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Arthritis is a significant health concern affecting over 528 million people globally, reducing quality of life. The chronic nature of arthritis, coupled with insufficient therapeutic effectiveness, recurrence, and adverse side effects, complicates its management. Hyaluronic acid (HA) has emerged as a promising solution due to its biocompatibility, non‐toxicity, and targeted drug delivery capabilities, being a key component of the cartilage extracellular matrix widely used in managing arthritis. HA's inherent viscoelastic property and ability to target CD44 have spurred interest in developing HA‐based systems for delivering drugs to manage arthritis. Hyaluronic acid nanoscaffolds (HA‐NSCfs) show improved outcomes over treatments, including enhanced drug uptake through receptor‐mediated targeting, prolonged retention in the synovium, reduced proinflammatory mediator expression, enhanced cartilage regeneration, reduced drug toxicity due to sustained release, and more cost‐effective treatments. This review highlights the rationale for using HA‐NSCfs for the management and advanced drug delivery systems in arthritis, emphasizing preclinical and clinical results. It discusses various solid‐lipid nanoparticles, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, polyelectrolyte complexes, liposomes, bilosomes, drug‐polymer conjugates, hydrogels, inorganic nanoparticles, and polymer nanoparticles, etc reported for arthritis management. Additionally, the review identifies key challenges and offers suggestions to address them, ultimately highlighting the potential of HA‐NSCfs as a topical treatment for arthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Misganaw Asmamaw Mengstie,1 Muluken Teshome Azezew,2 Tadesse Asmamaw Dejenie,3 Assefa Agegnehu Teshome,4 Fitalew Tadele Admasu,1 Awgichew Behaile Teklemariam,1 Anemut Tilahun Mulu,1 Melaku Mekonnen Agidew,1 Dagnew Getnet Adugna,5 Habtamu Geremew,6 Endeshaw Chekol Abebe1 1Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; 2Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; 3Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 4Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; 5Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 6College of Health Sciences, Oda Bultum University, Chiro, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Misganaw Asmamaw Mengstie, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia, Tel +25196715350, Email misganaw118@gmail.comAbstract: The CRISPR-Cas (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)) and the associated protein (Cas9) system, a young but well-studied genome-editing tool, holds plausible solutions to a wide range of genetic disorders. The single-guide RNA (sgRNA) with a 20-base user-defined spacer sequence and the Cas9 endonuclease form the core of the CRISPR-Cas9 system. This sgRNA can direct the Cas9 nuclease to any genomic region that includes a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) just downstream and matches the spacer sequence. The current challenge in the clinical applications of CRISPR-Cas9 genome-editing technology is the potential off-target effects that can cause DNA cleavage at the incorrect sites. Off-target genome editing confuses and diminishes the therapeutic potential of CRISPR-Cas9 in addition to potentially casting doubt on scientific findings regarding the activities of genes. In this review, we summarize the recent technological advancements in reducing the off-target effect of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing.Keywords: CRISPR-Cas9, genome editing, off-target effect, recent advancements, review

The CRISPR-Cas (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)) and the associated protein (Cas9) system, a young but well-studied genome-editing tool, holds plausible solutions to a wide range of genetic disorders. The single-guide RNA (sgRNA) with a 20-base user-defined spacer sequence and the Cas9 endonuclease form the core of the CRISPR-Cas9 system. This sgRNA can direct the Cas9 nuclease to any genomic region that includes a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) just downstream and matches the spacer sequence. The current challenge in the clinical applications of CRISPR-Cas9 genome-editing technology is the potential off-target effects that can cause DNA cleavage at the incorrect sites. Off-target genome editing confuses and diminishes the therapeutic potential of CRISPR-Cas9 in addition to potentially casting doubt on scientific findings regarding the activities of genes. In this review, we summarize the recent technological advancements in reducing the off-target effect of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical cancer ranks as the fourth most common form of cancer worldwide. There is a large number of situations that may be examined in the developing world. The risk of contracting HPV (Human Papillomavirus) due to poor sanitation and sexual activity is mostly to blame for the disease's alarming rate of expansion. Immunotherapy is widely regarded as one of the most effective medicines available. The immunotherapy used to treat cervical cancer cells relies on inhibitors that block the immune checkpoint. The poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymer inhibited cervical cancer cells by activating both the programmed death 