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Coccygodynia or pain in the coccygeal region is often somatic and in a great percentage associated with a traumatic injury. It has multiple origins and may be multifactorial. We present a case of pelvic pain. A 55-year-old with a diagnosis of coccygodynia, who underwent abdominoperineal resection due to a rectal adenocarcinoma. The patient was treated by blockade and radiofrequency of the impar ganglion. We emphasize the anatomical alterations that can occur after this kind of surgery and the importance of a treatment tailored to each patient and their characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document presents the development of a cybersecurity platform for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), or drones, based on cyber-deception technology. This technology is based on the deliberate creation of easily accessible and detectable decoys (or honeypots) to detect potential intruders at the perimeter of a critical infrastructure. This document contains an explanation of the conceptual model of the proposed solution, and a detailed description of each of the developed procedures. A technological development methodology was implemented in this paper. Also, procedures were developed for the creation of honeypots in Wi-Fi wireless networks and in radio frequency bands, and the approach to the development of a GPS spoofing procedure was included. The latter was explored using software defined radio equipment (SDR) for the impersonation of GPS signals, which allows for the implementation of defense strategies against attacking drones. Finally, a web platform to monitor active decoys, and to register penetration attempts, is described. These penetration attempt records are stored in a blockchain, developed with basis on Ethereum technology. It was found that Wi-Fi and radio frequency wireless networks have vulnerabilities that can be exploited by potential attackers. Also, that the GPS spoofing procedure is much more complex than procedures by wireless networks, but it would allow to take action on attacking drones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to implement an adjustable frequency and programmable modulation transceiver built with Radio Frequency / Intermediate Frequency (RF / IF) integrated circuits and discrete components, based on the topology of Radio Frequency transceivers from Analog Devices (2006), as well as the architecture of the Software Defined Radios (SDR) of Youngblood (2002). The type of research was applied, feasible and not experimental project, now either in terms of the methodology used for the research results or well known in the area of Engineering as a development methodology in this research, it is a hybrid supported by authors such as González (2004) and Delfín (2002) that define a research procedure through seven (7) phases: Analysis of the Configuration of a Radio Transceiver, determination of variables and analysis of Interconnection Alternatives, system design, analysis of feasibility, prototype tests and debugging of the System, the researcher with the development of these phases reaches the conclusion that with the implementation of a radio link through transceivers with a functional data rate generator, in a design both flexible and sustainable, with an open and lowspeed protocol, as evidenced by laboratory tests on the prototype used for the purposes is relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiofrequency is based on an electric field to generate a nerve injury or modulate the nociceptive signal, and it can be monopolar or bipolar, continuous or pulsed. Pulsed modality is used on the dorsal root ganglion for treatment of radicular pain resistant to other treatments, with good results after 3 months. Otherwise, continuous radiofrequency is used for low back pain from facet joint with variable results. In recent years, intracanal pulsed radiofrequency through a catheter has been developed for the treatment of several dorsal root ganglia, especially in canal stenosis and failed back syndrome. The results in these applications are promising. The scientific evidence in all the mentioned areas is weak and more solid and long-term studies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the population ages, lumbar pain is more prevalent and grows the interest for low cost and low risk diagnostic methods and therapeutic procedures. Ultrasound improves interventional pain procedures and reduces x-ray exposure. There is insufficient evidence for the clinical value of ultrasound as a diagnostic tool in the management of low back pain and more research is needed to define the role of rehabilitative ultrasound imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical and experimental evaluation of people´s exposure to electromagnetic radiation due to base stations of mobile telephony located in the city of Soledad, Atlántico (Colombia) was carried out. This was done by calculating the radiation intensity of the antennas and the distance of the exposed person. Experimentally, power density measurements were done at 22 base stations using a broadband radio frequency measurement equipment. A limited set of measured power density values were compared and discussed with the calculated values. The results show that the power density values in each mobile telephone base station are well below the permissible limits to electromagnetic fields in the Colombian and international regulations, 4.5 W/m2 and 9.0 W/m2 for frequencies of 900 MHz and 1800 MHz, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Body-sculpting procedures are becoming increasingly popular. Although lipoplasty remains the most common procedure, nowadays, the risks, costs and lengthy downtime associated with surgical procedures for fat reduction have led to the development of a number of non-invasive techniques. Non-invasive body contouring now represents the fastest growing area of Cosmetic Dermatology. This review describes the mechalipectonism of action, efficacy, safety, and tolerability of suction, ultrasound, laser and radiofrequency assisted lipoplasty, ultrasound