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Cette réflexion plaide pour l’adoption d’une réglementation propre, étoffée et détaillée en faveur de la location-gérance partant de son importance dans le monde des affaires. Cette convention par laquelle le propriétaire du fonds de commerce, personne morale ou physique concède en location est donc un palliatif pour le propriétaire lorsqu’il ne veut ou ne peut plus exploiter ses fonds pour ne percevoir que des redevances. Actuellement, il n’existe que très peu des dispositions particulières principalement deux textes : le Décret du 30 juillet 1888 et le titre premier de l’acte uniforme relatif au bail à usage professionnel. D’où, la nécessité d’une réglementation adéquate.

Cet article s’intéresse à la mise en œuvre de la démarche d’autosurveillance des réseaux d’assainissement, obligatoire en France depuis 1994. Cette démarche vise à contrôler surtout les rejets d’eaux usées non traitées par temps de pluie dans les milieux récepteurs. Sa mise en œuvre n’est pas encore généralisée parmi les collectivités territoriales. L’article a pour objectif d’examiner ces difficultés. Pour cela, il s’appuie sur une analyse du cadre législatif et réglementaire de l’autosurveillance et deux études de cas : la Métropole de Lyon et Nantes Métropole, qui se sont engagées dans cette démarche à la fin des années 1990. Ces études de cas portent sur l’organisation déployée pour gérer cette surveillance. Elles ont impliqué la réalisation d’observations et d’entretiens au sein des services mobilisés dans l’autosurveillance (collectivités territoriales et agence de l’eau). Les études de cas montrent que l’obligation réglementaire est à l’origine du développement de l’autosurveillance. Celle-ci modifie l’organisation des services enquêtés, tout particulièrement à Lyon. Les changements permettent de répondre aux exigences réglementaires (produire des données sur les rejets). Toutefois, les moyens disponibles (personnels et budget) se révèlent limités pour exploiter totalement les potentialités des systèmes de mesure installés et répondre aux enjeux environnementaux rappelés par la réglementation.

Cybercrime is now the most common form of crime in Canada and causes significant financial and psychological harm. The criminal justice system struggles to address cybercrime due to its complexity, scale, and global nature. Criminologists are also challenged to think about cybercrime beyond established theoretical frameworks. An interdisciplinary approach is required to understand this phenomenon and enable us to craft effective policies. The discipline of ecology can provide valuable insights and a practical integrative framework through the concepts of community, interaction, and emergent effects. First, a high-level outline is provided of how the cybercrime ecosystem can be analyzed using basic ecological concepts and principles. This framework is then applied to the security community, showing how it is populated with a diversity of organizational and institutional entities that can be enabled or compelled to act in ways that enhance online security through a broad set of regulatory strategies. Finally, three innovative configurations that take advantage of this regulatory pluralism and novel forms of collaboration are described to illustrate how alternatives can be implemented to mitigate the negative impacts of cybercrime with promising outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of VertigO is the property of La Revue Electronique en Sciences de l'Environnement VertigO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of European Review of Public Law is the property of European Public Law Organization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of European Review of Public Law is the property of European Public Law Organization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study analyzed JMCQ articles in the specific topic area of mass communication technology and media channels, overall and across four 20-year periods. Primary topics changed from emphasizing media industry and policy issues, international issues of information freedom, audience research, and WWII media issues in early periods to more specific regulatory issues, ratings and audience analyses, macro and social issues, and media technology development issues in more recent periods. JMCQ serves as a treasure trove of the history of broadcast media technology and competition, policy debates, and audience interests, with a recent emphasis on more rigorous empirical analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction : La réglementation des substituts du lait maternel (SLM) relève d’une importance capitale pour la santé du nourrisson avec un impact sur sa santé à l’âge adulte. L’objectif de notre étude était de décrire la réglementation des SLM en Côte d’Ivoire. Méthodologie : Nous avons réalisé une étude transversale à visée descriptive qui a porté sur les textes juridiques communautaires et nationaux applicables aux produits de santé en Côte d’Ivoire. Nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés à la loi n°2015-533 relative à l’exercice de la pharmacie, aux arrêtés interministériels n° 687, 688 et 689 MSHPCMU/MCI/MFFE du 02 août 2021 portant sur les SLM et la Décision n°4/2022/UEMOA portant sur la même matière. Résultats : La commercialisation des SLM a été incluse dans le monopole pharmaceutique par la loi n°2015-533 rendue applicable en cet aspect par trois arrêtés interministériels de 2021. La Décision n°4/2022/UEMOA s’étend en plus des SLM, aux produits diététiques et de régime. Ces produits sont homologués selon un schéma semblable aux médicaments à usage humain avec une analyse administrative, une analyse technique et la délivrance de l’Autorisation de Commercialisation par l’Autorité de Réglementation Pharmaceutique après avis d’une commission spécialisée. La délivrance des SLM répond à une prescription des professionnels de santé. Même si la publicité de ces substituts est interdite, le matériel d’information doit porter des renseignements clairs, notamment sur les avantages et la supériorité du lait maternel. De plus, la Décision n°4/2022/UEMOA prend en compte le contrôle de la fabrication, de l’importation et de la qualité ; et met en place d’un système national de surveillance des SLM. Conclusion : La réglementation des SLM applicable en Côte d’Ivoire couvre toutes les étapes de la chaîne d’approvisionnement de ces produits et constitue une formidable opportunité de promotion de l’allaitement maternel dans l’espace UEMOA

