real-time PCR was conducted to verify the number of immune cells and hub gene expression levels. The rejection and non-rejection groups showed significantly different distributions (P

Introduction: Transplantation is vital for acute and terminal irreversible liver conditions. While imaging and functional measurements are valuable for evaluating post-transplant hepatocellular or biliary issues, liver allograft biopsies are used to determine the underlying causes of these changes. Long-term Immunosuppression (IMS), complex clinical circumstances, and de novo complications present challenges in transplant pathology, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach. Aim: To conduct a histopathological assessment of allograft liver biopsies for differential diagnosis, timing (postoperative day), and prevalence of post-transplantation complications, including identifying the causes of graft damage. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2019 and June 2022 at Vayalil Parambath Shamsheer (VPS) Lakeshore Hospital, Kochi, Kerala, India. A total of 45 post-transplant needle biopsy samples were analysed, examining histological characteristics and clinical data extracted from hospital records. Over 3.5 years, 45 post-liver transplant biopsies were performed. All clinical records and biopsy findings were examined using staining, and immunohistochemical analysis was performed. The Banff Working Group’s criteria were used to grade rejection based on a semiquantitative index, the Rejection Activity Index (RAI), into indeterminate (Score 1, 2); mild (Score 3, 4); moderate (Score 5, 6); and severe (>6). The classic histologic findings are characterised by predominant portal-based lesions, including a classical triad of mixed inflammatory cell infiltrates, venous endothelial inflammation, and inflammatory infiltration of bile ducts. Results: Among 38 patients, a total of 45 needle biopsies were performed. The first specimen was collected within a few hours of transplantation, and the final specimen was collected after 770 days. Notably, T-Cell-Mediated Rejection (TCMR) was diagnosed in 9 out of 45 (20.00%) specimens. Other complications included Intrahepatic Cholestasis (IHC) in 11 out of 45 (24.44%) cases, biliary obstruction in 5 out of 45 (11.11%) patients, Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) hepatitis in 3 out of 45 (6.67%) specimens, Plasma Cell-Rich Rejection (PCRR) in 2 out of 45 (4.44%), and Isolated Central Perivenulitis (ICP), Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF), and veno-occlusive-like disease in 2 out of 45 (4.44% each) specimens. One patient had ethanolinduced liver injury (1 out of 45, 2.22%). Conclusion: Post-transplant liver biopsies are essential for accurate and timely diagnosis of rejection and other complications, guiding therapeutic interventions. This study offers insights into the types, prevalence, and timing of critical complications following liver transplantation (LTx).

Abstract Background Ischemic-reperfusion injury resulting from kidney transplantation declines the post-transplant graft function. Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) is known to be able to reduce the criticality of ischemic reperfusion injury. This study aimed to meta-analyze whether the application of remote ischemic conditioning to kidney transplantation patients improves clinical outcomes. Methods Researchers included randomized controlled studies of the application of RIC to either kidney donors or recipients. Articles were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. The risk of bias was evaluated using RoB 2.0. The primary outcome was mortality after transplantation. Secondary outcomes were the incidence of delayed graft function, graft rejection, and post-transplant laboratory results. All outcomes were integrated by RevMan 5.4.1. Results Out of 90 papers, 10 articles (8 studies, 1977 patients) were suitable for inclusion criteria. Mortality collected at all time points did not show a significant difference between the groups. Three-month mortality (RR, 3.11; 95% CI, 0.13–75.51, P = 0.49) tended to increase in the RIC group, but 12-month (RR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.14–3.45, P = 0.67) or final-reported mortality (RR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.23–1.06, P = 0.07) was higher in the sham group than the RIC group. There was no significant difference between the RIC and sham group in delayed graft function (RR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.30–1.35, P = 0.24), graft rejection (RR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.73–1.73, P = 0.59), and the rate of time required for a 50% reduction in baseline serum creatinine concentration of less than 24 h (RR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.61–1.56, P = 0.93). Conclusions It could not be concluded that the application of RIC is beneficial to kidney transplantation patients. However, it is noteworthy that long-term mortality tended to decrease in the RIC group. Since there were many limitations due to the small number of included articles, researchers hope that large-scale randomized controlled trials will be included in the future. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42022336565.

