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Across a range of recent terrorist attacks in the United Kingdom, the question of how crowds behave in confined public space is an important concern. Classical theoretical assumptions are that human behaviour in such contexts is relatively uniform, self‐interested and pathological. We contest these assumptions by reporting on a study of public response to a marauding knife attack that occurred on London's underground rail network in 2015. The analysis draws primarily upon footage from 27 CCTV cameras positioned across the station footprint supplemented by social media, news footage, radio logs and incident reports. Using an innovative methodology, we topographically and chronologically mapped behaviours during the incident. The analysis demonstrates that while rapid egressions occurred as the threat escalated, at every phase of the incident members of the public intervened spontaneously with coordinated, purposeful, socially oriented actions. This behavioural pattern contrasts with classical assumptions of a chaotic and apathetic crowd in emergencies. We highlight eight complementary categories of actions in the public response that appeared functional for the collective safety of the crowd during the short period before the police arrived. The policy implications for emergency planning, and the methodological innovations involving the use of video data are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study aimed to determine the effect of Islamic financial literacy, spiritual intelligence, public perception, and behaviour on public interest in Islamic banking services. This research is classified as quantitative research. Islamic financial literacy, spiritual intelligence, and public perception are independent variables. Public behaviour as a mediating variable. The population in this study is the entire community in Padang city who are already customers of Islamic banks. The sample is determined by the Hair method, five times the number of indicators, where the number of indicators is 46 items. The number of respondents in this study was 230 people. Data analysis using structural equation model by using Smart-PLS. The results show Islamic financial literacy and public perception have no significant effect on public interest in Islamic banking services. However, spiritual intelligence has a positive and significant effect on public interest in Islamic banking services. Public behaviour fully mediates the relationship between public perception and public interest in Islamic banking services. Islamic banking is expected to be able to educate prospective customers through increasing spiritual intelligence. Public behaviour can be improved with the religiosity community, thereby increasing interest in saving in Islamic banks.

Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in radical changes in many aspects of life. To deal with this, each country has implemented continuous health measures from the beginning of the outbreak. Discovering how governmental actions impacted public behaviour during the outbreak stage is the purpose of this study. Methods This study uses a hybrid large-scale data visualisation method to analyse public behaviour (epidemic concerns, self- protection, and mobility trends), using the data provided by multiple authorities. Meanwhile, a content analysis method is used to qualitatively code the health measures of three countries with severe early epidemic outbreaks from different continents, namely China, Italy, and the United States. Eight dimensions are coded to rate the mobility restrictions implemented in the above countries. Results (1) Governmental measures did not immediately persuade the public to change their behaviours during the COVID-19 epidemic. Instead, the public behaviour proceeded in a three-phase rule, which is typically witnessed in an epidemic outbreak, namely the wait-and-see phase, the surge phase and the slow-release phase. (2) The strictness of the mobility restrictions of the three countries can be ranked as follows: Hubei Province in China (with an average score of 8.5 out of 10), Lombardy in Italy (7.125), and New York State in the United States (5.375). Strict mobility restrictions are more likely to cause a surge of population outflow from the epidemic area in the short term, whereas the effect of mobility restrictions is positively related to the stringency of policies in the long term. Conclusion The public showed generally lawful behaviour during regional epidemic outbreaks and blockades. Meanwhile public behaviour was deeply affected by the actions of local governments, rather than the global pandemic situation. The contextual differences between the various countries are important factors that influence the effects of the different governments’ health measures.

