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Background: The clinical form of depersonalization affects approximately 1%-2% of the adult population. This study aimed to describe the symptoms of depersonalization in a non-clinical sample and to operationalize depersonalization as a regulatory mechanism. This article introduces the Depersonalization Mechanism Scale, 41-item measure developed to assess one's tendency for depersonalization in response to overstimulation. The aim of the study is to explore how depersonalization mechanism is associated with cognitive and behavioral emotion regulation strategies, depression, and anxiety. Method: The study included a sample of 300 Polish adults (149 men) from the general population, ranging in age from 18 to 60. Participants were administered the following questionnaires: Depersonalization Mechanism Scale (DMS), Behavioral Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (BERQ), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), Occupational Depression Inventory (ODI), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), and Trait Anxiety Scale (SL-C). Results: An exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factor structure of Depersonalization Mechanism Scale, with very high reliability coefficients for both subscales and full scale. A regression analysis revealed that depersonalization mechanism is a significant predictor of depressive symptoms. Depersonalization mechanism is strongly correlated with maladaptive regulation strategies such as withdrawal, ignoring, rumination, catastrophizing, self-blame, and blaming others. Weaker but significant connections were identified with certain adaptive strategies: acceptance, positive refocusing, putting into perspective, and seeking social support. Women were more prone to depersonalization than men. Conclusions: Further research on depersonalization in non-clinical samples may improve understanding of this mechanism in the general population. This knowledge, combined with greater education about non-clinical forms of depersonalization, may support preventive programs against depression and professional assistance for people facing acute or chronic stressful life events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Redox reaction builds the foundation stone for the energy density of rechargeable battery cathodes. Probing and understanding the redox reaction behavior is crucial, but also extremely formidable, which requires individual and reliable detection of cationic and anionic redox states. Fortunately, the recently developed ultra‐high‐efficiency mapping of resonant inelastic X‐ray scattering (mRIXS) has emerged as a powerful tool to probe the battery chemistry states. Here, the latest advances of employing advanced mRIXS is summarized to investigate the cationic and anionic redox mechanism of battery cathodes during electrochemical operation. Owing to the new dimension of information along the emission energy and high sensitivity to valence 3d states, 3d transition‐metal L‐edge (TM‐L) mRIXS can eliminate the lineshape distortion in conventional 3d TM‐L fluorescence X‐ray absorption spectra and investigate the cationic redox quantitatively. Moreover, O‐K mRIXS could fingerprint the intrinsic oxidized lattice oxygen states and quantify the oxygen redox (OR) reversibility, thus demystifying the controversy in traditional wisdom. In addition, different modification strategies coupled with underlying mechanisms for regulating the activity and reversibility of OR utilizing mRIXS are also summarized. This review provides valuable guidance for further exploration of underlying reaction mechanisms of battery cathodes by mRIXS, along with both technological and scientific improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polylactic acid (PLA) is currently the largest volume of production and application of synthetic biodegradable polymer via bio-derived materials. However, the relaxation characteristics and very low crystallization rate determined by the hand- structure of PLA chains result in low heat-resistance temperature and troublesome demold behavior for fast extrusion and/ or injection molding process. It is well known, by introducing of nucleating agent and crystal growing accelerator, the crystallization properties of PLA materials can be improved efficiently. In the paper, the isothermal crystallization behaviors of PLA, which include the rate and temperature of crystallization, crystallinity, crystals morphologies, were systemically shown. Meanwhile, a serious of regulation strategies of isothermal crystallization kinetics of PLA materials, such as adding of biodegradable polymers, different dimension of fillers, various chain-reconstruct for PLA, processing flow fields and post-treatment, were comprehensively summarized. Additionally, the regularity strategies and next study points for PLA isothermal crystallization behavior were also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In 2020, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs initiated the implementation of the "Five Major Actions" for promoting green and healthy aquaculture technologies, aiming to utilize cutting- edge technologies to guide aquaculture activities. In the new recirculating aquaculture system, with the increase of aquaculture production, the effect of carbon dioxide on fish has been concerned. At present, the circulation of carbon dioxide in recirculating aquaculture systems lacks systematic arrangement, and the recirculating aquaculture systems has the necessary treatment of carbon dioxide and the treatment method needs to be improved. Therefore, this study summarizes the current development trend and main innovative achievements by summarizing the domestic and foreign literature. Specifically, it includes :gradually establishing awareness of carbon dioxide sources and balance systems; exploring the relationship between carbon dioxide and alkalinity, pH, carbon dioxide partial pressure, and the need to further explore the synergistic effect of multiple parameters in the day and night; summarizing multiple diseases induced by carbon dioxide, focusing on the problems of hypercapnia and renal calcification caused by carbon dioxide, reducing potential stress caused by carbon dioxide accumulation through physical, chemical and biological regulation measures, thereby mitigating the harm of carbon dioxide to fish. it is necessary to further study the effects of long-term exposure on fish growth and health in the future. By adding chemical reagents, improving aeration methods, and screening high-quality treatment organisms to reduce the content of carbon dioxide in the recirculating aquaculture system, it is necessary to design new reactors to improve the fixation efficiency. This study provides solutions and theoretical basis for effectively removing accumulated carbon dioxide in recirculating aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic burnout is one of the biggest issues of the modern period. Academic burnout is depicted by a prolonged lack of interest in the student's studies and a loss in output. This study set out to measure the degree of academic burnout experienced by university students, examine differences in their academic burnout levels, and ascertain whether academic burnout and CER Strategies are related. This survey study included a quantitative analysis of the three campuses of the University of Education Lahore. A correlation design was used. The target population consisted of both male and female students enrolled in the three campuses of university. The multistage sampling was used to collect sample of 300 