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (CTLA-1) checkpoints, a strategy that has been shown to have impressive effects. Yet, immunotherapy directed towards tumors that have already been invaded by lymphocytes leaves a positive imprint on the healing process. Immunotherapy is used in conjunction with other treatments, including chemotherapy and radiation, to provide faster and more effective outcomes. In this combination therapy, several medications such as Pembrolizumab, Durvalumab, Atezolizumab, and so on are employed in clinical trials. Recent developments and future predictions suggest that vaccinations will soon be developed with the dual goal of reducing the patient's susceptibility to illness while simultaneously strengthening their immune system. Many clinical and preclinical studies are now investigating the effectiveness of immunotherapy in slowing the progression of cervical cancer. The field of immunotherapy is expected to witness more progress toward improving outcomes. Immunotherapies landscape and associated inhibitors for the treatment of Cervical Cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil contamination with cadmium (Cd) is a severe concern for the developing world due to its non-biodegradability and significant potential to damage the ecosystem and associated services. Industries such as mining, manufacturing, building, etc., rapidly produce a substantial amount of Cd, posing environmental risks. Cd toxicity in crop plants decreases nutrient and water uptake and translocation, increases oxidative damage, interferes with plant metabolism and inhibits plant morphology and physiology. However, various conventional physicochemical approaches are available to remove Cd from the soil, including chemical reduction, immobilization, stabilization and electro-remediation. Nevertheless, these processes are costly and unfriendly to the environment because they require much energy, skilled labor and hazardous chemicals. In contrasting, contaminated soils can be restored by using bioremediation techniques, which use plants alone and in association with different beneficial microbes as cutting-edge approaches. This review covers the bioremediation of soils contaminated with Cd in various new ways. The bioremediation capability of bacteria and fungi alone and in combination with plants are studied and analyzed. Microbes, including bacteria, fungi and algae, are reported to have a high tolerance for metals, having a 98% bioremediation capability. The internal structure of microorganisms, their cell surface characteristics and the surrounding environmental circumstances are all discussed concerning how microbes detoxify metals. Moreover, issues affecting the effectiveness of bioremediation are explored, along with potential difficulties, solutions and prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heshu Sulaiman Rahman,1,2 Darya Saeed Abdulateef,1 Narmin Hamaamin Hussen,3 Aso Faiq Salih,4 Hemn Hassan Othman,5 Trifa Mahmood Abdulla,1 Shirwan Hama Salih Omer,1 Talar Hamaali Mohammed,1 Mohammed Omar Mohammed,6 Masrur Sleman Aziz,7 Rasedee Abdullah8 1Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah, Republic of Iraq; 2Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaimaniyah, Republic of Iraq; 3Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah, Republic of Iraq; 4Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah, Republic of Iraq; 5Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah, Republic of Iraq; 6Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah, Republic of Iraq; 7Department of Biology, College of Education, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Republic of Iraq; 8Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, MalaysiaCorrespondence: Heshu Sulaiman RahmanDepartment of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah, 46001, Republic of IraqTel +964 7726159598Email heshu.rhaman@univsul.edu.iqAso Faiq SalihDepartment of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah, Republic of IraqEmail aso.salih@univsul.edu.iqAbstract: Over the last few decades, there have been several global outbreaks of severe respiratory infections. The causes of these outbreaks were coronaviruses that had infected birds, mammals and humans. The outbreaks predominantly caused respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract symptoms and other mild to very severe clinical signs. The current coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a rapidly spreading illness affecting millions of people worldwide. Among the countries most affected by the disease are the United States of America (USA), India, Brazil, and Russia, with France recording the highest infection, morbidity, and mortality rates. Since early January 2021, thousands of articles have been published on COVID-19. Most of these articles were consistent with the reports on the mode of transmission, spread, duration, and severity of the sickness. Thus, this review comprehensively discusses the most critical aspects of COVID-19, including etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, transmission, pathological changes, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control, and vaccination.Keywords: recent advancements, COVID-19, pandemic infection, global outbreak, a comprehensive review