Introduction: The relevance of plasma cells in the allograft liver is of utmost importance and objective assessment of these infiltrates and correlation with other ancillary findings needs to be evaluated. Materials and Methods: Three hundred and sixty-eight graft liver biopsies received in the department from 2012 to 2022 and 115 allograft liver biopsies with histopathological diagnosis of rejection were selected. Based on plasma cells percentage in the portal tracts, the biopsies were divided into three groups: Group 1 showing not more than an occasional plasma cell, Group 2 showing 10% plasma cells. Rejection activity index (RAI), portal/lobular inflammation, interface activity, subendothelial inflammation (portal and central vein), duct damage/loss, presence of cholestasis, apoptosis, perivenulitis, necrosis, rosette along with serial liver function tests (LFTs), and patient status at 1 year of follow-up were recorded and compared between the groups. Results: Plasma cell infiltrates were observed in 52.6% of the specimens, with the mean percentage of plasma cells in the infiltrates being 4.9. Increased plasma cell infiltrates were associated with higher RAI scores, marked duct damage, marked portal and central vein endotheliitis, marked portal inflammation, and presence of interface activity. Higher levels of transaminitis were recorded at the time of biopsy, but no significant association was observed in the fall of serial LFTs over a 2-week period with the presence of plasma cells. Conclusion: Identifying plasma cell infiltrates in liver allografts can serve as a clue toward increased severity of rejection in liver allograft biopsies. Further studies with emphasis on correlation with the clinical outcome and response to treatment are needed to validate its utility as an objective tool.

Antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) remains a significant cause of allograft failure in patients with kidney transplantation. Despite successful strategies to treat ABMR, irreversible injury in the form of transplant glomerulopathy commonly manifests months to years later. Treatment for ABMR is not standardized, and treatment guidelines vary among different transplant centers. The outcomes for patients at risk for ABMR have not significantly changed over the years. This is largely because of an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms of injury responsible for different phenotypes of ABMR. Establishing relevant surrogate endpoints to facilitate more informative studies will likely allow for a more accurate determination of prognosis and pave the way for new and effective therapeutic approaches. This article aims to summarize the current understanding of the mechanism of injury in ABMR and highlight current diagnostic approaches and treatment strategies.

Abstract Background Rejection is a highly stressful experience and individuals tend to avoid it whenever possible. In intimate relationships, experiences of rejection can shape the interaction dynamics between partners. Highly rejection sensitive people fear that their romantic partner will reject them and they overreact to any ambiguous cues that might indicate rejection. Furthermore, because they focus on the threat of rejection, they may have difficulty disengaging from rejection-related emotions, persevere in a rejection-focused state and have a reduced capacity to regulate their emotions. The prolonged experience of strong negative emotions, together with maladaptive attempts to respond to rejection, may undermine key relationship maintenance processes that contribute to relationship functioning and lead to negative reciprocity in interactions. The goal of the present study was to shed light on how individuals experience rejection-related emotions and determine whether, following perceptions of negative interactions, rejection sensitivity was associated with stronger negative responses and less efficient downregulation of negative emotions. In addition, we examined whether dyadic patterns of rejection sensitivity were associated with negative emotion dynamics following perceptions of negative interactions. Methods The participants (N = 298) were couples experiencing the transition to parenthood. A multilevel modelling approach was used to assess the associations between rejection sensitivity, perceptions of negative interactions and emotional states. The analyses included repeated daily reports for both rejection and emotions. Results The results suggest that rejection sensitive individuals do not report higher negative emotions when they perceive negative interactions. Moreover, rejection sensitive men and women did not remain longer in a negative emotional state after they perceived negative interactions with their partner. Finally, when both men and women partners reported higher levels of rejection sensitivity, neither reported having higher negative emotions after experiencing negative interaction perceptions. Conclusions Our findings provide further insights into emotional dynamics and rejection sensitivity in romantic relationships. Our results do not provide evidence for a link between rejection sensitivity and higher negative emotions or slower recovery after reports of negative interactions. If individuals suppress their emotions, they may not benefit from regulation with their partner and instead may protect themselves over their relationships. However, in this context, rejection sensitivity might also not constitute a strong predictor of daily emotion fluctuations, but other variables– such as relationship satisfaction – might. Future research may investigate emotional responses in a sample with higher levels of rejection sensitivity and use more diverse measures of perceptions of negative interactions.

