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Sixteen known species of the genus Ptychoptera Meigen, 1803 have been recorded from China, of which three occur in Yunnan Province. Herein, two new species from Yunnan, P. cordatasp. nov. and P. yunnanicasp. nov., are described from China. An updated key to Ptychoptera is presented for all Chinese species.

Diptera is one of the most species-diverse insect orders. The paper presents data on the biodiversity of Diptera from 9 families (Tipulidae, Limoniidae, Pediciidae, Mycetophilidae, Keroplatidae, Ptychopteridae, Muscidae, Fanniidae, Sciomyzidae) inhabiting 14 regions within the Volga upland and Oka-Don lowland. The most studied fauna is in the Republic of Mordovia (399 species). The fauna of these families is least known from the Republic of Tatarstan, Lipetsk Region, Nizhny Novgorod Region, and Vladimir Region (9, 19, 20, and 21 species, respectively). A total of 545 species are known from 9 families of Diptera in the large macroregion. The largest number of species includes the families Muscidae (190) and Limoniidae (102). The biodiversity is least known in Ptychopteridae (4 species), Pediciidae (6 species) and Keroplatidae (10 species)., Diptera – это один из наиболее разнообразных по числу видов отряд среди насекомых. В статье представлены сведения о биоразнообразии Diptera из 9 семейств (Tipulidae, Limoniidae, Pediciidae, Mycetophilidae, Keroplatidae, Ptychopteridae, Muscidae, Fanniidae, Sciomyzidae), обитающих на территории 14 регионов, находящихся в пределах Приволжской возвышенности и Окско-Донской низменности. Наиболее изученная и разнообразная фауна в Республике Мордовия (399 видов). Наименее известна фауна этих семейств из Республики Татарстан, Липецкой области, Нижегородской области и Владимирской области (соответственно, 9, 19, 20 и 21 вид). В общей сложности на территории большого макрорегиона из 9 семейств Diptera известно 545 вида. Наибольшее число видов включают семейства Muscidae (191) и Limoniidae (102). Наименее известно биоразнообразие Ptychopteridae (4 вида), Pediciidae (6 видов) и Keroplatidae (10 видов).

A key to larvae of Ptychopteridae (phantom crane flies) is provided for species inhabiting Northern Europe. The key encompasses seven species, including the previously undescribed larvae of Ptychoptera longicauda (Tonnoir 1919). Larval specimens examined were primarily sampled from sites in Denmark. Larvae were associated with correctly identified adults based on DNA barcode (COI) sequence. In the development of the key, a wide suite of morphological characteristics were examined and evaluated for their utility to separate species. Current distribution maps are provided for all species occurring within Northern Europe. Based on records of larvae from Denmark and Finland, notes on larval habitats are given. We also present flight periods for all species examined during this study. Finally, the status of the enigmatic species Ptychoptera obscura (Peus 1958) is briefly discussed.

Three new Ptychoptera Meigen, 1803 species from southern China, P. hekouensissp. nov., P. longasp. nov., and P. xiaohuangshanasp. nov., are described and illustrated. These new species are mainly distinguished from congeners by their body colors and male genitalia. The genus Ptychoptera is recorded from Guangdong, China for the first time. An updated key to all Chinese Ptychoptera species is provided.

Following the award of a Winston Churchill Memorial Trust (WCMT) Fellowship the author was able to visit the Charles P. Alexander (1889–1981) collection at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington D. C. to study craneflies gifted to him from fieldwork in Cameroon. They were collected by Malaise trap in forest clearings near streams on Mount Kupe, near Nyasoso, Cameroon. 21 new species of cranefly (Diptera: Tipulidae and Limoniidae): Dolichopeza (Dolichopeza) vicki sp. n., Nephrotoma mawdsleyi sp. n., Baeoura nyasosoensis sp. n.,Ellipteroides (Ellipteroides) nigromaculatus sp. n., Hovamyia gelhausi sp. n.,Limnophilomyia (Limnophilomyia) alexanderi sp. n., Ormosia (Neserioptera) cameroonensis sp. n., Afrolimnophila mederosi sp. n., A. oosterbroeki sp. n., Neolimnomyia kupensis sp. n., Pseudolimnophila (Pseudolimnophila) staryi sp. n., Achyrolimonia prycei sp. n., Dicranomyia (Dicranomyia) tuberculata sp. n., D. (Idioglochina) stubbsi sp. n., Elephantomyia (Elephantomyia) gilsonae sp. n., Libnotes (Afrolimonia) trimaculata sp. n., Metalimnobia (Tricholimnobia) krameri sp. n., Thaumastoptera (Thaumastoptera) churchilli sp. n., Toxorhina (Ceratocheilus) holvia sp. n., Trentepohlia (Trentepohlia) zorro sp. n., and Trichoneura (Xipholimnobia) jacksoni, and a new species of fold-wing cranefly (Diptera: Ptychopteridae): Ptychoptera (Ptychoptera) fasbenderi sp. n., are described. 18 species of cranefly known from elsewhere in the Afrotropical region are recorded here from Cameroon for the first time: Gonomyia (Leiponeura) hyperion Alexander, 1956, Limnophilomyia (Limnophilomyia) medleriana Alexander, 1976, Styringomyia vittata Edwards, 1914, Afrolimnophila hartwigi (Alexander, 1974), A. urundiana (Alexander, 1955), Austrolimnophila (Phragmocrypta) fulani Alexander, 1974, Hexatoma (Eriocera) brevifurca Alexander, 1956, H. (E.) trichoneura Alexander, 1956, H. (E.) tumidiscapa (Alexander, 1920), Medleromyia nigeriana Alexander, 1974, Achyrolimonia recurvans (Alexander, 1919), Atypopthalmus (Atypopthalmus) submendicus tuberculifer (Alexander, 1956), Dicranomyia (Dicranomyia) redundans (Alexander, 1956), Libnotes (Afrolimonia) rhanteria (Alexander, 1920), L. (A.) illiterata (Alexander, 1937), Limonia woosnami (Alexander, 1920), Orimarga (Protorimarga) bequaertiana (Alexander, 1930) and Toxorhina (Ceratocheilus) nigripleura (Alexander, 1920). In total 40 species are presented as new for Cameroon. A further 23 species already known from Cameroon were identified, and are listed here as some of them have not been recorded since their original description close to, or in some cases over, a hundred years ago.

Ptychoptera castor Keresztes & Klappert, sp. nov. and P. pollux Keresztes & Török, sp. nov. both belong to the subgenus Ptychoptera (Paraptychoptera)Tonnoir (1919) and are described from boggy headwaters in the south Balkan area. These new species are closely related to the range-restricted P. helena Peus, 1958, which is known only from Oiti village, Mount Oeta, Phthioitis region, Greece and, together with P. lacustris, forms a morphologically well-defined unit in the subgenus Paraptychoptera. Based on cladistic analyses of 53 different morphological characters using the male antenna, wing, and genital structures, a general revision of the “lacustris” group is proposed with a dichotomous key of Paraptychoptera species.

We revise the taxonomy of the genus Ptychoptera Meigen, 1803 from Zhejiang, East China. One new species from Zhejiang, P. tianmushanasp. nov., is described and illustrated. Morphologically, the new species is most similar to P. emeica Kang, Xue & Zhang, 2019 and P. formosensis Alexander, 1924, but it can be distinguished by the coloration of the abdomen and the details of the male genitalia. In addition, P. bellula Alexander, 1937 is recorded from Zhejiang for the first time. Two known species from Zhejiang, P. longwangshana Yang & Chen, 1998 and P. gutianshana Yang & Chen, 1995, are redescribed and illustrated. A key to Chinese species of Ptychoptera is provided.