Soil contamination with cadmium (Cd) is a severe concern for the developing world due to its non-biodegradability and significant potential to damage the ecosystem and associated services. Industries such as mining, manufacturing, building, etc., rapidly produce a substantial amount of Cd, posing environmental risks. Cd toxicity in crop plants decreases nutrient and water uptake and translocation, increases oxidative damage, interferes with plant metabolism and inhibits plant morphology and physiology. However, various conventional physicochemical approaches are available to remove Cd from the soil, including chemical reduction, immobilization, stabilization and electro-remediation. Nevertheless, these processes are costly and unfriendly to the environment because they require much energy, skilled labor and hazardous chemicals. In contrasting, contaminated soils can be restored by using bioremediation techniques, which use plants alone and in association with different beneficial microbes as cutting-edge approaches. This review covers the bioremediation of soils contaminated with Cd in various new ways. The bioremediation capability of bacteria and fungi alone and in combination with plants are studied and analyzed. Microbes, including bacteria, fungi and algae, are reported to have a high tolerance for metals, having a 98% bioremediation capability. The internal structure of microorganisms, their cell surface characteristics and the surrounding environmental circumstances are all discussed concerning how microbes detoxify metals. Moreover, issues affecting the effectiveness of bioremediation are explored, along with potential difficulties, solutions and prospects.

Microsponge drug delivery system (MDS) was developed to deliver the pharmaceutical ingredients efficiently at the site of administration at a limited dose. MDS is based on pore size of sponges. The action of microsponges lasts up to 12 hours. MDS is also dependent on the physicochemical properties of the drug. These are used in bone tissue engineering, for reducing skin irritation and have a self-sterilisation property. This review provides an overview regarding the characteristics, methods of preparation, properties, evaluation, applications and limitations of MDS.

Liposomes are well-recognized and essential nano-sized drug delivery systems. Liposomes are phospholipid vesicles comprised of cell membrane components and have been employed as artificial cell models to mimic structure and functions of cells and are of immense use in various biological analyses. Liposomes acquire great advantages and provide wide range of applications as useful drug carriers in pre-clinical and clinical trials. This review summarizes exclusively on scalable techniques for liposome preparation and focuses on the strengths and limitations with respect to industrial applicability. Also, this review discusses the updated recent advancements in biomedical applications with a mention of key highlights of commercially available formulations, clinical trials and patents in recent past. Furthermore, this review also provides brief information of the classification, composition and characterization of liposomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface of a particle is inevitably charged. When the particle is surrounded by a fluid a potential difference arises between the surface and bulk, called zeta potential (ζ) which controls many interfacial properties of the particle involving in suspension, emulsion, colloid etc. Many phenomena happening around us have at least one step that passes through an interface. Thus, the application of ζ is practically uncountable. Discovered in late 19th century, almost past 120 years, the application of ζ has emerged in many areas to meet the fruitful need of mankind. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no report disclosed citing the applications at one place as a ready tool for the readers. The present review accumulates extensive survey of literature, bringing out various aspects of ζ in chemistry, engineering, biology, material, and environmental sciences. A brief theoretical background mentioning the principle and practical applications were focused. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In particular, the application of regional anaesthesia techniques in existing medicine can be characterized as experiencing regular changes in recent decades. It is useful for obtaining accurate and efficient pain management solutions, from the basic spinal and epidural blocks to the novel ultrasound nerve blocks and constant catheter procedures. These advancements do enhance not only the value of the perioperative period but also the patient's rated optimization as enhancing satisfaction, better precision, and the safety of nerve block placement. The use of ultrasound technology makes it even easier to determine the proper positioning of the needle and to monitor nerve block placement. Moreover, the duration and efficiency of regional anaesthesia are being enhanced by state-of-the-art approaches, which come in the form of liposomal bupivacaine, and better recovery plans and protocols, which shorten recovery time and decrease the number of hospital days. As these methods develop further, more improvements in the safety, efficacy, and applicability of regional anaesthesia in contemporary medicine are anticipated through continued research and innovation., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Gohad et al.)