Background Method Results Conclusions Samples for transfusion rejected due to mislabelling can lead to harm when a patient has to be re‐bled or has a transfusion or procedure delayed. Electronic labelling systems which scan the patient's identification band and generate a label at their side aim to reduce mislabelling and misidentification leading to wrong blood in tube (WBIT) errors. The 2022 National Comparative audit of sample collection aimed to compare national rates of sample mislabelling and WBIT to the 2012 audit and to examine the impact of electronic systems.All UK hospitals were invited to provide data on rejected transfusion samples and WBIT incidents in 1 month (October 2022) and were asked if they had electronic labelling.Twenty‐three thousand five hundred and eighty‐four rejected samples were reported by 179 sites in 1 month. The rejection rate of 4.4% represents a 47% increase compared to 2012 (2.99%). There were 92 WBIT incidents, an incidence of 1 in 5882 samples—a 45% increase compared to 1 in 8547 in 2012. Twenty‐three percent of sites can print a sample label at the patient's side, up by 224%. The six sites using only electronic sample labelling had a 46.9% lower rejection rate than sites using only hand‐labelling but still reported WBIT.The increase in sample rejection and WBIT may reflect pressures facing clinical staff, zero tolerance policies and the two‐sample rule. A human factors approach to understanding and tackling underlying reasons locally is recommended. Electronic systems are associated with fewer labelling errors, but careful implementation and training is needed to maximise their safety benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pre-transplant donor-specific anti-human leukocyte antigen antibody (HLA-DSA) is a recognized risk factor for acute antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) and allograft failure. However, the clinical relevance of pre- transplant crossmatch (XM)-negative HLA-DSA remains unclear. Methods: We investigated the effect of XM-negative HLA-DSA on post- transplant clinical outcomes using data from the Korean Organ Transplantation Registry (KOTRY). This study included 2019 living donor kidney transplant recipients from 40 transplant centers in South Korea: 237 with HLA-DSA and 1782 without HLA-DSA. Results: ABMR developed more frequently in patients with HLA-DSA than in those without (5.5% vs. 1.5%, p<0.0001). Multivariable analysis identified HLA-DSA as a significant risk factor for ABMR (odds ratio = 3.912, 95% confidence interval = 1.831-8.360; p<0.0001). Furthermore, the presence of multiple HLA-DSAs, carrying both class I and II HLA-DSAs, or having strong HLA-DSA were associated with an increased incidence of ABMR. However, HLA-DSA did not affect long-term clinical outcomes, such as allograft function and allograft survival, patient survival, and infection-free survival. Conclusion: Pre-transplant XM-negative HLA-DSA increased the risk of ABMR but did not affect long-term allograft outcomes. HLA-incompatible kidney transplantation in the context of XM-negative HLA-DSA appears to be feasible with careful monitoring and ensuring appropriate management of any occurrence of ABMR. Furthermore, considering the characteristics of pre-transplant XM-negative HLA-DSA, the development of a more detailed and standardized desensitization protocol is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hostility towards women is a type of prejudice that can have adverse effects on women and society, but research on predictors of men's hostility towards women is limited. The present study primarily introduced predictors associated with misogynist involuntary celibates (incels), and then investigated whether loneliness, rejection, attractiveness, number of romantic and sexual partners, right‐wing authoritarianism, and gaming predicted hostility towards women among a more general sample of men. A total of 473 men (aged 18–35, single, heterosexual, UK residents) recruited via Prolific answered the hostile sexism subscale, the misogyny scale, the self‐perceived sexual attractiveness scale, the right‐wing authoritarianism scale, the game addiction scale for adolescents, the adult rejection‐sensitivity scale, the UCLA loneliness scale, and self‐developed questions regarding number of sexual and romantic partners, and time spent gaming. We found a strong positive relationship between right‐wing authoritarianism and hostility towards women, as well as a strong convex curvilinear relationship between attractiveness and hostility towards women. The number of sexual partners showed a moderate concave relationship with hostility towards women. We did not find sufficient support for a relationship between gaming and hostility towards women, and there was no support that loneliness, rejection, or romantic partners predicted hostility towards women among a general sample of men. Our study supports right‐wing authoritarianism and self‐perceived attractiveness as potential strong predictors in understanding men's hostility towards women in the wider community.Pre‐registration: https://osf.io/ms3a4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the single-machine scheduling with coupled task and rejection, in which each coupled task is either accepted and processed on a single machine or rejected with a certain rejection penalty. Each accepted coupled task $ J_{j} $ is made of two tasks with processing times $ a_j $ and $ b_j $, respectively, and a fixed exactly time interval $ L_j $ between the two tasks is required. The objective is to minimize