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In Talking about, Unnsteinsson defends an intentionalist theory of reference by arguing that confused referential intentions degrade reference. Central to this project is a "belief model" of both identity confusion and unconfused thought. By appealing to a well‐known argument from Campbell, I argue that this belief model falls short, because it fails to explain the inferential behavior it promises to explain. Campbell's argument has been central in the contemporary literature on Frege's puzzle, but Unnsteinsson's account of confusion provides an opportunity for more clarity about how the argument is best interpreted, and what it shows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A main selling point of predicativism is that, in addition to accounting for predicative uses of proper names, it can successfully account for their referential uses while treating them as predicates, thus providing a uniform semantics for proper names. The strategy is to postulate an unpronounced determiner that is realised with names when they appear to function as singular terms, making them effectively a concealed determiner phrase. I argue against the thesis that names are really predicates in referential uses. I discuss four different environments where names do not behave like the determiner phrases that are thought to embed them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chatbot Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) is an artificial intelligence-powered language model chatbot able to help otolaryngologists in practice and research. The ability of ChatGPT in generating patient-centered information related to laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD) was evaluated. Methods: Twenty-five questions dedicated to definition, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of LPRD were developed from the Dubai definition and management of LPRD consensus and recent reviews. Questions about the four aforementioned categories were entered into ChatGPT-4. Four board-certified laryngologists evaluated the accuracy of ChatGPT-4 with a 5-point Likert scale. Interrater reliability was evaluated. Results: The mean scores (SD) of ChatGPT-4 answers for definition, clinical presentation, additional examination, and treatments were 4.13 (0.52), 4.50 (0.72), 3.75 (0.61), and 4.18 (0.47), respectively. Experts reported high interrater reliability for sub-scores (ICC = 0.973). The lowest performances of ChatGPT-4 were on answers about the most prevalent LPR signs, the most reliable objective tool for the diagnosis (hypopharyngeal-esophageal multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring (HEMII-pH)), and the criteria for the diagnosis of LPR using HEMII-pH. Conclusion: ChatGPT-4 may provide adequate information on the definition of LPR, differences compared to GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), and clinical presentation. Information provided upon extra-laryngeal manifestations and HEMII-pH may need further optimization. Regarding the recent trends identifying increasing patient use of internet sources for self-education, the findings of the present study may help draw attention to ChatGPT-4's accuracy on the topic of LPR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machery et al.’s 2004 x-phi project has been widely criticised for ambiguities contained in the expression ‘talk about’. Interestingly, although ‘about’ plays a prominent part in the debate, aboutness has not been a topic. This paper discusses this aspect. Alas, it must thereby add a further ambiguity to the list, the ambiguity between aboutness and reference, and thus also between subject matter and referent. It explains the distinction between intra-categorical aboutness which makes no ontological demands, and cross-categorical reference which requires the referent to exist. It then analyses the 4-fold embedding contained in Machery et al.’s study and shows how the aboutness-reference distinction bears on it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A heat recovery coke oven (HRCO) is one of important approaches to achieving a carbon peak and carbon neutrality in China. However, the steady operation of an HRCO is significantly influenced by the internal working conditions and the quality of lining refractories. In this work, a comprehensive study of the internal working conditions of an HRCO was carried out. The results suggest that the partition wall (PW) between the carbonization and combustion chambers is the most vulnerable area, with the corresponding traditional silica bricks inadequate for the service requirements. A reference based on a comparison of the average thermal stress and high-temperature compressive strength is offered for evaluating and selecting silica bricks for the PW. New optimized silica bricks within the reference are verified to be more applicable to the actual working conditions of an HRCO than the traditional silica bricks. As such, this work provides valuable guidance for the optimization and selection of silica bricks for the PW in an HRCO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to better understand the main source of the Islamic religion, the Holy Qur'an, as a text, certain methods have been followed from the earliest periods. Rules of language have become one of the most important instruments among these methods that develop within a particular system. Although the Qur'anic text is the primary source for the formation of language rules, the rules of language in general have been decisive in the understanding of the Qur'an. As a matter of fact, the lexical tafsir studies that started in the classical period have emerged as a result of this understanding. In the following periods, linguistic issues were increasingly addressed and subject-work-based studies gained momentum. In this context, preferences regarding the reference of pronouns have been one of the issues that prepare the ground for different interpretations. Because in some usages, more than one word has the property of being a reference for a pronoun, and one of them should be preferred. The preferences that are made cause the meaning to differ. In this study, the subject of the reference of pronouns in the Holy Qur'an will be dealt with in the context of the work entitled Hak Dini Kur'an Dili written by Elmalılı, using many of the tafsirs written before his time. Elmalılı's preferences regarding the subject of the pronoun were determined and compared with the preferences of other interpreters. Elmalılı were not only sufficed with narrations in the interpretation of these pronouns, but also included his own original opinions. In addition, differences were found between the preferences of the author in the tafsirs and the preferences in the translation written by him. Thus, the different meanings and interpretations arising from the determination of the authority of the pronoun have been reached and their justifications have been revealed, and the possible effects of different meanings on the judgment have been focused on. Of the eighteen pronouns identified in the Elmalılı tafsir, nine of them were examined and their preferences, which are different from other interpreters, were primarily determined. In addition, Elmalılı's arguments in his own preferences were examined and his evidences was evaluated. The consistency of the opinions expressed during the preference in terms of language rules has also been investigated. In particular, it has been shown that Elmalılı follows a original path regarding the reference of the pronoun contained in the three verses. In some pronouns, it has been observed that he prefers interpretations accepted by very few commentators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chatbot generative pre-trained transformer (ChatGPT) is a new artificial intelligence-powered language model of chatbot able to help otolaryngologists in practice and research. We investigated the accuracy of ChatGPT-3.5 and -4 in the referencing of manuscripts published in otolaryngology. Methods: ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4 were interrogated for providing references of the top-30 most cited papers in otolaryngology in the past 40 years including clinical guidelines and key studies that changed the practice. The responses were regenerated three times to assess the accuracy and stability of ChatGPT. ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4 were compared for accuracy of reference and potential mistakes. Results: The accuracy of ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4.0 ranged from 47% to 60%, and 73% to 87%, respectively (p < 0.005). ChatGPT-3.5 provided 19 inaccurate references and invented 2 references throughout the regenerated questions. ChatGPT-4.0 provided 13 inaccurate references, while it proposed only one invented reference. The stability of responses throughout regenerated answers was mild (k = 0.238) and moderate (k = 0.408) for ChatGPT-3.5 and 4.0, respectively. Conclusions: ChatGPT-4.0 reported higher accuracy than the free-access version (3.5). False references were detected in both 3.5 and 4.0 versions. Practitioners need to be careful regarding the use of ChatGPT in the reach of some key reference when writing a report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do children learn to connect expressions (e.g., "that red apple") to the real-world objects they refer to? The dominant view in developmental psychology is that children rely on descriptive information, "red" and "apple." In contrast, linguistic theories of the adult language attribute primacy to grammatical elements: words such as "that" or "another" first establish the status of potential referents within the discourse context (old or new) before descriptions can factor in. These theories predict that reference can succeed even when the description does not match the referent. We explored this novel prediction in adults and children. Over four experiments, we found that (a) adults relied on the articles to identify the referent, even when the description did not fit, consistent with grammar-first accounts; (b) consistent with description-first accounts, and unlike adults, 3- to 5-year-old children prioritized the descriptions provided by nouns and adjectives, despite being sensitive to grammatical information. This suggests that children connect expressions to referents differently from adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to a family of metasemantics for demonstratives called intentionalism, the intentions of speakers determine the reference of demonstratives. And according to a sub-family I call proximal intentions (PI) intentionalism, the intention that determines reference is one that occupies a certain place—the proximal one—in a structure of intentions. PI intentionalism is thought to make correct predictions about reference where less sophisticated forms of intentionalism make the wrong predictions. In this article I argue that this is an illusion: PI intentionalism also suffers from predictive inadequacy. In Sect. 1, I present the problem of predictive inadequacy for intentionalism and an ad hoc response to it. In Sect. 2, I sketch a version of PI intentionalism that aims to provide the most principled response to this problem. In Sect. 3, I explain why PI intentionalism cannot solve the problem after all. In Sect. 4, I indicate where I think metasemanticists should go next. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It doesn't have (just) one, and this matters for how we ought to pursue a theory of meaning and communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

of course, the expression “Azkarwa Mutakam Balkhair” is not mentioned in the sources of Al-Furiqin as a narration, although its content is mentioned in numerous narrations in the books of Sunnis. The result of this article with descriptive and analytical method is that; The evidence of these hadiths in the Hadith gatherings of Ahl al-Sunnah is flawed and is not accepted. Also, regarding the meaning and content of the hadiths, there is confusion and disagreement on this issue, and no unified view is presented; That is, it is sometimes said that it is meant to express good and to forbid the expression of evil so that the living are not bothered by the relatives of the dead. Sometimes it is said that it is because of the sanctity of occultation, and sometimes it is said that it is because of expressing good prayers for the dead, or it is said because he is involved in his actions and we are not the accounting God to judge, etc. Therefore, there is only one possibility that this narration indicates that it is improperly taken and used to purify evil people, which is also against the Qur’an and correct narrations from Sunnis themselves. The pronouns of the audience in these narrations determine the meaning of these narrations. are excluded from these narrations. There is also a possibility that these hadiths were brought up from the reference area and entered the hadith sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis causes ungulate morbidity and mortality in eastern and central North America, but no reference genome sequence exists to facilitate research. Here, we present a P. tenuis genome assembly and annotation, generated with PacBio and Illumina technologies. The assembly is 491 Mbp, with 7285 scaffolds and 185 kb N50. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Changes in normal reference values of thyroid uptake for iodine have been reported due to geographical and chronological fluctuations in dietary iodine intake in different populations. Nepal is a country with mixed ethnicity, with access to dietary iodine in the form of successful universal salt iodination program by the government of Nepal since 1973. The aim of this study was to establish the normal reference values for thyroid uptake of technetium-99m (Tc-99m) pertechnetate in the Nepalese population in iodine sufficiency era. Methods We prospectively evaluated 52 clinically and biochemically euthyroid participants (46 females and 6 males) with age range from 20 to 71 years who underwent a thyroid Tc-99m pertechnetate scan and uptake between December 2019 to November 2023 in the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chitwan Medical College fulfilling inclusion/exclusion criteria. Biochemical thyroid function tests were reviewed and Tc-99m pertechnetate thyroid uptake values were determined for each patient. Blood was withdrawn for thyroid hormone assessment. Euthyroid participants were then administered 3.5 to 4.5 mCi of Tc-99m pertechnetate intravenously and their percentage thyroid uptake was calculated after 20 minutes. Results The mean and median uptake of Tc-99m pertechnetate in euthyroid patients were 1.26 and 0.85%, respectively, and the interquartile range was 0.7 to 1.7%. The normal reference uptake value for Tc-99m pertechnetate in the studied population ranged between 0.3 and 3.6%. The fifth and 95th percentiles for pertechnetate uptake were 0.5 and 2.9%, respectively. Conclusion The normal reference range for Tc-99m pertechnetate thyroid uptake in Nepalese population was 0.5 to 2.9% that is lower than the currently accepted international standard of 0.75 to 4.5%. Uptake also increased with increasing age. This study highlights the importance of periodically redefining the geographic location specific normal thyroid uptake reference values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Commentary on Mark Richard's Meaning as Species raises three sets of questions about Richard's project: first about the relation between his conception of meaning and the determination of reference and propositional content; second, about its relation to Paul Grice's notion of speaker meaning, and more generally to the Gricean program for a theory of conversation, and third about way meanings evolve while maintaining their identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction of "blue granary" is an important move to implement China's maritime power strategy, and is of great strategic significance for maintaining