Ptychopteridae is an ancient and rather diverse nematoceran family with three extant and 12 fossil genera subdivided into 80 extinct species belonging to five subfamilies (Eskov & Lukashevich, 2015; Lukashevich, 2019, 2020; Liu & Huang, 2020). Several undescribed ptychopterid larvae from the Upper Triassic of Germany represent the oldest record of the family (Barth et al., 2011). Crenoptychoptera Kalugina, 1985, an extinct genus belonging to the subfamily Eoptychopterinae Handlirsch, 1906, includes seven described species. All these species were recorded from the Lower Jurassic to the Lower Cretaceous of Eurasia: C. dobbertinensis Ansorge, 1998 from the Lower Jurassic of the Former Clay in Germany (Lukashevich et al., 1998), C. conspecta Lukashevich, 1995 from the Lower Jurassic of Ust-Baley in Russia (Lukashevich, 1995), the type species C. antica Kalugina, 1985 and C. defossa Kalugina, 1985 from the Middle Jurassic of the Kubekovo in Russia (Kalugina & Kovalev, 1985), C. bavarica Krzemiński & Ansorge, 1995 from the Upper Jurassic of Wegscheid in Germany (Krzemiński & Ansorge, 1995), C. liturata Lukashevich, 2011 from Upper Jurassic of Shar Teg in Mongolia, and C. gronskayae Kalugina, 1989 from the Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous of Kempendyay in Russia (Kalugina, 1989; Lukashevich, 2011). Three species discovered from the Daohugou beds of China have been assigned to Crenoptychoptera (Hao et al., 2009), but a following study suggested that they should be placed in Axymyiidae (Zhang, 2010).

The genus Ptychoptera Meigen, 1803 is the largest genus of the family Ptychopteridae with 78 known species. In this study, we report a nearly complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of this genus, which is a circular molecule of more than 15,028 bp. The mt genome contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes and a non-coding region. The overall base composition is A (38.1%), T (36.7%), C (14.9%), and G (10.4%), with an AT content of 74.8%. The AT content of N-strand genes (75.7%) is higher than that of the J-strand genes (71.7%). Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the monophyly of Ptychopteridae, Bibiomorpha, Tipulomorpha and Brachycera are strongly supported, and the sister group relationship between Tanyderidae and Ptychopteridae is not supported.

We revise the taxonomy of the genus Ptychoptera Meigen, 1803 from Zhejiang, East China. One new species from Zhejiang, P.tianmushanasp. nov., is described and illustrated. Morphologically, the new species is most similar to P.emeica Kang, Xue & Zhang, 2019 and P.formosensis Alexander, 1924, but it can be distinguished by the coloration of the abdomen and the details of the male genitalia. In addition, P.bellula Alexander, 1937 is recorded from Zhejiang for the first time. Two known species from Zhejiang, P.longwangshana Yang & Chen, 1998 and P.gutianshana Yang & Chen, 1995, are redescribed and illustrated. A key to Chinese species of Ptychoptera is provided.

Genus Crenoptychoptera Kalugina, 1985 Type species. Crenoptychoptera antica Kalugina, 1985 Included species. The type species and C. bavarica Krzemiński & Ansorge, 1995; C. conspecta Lukashevich, 1995; C. defossa Kalugina, 1985; C. dobbertinensis Ansorge, 1998; C. gaoi sp. nov., C. gronskayae Kalugina, 1989; C. liturata Lukashevich, 2011., Published as part of LIU, YU-MING & HUANG, DI-YING, 2021, A new species of Crenoptychoptera Kalugina, 1985 (Diptera: Ptychopteridae) from the Middle-Late Jurassic of Jiyuan Basin, China, pp. 27-29 in Palaeoentomology 4 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5507690, {"references":["Kalugina, N. S. & Kovalev, V. G. (1985) [Dipterous insects of Jurassic Siberia.] Paleontological Institute, Moscow, 1 - 198. [In Russian]","Krzeminski, W. & Ansorge, J. (1995) New Upper Jurassic Diptera (Limoniidae, Eoptychopteridae) from the Solnhofen Lithographic Limestone (Bavaria, Germany). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde (B), 221, 1 - 7.","Lukashevich, E. D. (1995) First pupae of the Eoptychopteridae and Ptychopteridae from the Mesozoic of Siberia (Insecta: Diptera). Paleontological Journal, 29, 164 - 171.","Lukashevich, E. D. (2011) New nematocerans (Insecta: Diptera) from the Late Jurassic of Mongolia. Paleontological Journal, 45, 620 - 628. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0031030111060098"]}

Crenoptychoptera gaoi sp. nov. (Fig. 1) Material. Holotype (NIGP174354), a nearly complete right wing. Etymology. The specific epithet is dedicated to Jian Gao, who collected the holotype of the species. 3+4 3+4 Diagnosis. Wing with typical Crenoptychoptera venation. Sc ending proximal to the furcation of R 4+5; darken area occupying half-length of R 1, reaching level of r-m; R 1+2 considerably short, ca. twice length of R 2; R 2 slightly anteriorly curved at its apex; apical part of R 3, R 4 and R 5 posteriorly curved; crossvein m-m nearly perpendicular to M; m-cu and bM of equal lengths. Type locality and horizon. Yangshuzhuang Formation near Anyao Village, Chengliu Township, Jiyuan City, Henan Province, China; earliest Late Jurassic. Description. Wing 14.2 mm long, 2.9 mm wide (as preserved). Pterostigma along distal part of R1 and R2. Base of Rs at 20% of wing length, length of Rs approximately 1.4× length of R 4+5 stem; R 3 about 0.7× length of R 2+3; R 4+5 ramified symmetrically, R 4 parallel with R 5 in whole length, R 4 and R 5 about twice as long as R 4+5. Crossvein r-m connected with Rs, slightly distal to bifurcation of R3 and R 4+5 and located at same level with m–cu. Discal cell long and narrow, about five times as long as wide. M 1+ 2 in straight prolongation of M stem, M1 and M2 thinner and paler than other veins; crossvein m-m slightly curved, joining M 2 close to its base. Anal area partly preserved.

LIU, YU-MING, HUANG, DI-YING (2021): A new species of Crenoptychoptera Kalugina, 1985 (Diptera: Ptychopteridae) from the Middle-Late Jurassic of Jiyuan Basin, China. Palaeoentomology 4 (1): 27-29, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.1.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.1.5

Sixteen known species of the genus Ptychoptera Meigen, 1803 have been recorded from China, of which three occur in Yunnan Province. Herein, two new species from Yunnan, P.cordatasp. nov. and P.yunnanicasp. nov., are described from China. An updated key to Ptychoptera is presented for all Chinese species.

A new genus and species of female phantom midge Neuseptychoptera carolinensis gen. et sp. nov. in the fossil subfamily Eoptychopterinae is described and illustrated; this ptychopterid is from Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) amber of North Carolina. This is the first member of Eoptychopterinae from North America and the first found in Campanian age amber. We propose to treat the extinct subfamily Eoptychopterininae Lukashevich, 1995, as a junior synonym of the subfamily Eoptychopterinae Handlirsch, 1906, syn. nov. The elongated mouthparts of the new species have broad labella, and these are functionally interpreted as feeders for honeydew, fermenting plant juices, and nectar rather than for biting.

Results of faunistic research of eight selected dipteran families (Bibionidae, Blephariceridae, Dixidae, Limoniidae, Pediciidae, Platypezidae, Ptychopteridae, and Rhagionidae) in the Uzh River Basin (Ukraine) are presented thanks to the support by the FAN (B) - Förderkreis für allgemeine Naturkunde (Biologie) in the framework of the project “Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Diptera biodiversity trip along the Uzh river, Ukraine”. Altogether 16 species are recorded as new to the fauna of Ukraine in the present paper. One species is newly recorded of the families Blephariceridae, Pediciidae, and Ptychopteridae, and two species each of the families Limoniidae and Bibionidae. Three species each belong to the families Dixidae, Platypezidae, and Rhagionidae.