The need to assess reasons why households do not want to conserve water or use purified water is critical when facing water scarcity during the climate change crisis. This study aimed to provide an analysis of perceptions of the public in Czechia towards water conservation. A representative questionnaire survey (n = 1824) was conducted in the whole Czech Republic to see why households hesitate to conserve water and use purified water. We discovered that most household owners are interested in conserving water and some of them are interested in using purified water. The household owners are willing to conserve water if it does not cost them too much time or comfort. They are mostly willing to think about using purified water for purposes that are hygienically safe. They mostly trust people and public figures that are closest to them, and they consume media like television and the Internet. We recommend that any communication campaign aiming to persuade households to conserve water and use purified water should explain how to effectively conserve water in households. It should also explain that using purified water in households is not unhygienic and is almost completely safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the effect of Islamic financial literacy, spiritual intelligence, public perception, and behaviour on public interest in Islamic banking services. This research is classified as quantitative research. Islamic financial literacy, spiritual intelligence, and public perception are independent variables. Public behaviour as a mediating variable. The population in this study is the entire community in Padang city who are already customers of Islamic banks. The sample is determined by the Hair method, five times the number of indicators, where the number of indicators is 46 items. The number of respondents in this study was 230 people. Data analysis using structural equation model by using Smart-PLS. The results show Islamic financial literacy and public perception have no significant effect on public interest in Islamic banking services. However, spiritual intelligence has a positive and significant effect on public interest in Islamic banking services. Public behaviour fully mediates the relationship between public perception and public interest in Islamic banking services. Islamic banking is expected to be able to educate prospective customers through increasing spiritual intelligence. Public behaviour can be improved with the religiosity community, thereby increasing interest in saving in Islamic banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a careful understanding of the impact of information dependence on public attitudes (PAs) towards genetically modified (GM) technology in China by employing a structural equation modelling approach. Results in this study provide further empirical evidence to support the point of view that PAs towards GM technology vary with their information dependence. Information evaluation is the reasoning mechanism between information dependence and the perception of risks and benefits, ultimately determining PAs towards GM technology. Empirical results can serve as the basis for risk communication, suggesting that the public sector, scientific institutions, scientists, and officials must be more active in sharing scientific knowledge about GM technology with the public by developing more open channels for the dissemination of authoritative information, and public education is also needed. On the other hand, the medias' discourse system on GM technology should return to the scientific field for inspiring a rational attitude towards GM technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work was initiated primarily to analyze the role of communication in public health policy and hence develop protocols to design effective communication strategies. Research was motivated by the fact that the traditional approaches towards communication in health management have proved inadequate in front of the complexity of recent challenges. New and innovative ‘Integrated Communication Strategies’, which employ targeted communication tools for achieving public cooperation, have emerged as the need of the hour. This was revealed by the extensive literature review carried out by the authors. The fact that most of the researches so far have been either to empirically determine factor linkages and hierarchies on a small population sample or to analyze some specific aspect of the whole public communication architecture restricts their usability to large-scale, real-life situations. This research aims at constructing that big picture, a wholesome view of the role communication is expected to play in a public health programme and how the researches so far can be collated with insights from the case study of dengue fever in New Delhi carried out by the authors to yield protocols for designing highly effective communication programmes, which shall go long way in ensuring a successful health campaign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the response of the fashion world to an incident involving John Galliano. This incident is used as a case study to examine issues about beauty and fashion, the politics of aesthetics, the philosophy of human affairs and the relationships between morality and good citizenship. It seeks to question some conceptions of beauty that circulate within the world of haute couture and also to problematize the use of the term 'genius' when this is divorced from any consideration of moral acceptability. Two philosophical works are used to help with this task: Immanuel Kant's ([1790] 2000) Critique of the Power of Judgment, and Hannah Arendt's (1992) Lectures on Kant's Political Philosophy. In exploring whether individuals can be expected to exhibit an acceptable moral condition under a 'good constitution', the Galliano incident prompts, in complex ways, consideration of three things: 'What constitutes a bad man?', 'What constitutes a good citizen?' and 'What constitutes a good state?' Corollary questions include, 'are 'the beautiful' and 'the good' related?', and 'should one who fails to show moral behaviour be considered a genius'? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

– It is essential to understand how members of the public make decisions during emergencies. Such understanding is crucial in order to understand how emergency services can best influence positive protective behaviours. Previous research in this area has indicated that members of the public will respond both to the threat from an incident such as a fire as well the way the threat is managed by emergency responders and that this management will be crucial in increasing public willingness to comply with emergency services instructions. The study aimed to identify factors that affected the way in which those involved in the Grenfell Tower Fire behaved and develop the understanding of factors that affect public behaviour during large scale emergencies. This paper used 72 transcripts from the Grenfell Tower Inquiry to examine how members of the public make decisions during emergencies. The study utilised a Framework Analysis to identify themes relating to how members of the public made decisions regarding protective actions and what factors influenced these decisions. The study identifies several key factors which influenced individuals' decision making concerning protective actions: - Uncertainty and Anxiety. - Environmental Factors in Evacuation Decision Making. - Trust. - Helping and Co-Operative Behaviours in Emergencies. Data involving real life emergencies is extremely useful in providing support to the development of emergency procedures and training for emergency services. The research identifies several key factors which can inform a better understanding of public behaviour during emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article falls into two parts. The first takes issue, within the framework of the Keynesian system, with the point made in much of the literature on monetary theory that the total volume of money is determined almost exclusively by the monetary authorities. The author reasserts his own view that an important influence is exerted by the behaviour of the public. The second part describes the methodology and results of a statistical investigation of Italy establishing the weight in the determination of the volume of deposits of three elements: the behaviour of the public as regards the credit it extends to the banking system; the conduct of the banks as regards the credit they extend to the public; and the policy of the monetary authorities regarding the creation of claims on the Central Bank. The author concludes that the results confirm the view that the amount of money is highly sensitive to changes in the proportion of money that the public holds in the form of notes. JEL: E43, E51, E52, E58