Le recours à la médecine traditionnelle ne cesse de croître dans le monde. C’est ainsi qu’en Afrique, les médicaments traditionnels à base de plantes (MTP) dont la qualité, l’efficacité et l’innocuité sont démontrées constituent une alternative crédible à l’accès aux soins de santé. Cette revue de la littérature visait à faire le point des cadres éthique et réglementaire des essais cliniques applicables aux MTP. Elle est basée sur des recherches dans Scopus, Science Direct et Medline à l’aide de mots clés en anglais se rapportant au sujet. La littérature scientifique indique que les cadres éthique et réglementaire existant sont le plus souvent édictés sous forme de recommandations dans le monde, qui doivent être transcrites dans les législations sous-régionales ou nationales pour jouir d’une force contraignante. En Afrique de l’Ouest en particulier, il n’existe pas de cadre harmonisé contraignant et la pratique des essais cliniques des MTP reste faible. Cependant, la législation européenne promet l’expérience d’usage traditionnel comme mesure d’exemption d’essais cliniques pour les médicaments à base de plantes à travers la Directive n°2004/24/CE. Il en est de même en Afrique pour les médicaments traditionnels des catégories 1 et 2. Mais pour l’approbation à grande échelle des médicaments traditionnels des catégories 3 et 4, les essais cliniques s’avèrent indispensables. Un financement domestique durable et une réglementation adaptée aux contextes socioculturels demeurent les défis majeurs de la mise en œuvre des essais cliniques des MTP en Afrique. Relever ces défis permettra d’améliorer fortement la production locale des phytomédicaments dans les pays africains.

Copyright of Industrial Relations / Relations Industrielles is the property of Universite Laval, Department of Industrial Relations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of VertigO is the property of La Revue Electronique en Sciences de l'Environnement VertigO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Résumé: La négociation collective étant rare dans le secteur du travail domestique, la recherche ne s'est pas encore intéressée à son rôle dans la réglementation et la formalisation de cette activité. L'Italie, qui est l'un des pays d'Europe comptant le plus de travailleurs domestiques, est aussi l'un des rares pays dotés d'une convention collective, négociée depuis 1974 par les syndicats et les associations de ménages employeurs. L'analyse qualitative par entretiens présentée ici décrit les difficultés et limites rencontrées, mais aussi le processus de formalisation permis par la négociation collective et l'engagement des partenaires sociaux dans une profession où les femmes immigrées sont surreprésentées. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Vie et Sciences de l'Entreprise is the property of ANDESE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agroalimentaria is the property of Alejandro Antonio Gutierrez Socorro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Online resources offer a uniquely efficient way of sharing health research with scientists and the public. Using web portals to make results and study information available to diverse audiences could work to accelerate research translation and empower patients to play a more active role in their care. But using online tools to broadly share health information raises several challenging ethical and regulatory questions. Issues such as equity, privacy, and patient empowerment may create challenges for regulators, portal developers, as well as researchers. It is additionally unclear whether web portals designed to facilitate access to research results and general health information will be regulated as medical devices under emerging regimes that control software with medical purposes. This paper aims to comparatively address whether online therapeutic portals for sharing health research are likely to be regulated in Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. We find that though these jurisdictions have each taken recent steps to regulate software as medical devices, the applicable regimes will generally not capture online portals for sharing health research. Though online portals for sharing health research are probably unregulated in many (if not most) jurisdictions, agencies have nevertheless signalled their concerns regarding several important ethical considerations (such as equity, transparency, and safety), to which portal developers and researchers should be attentive and respond. We describe here one set of issues highlighted by regulators - that is, efficiency, equity, transparency, confidentiality, communication, empowerment, training, and safety & efficacy - and consider how to best guide the design of online portals in a context of regulatory uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environnement, Risques & Santé is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Urban History Review / Revue d'Histoire Urbaine is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