sustainable development of marine resources and guaranteeing national food security. As a major fishery province, Guangdong Province has rich marine resources and is one of the key provinces for the construction of blue granary in China. This paper analyzes the development characteristics of the international blue granary industry powerhouses, the United States and Norway, and the domestic blue granary industry powerhouses, Shandong and Fujian, comparing and analyzing the main problems faced by the development of blue granary industry in Guangdong Province, such as insufficient level of scientific and technological innovation, low level of community participation and lack of supervision and management, and drawing on the initiatives and experience of the construction of the blue granary at home and abroad, it proposes promote the transformation and upgrading of the fisheries industry, promote the development of the marine tertiary industry; improve the capacity of fisheries science and technology research and development, accelerate the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in fisheries; play the role of fisheries associations to guide the masses to participate consciously; improve the legal management system, integration of management institutions intelligence and other suggestions for improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iconicity has been defined in three majors ways in the sign language literature. Some authors describe iconicity as a similarity mapping between a signifier (the mental representation of the form side of a linguistic sign) and its referent, while others state that iconicity is to be understood as a similarity mapping between a signifier and its meaning. Other scholars have defined iconicity as a similarity mapping between a signifier and some other mental representation. The goal of this paper is to give an overview of the consequences entailed by defining iconicity as a mapping between a signifier and its referent, a signifier and its meaning, or a signifier and some mental concept. These consequences will be discussed from different theoretical perspectives. It will be argued that definitions viewing iconicity as a mapping between a signifier and some associated mental concept work best, while definitions based on reference and meaning run into several theoretical problems or are, at least, rather theory-specific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the major findings from a nationwide survey about sexual and reproductive health information services in public libraries. The survey was conducted between March 3 and May 1, 2022 through an online survey. The participants were library professionals who work in public libraries. This analysis reviews data from 179 respondents from 12 states. Most survey participants believe that their library needs to increase sexual and reproductive health information services. However, findings from the survey reveal the complicated nature of providing this information, including intellectual freedom and self-censorship issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to advance our understanding of the nature and source(s) of individual differences in pragmatic language behavior over the adult lifespan. Across four story continuation experiments, we probed adults' (N = 496 participants, ages 18-82) choice of referential forms (i.e., names vs. pronouns to refer to the main character). Our manipulations were based on Fossard et al.'s (2018) scale of referential complexity which varies according to the visual properties of the scene: low complexity (one character), intermediate complexity (two characters of different genders), and high complexity (two characters of the same gender). Since pronouns signal topic continuity (i.e., that the discourse will continue to be about the same referent), the use of pronouns is expected to decrease as referential complexity increases. The choice of names versus pronouns, therefore, provides insight into participants' perception of the topicality of a referent, and whether that varies by age and cognitive capacity. In Experiment 1, we used the scale to test the association between referential choice, aging, and cognition, identifying a link between older adults' switching skills and optimal referential choice. In Experiments 2-4, we tested novel manipulations that could impact the scale and found both the TIMING of a competitor referent's presence and EMPHASIS placed on competitors modulated referential choice, leading us to refine the scale for future use. Collectively, Experiments 1-4 highlight what type of contextual information is prioritized at different ages, revealing older adults' preserved sensitivity to (visual) scene complexity but reduced sensitivity to linguistic prominence cues, compared to younger adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language and social cognition come together in communication, but their relation has been intensely contested. Here, I argue that these two distinctively human abilities are connected in a positive feedback loop, whereby the development of one cognitive skill boosts the development of the other. More specifically, I hypothesize that language and social cognition codevelop in ontogeny and coevolve in diachrony through the acquisition, mature use, and cultural evolution of reference systems (e.g., demonstratives: "this" vs. "that"; articles: "a" vs. "the"; pronouns: "I" vs. "you"). I propose to study the connection between reference systems and communicative social cognition across three parallel timescales—language acquisition, language use, and language change, as a new research program for cultural evolutionary pragmatics. Within that framework, I discuss the coevolution of language and communicative social cognition as cognitive gadgets, and introduce a new methodological approach to study how universals and cross-linguistic differences in reference systems may result in different developmental pathways to human social cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of city and industry has been a hot topic in China since the 21st century. However, the international experience and revelation research of city and industry integration is still one of the weak points in the field. Taking Tokyo as an example, this paper makes a multidimensional dynamic analysis of the integrated development of industry and city from the macro perspective of the interactive development of industrialization and urbanization, the medium perspective of the change of regional day-night population ratio, and the micro perspective of the integrated development of industry, housing and transportation at important nodes. The results show that: (1) The coupling coordination degree of industrialization and urbanization in Tokyo was mainly moderate coordination before 1995, but dropped to basic coordination after 1995, and the rapid "deindustrialization" and economic service were the main reasons for the decline of coordination degree. (2) The change of day and night population ratio in Tokyo is closely related to the rise and fall of economic development. The day-night population ratio in Tokyo rose steadily before 1995, but began to decline slowly after 1995. Moreover, there are obvious regional differences among Tokyo metropolitan part, city part, county part and island part. (3) High-intensity mixed development around important nodes is the source of vitality for Tokyo's efficient urbanization development. This contributes to the implementation of the public transport priority strategy while ensuring the vitality and competitiveness of the city center. Focusing on promoting the interactive optimization of industrial structure, population structure (employment structure), land use structure and spatial structure, actively advocating the lifestyle of "living in the city center, going to work in the suburbs", and creating an intensive urban development model are the main inspirations brought to us by the integrated development of city and industry in Tokyo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an