The discussion in previous articles by Schneider and Sayers of the factors that determine the level of bank deposits has brought closer together the conflicting views still held on some aspects of this question. In the present article the author takes this as his starting point for restating and qualifying his views concerning the importance of the influence of the behaviour of the public on the volume of deposits, and the limits of the neutralising powers of the Central Bank. The author concludes by expressing the hope that further investigations may be made of the actual quantitative importance, at different times and in different countries, of the several factors determining the volume of deposits. As an introduction to such enquiries, the author sets forth in a Postscript, some methodological details. In contrast to the practice followed by Schneider in similar studies, he re-emphasises the advisability of including savings and time deposits, in order to obtain a picture of the true magnitude of the influence exerted on the volume of deposits by the public. E51, E58, G02, G21

While liquid funds in the hands of public and private operators cannot be created except by the credit system and the treasury, it is not equally easy to grasp how the public’s behaviour may effect the amount of liquid resources in existence. The credit system can influence public’s capacity to hold financial assets through loans. However, it cannot decide at its discretion the volume of financial assets held by the public. On the contrary, in several ways, e.g. through convertibility, the public can make its influence felt on monetary reserves, and as a consequence on the nominal volume of financial assets. Thus, if the first priority of economic policy is assigned to the maintenance of monetary stability, the monetary authorities have few margins to regulate at their discretion the trend of liquid assets at the market’s disposal. JEL: E03, E51, E52, G02

While liquid funds in the hands of public and private operators cannot be created except by the credit system and the treasury, it is not equally easy to grasp how the public’s behaviour may effect the amount of liquid resources in existence. The credit system can influence public’s capacity to hold financial assets through loans. However, it cannot decide at its discretion the volume of financial assets held by the public. On the contrary, in several ways, e.g. through convertibility, the public can make its influence felt on monetary reserves, and as a consequence on the nominal volume of financial assets. Thus, if the first priority of economic policy is assigned to the maintenance of monetary stability, the monetary authorities have few margins to regulate at their discretion the trend of liquid assets at the market’s disposal. JEL: E03, E51, E52, G02

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in radical changes in many aspects of life. To deal with this, each country has implemented continuous health measures from the beginning of the outbreak. Discovering how governmental actions impacted public behaviour during the outbreak stage is the purpose of this study., Methods: This study uses a hybrid large-scale data visualisation method to analyse public behaviour (epidemic concerns, self-protection, and mobility trends), using the data provided by multiple authorities. Meanwhile, a content analysis method is used to qualitatively code the health measures of three countries with severe early epidemic outbreaks from different continents, namely China, Italy, and the United States. Eight dimensions are coded to rate the mobility restrictions implemented in the above countries., Results: (1) Governmental measures did not immediately persuade the public to change their behaviours during the COVID-19 epidemic. Instead, the public behaviour proceeded in a three-phase rule, which is typically witnessed in an epidemic outbreak, namely the wait-and-see phase, the surge phase and the slow-release phase. (2) The strictness of the mobility restrictions of the three countries can be ranked as follows: Hubei Province in China (with an average score of 8.5 out of 10), Lombardy in Italy (7.125), and New York State in the United States (5.375). Strict mobility restrictions are more likely to cause a surge of population outflow from the epidemic area in the short term, whereas the effect of mobility restrictions is positively related to the stringency of policies in the long term., Conclusion: The public showed generally lawful behaviour during regional epidemic outbreaks and blockades. Meanwhile public behaviour was deeply affected by the actions of local governments, rather than the global pandemic situation. The contextual differences between the various countries are important factors that influence the effects of the different governments' health measures., (© 2022 The Author(s); Published by Kerman University of Medical Sciences This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.)

We have recently witnessed the emergence of a range of naturalistic studies concerned with work, interaction and technology in complex organisational environments. In this paper we examine a seemingly individual and isolated activity, which involves the use of relatively basic technology to guide a vehicle in accord with a highly regulated signalling system. The paper considers the ways in which operating a vehicle is systematically co-ordinated with the actions of others. These actions, whether by passengers or colleagues, are only 'visible' by virtue of various technologies; technologies that offer restricted and even distorted access to people and their conduct. In one sense, therefore, the essay is concerned with explicating the socially organised and interactionally sensitive 'intelligence' which features in the day-to-day work of drivers on London Underground; a rapid urban transport system which carries more than a million passengers a day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, UK public health messages about the risks of sunlight exposure (skin cancer) have been increasingly balanced by messages about its benefits (vitamin D production). Currently, data about the effects of this shift on public knowledge, awareness, and behaviour are scant. Thus, the objective of this paper is to report the findings of the first large-scale and representative survey of the awareness, knowledge, and behaviour of adults in Great Britain (England, Scotland, and Wales) ( n = 2024) with respect to sunlight exposure, vitamin D, and sunburn and skin cancer. The findings suggest that the public in Great Britain is much more aware of public promotion of the risks of sunlight exposure than its benefits. That said, knowledge about sunlight exposure and vitamin D is fairly strong, though not with respect to the detail of the 'little and often' approach. However, the survey also suggests that levels of sunlight exposure among the public are often excessive. The survey indicates that knowledge and behaviour are both less satisfactory among men and people in lower socio-economic groups. The paper concludes with recommendations for public health communications and for research in this area.