students, with an equal representation of 150 males and 150 females. Two scales were included in a closed-ended questionnaire of survey. The study's findings indicate that academic stress leads to academic burnout among university students. The study also found that students in the Science and Education divisions report the same level of cynicism, but students in the Arts and Social Sciences division differ significantly. Adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies had a significant negative correlation, in contrast to the high positive association observed with maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Future teacher educators and policy maker can adopt such strategies to reduced academic burns out in higher educational institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As teacher profession can be seen as a learning profession, it is crucial that teacher education equips future teachers with high-level skills to update and increase their proficiency and expertise throughout their career. In this aim, cognitive processing strategies and metacognitive regulation strategies as well as academic self-efficacy beliefs play a crucial role. This study examined Finnish first-year preservice teachers' (N = 538) initial learning profiles in terms of their learning strategies and self-efficacy beliefs upon entry to teacher education. Furthermore, the association between the profiles and pre-entry factors (age, written entrance exam) as well as first-year achievement was studied. The data were gathered via questionnaire from four universities and their student registers. The person-centred approach utilising a latent profile analysis was applied to identify learning profiles among preservice teachers. Three distinct learning profiles were identified: unregulated students with low self-efficacy (37.5%), average strategists with low self-efficacy (33.1%) and self-regulated and deep learners with high self-efficacy (29.4%). The first profile performed worst in the first-year studies, whereas the last profile was characterised by the oldest students and best performers in the written entrance exam. The findings expand our understanding of the initial learning profiles of preservice teachers and thus offer valuable information for teacher educators to support teaching practices and curriculum design. Practical implications of the results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tubular axial turbines (TATs) play a crucial role in mini and micro hydropower setups that require simplified yet reliable solutions. In very low head scenarios, single regulation in TATs is common, due to economic impracticality of the sophisticated mechanisms involved in the conjugate distributor–rotor regulation typical of the Kaplan turbines. Distributor or rotor single regulation strategies offer operation flexibility, each with distinct advantages and disadvantages. Stator regulation is simpler, while rotor regulation is more complex but offers potential efficiency gains. The present paper analyzes energy losses associated with these regulation strategies using two approaches: 1D mean line turbomachinery equations and 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The 1D mean line approach is used for understanding the conceptual fluid dynamic aspects involved in the two different regulation approaches, thereby identifying the loss-generation mechanisms in off-design operation. Fully 3D CFD simulations allow for quantifying and deeply explaining the differences in the hydraulic efficiencies of the two regulation strategies. Attention is focused on the two main loss contributions: residual tangential kinetic energy at the rotor outlet and entropy generation. Rotor regulation, even if more complex, provides better results than distributor regulation in terms of both effectiveness (larger flow rate sensitivity to stagger angle variation) and turbine operating efficiency (lower off-design losses). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundThe clinical form of depersonalization affects approximately 1%–2% of the adult population. This study aimed to describe the symptoms of depersonalization in a non-clinical sample and to operationalize depersonalization as a regulatory mechanism. This article introduces the Depersonalization Mechanism Scale, 41-item measure developed to assess one’s tendency for depersonalization in response to overstimulation. The aim of the study is to explore how depersonalization mechanism is associated with cognitive and behavioral emotion regulation strategies, depression, and anxiety.MethodThe study included a sample of 300 Polish adults (149 men) from the general population, ranging in age from 18 to 60. Participants were administered the following questionnaires: Depersonalization Mechanism Scale (DMS), Behavioral Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (BERQ), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), Occupational Depression Inventory (ODI), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), and Trait Anxiety Scale (SL-C).ResultsAn exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factor structure of Depersonalization Mechanism Scale, with very high reliability coefficients for both subscales and full scale. A regression analysis revealed that depersonalization mechanism is a significant predictor of depressive symptoms. Depersonalization mechanism is strongly correlated with maladaptive regulation strategies such as withdrawal, ignoring, rumination, catastrophizing, self-blame, and blaming others. Weaker but significant connections were identified with certain adaptive strategies: acceptance, positive refocusing, putting into perspective, and seeking social support. Women were more prone to depersonalization than men.ConclusionsFurther research on depersonalization in non-clinical samples may improve understanding of this mechanism in the general population. This knowledge, combined with greater education about non-clinical forms of depersonalization, may support preventive programs against depression and professional assistance for people facing acute or chronic stressful life events.

Zero-valent iron (ZVI), an ideal reductant treating persistent pollutants, is hampered by issues like corrosion, passivation, and suboptimal utilization. Recent advancements in nonmetallic modified ZVI (NM-ZVI) show promising potential in circumventing these challenges by modifying ZVI's surface and internal physicochemical properties. Despite its promise, a thorough synthesis of research advancements in this domain remains elusive. Here we review the innovative methodologies, regulatory principles, and reduction-centric mechanisms underpinning NM-ZVI's effectiveness against two prevalent persistent pollutants: halogenated organic compounds and heavy metals. We start by evaluating different nonmetallic modification techniques, such as liquid-phase reduction, mechanical ball milling, and pyrolysis, and their respective advantages. The discussion progresses towards a critical analysis of current strategies and mechanisms used for NM-ZVI to enhance its reactivity, electron selectivity, and electron utilization efficiency. This is achieved by optimizing the elemental compositions, content ratios, lattice constants, hydrophobicity, and conductivity. Furthermore, we propose novel approaches for augmenting NM-ZVI's capability to address complex pollution challenges. This review highlights NM-ZVI's potential as an alternative to remediate water environments contaminated with halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals, contributing to the broader discourse on green remediation technologies.