investigation of the performance indices employed in combined or multigeneration thermal systems. Specifically, the following thermal systems will be considered: (1) combined cooling and power (CCP) systems; (2) combined heating and power (CHP) systems; and (3) combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems. The investigation will highlight the main problems and limitations related to using these indices. We will propose a new procedure for evaluating the performance of CCP systems that can be generalized for use in other combined or multigeneration systems. Employing the subsystems forming any multigeneration system as a reference, the relative saving ratios of energy and exergy are calculated. These saving ratios are used as metrics for the goodness of multigeneration systems. We will also use them to calculate equivalent energetic and exergetic efficiencies of multigeneration systems. These equivalent efficiencies will be used as performance indicators of a multigeneration system as if it were producing only one of its products. The new procedure will be applied to three case studies in this paper. Results of this work indicate that the equivalent exergetic efficiency of power generation (ψP,eqv) is the most meaningful and accurate performance index for assessing the performance of multigeneration systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deixis is the thing referred to by linguistic units outside the text or the discourse. The act of demonstrating or indicating the elements of a state through gestures or linguistic units is called deixis. Deictic is the name given to linguistic elements such as pronouns, demonstrative nouns and adverbs, which refer to the personal, spatial or temporal aspects of a speech act and which are, therefore, all directly related to the context surrounding its act of communication. Since the references of the deicitc expressions can only be identified within the context of actual communication, the subject is considered as a part of the pragmatics. This study aims to analyse the demonstrative nouns used in the Qur’anic verses within the context of deixis and types of deixis, which are research areas of pragmatics, and to identify the types of deixis used in the Qur’an. This study also aims to provide insight into how to present the references of demonstrative nouns, especially in Qur’anic translations, to be understood correctly by the readers. This is because the translations of the Qur’an are presented in written form, and the references of the deictic units are not expressed clearly in some of them. In this case, it is assumed that the reader might have difficulty understanding the meanings of the deictic such as “this, to this, these”. This study, firstly by studying deixis and its types from the modern linguistics and pragmatics resources, aims to form a conceptual framework. After the first chapter, upon which the main problem of the study will be built, is completed, the demonstrative nouns are analysed in terms of their structural and referential aspects within balāg̲h̲a and tafsīr sources, classical Arabic language nahw sources being in the first place. After the obtained data is analysed, their references are determined by associating the demonstrative nouns in Qur’anic verses with types of deixis, anaphora and cataphora. In this direction, firstly, the demonstrative nouns in the Qur’an will be identified, and the type of deixis will be explained by providing one example for each one of the demonstrative nouns in terms of their referential variety. For this purpose, this study highlights the demonstrative nouns which cannot be directly understood but only can be identified by checking the context. That is, the demonstrative nouns that take adjectives or are adjectives themselves will not be included in the scope. The references to these nouns existing in the verses will be specifically analysed within the classical tafsīr works. This study is significant as it reveals the references of demonstrative nouns by analysing the types of deixis in order to understand the Qur’an more accurately. Though there are various studies regarding demonstrative nouns, there are no studies found analysing the references of these nouns according to their types of deixis. With this study, it is understood that classical tafsīrs mention the deixis, types of deixis, and the references anaphora and cataphora for demonstrative nouns. As the demonstrative nouns, which are deictic elements, are used to point to all types of living and non-living creatures, they are considered indefinite things. It is understood that for the other interpreters, the vagueness can only be eliminated by considering pragmatic factors such as the speaker, listener and the context of communication. Twenty types of demonstrative nouns were used for a total of 1047 times in 89 different surahs. These demonstrative nouns are as following: “ ،هاتين ،هذان ،هذا ،ذا demonstrative that fact The .”هؤلاء، ذلك، ذانك، ذلكما، ذلكم، تلك، ذلكن، هذه، أولئك، أولئكم، أولاء، كذلك، كذلكم، هاهنا هنالك، ثم nouns are used so often in the Qur’an prove that these nouns are quite important in understanding the Qur’an. This study addresses the verses with demonstrative nouns in terms of types of deixis as part of pragmatics by referring to classical tafsīr and linguistic sources. It has been determined that demonstrative nouns in the Qur’an make personal, spatial or temporal references, discourse deixis, anaphora and cataphora, however, they do not perform as social deixis. It has been concluded that identifying the references of demonstrative nouns is quite important in understanding and interpreting the Qur’an correctly. It is also understood that the methods to determine the references of demonstrative nouns by the sources used in the study have pragmatic characteristics. It is observed that the references of the demonstrative nouns are not presented in certain Qur’an translations. In this context, it has been concluded that stating the references of these nouns in written form for the translation of the Qur’an into different languages is vital for these references to be understood correctly. It has also been concluded that it is a requirement in terms of pragmatics to consider the references of the deictic elements mentioned, especially in the primary source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does non‐human communication, like language, involve meaning? This question guides our focus through an interdisciplinary review of the theories and terminology used to study meaning across disciplines and species. Until now, it has been difficult to apply the concept of meaning to communication in non‐humans. This is partly because of the varied approaches to the study of meaning. Additionally, while there is a scholarly acknowledgement of potential meaning in non‐human cognition, there is also scepticism when the topic of communication arises. We organise some of the key literature into a coherent framework that can bridge disciplines and species, to ensure that aspects of meaning are accurately and fairly compared. We clarify the growing view in the literature that, rather than requiring multiple definitions or being split into different types, meaning is a multifaceted yet still unified concept. In so doing, we propose that meaning is an umbrella term. Meaning cannot be summed up with a short definition or list of features, but involves multiple complexities that are outlined in our framework. Specifically, three global facets are needed to describe meaning: a Signal Meaning Facet, an Interactant Meaning Facet, and a Resultant Meaning Facet. Most importantly, we show that such analyses are possible to apply as much to non‐humans as to humans. We also emphasise that meaning nuances differ among non‐human species, making a dichotomous approach to meaning questionable. Instead, we show that a multifaceted approach to meaning establishes how meaning appears within highly diverse examples of non‐human communication, in ways consistent with the phenomenon's presence