liposuction, laser assisted liposuction, as well as cryolipolysis, focused ultrasound, and high intensity focused ultrasound and injection lipolysis, the noninvasive methods with temporary effects such as radiofrequency and low-level laser therapy are mentioned as well. The articles cited were identified via different PubMed searches. Invasive procedures have a lengthy recovery and more risks; the non-invasive treatments reviewed can be administered on an outpatient basis, have fewer complications and require analgesia but no anesthesia. The published literature suggests that, although liposuction continues to be the most common procedure, noninvasive techniques for subcutaneous fat reduction such as cryolipolysis, focused ultrasound and high intensity focused ultrasound may be appropriate options for non-obese patients requiring modest reduction of adipose tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryoablation is an energy alternative to radiofrequency for ablation of various arrhythmias, where its unique biophysical properties offer a greater safety profile. Since its first use for the surgical treatment of different arrhythmias until its conceptualization in the current technical transcatheter, cryoablation has proven not to be only a safe source of energy, but also an effective source in the long-term. While the radiofrequency has been the energy most used for isolation of pulmonary veins in atrial fibrillation ablation, technological advances in cryoballon have managed to simplify the procedure without sacrificing its effectiveness. Cryoablation has been widely used for arrhythmias located in high-risk locations, such as the ablation of the atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia and septal accessory pathways, due to its theoretical null risk of complete AV block. This review intends to give the clinical applications of the cryothermy through a thorough understanding of their biophysical basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fractionated radiofrequency (RF) induces deep dermal heating and leaves the epidermis less affected, useful to treat acne scars effectively with reduced downtime. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of volumetric and fractional RF to treat acne scars, by combining two RF modalities in one treatment: skin tightening (TC) and fractional skin resurfacing (FSR). Material and method: An open, prospective, unicenter, one-arm study was done including 30 healthy patients with acne scars who received up to three treatments of a combined modality of two different procedures in each treatment session: skin tightening (TC) using the volumetric radiofrequency (RF) handpiece and fractional resurfacing (FSR) using fractionated RF hand piece with a bipolar RF volumetric and fractionated device (3DEEP EndyMed Pro™), at 4-week intervals. Changes in acne scars, skin texture, pore size, pigmentation irregularity, and complications were assessed up to 6 months post-treatment by digital clinical photography and standardized images obtained with Vectra 3D™ and VISIA-CR® systems. Subjective improvement was assessed by satisfaction questionnaires both for patients and treating clinicians. Results: Twenty two patients finished the study follow up, 7 patients observed more than 75% improvement on their acne scars (23%), 6 patients noticed a 50-75% improvement (20%), 8 subjects noted 25-50% improvement (27%) and just one subject felt less than 25 % improvement (4%). Conclusion: Combined RF is a conservative treatment, requiring multiple treatment session to achieve cosmetically satisfying results. It is safe and effective for aesthetic improvement of inflammatory acne ice pick scars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-amputation pain of the lower limb may occur due to a neuroma of the sciatic nerve, among other causes. We present the case of a 48 year old woman with stump pain, 15 years after the transfemoral amputation of the lower right limb, which prevents her from using the prosthesis. The presence of a sciatic neuroma of 2.2 × 2.2 × 1.5 cm at 8 cm proximal to the stump is diagnosed. An ultrasoundguided, diagnostic-therapeutic test was performed, infiltrating 0.2% ropivacaine and 0.4% triamcinolone in two sessions. Since the patient shows a good response, Pulsed Radiofrequency (PRF) is applied to the neuroma but there is no satisfactory response to the treatment. Therefore, surgical exeresis is considered as a last option as it has shown good results over pain, despite having a high injury recurrence. More studies on the adequate management of stump-neuroma pain are needed since the existent scientific evidence in this regard is scarce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Combining treatment modalities for fat disruption and body shaping has been frequently performed to achieve a synergistic effect. These modalities are usually used with time intervals between treatments due to safety concerns. Focused ultrasound is a well-known method to disrupt fat tissue. This technology has a high safety proile when using cavitation effect as opposed to a thermal effect. Objective: To prove that treating with focused ultrasound technology and radiofrequency in one session is safe and can achieve meaningful results. Patients and method: Twenty-four subjects were treated in the abdo- men during a single session which included radiofrequency treatment (Reaction™, VIORA) immediately before and after a treatment with non-thermal focused ultrasound (Contour I, UltraShape™). Two ultra-sound treatment protocols were used, each in 12 subjects. Subjects were evaluated at day 7, 14 and 28 after the day of treatment. Safety variables included adverse event collection for the whole study population and clinical laboratory evaluation in 12 subjects. Primary eficacy variables included circumference measurements. Results: Only one mild adverse event was reported and was attributed to faulty operation of the radiofrequency device. Lab tests were normal throughout the study. At 28 days, combined ultrasound-radiofrequency treatment resulted in mean circumference reductions of 3 and 3.4 cm depending on the