The fossil record of Bittacomorphinae is poor. The two extant bittacomorphine genera are unknown as fossils and only two extinct genera, each with two species, have been described earlier: Zhiganka Lukashevich, 1995 from the Mesozoic of Eurasia and Probittacomorpha Freiwald et Willmann, 1992 from the Cenozoic of Europe. Both previously known species of Zhiganka have each been described based on a single isolated wing. A discovery of well preserved complete males and females of Zhiganka longialata sp. nov. from Khasurty (Western Transbaikalia, Russia) makes the diagnosis of Bittacomorphinae more vague, but does not contradict the bittacomorphine affinity of Zhiganka and confirms the Early Cretaceous age of the subfamily.

Genus: Zhiganka Lukashevich, 1995 (Figures 1���4, 5A, 6 A���D) Type species. Zhiganka comitans Lukashevich, 1995: 170, fig. 1e,g. Diagnosis (emended). Adult. Medium-size gracile flies, 9���13 mm long (Fig. 1B, G). Head not appressed to thorax (Figs 2A, D, 3A). Antenna with 19 flagellomeres, each with distinct scattered (4?) macrosetae and short pubescence, apical flagellomere reduced to button-like structure (Figs 2A, C, 3B). Clypeus acutely triangular, labrum small, sclerotized, labella large. Maxillary palpus elongate, with apical and preapical segments subequal (Figs 1A, 2D, 3A). Antepronotum well developed, prescutal suture distinct, scutum with incomplete transverse suture, all pleural sclerites without setae, transepimeral suture present (Figs 2D, 3A, 4F). Wings rather broad, slightly shorter than abdomen, with macrotrichia confined to apex adjacent to costa; C ending at wing apex, Rs stem long, aligned with straight R 4+5 stem, fork R 4+5 longer than R 4+5 stem; crossvein r-m under Rs furcation; spurious vein between veins R and M long; M forks before r-m; M 1+2 unforked, straight, and extremely thin; CuA slightly sigmoidal beyond m-cu; anal lobe well developed (Figs 1B, G, 2B, G, 3C, 4 A���C, 5A, 6A���C). Legs uniformly dark, without banding, tibial spur formula 1:2:2, foreleg spur spine-like, unmodified (Fig. 1 C���F). Abdomen narrow in both sexes (Fig. 1B, G). Male: epandrium divided into epandrial lobes, surstyli distinct. Gonocoxite without secondary lobe. Gonostylus simple lobe-like, pubescent. Hypandrium divided into basal and terminal divisions (Figs 2E, F, 3 F���H, 4D, E). Female: cerci tablike, setose, lightly sclerotized (Fig. 1H). Spermathecae absent or unsclerotized. Species included. Besides the type species from Zhigansk (Batylykh Formation, Yakutia, Russia; Lower Cretaceous), Z. woolgari Lukashevich, Coram, Jarzembowski, 2001 from Clockhouse (Wealden Group, United Kingdom; Upper Hauterivian) and Z. longialata sp. nov. described below from Khasurty (Gusinoe Ozero Group, Transbaikalia, Russia; Lower Cretaceous). Remarks. The genus was established based on isolated wings and pupal fragments (the only immature stage known so far). For adults of each previously known species only an incompletly preserved isolated wing was described, so the diagnosis was limited to wing venation. The additional crossvein r-m was cautiously shown with a dotted line in Z. comitans (Lukashevich, 1995: fig. 1g) but was not observed in Z. woolgari (Lukashevich et al., 2001: fig.10). Reexamination of the holotype of Z. comitans by SEM (Fig. 5B) made it clear that this additional r-m is a preservation artifact, the vein M 1+2 is the thinnest and a long spurious vein (a longitudinal vein-like thickening in the membrane between veins R and M, bisecting crossvein r-m and ending in cell r 5) is present. Therefore, the venation patterns of the type species and the new species described herein (Fig. 5A) are identical. The holotype of Z. woolgari was not available for the study. Macrotrichia on the apical part of the wing are conspicuous in the new species (Figs 2G, 6B, C), but are barely discernible, without certainty, in the type species; however, this can be due to a poor state of preservation of Z. comitans. The new species is, therefore, included in Zhiganka and the diagnosis of the genus is revised accordingly., Published as part of Lukashevich, Elena D., 2019, Review of the fossil record of Bittacomorphinae (Diptera: Ptychopteridae), pp. 566-578 in Zootaxa 4661 (3) on pages 567-568, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4661.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/3380981, {"references":["Lukashevich, E. D. (1995) First pupae of the Eoptychopteridae and Ptychopteridae from the Mesozoic of Siberia (Insecta: Diptera). Paleontological Journal, 29 (4), 164 - 170.","Lukashevich, E. D. Coram, R. A. & Jarzembowski, E. A. (2001) New true flies (Insecta: Diptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of Southern England. Cretaceous Research, 22, 451 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / cres. 2001.026 5"]}

Zhiganka longialata sp.nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: BF7F96FE-AACA-49DA-AC44-0E8096F32EA4 Holotype. PIN, No. 5340/953, part and counterpart, well-preserved impression of a male with detached terminalia. Type Horizon and Locality. Khasurty; Western Transbaikalia, Buryatia, Zakamensk District, middle reaches of the River Khasurty 10 km south of the village of Tsakir (50��21���N 103��37���E); lower part of Gusinoe Ozero Group, Lower Cretaceous. Etymology. The species epithet refers to relatively long wings of the species (from Latin longus ���long and alata ���winged). Description. Antenna subequal to wing in males and shorter than wing in females (Fig. 1B). Wing 3.0���3.4x as long as wide, transparent, with single pale pigmented spot, pterostigma (Fig. 4A). Sc ends well beyond midwing and beyond CuA termination. Rs originates at about one-quarter of wing length. R 2 well distal to R 4+5 furcation, distal section of R 1 subequal to R 2, R 2+3 2.4x as long as R 3. R 4+5 fork 1.3x as long as R 4+5 stem, R 4+5 stem subequal to Rs stem (Figs 2B, 3C, 5A). Hind tibia longest of leg segments. Epandrium with broad and apically rounded setose surstyli (Figs 2E, F, 3 F���H, 4D, E). Comparison. In its wing size and position of R 2 and r-m the new species is closer to Z. comitans (Fig. 5A, B), differing in a shorter Rs (75% of the wing length instead of 81% in the type species, according to specified data) and shorter R 2+3 (2.4x as long as R 3 instead of 3x). Measurements (mm). Male (n=6). Body length (from anterior region of head to abdomen tip) 9.4���11.6, lateral thorax length 1.4���1.7, abdomen length 7.4���9.2. Wing length 6.8���8.4, width 2.3���2.4. Antenna length (n=3) 5.2���7.2. Leg segment length in Table 1. Female (n=5). Body length 11.0���12.6, abdomen length 9.0���9.8. Wing length 8.8��� 9.6, width 3.0. Antenna length (n=1) 4.0. Hind leg: femur 4.2, tibia 5.6, tarsus 4.2 (2.6:0.8:0.5:0.2:0.1) Leg segment length in holotype PIN 5340 /953, male (in mm) Additional material. Paratypes PIN, No. 5026/1594��,1598��, 1599�� and 5340/764��, 807��, complete males; PIN, No. 5026/1593��, 1595��, 1597�� and 5340/951��, 952��, 1643�� partly preserved females; PIN, No. 5026/1600 and 5340/1494�� partly preserved adults, sex unknown; PIN, No. 5026/1596�� isolated wing., Published as part of Lukashevich, Elena D., 2019, Review of the fossil record of Bittacomorphinae (Diptera: Ptychopteridae), pp. 566-578 in Zootaxa 4661 (3) on pages 568-573, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4661.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/3380981