Transitions in learning implementation have occurred at various levels of education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Learning that previously took place in conventional, face-to-face formats has been adjusted to fully online learning. Not all educational institutions are equally prepared for a pandemic, necessitating the study of student learning experiences and the strategies they employ in online classes during the pandemic. This study focuses on the positive and negative contributions of Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) features in student learning experiences and strategies during the pandemic. This study used a survey method consisting of closed- and open-ended questions. Data analysis using descriptive statistics and qualitative data analysis was employed to obtain several themes. Approximately 1,400 students from 23 higher education institutions across several provinces in Indonesia participated in this research. The results show both positive and negative contributions of VLE features. Among the VLE features that positively contribute to learning during the pandemic are video materials and downloadable documents. More than half of the respondents claimed there were no negative features of the VLE. Findings also revealed the most frequently reported negative aspect is poor internet performance. In addition, seven themes related to student learning strategies emerged including: considering the availability of infrastructure, monitoring the class schedule and calendar (or announcements), collaborating with peers, participating in the university’s learning management system, applying notetaking strategies and other specific strategies, searching for additional learning resources, and no specific strategy applied while learning during the pandemic.

This study, based on the learning patterns model, analyses the relationship between different regulation profiles and satisfaction with a flipped-classroom didactic experience at university. A profile of genuine self-regulation is identified, as well as learning profiles based on external regulation and passive regulation. A total of 178 university students participate, voluntarily answering the regulation strategies subscales of the ILS inventory and another final questionnaire about satisfaction with the flipped classroom and their perceived learning during this didactic experience. The results show a clear relationship between the self-regulation profile and satisfaction with the flipped classroom, although satisfaction was also found in students with an external regulation profile. However, this last group did not show satisfaction with their academic outcome. Another profile that was less adaptive thanks to its passiveness towards regulation was also identified. The results are discussed and the importance of designing personalised learning itineraries based on the specific command of regulation strategies is emphasised. Consequently, the design of educational actions should consider the regulation profile to adapt to students' specific characteristics and guarantee the success of the didactic strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tubular axial turbines (TATs) play a crucial role in mini and micro hydropower setups that require simplified yet reliable solutions. In very low head scenarios, single regulation in TATs is common, due to economic impracticality of the sophisticated mechanisms involved in the conjugate distributor–rotor regulation typical of the Kaplan turbines. Distributor or rotor single regulation strategies offer operation flexibility, each with distinct advantages and disadvantages. Stator regulation is simpler, while rotor regulation is more complex but offers potential efficiency gains. The present paper analyzes energy losses associated with these regulation strategies using two approaches: 1D mean line turbomachinery equations and 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The 1D mean line approach is used for understanding the conceptual fluid dynamic aspects involved in the two different regulation approaches, thereby identifying the loss-generation mechanisms in off-design operation. Fully 3D CFD simulations allow for quantifying and deeply explaining the differences in the hydraulic efficiencies of the two regulation strategies. Attention is focused on the two main loss contributions: residual tangential kinetic energy at the rotor outlet and entropy generation. Rotor regulation, even if more complex, provides better results than distributor regulation in terms of both effectiveness (larger flow rate sensitivity to stagger angle variation) and turbine operating efficiency (lower off-design losses).

In an effort to explain the factors contributing to the development of student burnout, a construct that has received attention in relation to academic outcomes, including burnout, is emotion regulation. Further, attachment theory has been used to explore the variations in the use of particular emotion regulation strategies, and attachment has received support as a contributing factor. The aim of the study is to explore the role of attachment security and emotion regulation strategies associated with student burnout symptoms in a sample of 602 Romanian children and adolescents (55% female) aged 8–16 (M = 10.45) from 18 schools. A secondary objective was to explore the gender differences in burnout symptoms. The results show that attachment security negatively predicts student burnout symptoms. Further, a higher attachment security positively predicts the use of adaptive emotion regulation strategies, which, in turn, are negatively related to student burnout. Emotion regulation strategies mediate the relationship between attachment and burnout symptoms. No gender differences have been identified. The study has practical implications for both parents and specialists, bringing to attention the importance of secure attachment in children, which could further encourage the use of adaptive emotion regulation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress is a major obstacle to agricultural production. Stomata are central to efforts to improve photosynthesis and water use. They are targets for manipulation to improve both processes and the balance between them. An in-depth understanding of stomatal behavior and kinetics is important for improving photosynthesis and the WUE of crops. In this study, a drought stress pot experiment was performed, and a transcriptome analysis of the leaves of three contrasting, cultivated barley genotypes Lumley (Lum, drought-tolerant), Golden Promise (GP, drought-sensitive), and Tadmor (Tad, drought-tolerant), generated by high-throughput sequencing, were compared. Lum exhibited a different WUE at the leaf and whole-plant levels and had greater CO2 assimilation, with a higher gs under drought stress. Interestingly, Lum showed a slower stomatal closure in response to a light–dark transition and significant differences compared to Tad in stomatal response to the exogenous application of ABA, H2O2, and CaCl2. A transcriptome analysis revealed that 24 ROS-related genes were indeed involved in drought response regulation, and impaired ABA-induced ROS accumulation in Lum was identified using ROS and antioxidant capacity measurements. We conclude that different stomatal ROS responses affect stomatal closure in barley, demonstrating different drought regulation strategies. These results provide valuable insight into the physiological and molecular basis of stomatal behavior and drought tolerance in barley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education research is increasingly focused on fostering self-regulated learning (SRL) and socially shared regulation of learning (SSRL) among students. However, previous meta-analyses have rarely focused on the specific types of regulated learning scaffolding. Therefore, this meta-analysis examines the effects of different types of regulated learning scaffolding on regulation strategies and academic performance. A total of 46 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. The findings showed that overall, regulated learning scaffolding had a moderate effect (g = 0.587). In addition, moderation analyses were performed using a random effects model that focused on four types of scaffolding. The results showed that overall, composite tools had the greatest effect, while the most useful scaffolding for SRL and SSRL were group awareness tools (g = 0.61) and composite tools (g = 0.53), respectively. In terms of learning outcomes, composite tools had the greatest effect on regulation strategies, while intelligent pedagogical agents had the greatest effect on academic performance. We also performed a meta-regression analysis to identify the moderators that had the greatest influence on the effects of regulated learning scaffolding. The results showed that grade level, academic subject, and cooperation all had a significant impact. In conclusion, these findings provide evidence for validating the effectiveness of four regulated learning scaffolding and for discovering their function for SSRL, and presented some practical implications of our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) is an important semi‐cell reaction in the renewable energy conversion technology such as fuel cells. However, due to the slow reaction rate, the development of highly active catalysts remains a major challenge in alkaline fuel cells. Based on fundamental understanding of the sluggish kinetics toward the reaction mechanism in alkaline electrolytes, noble and non‐noble metal catalysts and their regulation strategies including geometry, composition, atom‐doping, oxyphilic site and substrate engineerings are analyzed and summarized in this review to seek for the possible breakthrough toward HOR catalytic performance enhancement. Eventually, challenges and opportunities faced by alkaline HOR, and potential future research trends are proposed. This review not only deepens the understanding of the hydrogen electrocatalysis mechanism, but also provides guidelines for the rational design of advanced HOR catalysts.