De nos jours, la publicité est omniprésente. Elle est devenue le trait caractéristique de la société de consommation et élément indispensable au fonctionnement de l’économie. La publicité s’est déployée dans presque tous les domaines de la vie sociale au point que si on ne répond pas à l’orientation qu’elle impose, on n’est pas moins exposé aux effets de matraquage qu’elle déchaîne. De ce fait, elle fait partie intégrante de notre environnement et devrait être réglementée.

De nos jours, le recours à la médecine traditionnelle est de plus en plus fréquent dans le monde. C’est ainsi qu’en Afrique, les médicaments traditionnels à base de plantes dont la qualité, l’efficacité et l’innocuité sont établies par des méthodes scientifiques dont les essais cliniques, sont considérés comme une alternative crédible. Cette revue vise à faire le point sur les cadres éthique et réglementaire des essais cliniques des médicaments traditionnels à base de plantes. Elle est basée sur des recherches dans Scopus, Science Direct et Medline. Les données indiquent que les cadres éthique et réglementaire existant sont le plus souvent édictés sous forme de recommandations dans le monde, qui doivent être transcrites dans les législations sous-régionales ou nationales pour jouir d’une force contraignante. En Afrique de l’Ouest en particulier, il n’existe pas de cadre harmonisé contraignant et la pratique des essais cliniques des médicaments traditionnels à base de plantes reste faible. Cependant, dans un souci d’harmonisation et d’application immédiate du cadre juridique des essais cliniques des médicaments à usage humain, l’Europe a opté pour les Règlements qui de facto s’imposent à tous les États membres. En outre, la législation européennepromet l’expérience d’usage traditionnel comme mesure d’exemption d’essais cliniques pour les médicaments à base de plantes. En général, le processus de régulation (approbation, inspection, pharmacovigilance) est relativement le même aussi bien pour les médicaments conventionnels que ceux traditionnels. L’expérience européenne d’exemption d’essais cliniques pour les médicaments traditionnels à base de plantes pourrait être capitalisée dans les pays et blocs régionaux africains pour promouvoir un cadre réglementaire harmonisé et adapté aux réalités socio-culturelles.

Introduction: the purpose of this study was to evaluate drug dispensing practices in private pharmacies in the city of N'Djamena and, specifically, (I) to describe the characteristics of dispensaries, (ii) describe dispensing practices and (iii) assess regulatory compliance when dispensing on the basis of a prescription and an advice. Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional survey from June to December 2020. Data were collected in two stages, through interviews with pharmacists and participant observation in drug delivery practices in pharmacies. Results: in total, 26 pharmacies, or 50% of pharmacies in N'Djamena, were surveyed. The main survey findings were: private pharmacies in the city of N'Djamena employed two categories of staff, namely pharmacists and auxiliary staff (pharmacy technicians, nurses and salespeople or staff with "no health qualifications". These had not been trained in a health school recognised by the Ministry of Health) to dispense medicines. Very few pharmacies (8%) had a customer confidentiality area and a order book. The three modes of delivery were observed in more or less equal proportions (30 to 40% of dispensations). Dispensing at the patient's request was slightly predominant (40%) and the majority of medicines dispensed at the patient's request and based on dispenser's advice belonged to the different tables of toxic substances (over 70%). The noted absence of the pharmacist from the pharmacy justified why 84% of patients' requests were addressed to the pharmacy assistants. Conclusion: this study shows low compliance of pharmacies with pharmaceutical regulations for proper dispensing of medicines in the city of N'Djamena. Factors related to pharmaceutical sector governance and human resources management as well as therapeutic patient education could explain this gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Insāniyāt / Revue Algérienne d'Anthropologie et de Sciences Sociales is the property of Centre de Recherche en Anthropologie Sociale et Culturelle (CRASC) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Accounting Perspectives is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