ultrasound protocol used; 93% of subjects experi- enced a circumference reduction greater than 1.5 cm. Conclusions: Focused ultrasound combined with radiofrequency, in one treatment session to disrupt fat tissue for the purpose of body contouring, is safe, effective and well tolerated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radio frequency identification technology, or RFID, working under the EPC (Electronic Product Code) has revolutionized supply chains globally thanks to its ability to increase traceability, visibility and operational efficiency. However, its potential impact as a security tool has not been addressed by companies. This paper shows the findings after EPC was implemented as an anti-theft security system and control tool. This project was proved through a pilot test developed for four months at a sales point in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The possibility to locate structures involved in arrhythmias with the use of catheter electrodes gave an impetus to the development of techniques linked to the selective destruction of cardiac tissue. This is possible through radiofrequency catheter ablation. These procedures are the first choice treatment for most cardiac arrhythmias. The objective was to characterize clinically the pre and post therapeutic procedure for patients transferred to receive radiofrequency ablation. Method: A prospective and descriptive study in 26 patients with heart rhythm disorders who were referred for radiofrequency ablation and followed up for five years at the Cardiology Outpatient Department of the Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima Hospital, in Cienfuegos. The variables studied were age, sex, type of clinical arrhyth-mia, arrhythmogenic substrate ablated, complications, initial success and recurrence of the treated arrhythmia. Results: The mean age of patients was 40.9 ± 17.6 years, mostly women (57.7%). Younger patients (mean age 38.6 ± 19.7 years) were treated for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia and older patients (mean age 53.4 ± 23 years) underwent a non-selective ablation of the atrioventricular node. Half of the patients had ortho-dromic tachycardia; therefore, the most commonly treated arrhythmogenic substrate was an accessory pathway (65.4%). There were two major complications (7.7%), none of them directly related to the application of radiofrequency energy. In two patients (9.1%), the previously treated clinical arrhythmia recurred during the first year; both of them had right accessory pathways. Conclusions: It was feasible to transfer patients for radiofrequency ablation because of agreements with two centers which conduct the procedure. Most of them had tachyarrhythmias involving accessory pathways. Only two major complications occurred; the initial success rate was adequate and the recurrence rate of the arrhythmia was small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the cardiovascular disease management. It discusses the practice of electrophysiology used in cardiac diseases to protect the heart patients from future harm. It mentions that radiofrequency catheter ablation is the only cardiovascular subspecialty that has undergone a radical transformation in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.

Introduction: Radiofrecuency thermocoagulation is a minimal invasion procedure for irresectable lung tumors, anesthesic technique for this procedures is still not well described. Treated lung must be colapsed for better surgical view and manipulation, and decrease procedure complications. Objective: Report our experience with one lung ventilation for patients subject to radiofrecuency edigraphic.org.mx thermocoagulation for irresectable lung tumors. Material: We include four patients subject to thermocoagulation of lung tumors, tomographic control and general anesthesia with one lung ventilation. Method: Not invasive monitoring, general anesthesia with intravenous induction, left Broncho-Cath placement, O2 ventilation, treated lung clamping for colapse an at the end reexpantion. Result: Four patients were incluided in this study. During the procedure only one patient present minimal bleeding, without functional lung damage, recidivant bleeding and in posterior control there were no patients with pneumothorax or bleeding. Conclusions: One lung ventilation on lung tumors radiofrecuency is a viable and safe procedure and can reduce complications and facilitates maneouverability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a retrospective and prospective study to compare the effects of Dexmedetomidine (Dx) on the use of intravenous anesthetics, sedation level, hemodynamic changes, postoperative pain, nausea and vomiting. Methods: Seventy-eight ASA I-III patients scheduled for radiofrecuency ablations of saphenous vein with local anesthetics were included, 38 received Dx 1 µg/kg for 10 minutes. Maintenance was with midazolam, fentanyl and propofol for control of pain and level ≤ 2 sedation (OOA). Results: Demographic data were similar in both groups. The Dx group resulted in a significant reduction in use of midazolam and propofol, without changes in use of fentanyl. In 2007, 85% received propofol and in 2008 only 33% needed this. Dx resulted in a significant decrease in heart rate. Conclusions: Dx used during radiofrecuency ablations of saphenous veins reduced the use of midazolam and propofol, in some case propofol was not used. Hemodynamic changes were minimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. In Mexico, malignant tumors represent the second cause of mortality in the general population. The cancer treatment by radiofrecuency (RF) is focused on tumor destruction preserving healthy tissue. The effectivity of the RF ablative process is associated to its potential capacity to concentrate the electromagnetic energy in the tumoral region. Objective. To describe preliminary results of the development and evaluation of a non invasive technique focused on the selective ablation of tumoral cells by RF. Material and methods. Computer simulations of tumoral tissue with magnetic nanoparticles exposed to RF were