Transition into higher education (HE) has received increased interest in recent years, since it represents a challenging period for students. The aim of this study was to further understand the associations between self‐efficacy, academic achievements, and regulation in first‐year university students during their transition into HE. The convenience sample consisted of 374 first‐year university students (230 females, 61.5%), aged from 18 to 33 (M = 19.86, SD = 1.51) and recruited from an Italian university. Self‐efficacy was assessed using the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire; regulation strategies were assessed with the Inventory of Learning Patterns of Students; and a self‐reported grade point average was taken as an indicator of each student's academic performance. Result shows that students' self‐efficacy was positively associated with self‐regulation and negatively associated with a lack of regulation. Students with higher self‐efficacy and self‐regulation strategies had better academic performance. Female students performed better in academic activities and adopted more external regulation strategies. The findings represent an opportunity for university institutions to consider the interventions they provide to first‐year students in order to facilitate the successful transition from secondary school; they also provide researchers with further knowledge about the effect of self‐efficacy, and regulation strategies on students' adjustment to HE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A review of the research literature showed that chronic pain self-management (CPSM) plays an important role in the health and optimal functioning of Affected people. However, few studies have examined the factors involved in CPSM in the form of a psychological model. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the fit of the conceptual model of CPSM based on mindfulness skills (MS), metacognitive beliefs (MB), and cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERS) with empirical data obtained from people with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Methods: The design of this research was descriptive -correlation of the type of structural equation modeling research. The statistical population of the present study included all patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain who were referred to Tehran hospitals between June 2020 and December 2021. The sample included 272 eligible individuals from two Imam Hussain and Besat hospitals in Tehran. Data were collected using PSMC -18 (Nicholas et al., 2012), FFMQ -39 (Bair et al., 2008), MCQ -30 (Wells and Cartwright -Hatton, 2004), CERQ -18 (Garnefski and Kraaij, 2006), and the GSCS -7 (Von Korff, et al., 1992) by online survey and then analyzed. Results: The results showed that the conceptual model of CPSM based on the data obtained from participants had a suitable and significant fit (CMIN/d= 2.41, SRMR= 0.068, RMSEA= 0.072, PNFI= 0.077, CFI= 0.903, IFI= 0.904, GFI= 0.872). All predictor variables were able to directly explain CPSM ( p < 0.05). Also, most indirect pathways showed significant effects on CPSM ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: Structural relationships of MS, MB, and CERS can provide a significant explanation for CPSM in people with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Accordingly, it seems that designing educational interventions based on the proposed model can improve CPSM in these people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interpersonal emotion regulation (ER) refers to the different processes aimed at changing the emotional states of others. Some authors have speculated about the pivotal role of empathy for interpersonal ER to happen. However, the very limited empirical evidence suggests that only cognitive empathy as opposed to affective empathy may be a necessary antecedent. As previous research only considered interpersonal affect improvement and showed mixed evidence for the regulation strategies, we aimed to address this gap in the current research. To that aim, 374 adults (M = 30.3 years, 249 female) reported their tendency to engage in cognitive (perspective‐taking) and affective empathy (empathic concern and personal distress) as well as their tendency to improve and worsen others' mood, and to use different regulation strategies (situation modification, attention deployment, cognitive change, and modulation of the emotional response) to change others' feelings. Results of the regression analyses showed that while affect improvement was not significantly predicted by any of the empathy variables, affect worsening was positively predicted by personal distress. Concerning the regulation strategies, while cognitive change and situation modification were positively predicted by personal distress, attention deployment was positively predicted by perspective‐taking. Overall, the obtained results highlight the need to further investigate the link between empathy and ER and to carefully consider the methods selected for that purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an effort to explain the factors contributing to the development of student burnout, a construct that has received attention in relation to academic outcomes, including burnout, is emotion regulation. Further, attachment theory has been used to explore the variations in the use of particular emotion regulation strategies, and attachment has received support as a contributing factor. The aim of the study is to explore the role of attachment security and emotion regulation strategies associated with student burnout symptoms in a sample of 602 Romanian children and adolescents (55% female) aged 8–16 (M = 10.45) from 18 schools. A secondary objective was to explore the gender differences in burnout symptoms. The results show that attachment security negatively predicts student burnout symptoms. Further, a higher attachment security positively predicts the use of adaptive emotion regulation strategies, which, in turn, are negatively related to student burnout. Emotion regulation strategies mediate the relationship between attachment and burnout symptoms. No gender differences have been identified. The study has practical implications for both parents and specialists, bringing to attention the importance of secure attachment in children, which could further encourage the use of adaptive emotion regulation strategies.