the makespan of the accepted coupled task and the total penalty of the rejected coupled task. We present $ 3 $-approximation algorithm for the cases of $ a_{j} = L_{j} = p $ and $ b_j = L_j = p $, respectively, and prove that the problems with common $ b_j $ or common $ a_j $ is polynomially solvable. Furthermore, when $ a_{j} = b_{j} = p $, we provide a $ 2 $-approximation algorithm for $ L_{j}>p $ and show that the problem with for $ L_{j}\leq p $ can be solved in polynomial time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To minimize graft rejection, it is crucial to reduce immunosuppression. In the present study, we investigated immunological markers in the blood of transplant patients who did not receive tacrolimus. We also assessed alloreactive CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Tregs both before transplantation and after tacrolimus reduction. The comparative analysis included 50 individuals experiencing early rejection after tacrolimus discontinuation and 100 non-rejectors. Before reducing tacrolimus, rejectors exhibited elevated levels of memory CD8+ T cells compared to Tregs, while non-rejectors displayed a lower ratio of memory CD4+ T cells to Tregs. Following tacrolimus removal, rejectors showed an increase in naïve T cells and a decrease in effector T cells. After transplantation, CD4+ Treg levels declined, but their anti-donor regulatory function remained consistent in both rejectors and non-rejectors. Immunological correlation revealed an association between acute rejection after tacrolimus discontinuation and the pre-reduction ratio of memory T cells to regulatory T cells. These indicators identified individuals whose immunosuppression could be safely reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The QuantiFERON CMV (QCMV) test evaluates specific adaptive immune system activity against CMV by measuring IFN-γ released by activated CD8+ T lymphocytes. We aimed to evaluate the QCMV test as a predictive tool for CMV manifestations and acute or chronic lung allograft rejection (AR and CLAD) in lung transplant (LTx) patients. A total of 73 patients were divided into four groups based on donor and recipient (D/R) serology for CMV and QCMV assay: group A low-risk for CMV infection and disease (D−/R−); group B and C at intermediate-risk (R+), group B with non-reactive QCMV and group C with reactive QCMV; group D at high-risk (D+/R−). Group D patients experienced higher viral replication; no differences were observed among R+ patients of groups B and C. D+/R− patients had a higher number of AR events and group C presented a lower incidence of AR. Prevalence of CLAD at 24 months was higher in group B with a higher risk of CLAD development (OR 6.33). The QCMV test allows us to identify R+ non-reactive QCMV population as the most exposed to onset of CLAD. This population had a higher, although non-significant, susceptibility to AR compared to the R+ population with reactive QCMV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heart transplantation is an effective treatment for end-stage congestive heart failure, however, achieving the right balance of immunosuppression to maintain graft function while minimising adverse effects is challenging. Serial endomyocardial biopsies (EMBs) are currently the standard for rejection surveillance, despite being invasive. Replacing EMB-based surveillance with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR)-based surveillance for acute cardiac allograft rejection has shown feasibility. This study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of CMR-based surveillance in the first year after heart transplantation. A prospective clinical trial was conducted with 40 orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) recipients. Participants were randomly allocated into two surveillance groups: EMB-based, and CMR-based. The trial included economic evaluations, comparing the frequency and cost of surveillance modalities in relation to quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) within the first year post-transplantation. Sensitivity analysis encompassed modelled data from observed EMB and CMR arms, integrating two hypothetical models of expedited CMR-based surveillance. In the CMR cohort, 238 CMR scans and 15 EMBs were conducted, versus (vs) 235 EMBs in the EMB group. CMR surveillance yielded comparable rejection rates (CMR 74 vs EMB 94 events, p=0.10) and did not increase hospitalisation risk (CMR 32 vs EMB 46 events, p=0.031). It significantly reduced the necessity for invasive EMBs by 94%, lowered costs by an average of AUD$32,878.61, and enhanced cumulative QALY by 0.588 compared with EMB. Sensitivity analysis showed that increased surveillance with expedited CMR Models 1 and 2 were more cost-effective than EMB (all p<0.01), with CMR Model 1 achieving the greatest cost savings (AUD$34,091.12±AUD$23,271.86 less) and utility increase (+0.62±1.49 QALYs, p=0.011), signifying an optimal cost–utility ratio. Model 2 showed comparable utility to the base CMR model (p=0.900) while offering the benefit of heightened surveillance frequency during periods of elevated rejection risk. CMR-based rejection surveillance in orthotopic heart transplant recipients provides a cost-effective alternative to EMB-based surveillance. Furthermore, it reduces the need for invasive procedures, without increased risk of rejection or hospitalisation for patients, and can be incorporated economically for expedited surveillance. These findings have important implications for improving patient care and optimising resource