developed. Tumoral cells in vitro previously marked with magnetic nanoparticles were exposed to RF. The effectivity of the technique as a selective ablative procedure was evaluated by viability studies; viability of unmarked tumoral cells was taken as reference value. The simulation study showed the pertinence of the technique to concentrate the energy in the tumoral region. Results. The experimental results suggest that the used protocol for nanoparticles coupling is suitable to mark tumoral cells. After the RF exposition, the viability of marked tumoral cells with magnetic nanoparticles decreased with respect to unmarked cells. Conclusion. The theoretical and experimental findings support the potential value of the technical proposal as a selective and non invasive ablative method for cancer treatment by radiofrequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Nasal obstruction is one of the most common and antique diseases of human beings. When medical treatment fails in the relief of obstructive symptoms, there are surgical therapies, such as partial resection of inferior turbinates, that correct obstruction. Radiofrequency has been applied several years ago to remove tissue in diverse medical settings, including otorhynolaryngology. OBJECTIVE To reduce the size of inferior turbinates, using radiofrequency in patients with turbinates' hypertrophy regardless the cause. MATERIAL AND METHODS A prospective, descriptive and longitudinal study done at the otorhynolaryngology service, Mexican General Hospital, from June, 2004 to June, 2005. Thirty-two patients with turbinates' hypertrophy without septal deviation were included; they assisted to external consultation. To all of them radiofrequency with Ellmann equipment was applied with local anesthesia; they were followed by 12 weeks. Seven patients were excluded. RESULTS All patients who assisted to follow-up had clinical improvement and reduced turbinates' size. CONCLUSIONS Resection of inferior turbinate tissue by radiofrequency is a minimally invasive technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: This study was performed to compare the acute effects of different endoluminal heating procedures, by which obstruction of insufficient veins could be induced in an established standardized experimental ex-vivo model. Methods: The model consists of the subcutaneous foot vein from recently slaughtered cows. Different energy sources (laser and radiofrequency), application devices and energy application parameters were compared in an iterative optimizing process. Following energy application the vein tissue was harvested and prepared for histology. Results: By means of the developed ex-vivo model reproducible conditions for the application of endoluminal thermal energy were enabled in each specimen. Radiofrequency-treated veins showed macroscopic shrinkage, contraction of vessels and induration of tissue. Histologically a circumferential and homogenous thickening of the vessel wall could be described. Dependent on the laser treatment protocol, in-situ dissection of the treated veins showed a broad spectrum of effects. These effects ranged from blood deposits in perivascular tissue and perivascular thermal lesions to transmural coagulated vein tissue inducing obstruction of the lumen. Conclusion: This standardized model is applicable to investigate acute effects of endoluminal treatment protocols. Changes in the protocol could be easily performed and investigated in order to develop optimized treatment protocols. These ex-vivo experiments indicate that endovenous laser treatment should be modified and needs treatment standardization to ensure a controlled homogenous circumferential thermal damage. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Plastic Surgery offices are currently full of patients who have growing expectations about the outcome of the treatments made with different energy sources. The aim is to get a high cosmetic benefit index with the lowest number of sessions and recovery time. The three elements we can work with are tone, texture and pigmentary skin disorders. The light and radiofrequency systems allow the combination of different treatment levels, such as deep dermis, papillary dermis and epidermis. These systems represent a complement for the surgical procedures, providing a "biological" concept as they stimulate the tissue regeneration and the neocollagenosis. In this article we describe the fundamentals of these complementary treatments for plastic surgeons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiofrequency lesioning is useful in chronic pain treatment in certain situations. It is not a new technique as a neuroablative technique, Kirschner, in 1931, introduced the diatlermocoagulation of Gasser's ganglia to treat trigeminal neuralgia. It is a percutaneous treatment, minimally invasive indicated in back pain. In this pathology it was first indicated for the Facet syndrome, which clinically is a kind of mechanical pain in the lumbar area that can be induced by pressing two or three centimetres from the midline and moving the patient to hyperextension (arc sign). The pulsed radiofrequency technique is harmless and offers a new treatment option in pathologies in which conventional radio frequency could not be used. The long-term evaluation of the results in radicular or discal pain will define its indications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catheter-based ablation of isthmus-dependent common atrial flutter results in very high success rates and almost no complications. However, bidirectional conduction block through the isthmus may be challenging in a small percentage of patients regarding the use of high power and high temperature settings during radiofrequency delivery. Anatomical and physiological circumstances may be the reason for such difficulties to achieve bidirectional block at the cavo-tricuspid isthmus. However, in the present case we show edema formation after multiple shots of radiofrequency delivery at the cavo-tricuspid isthmus, which complicates the achievement of bidirectional conduction block. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]