Traditional Chinese fermented baijiu is one of the six major distilled spirits consumed worldwide. It plays an important role in people's daily life and social interactions because of its taste, nutritional value, and various health functions. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), also known as ligustrazine, is not only an important compound related to the flavor of Chinese baijiu but also has special pharmacological effects. It gives the baijiu a nutty and baked aroma and provides baijiu with important health benefits. Recently, the nutritional, drinking, and health aspects of baijiu have attracted significant attention. Therefore, the study of TMP in baijiu is an important aspect of baijiu health research. This mini novel review summarizes the formation mechanism of TMP, along with the current research progress, analytical methods used, and regulation strategies associated with TMP in Chinese baijiu in recent years.

With the intensification of eutrophication, many artificial water supply lakes that act as a biological filter for water diverted from rivers have been built to alleviate water scarcity in Eastern China. In this study, we selected Lake Yanlong, a representative artificial water supply lake in Yancheng City, as our experimental lake to explore how the community composition of fishes changed among different habitat types and assess potential consequences for effective water treatment. From October 2015 to October 2020, we conducted quarterly surveys of fish communities and environmental factors in the Mangshe River (MR; water for lake) compared to four different water treatment zones of Lake Yanlong (PZ, the pretreatment zone with inlet from the MR; EZ, the emergent macrophyte zone; SZ, the submerged macrophyte zone; DZ, the deep purification zone with outlet to urban waterworks). A total of 16,339 individual fish belonging to 11 families and 49 species were collected. Six of the eight dominant species observed across zones were small-bodied fishes. Despite reduced fish species richness, the relative abundance and biomass of fishes tended to be higher in Lake Yanlong relative to the MR. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Pielou evenness index, Simpson’s diversity index all decreased from the MR to the DZ in the following sequence: MR < PZ < EZ < SZ < DZ. Analysis of similarities and similarity percentage analysis confirmed that fish communities differed significantly among zones and Coilia ectenes, Carassius auratus, Pseudobrama simony, Hemiculter leucisculus, and Hemiculter bleekeri were the major differentiating species. Mantel’s test and redundancy analysis revealed that water depth, aquatic vegetation coverage, and phytoplankton concentrations were the major factors determining the spatial distribution of fishes when moving from the MR to the DZ of Lake Yanlong. Stocking piscivorous fish can be used as an effective measure to control the abundance of prolific small-bodied fishes in Lake Yanlong. The details backing these findings are important for understanding how the community composition of fishes among habitat types in Lake Yanlong influence water quality, and to develop suitable biomanipulation strategies for the management of fish resources and maintaining proper function of these artificial water supply lakes.

• Coordination environment manipulation of SACs is systematically reviewed. • The progress in regulation strategies for coordination environment is summarized. • Characterization techniques for coordination environment are summarized. • Current challenges in coordination environment manipulation of SACs are proposed. • Future perspectives of coordination environment manipulation are put forward. Single atom catalysts (SACs) provide a competitive strategy for addressing energy shortages and environmental pollution issues. The coordination environment (CE) almost determines the catalytic performance, selectivity and robustness of SACs. In the past few years, a large number of strategies have been developed to precisely manipulate the CE of SACs. Further identification and manipulation of the CE of SACs is the prerequisite for understanding the geometric structure and physicochemical properties of SACs at the atomic scale. Therefore, the regulation strategies for the CE of SACs were summarized to comprehensively demonstrate the latest understanding of the structure–activity relationship, especially in terms of geometric information and chemical environment configuration. On this basis, the mainstream technologies for characterizing the CE of SACs were reviewed, in order to get a deeper understanding of the microenvironment-activity relationship of SACs. Subsequently, the application cases of CE manipulation of SACs in energy and environmental catalysis were summarized. Finally, the existing challenges and future perspectives for the CE manipulation of SACs were proposed. We believe that this paper will provide meaningful value for the microenvironment manipulation of SACs, and realize the ultimate commercial application of SACs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining phase change materials (PCMs) with building envelopes has emerged as an effective means to improve the thermal performance of envelopes and achieve the energy conservation and emission reduction in buildings. However, the PCM envelopes with constant phase change temperature and thermal conductivity typically work in a single season and have limited thermal regulation functions. This study proposed a double-layer heterogeneous phase change (DHPC) wall, composing two kinds of PCMs with different thermal conductivities and phase change temperatures. The thermal storage capacity, energy-saving rate and indoor thermal comfort of DHPC wall were analyzed under passive and active regulation strategies to evaluated its thermal performance in different seasons. In summer, the peak temperature of DHPC wall/box decreased by 6.6 °C/1.5 °C compared with the gypsum wall/box, which was further lowered by 1.7 °C/3.3 °C after introducing the cool water. In winter, the average temperature drop rate of gypsum/DHPC wall was 3.7/1.6 °C/h, and the thermal comfort interval duration of DHPC box increased to 92.8% ∼ 87.7% after introducing the hot water. Compared with gypsum wall/box, the attenuation factor and heat load level of DHPC wall/box decreased by 6.7% ∼ 27.3% and 4.0% ∼ 67.6% respectively, the heat storage coefficient increased by −4.2% ∼ 197.1%, and the energy-saving rate reached 9.0% ∼ 22.7%. The results showed that DHPC wall could efficiently meet the thermal requirements in winter and summer, and thus had broad application prospects. • A phase change wall with dual melting points and thermal conductivities was tested. • The seasonal thermal performance was evaluated under passive/active strategies. • The thermal insulation, storage and comfort were better under active strategies. • The thermal performance of proposed DHPC wall was superior to gypsum wall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiencing empathy for others has been linked to worsening others' feelings against their wishes. These paternalistic empathic goals have been theorised to happen at the dyad level when an agent aims to worsen a target's emotional state. They may also operate at a broader level when agents are third-party observers of COVID-19 lockdown rule violations. In these instances, agents can impact transgressors' affect engaging in Coronashaming. In three studies, we measured British people's (Ntotal = 767) vulnerability (Study 1), age (Studies 2 and 3), and empathy towards COVID-19 victims and presented them with different scenarios depicting a breach of lockdown rules to assess the emotions participants wanted to inflict in transgressor, the strategies used, and whether they wanted stricter rules to be enforced. Results confirmed shame as the emotion preferred to induce in violators, with this preference linked to higher use of engagement strategies (i.e. to make transgressors understand what they did wrong). Finally, empathy was positively linked to higher affect worsening and wanting stricter rules to be enforced. This suggests that empathy towards potential victims of COVID-19 rules violations can motivate people to worsen the feelings of transgressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress is a major obstacle to agricultural production. Stomata are central to efforts to improve photosynthesis and water use. They are targets for manipulation to improve both processes and the balance between them. An in-depth understanding of stomatal behavior and kinetics is important for improving photosynthesis and the WUE of crops. In this study, a drought stress pot experiment was performed, and a transcriptome analysis of the leaves of three contrasting, cultivated barley genotypes Lumley (Lum, drought-tolerant), Golden Promise (GP, drought-sensitive), and Tadmor (Tad, drought-tolerant), generated by high-throughput sequencing, were compared. Lum exhibited a different WUE at the leaf and whole-plant levels and had greater CO2 assimilation, with a higher gs under drought stress. Interestingly, Lum showed a slower stomatal closure in response to a light–dark transition and significant differences compared to Tad in stomatal response to the exogenous application of ABA, H2O2, and CaCl2. A transcriptome analysis revealed that 24 ROS-related genes were indeed involved in drought response regulation, and impaired ABA-induced ROS accumulation in Lum was identified using ROS and antioxidant capacity measurements. We conclude that different stomatal ROS responses affect stomatal closure in barley, demonstrating different drought regulation strategies. These results provide valuable insight into the physiological and molecular basis of stomatal behavior and drought tolerance in barley.

Abstract The electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is known as a promising mean of nitrogen fixation to mitigate the energy crisis and facilitate fertilizer production under mild circumstances. For electrocatalytic reactions, the design of efficient catalysts is conducive to reducing activation energy and accelerating lethargic dynamics. Among them, hollow structural materials possess cavities in their structures, which can slack off the escape rate of N2 and reaction intermediates, prolong the residence time of N2, enrich the reaction intermediates’ concentration, and shorten electron transportation path, thereby further enhancing their NRR activity. Here, the basic synthetic strategies of hollow structural materials are introduced first. Then, the recent breakthroughs in hollow structural materials as NRR catalysts are reviewed from the perspective of intrinsic, mesoscopic, and microscopic regulations, aiming to discuss how structures affect and improve the catalytic performance. Finally, the future research directions of hollow structural materials as NRR catalysts are discussed. This review is expected to provide an outlook for optimizing hollow structural NRR catalysts.

The electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is known as a promising mean of nitrogen fixation to mitigate the energy crisis and facilitate fertilizer production under mild circumstances. For electrocatalytic reactions, the design of efficient catalysts is conducive to reducing activation energy and accelerating lethargic dynamics. Among them, hollow structural materials possess cavities in their structures, which can slack off the escape rate of N2 and reaction intermediates, prolong the residence time of N2, enrich the reaction intermediates' concentration, and shorten electron transportation path, thereby further enhancing their NRR activity. Here, the basic synthetic strategies of hollow structural materials are introduced first. Then, the recent breakthroughs in hollow structural materials as NRR catalysts are reviewed from the perspective of intrinsic, mesoscopic, and microscopic regulations, aiming to discuss how structures affect and improve the catalytic performance. Finally, the future research directions of hollow structural materials as NRR catalysts are discussed. This review is expected to provide an outlook for optimizing hollow structural NRR catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin‐based perovskites show great potential in photovoltaic applications, and the development of the corresponding solar cells (PSCs) has made exciting progress during the past few years. However, owing to the high Lewis acidity and easy oxidation of Sn2+, Sn‐based perovskite films suffer from fast crystallization and easy formation of vacancy defects with low activation energy during the solution film‐forming process, resulting in poor film quality and inferior device performance. Therefore, an in‐depth understanding and rational control of film‐forming dynamics of Sn‐based perovskites is essential to improve the photovoltaic performance of their PSCs. In this review, the state‐of‐the‐art developments in crystallization dynamics control for Sn‐based perovskites and their impact on the photovoltaic performance of PSCs are systematically summarized. The review begins with the introduction of fundamentals and key difficulties for the control of the crystallization process of Sn‐based perovskites. Then, the advanced strategies that focus on regulating the crystallization process of Sn‐based perovskite films are comprehensively reviewed, including solvent engineering, additive engineering, cation engineering, and film‐forming technique engineering. Finally, future perspectives and research directions, regarding the smart control of crystallization dynamics of Sn‐based perovskite film, are discussed towards high‐performance and stable Sn‐based PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research suggests that the metacognitive model is applicable to clinical child populations. However, few measures related to the model are available for younger age groups. A key concept of the model is the cognitive attentional syndrome (CAS), which encompasses the individual's worry and rumination, maladaptive coping strategies, and metacognitive beliefs. While the CAS has been successfully measured in adults, this has not yet been attempted in children. Aims: The aim of this study was to adapt a measure of the CAS for use with children and investigate the measure's associations with anxiety, worry, depression and metacognitions. Methods: Our study included 127 children with anxiety disorders aged 7–13 years. The adult measure of CAS was adapted for use with children and administered at pre- and post-treatment. We examined the correlations between variables and the ability of the CAS measure to explain variance in anxious symptomatology, as well as the measure's sensitivity to treatment change. Results: The adapted measure, CAS-1C, displayed strong associations with overall anxiety, depression, worry and metacognitions. The CAS-1C explained an additional small amount of variance in anxiety and worry symptoms after accounting for