in human non‐verbal communication and language(s). Therefore, without further recourse to 'functional' approaches that circumvent the critical question of whether any non‐human meaning exists, we show that the concept of meaning is suitable for evolutionary biologists, behavioural ecologists, and others to study, to establish exactly which species exhibit meaning in their communication and in what ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we constructed a reference transcriptome database for the special crops Codonopsis lanceolata (known as “deodeok” in Korean) and Ixeridium dentata (known as “sseumbagwi” in Korean). The reference transcriptome sequence based on PacBio Iso-Seq technology was rapidly analyzed using various programs on a supercomputer at the Rural Development Administration to determine homologous gene searches, domain searches, and metabolic pathway-related information. Transcriptome information was organized into a single file database (DB) with a simple user interface using Microsoft Access, enabling efficient access and management of transcriptome sequences and functional prediction information. The deodeok reference transcriptome DB included 49,677 transcriptome sequences, whereas the sseumbagwi reference transcriptome DB included 73,757 transcriptome sequences. These reference transcriptome DBs can be utilized for various genomic analyses, such as gene discovery, gene expression analysis, inter-and intraspecies comparisons, and marker development, with particular potential for use in secondary metabolite research. The reference transcriptome DBs constructed in this study are expected to contribute to enhancing the agricultural value and industrial applicability of deodeok and sseumbagwi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has found apparently contradictory effects of a semantically similar competitor on how people refer to previously mentioned entities. To address this issue, we conducted two picture-description experiments in spoken Mandarin. In Experiment 1, participants saw pictures and heard sentences referring to both the target referent and a competitor, and then described actions involving only the target referent. They produced fewer omissions and more repeated noun phrases when the competitor was semantically similar to the target referent than otherwise. In Experiment 2, participants saw introductory pictures and heard sentences referring to only the target referent, and then described actions involving both the target referent and a competitor. They produced more omissions and fewer pronouns when the competitor was semantically similar to the target referent than otherwise. We interpret the results in terms of the representation of discourse entities and the stages of language production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent experimental studies have claimed to find evidence for the view that natural kind terms such as "water" are ambiguous: that they have two extensions, one determined by superficial properties, the other by underlying essence. In an online experiment, we presented to 600 participants scenarios describing discoveries of novel samples that differ in deep structure from samples of a familiar kind but are superficially identical, such as a water‐like substance that is not composed of H2O. We used three different types of question sets to probe whether the participants considered the sample as a member of the kind or not. Our results did not confirm the predictions of the ambiguity view. They were, rather, consistent with views that take underlying essences to be the sole criterion for membership in a natural kind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In all human languages, noun phrases (NPs) (e.g., 'a field', 'the woman with a book') are used to identify entities in discourse. Previous evidence has shown that the spontaneous speech of patients with schizophrenia (Sz) shows differences in the distribution of grammatically different types of NPs, which are in part specific to patients with formal thought disorder (FTD). Here we sought to provide the first evidence of related grammatical effects in a non-Indo-European language. Results from a picture description task in a sample of 16 Turkish speakers with FTD (+FTD), 15 without FTD (-FTD), and 27 controls revealed that relative to controls, people with Sz over-produced NPs that are 'bare' (in the sense of lacking any grammatical items such as the or a in English). The +FTD group generally showed stronger effects than -FTD, and used more pronouns and less NPs co-referring with previously mentioned NPs. In addition, the dynamic distribution of NP types over narrative time showed an effect of increased mean distance between definite NPs in -FTD relative to controls. In +FTD but no other group there was an unexpected random distribution of indefinite DPs. Incidence rates of referential anomalies increased from controls to the -FTD and +FTD groups. These findings further confirm that Sz is manifest through specific linguistic effects in the referential structure of meaning as mediated by grammar. They provide a linguistic baseline for neurocognitive models of FTD and help to define appropriate targets for the automatic extraction of linguistic features to classify psychotic speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adjective ordering preferences have been addressed by theoretical and empirical studies. Some accounts propose that the distance of an adjective from the head noun depends on its semantic/conceptual features such as subjectivity. Subjectivity has been observed to reliably predict adjective ordering cross-linguistically, albeit with variation in strength. We propose that cross-linguistic variation might stem from lexical factors, which might operate differently in pre- and post-nominal languages. Frequency, for example, may affect ordering linearly with frequent words appearing earlier in the string, rather than based on distance from the noun. Our study aimed at examining this hypothesis, using a binary forced-choice task contrasting two adjective orders in a post-nominal language (i.e. Hebrew). Our results suggest that subjectivity is indeed a strong predictor for ordering preferences, but its effect interacts with lexical factors. Our findings highlight the importance of studying a diversity of languages, where linguistic phenomena might manifest differently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Speakers enjoy considerable flexibility in how they refer to a given referent––referring expressions can vary in their form (e.g., "she" vs. "the cat"), their length (e.g., "the (big) (orange) cat"), and more. What factors drive a speaker's decisions about how to refer, and how do these decisions shape a comprehender's ability to resolve the intended referent? Answering either question presents a methodological challenge; researchers must strike a balance between experimental control and ecological validity. In this paper, we introduce the SCARFS (Spontaneous, Controlled Acts of Reference between Friends and Strangers) Database: a corpus of approximately 20,000 English nominal referring expressions (NREs), produced in the context of a communication game. For each NRE, the corpus lists the concept the speaker was trying to convey (from a set of 471 possible target concepts), formal properties of the NRE (e.g., its length), the relationship between the interlocutors (i.e., friend vs. stranger), and the communicative outcome (i.e., whether the expression was successfully resolved). Researchers from diverse disciplines may use this resource to answer questions about how speakers refer and how comprehenders resolve their intended referent––as well as other fundamental questions about dialogic speech, such as whether and how speakers tailor their utterances to the identity of their interlocutor, how second-degree associations are generated, and the predictors of communicative success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The French critic Philippe Lejeune drew the distinctive boundaries