RESUME La persistance de fléaux, comme les pathologies dermatologiques de la dépigmentation volontaire en Afrique de l’Ouest, est un problème de santé publique dans le monde malgré toutes les mesures prises pour assurer la qualité des produits cosmétiques dans les pays. Cette étude a pour but de contribuer à l’amélioration de la règlementation sur les produits cosmétiques dans les pays à faible réglementation. Il s’est agi d’une étude transversale descriptive réalisée à travers une revue du cadre règlementaire de neufs pays/communauté. L’objectif principal est de décrire les exigences règlementaires relatives aux cosmétiques dans les pays. Comme variables, la définition, la classification, la fabrication, l’importation, la mise sur le marché, la surveillance du marché, l’utilisation et la cosmétovigilance. L’étude a montré qu’il existe une règlementation dans la majorité des pays depuis des années qui pour certains est communautaire (Europe, USA, Nigéria et UEMOA). Cependant, il faut noter une diversité des exigences dans les pays, une non disponibilité des risques d’expositions et des évaluations des ingrédients dans la majorité des pays ainsi qu’une insuffisance de contrôle et de cosmétovigilance qui constituent des insuffisances majeures pour la sécurité d’utilisation des cosmétiques. Les insuffisances règlementaires favorisent la circulation des cosmétiques de mauvaise qualité et contrefaits avec des conséquences néfastes pour la santé de nos populations.