metacognitions, which may be due to the measure also assessing thinking styles and coping strategies. Furthermore, the measure displayed sensitivity to treatment change. Conclusions: The child measure of the CAS is a brief tool for collecting information on metacognitive beliefs and strategies that maintain psychopathology according to the metacognitive model, and it can be used to monitor treatment changes in these components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotion regulation is a multi‐modal construct, that includes both adaptive and maladaptive cognitive‐behavioral processes. However, many classifications of regulation strategies do not take this multi‐modality into account. In this study, two classification systems were integrated. Participants were 336 adolescents (56% boys, Mage = 15.41, SD = 1.45). Anger regulation strategies were measured with a questionnaire that assessed general strategies, and a vignette measure that assessed contextual strategies. Confirmatory factor analyses supported a 4‐factor classification that consisted of cognitive maladaptive, behavioral maladaptive, cognitive adaptive, and behavioral adaptive strategies. The four categories of regulation strategies were differentially associated with age, and gender and psychological problem differences were found. Adolescents with internalizing problems reported using a cognitive regulation style, adolescents with externalizing problems a behavioral regulation style, and adolescents with comorbid internalizing and externalizing problems a maladaptive regulation style. These findings highlight the multi‐modal nature of emotion regulation and may provide opportunities for treatment modifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous energy storage devices have drawn an increasing attention benefiting from their improved safety and reduced cost against the conventional organic systems. Hybrid capacitors that combine the advantages of both secondary batteries and electric double‐layer capacitors are considered to be a promising next‐generation electrical energy storage device. However, the nature of water decomposition at relatively low potential (usually ∼1.23 V) limits the voltage window of aqueous hybrid capacitors and thereby hinders their application. For this reason, it is vital to develop the aqueous hybrid capacitors that can operate in larger voltage window by means of the electrode and electrolyte engineering. This review summarizes the design of both electrodes and electrolytes, as well as the regulating strategies at their interfaces, to expand voltage window of aqueous hybrid capacitors. Furthermore, suggestions and future vision of the high‐voltage aqueous hybrid capacitors are provided to pave the way for their practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scope of this paper is the digitalization of the service at the National Institute of Social Security – INSS, the federal institution in charge of implementing the Brazilian Welfare Services policy. Based on the framework of Work Psychology and Activity-centered Ergonomics, a field study has been carried out in order to understand the conditions under which the “Digital INSS Project” has been implemented and their impact on the activity performed by the public servants. It revealed the heterogeneity in terms of production control and resources to enable the appropriation of technological tools by the workers from different units. Given the intensification of work, the regulatory strategies try to balance the production demands and the health preservation. They do so through schemes to use the computer tools that confront these workers with additional workload, given the accomplishment of several simultaneous operations and the necessity to validate the work using paper, in the face of the unexpected generated by the digital support and the experience still to be built in its resolution.

With the popularity of the sharing economy, ride-hailing services have greatly affected people's travel and become a new travel mode for urban residents. However, the lack of effective industry regulation has resulted in serious operational problems and growing difficulties in the furthering development of ride-hailing services in China. Therefore, it is necessary to study the regulation strategies of multiple subjects involved in ride-hailing industry. Based on evolutionary game theory, the paper establishes the tripartite evolution game model about regulation strategies of ride-hailing industry. The theoretical research and simulation results show that the evolutionarily stable strategy of a single subject (Transportation Network Company, driver or passenger) is affected by the strategies of other two subjects together. Moreover, when making the decision, the Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) need to consider the difference between benefits and costs, user scale, incentives and penalties from the government. Drivers need to consider their benefits and costs, travel user scale and penalties from the government and the TNCs. Besides, the benefits and costs, and the harmony of ride-hailing industry need to be considered for passengers. Potential policy implications are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zero Valent Iron (ZVI), an ideal reductant treating persistent pollutants, is hampered by issues like corrosion, passivation, and suboptimal utilization. Recent advancements in nonmetallic modified ZVI (NM-ZVI) show promising potential in circumventing these challenges by modifying ZVI's surface and internal physicochemical properties. Despite its promise, a thorough synthesis of research advancements in this domain remains elusive. Here we review the innovative methodologies, regulatory principles, and reduction-centric mechanisms underpinning NM-ZVI's effectiveness against two prevalent persistent pollutants: halogenated organic compounds and heavy metals. We start by evaluating different nonmetallic modification techniques, such as liquid-phase reduction, mechanical ball milling, and pyrolysis, and their respective advantages. The discussion progresses towards a critical analysis of current strategies and mechanisms used for NM-ZVI to enhance its reactivity, electron selectivity, and electron utilization efficiency. This is achieved by optimizing the elemental compositions, content ratios, lattice constants, hydrophobicity, and conductivity. Furthermore, we propose novel approaches for augmenting NM-ZVI's capability to address complex pollution challenges. This review highlights NM-ZVI's potential as an alternative to remediate water environments contaminated with halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals, contributing to the broader discourse on green remediation technologies., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