Ptychoptera emeica sp. nov. (Figs. 3���4) Diagnosis. Wing marked with two brown bands. Gonostylus comprised of five projections and lobes. Hypandrium rectangular, anterior margin concave medially, posterior margin with a pair of L-shaped projections and a triangular projection, with short hairs basally and dense long hairs posteromedially. Description. Male. Body length 7.5���9.0 mm, wing length 8.0���9.0 mm. Vertex and frons brown; face and clypeus yellow with light brown hairs; gena yellow with a black elliptical spot medially, hairs on gena brown; occiput yellow. Compound eyes black without pubescence. Antenna light brown with scape, pedicel and basal 1/2 of 1st flagellomere yellow, hairs dark brown. Proboscis yellow with light brown hairs. Palpus yellow with last segment gradually darked apically, hairs brown. Thorax (Fig. 3 a���b). Pronotum yellow with posterior margin brown. Propleuron yellow. Prescutum, scutum and paratergite uniformly black. Scutellum mostly dark brown, middle area yellow with a patch of dense brown hairs. Postnotum dark brown. Laterotergite mostly brown, outer 1/2 yellow with dense dark brown hairs. Mesopleuron and metapleuron uniformly yellow. Coxae and trochanters yellow; fore femur yellow and gradually darkened apically; mid and hind femora yellow with brown ring apically; tibiae yellow with brown ring apically; 1st tarsomere of fore and mid legs yellow brown, 1st tarsomere of hind leg yellow and gradually darkened apically, other tarsomeres dark brown. Hairs on legs brown. Relative length of 1st to 5th tarsomeres in hind leg as 7.5: 2: 1.2: 1: 1. Wing (Fig. 3c) 2.6 times as long as wide, subhyaline, marked with two brown bands as follows: median band broad and distinct, extending from basal part of cell r 2+3 to fork of CuA; subapical band extending from R 2 to M 1+2 fork, often separated into three clouds. Veins brown; Sc ending in C not at level of basal 1/3 of R 2+3; Rs straight, as long as r-m. Halter and prehaltere pale yellow with brown hairs. Abdomen (Fig. 3a). First tergum dark brown with anterior margins yellow laterally, 2nd tergum brown with middle area yellow, 3rd and 4th terga yellow with caudal 1/3 brown, 5th and 6th terga dark brown, 7th tergum brown with posterior margin yellow. First sternum yellow brown, 2nd and 3th sterna uniformly yellow, 4th sternum yellow with posterior margin brown, 5th and 6th sternum brown, 7th sternum brown with lateral area yellow. Hairs on abdomen brown. Male genitalia (Fig. 4) yellow. Epandrium (Fig. 4b) bilobed, each lobe strongly elongated and forming a long surstylus, surstylus broadest at base, tapering and curved distally to the middle, slender apically, with brown hairs; proctiger with short hairs. Gonocoxite (Fig. 4c) long and stout, 3 times as long as wide, basal apodeme 1/2 as long as gonocoxite; paramere with a pair of slender L-shaped projections. Gonostylus (Fig. 4c) with five projections and lobes: a strong retrose basal projection on inner side with uniformly short hairs; a retrose basal projection on dorsal side, broad basally and tapered apically, with short hairs on outer side; a broad tongue-shaped lobe on middle area with short hairs apically; a dumbbell-shaped apical lobe bilobed apically, dorsal lobe hooked with uniformly short hairs, ventral lobe broad with dense short setae apically. Hypandrium (Fig. 4d) rectangular, anterior margin concaved medially, posterior margin with a pair of L-shaped projections and a triangular projection, with short hairs basally and dense long hairs posteromedially.Aedeagus (Fig. 4 e���f): subapical sclerite tongue-shaped, slightly caved bilaterally, apex of subapical sclerite round. Female. Body length 9.0���10.0 mm, wing length 10.0���11.0 mm. Similar to male. Wing band broader than in male. First tergum brown, 2nd tergum brown with middle area yellow, 3rd tergum yellow with caudal 1/2 brown, 4th and 5th terga brown, 6th tergum brown with caudal 1/2 yellow, 7th tergum yellow. Sterna yellow. Terminalia (Fig. 3d): 8th sternum yellow, 2 times as long as 7th sternum; circus yellow with caudal 1/3 brown, blade-shaped, 10th tergum + cercus 1.2 times as long as 8th sternum. Type material. HOLOTYPE: ♂, CHINA, Sichuan, Leshan, Mt. Emei, Linggongli, 2016.VI.21, Zehui Kang. PARATYPES: 30♂♂ 33♀♀, same data as holotype. Distribution. China (Sichuan). Etymology. The species is named after the type locality Mt. Emei. Remarks. This new species is similar to P. lushuiensis from China, but it can be separated from the latter by the second tergum of abdomen mostly brownish, the projection of epandrium curved ventrally, the lobe on middle area of gonostylus tongue-shaped and the posterior margin of hypandrium with a triangular projection medially. In P. lushuiensis, the second tergum of abdomen is mostly yellowish, the projection of epandrium suddenly bends into a right angle at middle area, the lobe on middle area of gonostylus is digitiform and the posterior margin of hypandrium has a pair of hook-shaped projections medially. The new species is also similar to P. formosensis from China and Japan, but it can be easily separated from the latter by the fifth and sixth terga of abdomen uniformly dark brown, the sixth and seventh sterna of abdomen brown, the dorsal lobe of apical gonostylus hook-shaped and the posterior margin of hypandrium with a pair of L-shaped projections. In P. formosensis, the fifth and sixth terga of abdomen are yellow with posterior margins black, the sixth and seventh sterna of abdomen are yellow, the dorsal lobe of apical gonostylus is digitiform and the posterior margin of hypandrium has a pair of large rounded flap-shaped lobes., Published as part of Kang, Zehui, Xue, Zhaoxiang & Zhang, Xiao, 2019, New species and record of Ptychoptera Meigen, 1803 (Diptera: Ptychopteridae) from China, pp. 455-472 in Zootaxa 4648 (3) on pages 460-462, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4648.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3356332