Microfluidic capillary electrophoresis (MCE) is the novel technique resulted from the CE mininaturization as planar separation and analysis device. This review presents and discusses various application fields of this advanced technology published in the period 2017 till mid-2019 in eight different sections including clinical, biological, single cell analysis, environmental, pharmaceuticals, food analysis, forensic and ion analysis. The need for miniaturization of CE and the consequence advantages achieved are also discussed including high-throughput, miniaturized detection, effective separation, portability and the need for micro- or even nano-volume of samples. Comprehensive tables for the MCE applications in the different studied fields are provided. Also, figure comparing the number of the published papers applying MCE in the eight discussed fields within the studied period is included. The future investigation should put into consideration the possibility of replacing conventional CE with the MCE after proper validation. Suitable validation parameters with their suitable accepted ranges should be tailored for analysis methods utilizing such unique technique (MCE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SARS-CoV-2 infection resulting in COVID-19 has spread worldwide and resulted in many deaths. It was declared as a pandemic by the WHO on the 11th of March 2020. Similar to SARS-CoV from 2003, the SARS-CoV-2 zoonotic virus also acts on the ACE-2 receptors and mainly spreads through respiratory droplets. Most scientists and researchers believe that human to human transmission is prominent and is mainly due to respiratory droplets. In this review, we summarize the Oral manifestations of COVID-19 and the recent diagnostic approaches for Covid-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryptosporidiosis is an emerging food and water borne zoonotic disease, which is caused by genus Cryptosporidium. The first Cryptosporidium spp. was isolated from mice in 1907 and gained importance when it was found in an HIV positive patient. It usually causes self-limiting diarrhea in young children and immunocompetent patients. However, it may lead to chronic diarrhea with life threatening condition in immunocompromised patients. Other complications related to this transmittable infection may include respiratory problems, skin rashes and headache. HIV/AIDS patients are highly susceptible host for this parasite. Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis are the known pathogenic species, prevalent among humans and they are being transmitted through contaminated food and water. Usually, the diagnosis of Cryptosporidium spp. is dependent on microscopic technique in many countries, which has a low sensitivity and specificity leading to false positive results. However, for a step forward to successful epidemiological studies, advanced techniques (Serological and DNA-based) provide us the better ways of diagnosis with more sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, no antiparasitic drug has found to be effective against Cryptosporidium spp. except Nitazoxanide which is FDA-approved and effective only when administered along with antiretroviral therapy. In this regard, present review summarizes the various epidemiological studies conducted around the globe along with modern diagnostic tools and the suitable treatment available now a days. This systemized review will help the scientists to better understand all the aspects of cryptosporidiosis at one platform which may help in designing surveillance studies through selection of sensitive diagnostic techniques. The new drugs mentioned in this review may also help to better control this parasite in humans, especially immunocompromised individuals.

Microsponge drug delivery system (MDS) was developed to deliver the pharmaceutical ingredients efficiently at the site of administration at a limited dose. MDS is based on pore size of sponges. The action of microsponges lasts up to 12 hours. MDS is also dependent on the physicochemical properties of the drug. These are used in bone tissue engineering, for reducing skin irritation and have a self-sterilisation property. This review provides an overview regarding the characteristics, methods of preparation, properties, evaluation, applications and limitations of MDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been numerous technical advancements in the field of endoscopic spine surgery since it began in the 1980s and its use further expanded in the 1990s. At present, there are many newer technical advancements in this field, each trying to expand the indications and afford more accurate execution of this procedure. We predict some technologies which can be classified as being disruptive and have the potential of being game changers in this exciting field in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sensitivity, selectivity, quick response time and reproducibility of chemosensors make them suitable for the practical world. • Natural pigments are well adapted to be exploited in colorimetric sensors to monitor the freshness of fish and meat. • The novel piezosensors could execute many operational principles simultaneously in an integrative multisystem. • Fabrication of dual-function fluorescence probes to detect food spoilage will be in demand in the future. • Modern scientists are working on novel electrochemical sensors to detect multiple analytes simultaneously. The need for reliable sensors has become a major requirement to confirm the quality and safety of food commodities. Chemosensors are promising sensing tools to identify contaminants and food spoilage to ensure food safety. Chemosensing materials are evolving and becoming potential mechanisms to enable onsite and real-time monitoring