Objective: The objective was to take stockof the regulation of clinical trials in Mali. Material and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out of the September 1 to December 15, 2019. It consisted of a literature search and a survey in research centers, ethics committees and regulatory structures in Mali. Results: In 2019, there were 15 clinical trials authorized and conducted by three research centers, including 12 vaccines and 3 drugs trials all approved by an ethics committee. The legal framework for clinical trials is governed in Mali by two texts, one legislative and the other regulatory. They provide for the authorization, suspension or prohibition of biomedical research by the minister in charge of Health. The shortcomings identified relate to the low recovery and lack of evaluation of pharmacovigilance data, the scarcity of site inspections and especially the absence of a technical committee for regulatory evaluation of files at the Pharmacy and Medicines Department (DPM). Conclusion: The strengthening of the legal framework is, more than ever, necessary to ensure the protection of the rights, safety and well-being of research subjects in a context of increasing relocation of clinical trials to our countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether they are used by private or public entities, facial recognition technologies are subject to debate and controversy, notably around the lack of specific legislation on their use. Although artificial intelligence (AI) and automated decision-making systems have raised questions and sparked debate in Canada and the U.S., police departments have used such technologies in various contexts. Literature demonstrates the challenges brought by facial recognition algorithms range from biases related to errors of identification and matching to challenges of values and ethics, including environmental issues. Despite an increasing trend in the use of leading-edge automated biometric identification technologies, existing legal and policy instruments have not kept pace with the highly evolving field of high-tech. This note provides an overview of the policies and legal frameworks in Canada and in the U.S. with respect to the acquisition, use and integration of facial recognition technologies. In particular, we show that despite an increasing integration of such technologies across various entities, the policy, legal and regulatory frameworks are yet to be adapted to the new reality of AI biometric identification. Issues related to human rights, privacy and equity call for further examination of the instruments in place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While scholars acknowledge the important role played by regulators in managing ride hailing and its impacts on cities, few studies have explored the implications for developing ride hailing regulations at different levels of governance. This paper examines regulatory approaches to ride hailing in Canada's three largest metropolitan regions: Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. Though united by a national border, these three regions are subject to unique governance approaches, histories, and trajectories. Although ground transportation in Canada usually falls within local or municipal authority, only Toronto, amongst these three city‐regions, treats the regulation of ground transportation as a local responsibility. In both Montreal and Vancouver, which are subject to different regulatory and governance structures, ride hailing is primarily regulated at the provincial level. As a more detailed examination reveals, we can further distinguish the three metropolitan areas based on the extent of intraregional coordination and regional mobility. By introducing these two concepts, the paper explores both the intended and unintended regional impacts of ride hailing regulations. These findings are relevant not only to ride hailing, but also to broader questions about governing both regional mobility and the platform economy. Key Messages: This research examines how government authority for ground transportation in Canada's three largest metropolitan regions impacts the regulation of ride hailing.Distinctions regarding the level of government responsible for regulating ride hailing persist when comparing the Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver city‐regions.While provincial government regulatory authority can positively influence regional transportation planning and policy, municipal‐led approaches to ride hailing enable place‐based responsiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les dispositifs médicaux forment un groupe très hétérogène, allant du scalpel à l'appareil d'imagerie par résonance magnétique, en passant par le pansement, du plus simple au plus technologique. Avec les médicaments et les cosmétiques, ce sont les principaux produits de santé utilisés dans le monde. Les services qu'ils rendent ont conduit les pouvoirs publics à les rembourser. Medical devices form a very heterogeneous group of objects. In this group we can find items ranging from the scalpel, through the bandage – from the simplest to the most technological – to the scanner or MRI. Together with medicinal products and cosmetic products, they are one of the most important health products used worldwide. In addition, the services they provide have led government to reimburse them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les certificats médicaux ont une place régulière en consultation de médecine générale. Depuis 2011, l'absence de fondement réglementaire de certains certificats a été mis en lumière, émanant notamment de services publics. L'objectif de cette étude était de rechercher sur quels textes réglementaires reposaient les certificats médicaux requis par une administration municipale, 8 ans après la circulaire de rationalisation de 2011 ? Étude qualitative par observation et analyse critique de certificats par mini-revues de littérature suivant les principaux critères de qualité PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). La première étape a consisté en le recensement exhaustif des certificats médicaux prévus par la municipalité, pour les administrés ou les employés de la ville. La provenance de l'un des services municipaux était le seul critère d'inclusion. La deuxième étape a consisté en l'analyse des certificats demandés d'après la réglementation en vigueur au moyen de moteurs de recherche classés par niveau en tenant compte en priorité de leur valeur réglementaire. Les équations de recherche ont été construites par un procédé inductif au fur et à mesure du recueil des certificats. Quarante-deux certificats ont été recueillis et analysés. Vingt-sept répondaient à la réglementation en vigueur dont deux (hors du champ des soins primaires) respectaient le contenu. Aucun support réglementaire n'a été retrouvé pour les 15 autres certificats. Le flou réglementaire autour des accidents sportifs, ou encore l'abus d'autorité, sont des éléments d'explication de ces certificats sans support réglementaire existant ou respecté. Le médecin généraliste est mis dans une position difficile et ambivalente. Un engagement institutionnel important est à envisager pour la rationalisation des certificats médicaux, en particulier par la formation médicale, l'éducation en santé des usagers et la mise en application de la loi. Medical certificates have a regular place in general medicine consultation. Since 2011, the french law has highlighted the absence of regulatory support of certain certificates, in particular of public services. The objective of this study was to find out which regulatory texts were based on the medical certificates required by a municipal administration, 8 years after the 2011 rationalization circular? Qualitative study by observation and critical analysis of certificates by literature reviews according to the main PRISMA quality criteria (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes). The first step consisted of the exhaustive collection of the medical certificates provided by the municipality, for the citizens or the employees of the city. The origin of one of the municipal services was the only criterion for inclusion. The second stage consisted in analyzing the certificates according to the law by using databases classified depending on their level, taking their regulatory value into account as a priority. The research equations were constructed with an inductive process as the certificates were collected. Forty-two certificates were collected and analyzed. Twenty-seven had regulatory support, two of which (not concerned in general medicine) complied with its content. No regulatory support was found for the 15 other certificates. The regulatory vagueness around sports accidents, or even the abuse of authority, are explanations for these certificates without existing or respected regulatory support. The general practitioner is put in a difficult and ambivalent position. A major institutional commitment should be considered for the rationalization of medical certificates, in particular through medical education, health education for users and law enforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Actualités Pharmaceutiques is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)