Ptychoptera circinans sp. nov. (Figs. 5–6) Diagnosis. Wing marked with two distinct brown bands. Abdomen with five obvious yellow bands. Epandrium yellow with caudal 1/2 brownish. Gonostylus slender and digitiform, tapered apically, with the following projections and lobes: a dumbbell-shaped basal projection on dorsal side with several hairs apically, a broad basal lobe on dorsal side with dense setae apically, a small digitiform projection dorsally on middle area with dense short hairs apically. Description. Male. Body length 8.0 mm, wing length 8.5 mm. Vertex and frons dark brown with brown hairs; face and clypeus yellow with light brown hairs; gena yellow with a black elliptical spot medially, hairs dark brown; occiput yellow. Compound eyes black without pubescence. Antenna brown with scape, pedicel and basal 2/3 of 1st flagellomere yellow. Hairs on antenna dark brown. Proboscis yellow with brown hairs. Palpus yellow with terminal of last segment brown, hairs brown. Thorax (Fig. 5 a–b). Pronotum and propleuron yellow. Prescutum, scutum and paratergite uniformly black. Scutellum mostly dark brown, middle area yellow with a patch of dense dark brown hairs. Postnotum dark brown, middle area with a yellowish brown strip. Laterotergite dark brown with patch of dense dark brown hairs. Episternum brown with upper 2/3 of anepisternum yellow, anepimeron uniformly brown, katepimeron yellow with lower 1/3 gradually darked. Metapleuron yellow. Coxae mostly yellow, except posterior margin of hind coxa light brown; trochanters yellow brown; fore femur yellow and gradually darkened apically; mid and hind femora yellow with a narrow brown ring apically; tibiae yellow brown with a narrow dark brown ring apically; 1st tarsomere of fore and mid legs brown, 1st tarsomere of hind leg yellow with a narrow dark brown ring apically, other tarsomeres dark brown. Hairs on legs dark brown. Relative length of 1st to 5th tarsomeres in hind leg as 9.3: 2.5: 1.5: 1.2: 1. Wing (Fig. 5c) 3.8 times as long as wide, subhyaline, marked with two brown bands as follows: median band extending from basal of Rs to middle section of CuA; subapical band broadest along anterior margin of wing, covering pterostigma and extending to tip of M 2. Veins brown; Sc ending in C not at level of basal 1/3 of R 2+3; Rs straight, as long as r-m. Halter and prehaltere pale yellow with brown hairs. Abdomen (Fig. 5a). First tergum dark brown with basal 1/3 brown, 2nd tergum brown with anterior margin and middle area yellow, 3rd tergum yellow with caudal 1/5 brown, 4th tergum yellow with caudal 1/3 brown, 5th to 7th terga brown. Sterna yellow. Hairs on abdomen brown. Male genitalia (Fig. 6) yellow with caudal 1/2 of epandrium brown. Epandrium (Fig. 6b) bilobed, each lobe strongly elongated and forming a long surstylus, surstylus broadest at base, tapering distally and curved downward, slightly swollen at tip, with brown hairs; proctiger with short hairs. Gonocoxite (Fig. 6c) short and slender, 2.4 times as long as wide, basal apodeme 1/2 as long as gonocoxite; paramere with two pairs of projections, outer projections hook-shaped with several long hairs apically, inner projections conical. Gonostylus (Fig. 6c) slender and digitiform, tapered apically, with the following projections and lobes: a dumbbell-shaped basal projection on dorsal side with several hairs apically, a broad basal lobe on dorsal side with dense setae apically, a small digitiform dorsal projection on middle area with dense short hairs apically. Hypandrium (Fig. 6d) transverse and trapeziform with several long hairs posterolaterally, posterior margin with two pairs of digitiform projections laterally and one digitiform projection medially, outer pair of projections large with dense long hairs, inner pair of projections small with short hairs. Aedeagus (Fig. 6 e–f): subapical sclerite triangle, apex of subapical sclerite round. Female. Body length 9.0–10.0 mm, wing length 9.0– 10.5 mm. Similar to male. Sixth and 7th terga brown with posterior margins yellow; 8th tergum yellow. Fourth to 7th sterna yellow with posterior margins brown. Terminalia (Fig. 5d): 8th sternum yellow, 1.2 times as long as 7th sternum; cercus yellow with black margin, blade-shaped, 10th tergum + cercus 1.2 times as long as 8th sternum. Type material. HOLOTYPE: ♂, CHINA, Fujian, Jianning, Minjiangyuan National Nature Reserve, Yingtaoling (950 m), 2015.III, Malaise trap. PARATYPES: 4♀♀, same data as holotype; 2♀♀, CHINA, Fujian, Dehua, Mt. Daiyun, Houzhai, 2015.IV–VIII, Malaise trap. Distribution. China (Fujian). Etymology. The specific name refers to the yellow bands in abdomen. Remarks. This new species resembles somewhat P. bannaensis from China in having the similar wing spots and venation, but it can be easily separated from the latter by the mesopleuron mostly brown and the epandrium yellow with caudal 1/2 brown. In P. bannaensis, the mesopleuron is uniformly yellow and the epandrium is uniformly yellow.

Ptychoptera separata sp. nov. (Figs. 9���10) Diagnosis. Wing faintly infuscated, unmarked; wing with r-m some distance before fork of Rs. Epandrium broad and round, posterior margin concave with four papillate projections on each side, proctiger with a V-shaped projection. Gonostylus simple, club-shaped, board basally with several short hairs in inner edge, narrowed at middle, slightly curved apically to the middle. Description. Male. Body length 8.0���9.0 mm, wing length 8.5���10.0 mm. Head dark brown, gena with a black elliptical spot medially; clypeus yellow brown with brown hairs. Compound eyes black without pubescence. Antenna uniformly brown with dark brown hairs. Proboscis yellow with brown hairs. Palpus yellow with terminal of the last segment brown, hairs brown. Thorax (Fig. 9 a���b). Pronotum brown with anterior margin yellow brown. Propleuron brown with anterior margin bearing a patch of dense brown hairs. Mesonotum and postnotum black with scutellum brown. Mesopleuron and metapleuron dark brown with upper 1/2 of anepisternum yellow. Fore coxa yellow with basal 1/4 dark brown, mid coxa yellow with basal 1/4 brown; hind coxa brown with apical 1/3 yellow; fore trochanter yellow brown, mid and hind trochanters yellow; fore and mid femora yellow brown and gradually darkened apically; hind femora mostly yellowish brown, gradually darkened basally and apically; fore and mid tibiae brown, slightly faded at apical area; hind tibia dark brown with apical 1/3 yellow, posterior margin with a narrow brown ring; tarsomeres uniformly dark brown. Hairs on legs dark brown. Relative length of 1st to 5th tarsomeres in hind leg as 11: 2.4: 1.8: 1.2: 1. Wing (Fig. 9c) 3.5 times as long as wide, subhyaline, faintly infuscated, unmarked. Veins brown; Sc ending in C at level of basal 1/3 of R 2+3; Rs slightly curved at base, 4 times as long as r-m; r-m some distance before fork of Rs. Halter and prehaltere pale yellow with pale hairs. Abdomen (Fig. 9a). First tergum dark brown, other terga brown with bases of 3th and 4th terga yellowish brown. First and 2nd sterna brown, 3rd and 4th sterna yellow with caudal 1/3 brown, 5th sterna brown with caudal 1/2 dark brown, 6th and 7th sterna dark brown. Hairs on abdomen dark brown. Male genitalia (Fig. 10) dark brown. Epandrium (Fig. 10b) broad and round, posterior margin concave with four papillate projections on each side, proctiger with a V-shaped projection bearing uniformly short hairs. Gonocoxite (Fig. 10c) short and stout, 2.2 times as long as wide, basal apodeme small; paramere with two pair of papillate projections and a pair of S-curved projections. Gonostylus (Fig. 10c) simple, club-shaped, board basally with several short hairs in inner edge, narrowed at middle, slightly curved apically to the middle, with several short hairs. Hypandrium (Fig. 10d) base broad when viewed ventrally, with a pair of slender projections extending beyond posterior margin, inside of each projection with dense long hairs; median region with a stilliform lobe and a tongue-shaped lobe, each side with a club-shaped projection; posterior margin with an umbrella-shaped projection bearing dense short hairs. Aedeagus (Fig. 10 e���f): subapical sclerite triangle, apex of subapical sclerite with a pair of elliptical lobes. Female. Unknown. Type material. HOLOTYPE: ♂, CHINA, Xizang, Motuo, Mt. Galongla (3026 m), 2013.VIII.13, Xiaoyan Liu. PARATYPES: 3♂♂, same data as holotype; 1♂, CHINA, Xizang, Bomi, Lulang (3220 m), 2013.VII.14, Xiaoyan Liu. Distribution. China (Xizang). Etymology. This new species is named after the wing, in reference to the significant degree of separation between r-m and the fork of Rs. Remarks. This new species and P. tibialis Brunetti, 1911 from India are similar in the wing venation, but the new species can be easily separated from the latter by the fore and mid femora yellow brown with apical 1/3 dark brown, the fore and mid tibia mostly dark brown and the abdomen mostly brown. In P. tibialis, the fore and mid femora are bright yellow, the fore and mid tibia mostly yellow and the abdomen mostly yellow. The new species can be distinguished from other Ptychoptera known from China by the wing with r-m some distance before fork of Rs. This feature also exists in three European species, P. albimana (Fabricius, 1787), P. alina Krzeminski et Zwick, 1993 and P. incognita T��r��k, Kolcs��r et Keresztes, 2015, but the new species can be easily separated from them by the wing being unmarked, whereas in the European species the wings have obvious spots., Published as part of Kang, Zehui, Xue, Zhaoxiang & Zhang, Xiao, 2019, New species and record of Ptychoptera Meigen, 1803 (Diptera: Ptychopteridae) from China, pp. 455-472 in Zootaxa 4648 (3) on pages 468-471, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4648.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3356332, {"references":["Brunetti E. (1911) Revision of the Oriental Tipulidae with descriptions of new species. Records of the Indian Museum, 6, 231 - 314. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 2133 4","Krzeminski, W. & Zwick, P. (1993) New and little known Ptychopteridae (Diptera) from the Palaearctic region. Aquatic Insects, 15, 65 - 87. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 0165042930936150 4","Torok, E., Kolcsar L. P., Denes, A. L. & Keresztes, L. (2015) Morphologies tells more than molecules in the case of the European widespread Ptychoptera albimana (Fabricius, 1787) (Diptera, Ptychopteridae). North-western Journal of Zoology, 11 (2), 304 - 315."]}