allocation in post-transplant management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For social species, having strong and high-quality social relationships is an important safety cue. Loneliness occurs when an individual perceives they have insufficient relationships resulting in feelings of lack of safety. States of perceived unsafety are linked to an increased tendency to construe ambiguous information – information lacking a unique clear interpretation – as threatening. Here, we explore whether the ambiguity of social cues of interpersonal rejection moderates effects of loneliness on feelings of rejection while undergoing social exclusion. Data were collected in 2021; 144 adults completed a progressive social exclusion paradigm where they were randomly assigned to be equally included, excluded, or over-included. Social exclusion/inclusion cues became more pronounced over the course of multiple rounds of a ball-tossing game (Cyberball) resulting in a scenario where ambiguity was highest in earlier rounds and decreased over time. Participants reported feelings of loneliness prior to the task and feelings of rejection throughout the task. Results demonstrated that higher loneliness predicted increased feelings of rejection regardless of exclusion condition. Notably, this positive relationship was strongest during earlier rounds when social cues were most ambiguous. These findings contribute to our understanding of how loneliness modulates social perception to enable organisms to adequately adapt to changing circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) started recording data on intellectual disability status in 2008. This study aimed to characterize the long‐term outcomes for children with intellectual disabilities (IDs) undergoing lung transplantation. Methods: All pediatric patients (under 18 years old) undergoing bilateral lung transplantation were identified using the UNOS database. The patients were grouped into the following categories: no cognitive delay, possible cognitive delay, and definite cognitive delay. The primary endpoint was graft survival at 3‐year posttransplantation. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to estimate the independent effect of cognitive disability on graft survival. Results: Five hundred four pediatric patients who underwent lung transplantation between March 2008 and December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. 59 had a definite cognitive delay (12%), 23 had a possible delay (5%), and 421 had no delay (83%). When comparing these three groups, there was no significant difference in 60‐day graft survival (p = 0.4), 3‐year graft survival (p = 0.6), 3‐year graft survival for patients who survived at least 60‐day posttransplantation (p = 0.9), distribution of causes of death (p = 0.24), nor distribution treatment of rejection within 1‐year posttransplantation (p = 0.06). Conclusions: Intellectual disability does not impact long‐term outcomes after bilateral lung transplantation. Intellectual disability should not be a contraindication to bilateral lung transplantation on the basis of inferior graft survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: BK polyomavirus (BKV) DNAemia is a challenging infectious complication after kidney transplant (KT). Reduction of immunosuppression is the mainstay of management, and tacrolimus is often the first immunosuppressive medication adjusted upon the diagnosis of BKV DNAemia. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a new institutional protocol with lower target tacrolimus levels on BKV DNAemia, allograft rejection, and de novo donor‐specific antibodies (dnDSA) among pediatric KT recipients. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of all KT episodes between January 2013 and December 2018. The new protocol with lower target tacrolimus levels was implemented in March 2015. One hundred twenty‐seven patients were included in primary analysis. All patients received induction with basiliximab and methylprednisolone and were maintained on a steroid‐based immunosuppressive regimen. Results: In the post‐intervention cohort, cumulative incidence of BKV DNAemia at 100 days (13.4% vs. 17.8%, p =.605) and 18 months post‐KT (34.1% vs. 26.7%, p =.504) was not significantly different from the pre‐intervention cohort. Biopsy‐proven rejection rate did not change. However, we observed a trend toward earlier development of dnDSA in the post‐intervention cohort using the Kaplan–Meier survival analysis (log‐rank p =.06). Younger recipient age at the time of transplant was found to slightly increase the risk of BKV DNAemia (OR: 1.09, 95% CI [1.01, 1.16], p =.024). There was an association between BKV DNAemia and biopsy‐proven rejection of any type (adjustedOR: 2.77, 95% CI [1.26, 6.23], p =.012), especially acute T‐cell‐mediated rejection grade 1A and above (adjustedOR: 2.95, 95% CI [1.06, 8.30], p =.037), after adjusted for recipient age at the time of transplant. Conclusions: Targeting lower tacrolimus levels did not decrease the incidence of BKV DNAemia within 100 days or 18 months post‐KT, nor did it increase the risk of biopsy‐proven rejection among pediatric KT recipients in our center. However, there was a trend toward earlier development of dnDSA, which may portend worse long‐term graft outcome post‐KT. Our findings highlight the need for individualized immunosuppressive regimens based on immunologic and infectious risk factors and the importance of implementing innovative biomarkers to guide therapy and improve outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]