of autobiographical writing and the set of terms of trade in the text within a textual charter he called the epigraphic enactments, but this prevents the emergence of a new narrative. What this art imposes on a clear reference charter, by matching the writer's name with the central character narrator, After that, the so-called mixed narrative types appeared that fluctuate between biography and novel or story and biography, until in the last two decades we reached the popular term in Arab criticism “self-imagining”, where this term will become the subject of this study’s question. From this point of view, we will discuss in this article the study of my grandfather’s lanterns and my grandfather’s candies by Haitham Bahnam Barada, which responds in ma.ny aspects to this emerging writin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A desire to achieve optimal electron transport from the electron transport layer (ETL) towards the emissive layer (EML) is an important research factor for the realization of high performance quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QD-LEDs). In this paper, we study the effect of a single, double, and electron transport layer sandwiched Poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVPy here on) on the charge injection balance and on the overall device performance of InP-based red quantum dot light emitting diodes (red QD-LEDs). The results showed general improvement of device characteristic performance metrics such as operational life with incorporation of a PVPy interlayer. The best performance was observed at a lower concentration of PVPy (@ 0.1 mg/mL) in interlayer with continual worsening in performance as PVPy concentration in the interlayer increased in other fabricated devices. The AFM images obtained for the different materials reported improved surface morphology and overall improved surface properties, but decreased overall device performance as PVPy concentration in interlayer was increased. Furthermore, we fabricated two special devices: in the first special device, a single 0.1 mg/mL PVPy sandwiched between two ZnO ETL layers, and in the second special device, two 0.1 mg/mL PVPy interlayers were inter-sandwiched between two ZnO ETL layers. Particular emphasis was placed on monitoring the maximum obtained EQE and the maximum obtained luminance of all the devices. The first special device showed better all-round improved performance than the second special device compared to the reference device (without PVPy) and the device with a single 0.1 mg/mL PVPy interlayer stacked between ZnO ETL and the emissive layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being in a state of confusion is, unfortunately, an ordinary part of human experience. What is going on in our heads exactly, when we are confused about something? Surely, there are many different ways of being confused, but in his engaging new book Talking About, Elmar Unnsteinsson takes on the special case of what he calls identity confusion. He suggests that understanding what happens when we are in a state of identity confusion – and what kinds of things this confusion allows us to, or inhibits us from doing – will dissolve Frege's puzzle. And more importantly, it will pave the road to a new theory of reference which relies on what he calls the Edenic Constraint – a constraint that makes acts of reference unavailable to victims of identity confusion. I argue that this account is convincing if the Edenic Constraint is restricted to certain cases of combinatory confusion – namely those that involve conflicting intentions – but that it is less plausible that the reference mechanism fails in cases of combinatory confusion that don't involve conflicting intentions, or in any cases of separatory confusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to gather information that can be useful in guiding libraries that hope to hire a social worker, wish to collaborate with social workers in their community, or integrate social work values into librarians' workflows. The study uses qualitative interviews with social workers from different public library systems. Five major themes emerged through the interviews: engagement, regardless of whether this was with patrons, community partners, or staff; the right to self-determination; the impacts of social isolation; the importance of a trauma-informed model; and the need to balance safety and inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by early proposals in philosophy, dominant accounts of language posit a central role for mutual knowledge, either encoded directly in common ground, or approximated through other cognitive mechanisms. Using existing empirical evidence from language and memory, we challenge this tradition, arguing that mutual knowledge captures only a subset of the mental states needed to support communication. In a novel theoretical proposal, we argue for a cognitive architecture that includes separate, distinct representations of the self and other, and a cognitive process that compares these representations continuously during conversation, outputting both similarities and differences in perspective. Our theory accounts for existing data, interfaces with findings from other cognitive domains, and makes novel predictions about the role of perspective in language use. We term this new account the Multiple Perspectives Theory of mental states in communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports two experiments that investigate the variation between two Estonian third-person referential devices - zero reference vs. the overt pronoun ta. First, in a speech-restoration paradigm (Experiment 1), we test whether the structure of a reference chain affects referential choice. Second, drawing on Experiment 1, we designed an acceptability judgement task (Experiment 2) to explore a possible systematic variation between zero reference vs. overt pronoun in different sentential configurations (two separated sentences vs. one coordinated sentence). Our findings suggest that sentential configuration affects referential choice. This result accords with earlier observations that salience-only accounts cannot fully explain referential choice. Furthermore, this study supports the form-specific account of reference, by showing that zero reference is more sensitive to sentential configuration than the overt pronoun. We suggest that the use of referential devices reflects a dualistic nature of discourse processing, and local coherence as well as discourse segmenting effects should be considered for a convincing explanation of referential usage patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kripke raises the question concerning how the reference to God might be fixed, and Augustine makes it the leading question of the Confessions : How can I call upon God and not someone else instead? In this paper, I argue that this question is the central concern of Anselm's Proslogion , which explicitly adopts the dialogical form of Augustine's Confessions. Anselm does not define God but instead fixes the reference to God through an ostension or indexical description. The same linguistic formulation, "God is that than which nothing greater can be thought," has three functions: as an ostension, it points out God as that being and not another; as a criterion for selection, it ostensibly picks out a referent that exists rather than not; finally, as a rule for analysis, it provides a principle to clarify the necessary properties of the God that has been so ostended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kenneth Taylor's book, Referring to the World: An Opinionated Introduction to the Theory of Reference, is an exploration of the cognitive resources required to refer to things in the external world. According to Taylor, there is a lot going on. One needs the appropriate internal syntactic objects (which are, on Taylor's view, the product of discursive activity), plus the appropriate internal conceptions, plus of course, the things in the external world that are causally related to our sense