Kang, Zehui, Xue, Zhaoxiang, Zhang, Xiao (2019): New species and record of Ptychoptera Meigen, 1803 (Diptera: Ptychopteridae) from China. Zootaxa 4648 (3): 455-472, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4648.3.3

Four new species of Ptychoptera Meigen, 1803 from China, P. emeica sp. nov. , P. circinans sp. nov. , P. lucida sp. nov. and P. separata sp. nov. are described and illustrated. One new record from China, P. yankovskiana Alexander, 1945 is redescribed and illustrated. A key to males of Ptychoptera species known to occur in China is presented.

Ptychoptera lucida sp. nov. (Figs. 7���8) Diagnosis. Body brownish black. Wing marked with four weak brown clouds and one indistinct brown band. Epandrium bilobed, lobes broad and swollen laterally with a quadrate projection on caudal area bearing dense short hairs; surstylus digitiform and broad basally with short hairs, curved inwards at middle, base with a Y-shaped lobe. Hypandrium triangular, broad basally, anterior margin concave medially; base with several lateral hairs; middle with a wide membranous region; apex with two papillate projections. Description. Male. Body length 7.0 mm, wing length 7.0 mm. Head brownish black with clypeus and gena brown, gena with a black elliptical spot medially; hairs on head dark brown. Compound eyes black, without pubescence. Antenna brown with apical 1/3 of pedicel and base of 1st flagellomere yellowish brown, hairs dark brown. Proboscis yellow with brown hairs. Palpus yellow with last segment pale yellow, hairs dark brown. Thorax (Fig. 7 a���b). Pronotum and propleuron brownish black. Mesonotum and postnotum mostly black, except middle area of scutellum yellow with a patch of dense brown hairs. Mesopleuron and metapleuron brownish black with upper 1/2 of anepisternum pale. Coxae yellow with basal margin dark brown; trochanters yellow; femora yellow with a dark brown ring apically; tibiae yellow with a dark brown ring apically; 1st tarsomere yellow and gradually darkened apically, other tarsomeres dark brown. Hairs on legs dark brown. Relative length of 1st to 5th tarsomeres in hind leg as 9: 2.4: 1.8: 1.2: 1. Wing (Fig. 7c) 3.5 times as long as wide, subhyaline, marked with four weak brown clouds and one indistinct brown band: four weak brown clouds at base of Rs, tip of R 1, fork of R 4+5 and fork of M 1+2; median band extending from basal of R 2+3 to middle section of CuA. Veins brown; Sc ending in C not at level of basal 1/3 of R 2+3; Rs slightly curved at base, 2 times as long as r-m. Halter pale yellow with brown hairs, prehaltere pale brown. Abdomen (Fig. 7a). Terga brownish black with posterior margins of 3rd to 5th terga pale. Sterna brownish black with posterior margins of 3rd to 7th sterna pale. Hairs on abdomen pale. Male genitalia (Fig. 8) brownish black. Epandrium (Fig. 8b) bilobed, lobes broad and swollen laterally with a quadrate projection on caudal area bearing dense short hairs; surstylus digitiform and broad basally with short hairs, curved inwards at middle, base with a Y-shaped lobe; proctiger bare medially, clothed with dense long hairs on posterior margin. Gonocoxite (Fig. 8c) short and stout with several short hairs laterally, 1.6 times as long as wide; basal apodeme 1/3 as long as gonocoxite; paramere with two pair of projections, outer projection slender, inner projection hook-shaped. Gonostylus (Fig. 8c) comprised of the following projections and lobes: a small S-shaped basal projection on inner side with short hairs; a large basal projection on dorsal side, broad at base with a small papillate projection, tapered and curved to the middle; a duckbilled lobe on middle area; an apical projection digitiform, rounded apically, with short hairs. Hypandrium (Fig. 8d) triangular, broad basally, anterior margin concaved medially; base with several lateral hairs; middle with a wide membranous region; apex with two papillate projections, dorsal papillate projection with several long hairs. Aedeagus (Fig. 8 e���f): subapical sclerite tongue-shaped, apex of subapical sclerite round. Female. Body length 8.5���9.0 mm, wing length 8.5���9.0 mm. Similar to male. Terminalia (Fig. 7d): 8th sternum brown and swollen ventrally at middle, 2.5 times as long as 7th sternum; cercus brown, blade-shaped, 10th tergum + cercus 1.2 times as long as 8th sternum. Type material. HOLOTYPE: ♂, CHINA, Xinjiang, Buerjin, Hemu (48��58'N 87��44'E, 1134 m), 2016.VII.11, Jinlong Ren. PARATYPES: 2♂♂ 2♀♀, CHINA, Xinjiang, Habahe, Forest Farm (1263 m), 2014.VI.30, Xuankun Li. Distribution. China (Xinjiang). Etymology. The specific name refers to the bright black coloration of body. Remarks. The new species is somewhat similar to P. scutellaris Meigen, 1818 from Europe, but it can be easily separated from the latter by the femora and tibiae mostly yellow and the surstylus curved toward median. In P. scutellaris, the femora and tibiae are mostly blackish brown and the surstylus is straight. The new species is also similar to P. hugoi Tjeder, 1968 from Europe and Mongolia, but it can be separated from the latter by the wing with four weak brown clouds and one indistinct brown band and the inner projection of paramere hook-shaped. In P. hugoi, the wings have weak infuscation and the inner projection of paramere is straight., Published as part of Kang, Zehui, Xue, Zhaoxiang & Zhang, Xiao, 2019, New species and record of Ptychoptera Meigen, 1803 (Diptera: Ptychopteridae) from China, pp. 455-472 in Zootaxa 4648 (3) on pages 465-468, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4648.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3356332, {"references":["Meigen, J. W. (1818) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweiflugeligen Insekten. Aachen, 1, i-xxxvi, 333 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1373 1","Tjeder, B. (1968) Notes on the Scandinavian Ptychopteridae, with description of a new species (Diptera). Opuscula Entomologica, 33, 73 - 79."]}