of food safety. This review summarizes the information about the basic four types of chemosensors (colorimetric, optical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric) employed in the food sector, the latest advancements in the development of chemo-sensing mechanisms, and their food applications, with special emphasis on the future outlook of them. In this review, we discuss the novel chemosensors developed from the year 2018 to 2022 to detect spoilage in some common types of food like fish, meat, milk, cheese and soy sauce. This work will provide a fundamental step toward further development and innovations of chemosensors targeting different arenas in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turmeric ( Curcuma longa ) is a popular Indian spice that has been used for centuries in herbal medicines for the treatment of a variety of ailments such as rheumatism, diabetic ulcers, anorexia, cough and sinusitis. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is the main curcuminoid present in turmeric and responsible for its yellow color. Curcumin has been shown to possess significant anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogenic, anti-mutagenic, anticoagulant and anti-infective effects. This review summarizes and discusses recently published papers on the key biomedical applications of curcumin based materials. The highlighted studies in the review provide evidence of the ability of curcumin to show the significant vitro antioxidant, diabetic complication, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, anti-cancer activities and detection of hypochlorous acid, wound healing, treatment of major depression, healing of paracentesis, and treatment of carcinoma and optical detection of pyrrole properties. Hydrophobic nature of this polyphenolic compound along with its rapid metabolism, physicochemical and biological instability contribute to its poor bioavailability. To redress these problems several approaches have been proposed like encapsulation of curcumin in liposomes and polymeric micelles, inclusion complex formation with cyclodextrin, formation of polymer–curcumin conjugates, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis is a rare multisystem autoimmune condition that causes inflammation of small and medium-sized blood vessels and is more commonly seen in the geriatric population. ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) is typically characterized as necrotizing vasculitis and includes granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). The mortality rate remains high, with especially cardiovascular disease, infections, and malignancies being the leading causes of death. Existing treatment options depend heavily on the use of glucocorticoids (GCs), often in combination with cyclophosphamide (CYC); however, as the multitude of adverse effects associated with these agents has increased, numerous studies are being conducted to reduce not only these harmful effects but also improve remission rates. Rituximab, avacopan, corticosteroids, including intravenous pulse methylprednisolone, plasma exchange, and immunological targeting are among the emerging treatments. The purpose of this review is to emphasize the pathogenesis and traditional treatment modalities and give insights into the recent advances in managing this disorder in an attempt to spare the adverse effects of conventional therapies while achieving better remission rates with combination therapies as well. The authors explored multiple databases, employing appropriate keywords, satisfying the quality appraisal, after which a total of 14 reports were included in this review. Upon overall analysis, it can be concluded that rituximab and CYC, when used in combination, provided a safer alternative to GCs while exhibiting equal, if not superior, effectiveness and results, thus, paving the way for additional in-depth research in a larger population of interest., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2022, Arzoun et al.)

Background: Compared to traditional dosage methods, the Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) provide various advantages. In the last few years, the interest shifted to works focused on the novel drug delivery methods for small and large molecular drug carriers utilizing particulate drug delivery systems as well. It is evident from the last decade as observed in increased number of patents in this field that the technology has evolved tremendously., Objective: Drug carriers utilized by this novel technology include liposomes, dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, and carbon nanomaterials. Various forms of polymers have been used in the production of nanocarriers., Methods: Nanocarriers are colloidal systems varying in size from 10 to 1000 nm. This technology is now used to identify, manage and monitor numerous diseases and physical methods to alter and enhance the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of specific types of drug molecules., Results: Nanoparticles can be formulated by a number of techniques including ionic gelation, crosslinking, coacervation/precipitation, nanoprecipitation, spray drying, emulsion- droplet coalescence, nano sonication techniques, etc. Several methods are used with which these nanoparticles can be characterized. These methods include nuclear magnetic resonance, optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, photon correlation spectroscopy and electron microscopy, surface charge, in-vitro drug release, etc. Conclusion: In the present review, the authors have tried to summarize recent advances in the field of pharmaceutical nanotechnology and also focused on the application and new patents in the area related to NDDS., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)