organs. His project then is to direct this symphony of moving parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The WHO's standardized measuring unit, "binding antibody units per milliliter (BAU/mL)," should allow the harmonization of quantitative results by different commercial Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays. However, multiple studies demonstrate inter-assay discrepancies. The antigenic changes of the Omicron variant affect the performance of Spike-specific immunoassays. This study evaluated the variation of quantitative Anti-SARS-CoV-2-Spike antibody measurements among 46, 50, and 44 laboratories in three rounds of a national external quality assessment (EQA) prior to and after the emergence of the Omicron variant in a diagnostic near-to-real-life setting. We analyzed results reported by the EQA participant laboratories from single and sequential samples from SARS-CoV-2 convalescent, acutely infected, and vaccinated individuals, including samples obtained after primary and breakthrough infections with the Omicron variant. The three immunoassays most commonly used by the participants displayed a low intra-assay and inter-laboratory variation with excellent reproducibility using identical samples sent to the participants in duplicates. In contrast, the inter-assay variation was very high with all samples. Notably, the ratios of BAU/mL levels quantified by different immunoassays were not equal among all samples but differed between vaccination, past, and acute infection, including primary infection with the Omicron variant. The antibody kinetics measured in vaccinated individuals strongly depended on the applied immunoassay. Measured BAU/mL levels are only inter-changeable among different laboratories when the same assay was used for their assessment. Highly variable ratios of BAU/mL quantifications among different immunoassays and infection stages argue against the usage of universal inter-assay conversion factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel argument against intentionalism about demonstrative reference. The term ‘intentionalism’ is used to denote the view saying that the referent of a demonstrative expression is determined by the speaker’s intention. My argument focuses on ‘mismatch cases’, roughly, the cases in which the speaker’s intention determines a different object from the one which appears to be the referent in the light of contextual factors. The opponents of intentionalism claim that intentionalism yields simply incorrect reference predictions in these cases. Many intentionalism defenders claim to the contrary, i.e. that the relevant kind of intention fixes the referent in line with the contextual factors and thus the theory provides correct predictions. I will argue that this strategy is objectionable as the concept of the relevant referential intention is genuinely parasitic on non-intentional accounts of demonstrative reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: India, a highly heterogeneous country, has no common reference standards for predicting spirometry values, with very few recent studies from south India. This study aimed to create reference equations for rural south Indian adults, based on a population‑based survey in Vellore, south India and compare it with other equations from India. Methods: The data from 583 non‑smoking, asymptomatic participants (30 years and older) from a spirometry‑based survey for airflow obstruction (rural Vellore, 2018), were used to develop equations for FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and FVC. The dataset was divided for development (70%) and validation (30%), by gender. Differences between observed and predicted values were assessed using the new equations and comparisons made with other equations from India. Results: Predictions with Vellore rural equations were closest to the previous south Indian equations from urban Bangalore. However, the Bangalore equations led to overestimation of FVC values in males, and of both FEV1 and FVC values in females. Using the rural Vellore equations also led to a higher percent of males being classified as having airflow obstruction, compared to the Bangalore equations which underestimated airflow obstruction in this rural population. Comparison with previously derived Indian equations from other parts of the country showed pronounced variations. Conclusions: Our study reiterates the need for representative rural and urban studies of adults from various parts of India, to obtain region specific reference equations, given the wide variations in spirometry values in “normal” individuals, due to social heterogeneities of the Indian population and resulting complexities in defining normal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The debate over the semantics of demonstratives is in a stalemate between those positions attributing some referential significance to a speaker's referential intentions and those not doing so. The latter approach is supported by cases driving the non-intentional intuition in which the speakers mistakenly point at objects other than the ones they intend to refer to. The intentionalists, such as Martin Montminy, reply that once we think of potential extensions of such cases in which the speaker explains to the hearer what her referential intention was, it is the intentionalist intuition that prevails. In this paper, I develop a semantics for demonstratives whose task is to accommodate both of these seemingly contradictory intuitions within the general non-intentionalist framework. The proposed idea is that the reference of a use of a demonstrative can change over time, as the discourse develops. This idea is handled formally by the addition of a parameter of the index of evaluation that represents the referentially relevant aspects of the state of the discourse. Also, I provide reasons for preferring my view over two rival positions: one by Palle Leth, and one that I adjust to the demands of the semantics of demonstratives from the theory that Kai von Fintel and Anthony Gillies offer for epistemic modals, and from Laura Delgado's polyreferentialism for proper names. • The reference of uses of demonstratives might change as the discourse develops. • There is a way to incorporate intentionalist and conventionalist intuitions about demonstrative reference into one view. • A view able to do so is preferable over the no-reference and polyreferentialist views. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the transfer accuracy and required time for digital full-arch impressions obtained from intraoral scanners (IOSs) versus conventional alginate impressions (CAIs) in patients with multibracket appliances (MBA). Thirty patients with buccal MBAs (metal brackets, archwire removed) were examined using an established reference aid method. Impression-taking using four IOSs (Primescan, Trios 4, Medit i700, Emerald S) and one CAI with subsequent plaster casting were conducted. One-hundred-twenty (n = 30 × 4) scans were analyzed with 3D software (GOM Inspect) and 30 (n = 30 × 1) casts were assessed using a coordinate measurement machine. Six distances and six angles were measured and compared to the reference aid values (ANOVA; p < 0.05). Except for the intermolar distance, transfer accuracy was significantly higher with IOSs than with CAIs (p < 0.05). No such difference was found regarding the six angles. In patients with MBAs, digital impression-taking using IOSs can be recommended. For all measured variables except one, the transfer accuracy of IOSs was better than or at least equivalent to the data from CAIs. In addition, significantly (p < 0.001) less time was necessary for all IOSs in comparison to CAIs plus plaster casting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highway networks are the most widely used transportation network in Turkey. It is very important to determine the maintenance and repair needs correctly and to apply appropriate methods at the right time in order to manage the large resources used in road construction and to reduce the expenditures to the optimum level. The current structural and functional condition of the pavement should be determined in the maintenance - repair planning. The existing structural and functional condition can be determined by methods such as laboratory studies and research pit, or it can be determined using non-destructive testing methods. The structural condition of the road pavement can be determined non-destructively with Falling Weight Deflectometers (FWD). In FWD measurements on flexible pavements, the measurement results of Hot Mixture Asphalt (HMA) layers vary by temperature. In this study, the effect of asphalt temperature on deflection measurements of flexible pavements was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Reference values for right ventricular dimension and systolic function in Nigerian children are scarce despite their high burden of right ventricular abnormalities. Reference values from other countries may not be suitable for use in Nigerian children because of possible racial variations in cardiac size. Purpose: To develop reference values for right ventricular dimension and systolic function in healthy Nigerian children aged 5-12 years. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study conducted between July and November 2019 included 480 healthy boys and girls aged 5-12 years. The participants were randomly selected from 6 primary schools in the Ikeja Local Government area of Lagos State and their weights and heights measured. Body mass index and body surface area were calculated. Echocardiography was performed at rest in the left lateral position. Results: The right ventricular end-diastolic basal diameter (RVD1), right ventricular end-diastolic mid-cavity diameter (RVD2), and right ventricular end-diastolic length (RVD3) were obtained. The right ventricular end-diastolic basal diameter (RVD1), right ventricular end-diastolic mid-cavity diameter (RVD2), and right ventricular end-diastolic length (RVD3) were obtained, as well as tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and tissue Doppler-derived right ventricular systolic excursion velocity (S'). The overall mean±standard deviation (SD) values for RVD1, RVD2, RVD3, TAPSE, and S' were 32.95±4.2, 25.86±3.5, 54.57±7.5, 20.11±2.3, and 18.24±2.2, respectively. Age- and sex-specific mean and SD values of the same cardiac indices were determined. Z score charts and the mean± 2SD right ventricular dimensions and systolic function were generated. All right ventricular dimensions were positively correlated with weight, height, body surface area, and body mass index. Only height correlated consistently with TAPSE and S'. Conclusion: The observed mean right ventricular dimension indices differed from those derived elsewhere, suggesting that values from other countries may be inappropriate for Nigerian children. These reference values are applicable in daily clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the way in which Émile Benveniste operates the passage from reference as a theme to be problematized to reference as an object to be theorized. To this end, it presents a brief approach to reference as a theme in philosophy and linguistics. It then exposes the reference as a theme in a first moment of Benveniste's thought. In the following section, the text discusses reference as an object in a second moment of this thought. The results lead to a conclusion and a hypothesis. The conclusion is that Benveniste, in both moments, establishes a critical dialogue with Saussure, but, while in the first moment the dialogue is only retrospective, in the second moment, the dialogue is both retrospective and prospective. The hypothesis is that Benveniste's theoretical attitude concerning reference inaugurates a third tradition of study of this problem, a semiologicalenunciative tradition, which resembles the logical-grammatical tradition and the rhetoricalhermeneutic tradition in some aspects but differs from them in others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Society is in the midst of an infodemic – an overwhelming amount of inaccurate health information is circulating online. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the infodemic which was already fueled by the general mistrust of traditional credible sources, particularly the media and health professionals. ChatGPT is further upending the information landscape. Librarians are trusted professionals who can help ease the impacts of the infodemic, however we need a simple yet not overly simplified consumer health evaluation tool to help us teach people how to evaluate health information in their daily lives. The authors present the "PAUSE for Your Health" tool designed specifically for this purpose. The tool combines the simplicity of a checklist with the robust critical thinking of a framework to encourage end-users to pause, consider attributes of the source, and then decide if this source is beneficial to their health before following the advice or sharing the information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid and pluralist accounts of concepts agree that the class of concepts includes a multiplicity of heterogeneous representational structures, such as prototypes, sets of exemplars and theories. In this paper I argue that these accounts agree on two additional central claims related to the ways in which they articulate those structures: each type of representational structure can be used independently in psychological processes, and co-referential concepts are associated in a distinctive way as representations of the same category. Although they disagree on concept individuation, they seem to agree that on a processing dimension there are multiple independent representations for a given category and on a long-term storage dimension concepts that represent the same category conform an epistemic unity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

D. H. Lawrence is one of the most important writers of the twentieth century who excelled in various fields of literature, including poetry. The research attempts to tackle one of Lawrence's tools utilized in writing his early poems which is colour imagery relying on the close study of 'Love Poems and Others'. The research also highlights how Lawrence has managed to connect utilized colours to the main themes of the poems in order to reflect the extent of these colours impact on understanding the image depending on the thematic analytical approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Maternal and perinatal deaths could be prevented if functional referral systems are in place to allow pregnant women to get appropriate services when complications occur. Methodology: The study was a 1-year retrospective study of obstetric referrals in Aminu Kano Teaching hospital, from 1st January to 31st December 2019. Records of all emergency obstetrics patients referred to the hospital for 1 year were reviewed. A structured proforma was used to extract information such as sociodemographic characteristics of the patients, indications for referral, and pre-referral treatment. The care given at the receiving hospital was extracted from the patients' folders. An Audit standard was developed and the findings were compared with the standards in order to determine how the referral system in the study area perform in relation to the standard. Results: There were total of 180 referrals, the mean age of the women was 28.5 ± 6.3 years. Majority (52%) of the patients were referred from Secondary Centres and only 10% were transported with an ambulance. The most common diagnosis at the time of referral was severe preeclampsia. More than half of the patients (63%) had to wait for 30 to 60 minutes before they see a doctor. All the patients were offered high quality care and majority (70%) were delivered via caesarean section. Conclusion: There were lapses in the management of patients before referral; failure to identify high risk conditions, delay in referral, and lack of treatment during transit to the referral centre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]