Ptychoptera yankovskiana Alexander, 1945 (Figs. 1���2) Ptychoptera yankovskiana Alexander, 1945: 228. Type locality: Puksu Pyaksan, Kaukyo Nando (Korea) Diagnosis. Wing marked with two brown patches of infuscation and two narrow bands. Epandrium bilobed, each lobe broad and swollen laterally, with uniformly short hairs; surstylus flat and acinaciform with uniformly short hairs, middle of inner edge slightly swollen, base broad with a Y-shaped lobe when viewed ventrally. Hypandrium with a wide membranous region at middle, caudal area with a pair of triangular projections and a pair of small bladeshaped lobes bearing several hairs, apex with a black U-shaped projection. Description. Male. Body length 8.5���9.5 mm, wing length 7.5���8.0 mm. Head mostly dark brown, except gena brown with a black elliptical spot medially; clypeus light brown; hairs on head dark brown. Compound eyes black without pubescence. Antenna mostly brown with apical 1/3 of pedicel and basal 1/5 of 1st flagellomere yellow, hairs on antenna dark brown. Proboscis yellow with brown hairs. Palpus yellow with last segment light brown, hairs brown. Thorax (Fig. 1 a���b). Pronotum brown with anterior margin yellow. Propleuron brown. Mesonotum black with scutellum brown. Postnotum black. Mesopleuron dark brown with upper 1/2 of anepisternum pale yellow. Metapleuron dark brown. Fore and mid coxae yellow with basal parts brown, hind coxa yellow brown with apical 1/3 yellow; trochanters yellow; femora and tibiae yellow with brown ring apically; 1st tarsomere yellow brown and gradually darkened apically, 2nd to 5th tarsomeres uniformly dark brown. Hairs on legs brown. Relative length of 1st to 5th tarsomeres in hind leg as 9: 1.8: 1.2: 1: 1. Wing (Fig. 1c) 3.3 times as long as wide, subhyaline, marked with two brown clouds and two narrow bands as follows: two clouds along basal of R s and fork of M; median band extending from basal of R 2+3 to fork of CuA; subapical band extending from anterior margin of wing, covering tip of R 1, and extending to fork of R 4+5. Veins brown; Sc ending in C not at level of basal 1/3 of R 2+3; Rs straight, about 3 times as long as r-m. Haltere and prehaltere pale with pale hairs. Abdomen (Fig. 1a). First tergum dark brown, 2nd tergum yellow with basal 1/4 and caudal 1/4 brown, 3rd tergum yellow with caudal 1/4 brown, 4th tergum dark brown with anterior margin pale yellow, 5th to 7th terga uniformly dark brown. First sternum pale with caudal 1/2 brown, 2nd sternum yellow with posterior margin brown, 3rd sternum yellow, 4th to 7th sterna dark brown with posterior margins pale yellow. Hairs on abdomen brown. Male genitalia (Fig. 2) dark brown. Epandrium (Fig. 2b) bilobed, each lobe broad and swollen laterally with uniformly short hairs; surstylus flat and acinaciform with uniformly short hairs, middle of inner edge slightly swollen, base broad with a Y-shaped lobe when viewed ventrally; proctiger with long hairs on posterior margin. Gonocoxite (Fig. 2c) long and stout, 2.2 times as long as wide, basal apodeme 1/3 as long as gonocoxite; paramere with a pair of slender digitiform projections and a pair of short hook-shaped projections laterally, middle with a hook-shaped projection. Gonostylus (Fig. 2c) with the following projections and lobes: a strong retrorse basal projection on inner side armed with 5���6 black short spines; a large basal projection on dorsal side, broad at base, tapered distally, with uniformly short hairs; a flattened and inversed dorsal lobe on middle area with short hairs; a digitiform apical projection, slightly curved to the middle, rounded apically, with dense long hairs. Hypandrium (Fig. 2d) triangular, broad basally, anterior margin concaved medially; base with several lateral hairs; middle with a wide membranous region and dense short hairs; caudal area with a pair of triangular projections and a pair of small blade-shaped lobes bearing several hairs; apex with a black U-shaped projection. Aedeagus (Fig. 2 e���f): basal part of subapical sclerite round with U-liked hollow, apical part of subapical sclerite rectangular. Female. Body length 8.0���9.0 mm, wing length 7.5���8.5 mm. Similar to male. First tergum brown with anterior margin pale; 2nd tergum yellow with anterior and posterior margins brown; 3rd and 4th terga brown, lateral bases with yellow areas; 5th to 8th terga dark brown. First sternum brown with basal 1/2 pale, 2nd sternum brown with middle area yellow, 3th to 7th sterna dark brown with posterior margins pale yellow. Terminalia (Fig. 1d): 8th sternum yellow, slightly swollen ventrally at middle, 2.5 times as long as 7th sternum; circus yellow with brown margin, blade-shaped, 10th tergum + cercus 1.2 times as long as 8th sternum. Specimens examined: ♂, CHINA, Neimenggu, Kezuohouqi, Daqinggou National Nature Reserve, Yuanshisenlin (42��47'58''N 122��10'44''E, 220 m), 2015. VI.23���VIII.3, Malaise trap. PARATYPES : 30♂♂, same data as holotype; 11♂♂ 1♀, CHINA, Neimenggu, Kezuohouqi, Daqinggou National Nature Reserve, Yuanshisenlin (42��47'58''N 122��10'44''E, 220 m), 2015.VIII.3���IX.29, Malaise trap; 7♂♂, CHINA, Neimenggu, Kezuohouqi, Daqinggou National Nature Reserve, 2014.VIII.20���21, Yan Li; 3♂♂ 1♀, CHINA, Neimenggu, Kezuohouqi, Daqinggou National Nature Reserve, 2014.VIII.21���22, Yuqiang Xi; 1♀, CHINA, Neimenggu, Kezuohouqi, Daqinggou National Nature Reserve, Yuanshisenlin (180 m), 2014.VII.23, Ding Yang; 1♀, CHINA, Neimenggu, Kezuohouqi, Daqinggou National Nature Reserve, Yuantou (235 m), 2014.VIII.27, Shi Li; 1♀, CHINA, Neimenggu, Kezuohouqi, Daqinggou National Nature Reserve, Daqinggou River (169 m), 2014.VIII.27, Li Shi; 1♀, CHINA, Neimenggu, Kezuohouqi, core area of Daqinggou National Nature Reserve (210 m), 2014.VIII.28, Li Shi; 1♀, CHINA, Neimenggu, Kezuohouqi, Daqinggou National Nature Reserve, Sanchakou (171 m), 2014.VIII.29, Li Shi; 2♂♂, CHINA, Neimenggu, Kezuohouqi, Daqinggou National Nature Reserve, Yuanshisenlin, 2013.VII.18, Xiao Zhang. Distribution. China (Neimenggu); Korea. Remarks. This species is newly recorded from China. This species was synonymized with P. subscutellaris Alexander, 1921 by Krzeminski & Zwick (1993). Fasbender (2014) described both species and discussed the differences between them. He considered that these differences warrant consideration as distinct species., Published as part of Kang, Zehui, Xue, Zhaoxiang & Zhang, Xiao, 2019, New species and record of Ptychoptera Meigen, 1803 (Diptera: Ptychopteridae) from China, pp. 455-472 in Zootaxa 4648 (3) on pages 456-459, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4648.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3356332, {"references":["Alexander, C. P. (1945) Undescribed species of crane-flies from northern Korea (Diptera, Tipuloidea). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 95, 227 - 246. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1945. tb 00261. x","Alexander, C. P. (1921) Two undescribed species of Nematocera from Japan. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 12 (4 - 6), 49 - 52.","Krzeminski, W. & Zwick, P. (1993) New and little known Ptychopteridae (Diptera) from the Palaearctic region. Aquatic Insects, 15, 65 - 87. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 0165042930936150 4","Fasbender, A. (2014) Phylogeny and diversity of the phantom crane flies (Diptera: Ptychopteridae). PhD Dissertation, Iowa State University, Ames, 855 pp."]}

A new species, Eoptychoptera cantabrica sp. nov. is described from the Albian El Soplao amber-bearing deposits based on a single male with an elongated proboscis, unknown among extant members of Ptychopteridae. It represents the youngest record of the species-diverse genus Eoptychoptera. A pupa of Eoptychoptera sp. with a long respiratory horn, typical of extant ptychopterids, is described from Las Hoyas limestones, where adult fossil ptychopterids have yet to be discovered. A key to species of Eoptychoptera, based on wing venation, and a distribution map of Cretaceous Ptychopteridae are provided. The climatic preferences and mouthparts of Mesozoic and recent Ptychopteridae are discussed.