The cultivation of GM crops in Europe has a long history of disagreement. While the legal framework is based on a safety assessment, the disagreement goes beyond such risks and is rooted in political, social and cultural grounds. In 2015, with the discussion having become deadlocked—neither Member States (MS) who wanted to cultivate GM crops nor those who did not could have their way—Directive (EU) 2015/412 was adopted. This Directive which, in addition to the safety assessment, enables MS to prohibit the cultivation of GMOs in their territory based on non-safety considerations, was supposed to remove the deadlock and give MS autonomy to restrict cultivation. However, as of 2018, it seems that this approach has been only partially successful. In this article, we identify factors limiting the effective use of the new Directive; and, then using Poort's model of interactive legislation combined with an ethos of controversies, we analyse the potential of the Directive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on emotion regulation in the challenging situation of collaborative learning. The aim is to explore what type of challenges trigger group-level emotion regulation and what kind of co- and socially shared emotion regulation strategies emerge in relation to these challenges. The participants are 62 higher education students, who collaborated in groups during a six-week mathematics course. The data consist of 87 h of video-recorded learning sessions. In the analysis, first, the challenges emerging during collaborative learning were located. Second, co- and socially shared emotion regulation activated in the face of challenges were traced and the related emotion regulation strategies were classified. The results provide evidence about the collaborative groups' emotion regulation, highlighting that group-level emotion regulation can be activated in relation to different types of challenges. The results also revealed four different types of strategies which the group members used to manifest emotion regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the motivational regulation strategies is of significance in Second Language Acquisition. To better understand the strategies used by Chinese college students to regulate their motivation in learning English, this study sampled 256 college students of a Chinese-foreign Cooperative Project in one of the "Double First-rate" colleges in Henan, mainland China. Data were collected through a questionnaire on motivational regulation strategies. An exploratory factor analysis has yielded six types of motivational regulation strategies, which encompass academic achievement enhancement, interest enhancement, peer competitive stimulation, self-reward, volitional control and task value enhancement. The results of descriptive statistical analysis show that all the six strategies were used with medium to high frequency. The results of independent sample T test have shown that the only peer competitive stimulation strategy of female students is significantly better than that of male students among the six motivational regulation strategies. The results of one-way ANOVA indicate that high level students in English are better at using regulation strategies to sustain and promote motivation than low level students. Lastly, this study suggests students be trained in motivational regulation strategies, especially in those that can help promote the intrinsic and integrative motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Researchers have examined how several contexts impact the effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies. However, few have considered the emotion-to-be-regulated as a context of interest. Specific emotions are important contexts because they may require particular responses to internal and external stimuli for optimal regulation. Method: Ninety-two undergraduates completed 10 days of ecological momentary assessment, reporting their current mood, recent emotions, and emotion regulation strategies three times per day. Results: The frequency with which certain emotion regulation strategies were used (i.e., acceptance, positive refocusing, reappraisal, problem-solving, and other-blame) differed by the specific emotion experienced. Acceptance and positive refocusing were associated with better mood regardless of emotion, while substance use was associated with worse mood regardless of emotion. Reappraisal was associated with better mood in response to anger than anxiety or sadness, while emotional suppression and other-blame were associated with worse mood in response to anger. Discussion: These results suggest some emotion regulation strategies exhibit emotion-invariant effects while others depend on the emotion-to-be-regulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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• Proposed a crop-specific control method for soil moisture and light intensity. • Analyzed the contribution of interaction terms by the generalized additive model. • Adopted the gaussian curvature algorithm to analyze the variation of the surface. • Established a regulation strategy based on the Gaussian curvature maximum. Soil moisture (SM) exerts a significant impact on crop growth, interacting with environmental factors such as temperature, photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), and CO 2 , ultimately affecting crop photosynthesis (Pn). This study employs a nested experimental design to investigate the photosynthetic activity of cucumber seedlings under diverse environmental conditions and establishes a support vector regression (SVR) model for Pn prediction. The SVR model takes temperature, PPFD, SM, and CO 2 concentration as inputs and demonstrates a high level of accuracy (The model's coefficient of determination = 0.9830, root mean square error = 0.9138). Subsequently, through a generalized additive model, the study unveils the significant impact of interactions between SM and PPFD on Pn. Accordingly, this research constructs a Pn response surface based on these two factors and identifies the maximum point of Gaussian curvature on this surface. Polynomial regression is applied to these points, yielding a comprehensive regulation strategy for SM and PPFD. In comparison to traditional methods based on maximizing Pn, this innovative approach reduces Pn by 12.9 % while significantly conserving light (35.59 %) and water (32.80 %) consumption. Although no significant changes are observed in crop physiological traits (plant height, stem diameter, dry weight, fresh weight), substantial variations are noted in irrigation volume and PPFD consumption. Thus, the regulation strategy proposed in this study embodies efficiency and energy conservation in greenhouse crop cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ganoderma lucidum is a well-known functional food-grade and medicinal mushroom with 2000-year history for promoting health and longevity in Asian countries. G. lucidum polysaccharides are the most investigated biological components due to their attracting nutritional and medicinal values. The increasing efforts have also attempted to understand the biosynthesis pathways of G. lucidum polysaccharides and the roles of involved key genes based on the recent rapid advances and increasing availability in G. lucidum genome. On this basis, the present study presented the updated progresses on structural characteristics, bioactivities/potential mechanisms, and complex biosynthesis process/associated key genes of G. lucidum polysaccharides (GLPs) in the past 5 years. The recent process optimization and genetic engineering to maximally produce GLPs were also summarized. The future trends and challenges to answer the structure-activity relationship, biosynthesis and molecular regulation of GLPs are also proposed. • Updated progress of structures, bioactivities and mechanisms of GLPs was presented. • A complex process and the key genes corresponding to GLP biosynthesis were outlined. • Mutation, process and genetic strategies to maximally produce GLPs were summarized. • New perspectives on functions and regulation strategies of GLPs were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]