The structure of the male terminalia and their musculature of species of tanyderid generaAraucoderusAlexander, 1929 from Chile andNothoderusAlexander, 1927 from Tasmania are examined and compared with each other and with published data on the likely relatives. The overall pattern of male terminalia of both genera is similar to those of most Southern Hemisphere genera, with simple curved gonostyli, lobe-like setose parameres, and setose cerci inconspicuous under the epandrium. Both genera have terminalia similarly rotated by 180° (and 90° as an intermediate stage); rotation may be either clockwise or counterclockwise. However, the similar patterns are realized differently: segment VIII is the decreased and asymmetrical due to completely membranose tergite VIII inNothoderus(the first record of such modification in Tanyderidae), but narrow and symmetrical inAraucoderus. Accordingly, pregenital muscles are very different between the genera. Based on localization of muscle attachment sites, the hypandrial origin of the stripe between gonocoxites is shown in both genera, and entire membranization of tergite VIII and partial membranization of hypoproct is shown inNothoderus. Tanyderidae are characterized by highly specialized sclerites and muscles of male terminalia and provide no evidence of relationship with previously studied members of Psychodidae, Blephariceridae and Ptychopteridae.

The first representative of the fossil Eoptychopterinae (Ptychopteridae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Santana Formation (Brazil), Eoptychoptera braziliana sp. n., is described and illustrated, based on a single specimen. The fossil is the first member of the family from South America and the first extinct Ptychopteridae from the Southern Hemisphere.

Subgenus Leptychoptera (Burmaptychoptera) Lukashevich, 2004 Leptychoptera (Burmaptychoptera) Lukashevich, 2004: 360. Type species: Leptychoptera (Burmaptychoptera) reburra Lukashevich, 2004., Published as part of Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin & Bai, Ming, 2017, A catalogue of Burmite inclusions, pp. 249-379 in Zoological Systematics 42 (3) on page 336, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715, http://zenodo.org/record/5360313, {"references":["Lukashevich, E. D., Grimaldi, D. A. 2004. Eoptychopteridae (Insecta: Diptera) in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Studia Dipterologica, 10: 359 - 366."]}

Bittacomorpha Westwood, 1835 Bittacomorpha Westwood, 1835: 281 (original description, type species Bittacomorpha clavipes Fabricius) Bittacomorpha Westwood, Alexander 1919: 790 (catalog) Bittacomorpha clavipes Fabricius, Alexander 1920: 783 ���784 (redescription) Bittacomorpha Westwood, Alexander 1927: 9 ���10 (catalog) Bittacomorpha Westwood, Alexander 1965: 98 (catalog) Diagnosis. Larva (Figs. 5 a���b, 6a���d). Head rounded, not deflexed, cranium domed, postgena with lateral lobes on anterior margin. Thoracic segments successively increasing in size posteriorly. segments with rows of cylindical tubercles. Anal division conical, respiratory siphon partially rectractable. Pupa. Right respiratory organ hypertrophied. Adult (Figs. 7 a���b, 9, 10). Head ovoid, clypeus extremely narrow and acute, 1 st tarsomere inflated on all legs. Description. Larva. Head capsule not deflexed, rounded, dorsal surface flat or convex; frontoclypeal apotome 2.5x as long as wide, narrowing subacutely anterior to antennae, anterior margin blunt forming acute triangle directed posteriorly, reaching to collar of genae; gena with anterior margin square, ventroposterior margin weakly and broadly emarginated, weak collar along posterior margin; postgena with two lobes located laterally on anterior margin. Thoracic segments successively increasing in size posteriorly. Abdominal segments cylindrical, homogenous in width, delineations between segments weak; segments with rows of tubercles, base mound-like with cylindrical apex, having elongate branching sensilla, lateral margins of tubercle with smaller branching sensilla. Anal division conical, respiratory siphon partially rectractable, annulations weakly developed if present. Adult. Head ovoid, frons medial suture strong, extending between antennal bases to dorsal margin of face. Scape with five trichoid sensilla near dorsal margin, pedicel with scattered dorsally directed setae; 19���20 flagellomeres. Clypeus variable. Maxillary palpus as described for subfamily. Hypopharynx variable. Labium extending well beyond apex of clypeus. Labella fused medially, forming circular pad. Antepronotum platelike, narrowing obtusely dorsally. Scutum glabrous, shining or pollinose, black with white marking medially posterior to transverse suture. Prescutellum absent. Scutellum pale yellow, ovoid with parallel lateral margins. Mediotergite black, weak pollinosity, dense patches of setae at anteriodorsal margin, and two parallel lines of setae medially. Paratergite crescent-shaped, ventral margin straight. Sub-paratergal membrane inverse triangular, with sclerotized band near anterior spiracle, otherwise poorly sclerotized; anepisternal suture incomplete. Laterotergite D-shaped. Suture between epimeron and metapleuron distinct dorsally and ventrally, obscure near posterior spiracle; metapleural suture well developed, complete, straight to halter; no prominence or setae below halter. All pleurites with opaque, sky blue pollinosity, surface black. Wing length 5x width, alula undeveloped, membrane without macrotrichia. Halter and prehalter as described for subfamily, posthalter well developed, nearly twice as long as wide, largely free of webbing to posterior membranous association of halter. Coxae pollinose blue, fading to light yellow at trochanter, lateral surfaces with long setae; proximal portion of femur yellow, darkening to black at tibial joint. White band sub-proximally on tibia, expanding slightly to 1 st tarsomeres. First tarsomere greatly expanded, ovoid, upper margin with white band. 2nd & 3rd tarsomeres white, 4th & 5th black. Empodium diamond-shaped, notched proximally. Adominal segments black, posterior and lateral margins yellow. Male. Epandrium twice as wide as long; quadrate, broadly emarginate posterior margin, posterior apices obtusely rounded, internal fold prominent; posteromedial stylus downward directed triangular lobe medially; epiproct absent, hypoproct ovoid. Epandrial claspers articulate subapically at posterolateral corners, directed posteriorly, curved medially; tapering to blunt apex, medial surface flattened with numerous blunt conical sensilla. Parameres broad, glabrous sclerotized medial margin; medial membrane of paramere extending nearly to apex. Gonocoxite conical, expanding to gonostylus, 2/ 3rds length of gonostylus. Gonostylus rounded at tip. Basal division of hypandrium a hemispherical band, junction with terminal division membranous; gonocoxite not closely associated. Terminal division well articulated, lateral lobes present, posterior margin from weakly emarginate to convex. Superaedeagal membrane inflated. Sperm sac as described for subfamily; ejactulatory apodeme spathate, not tapering to rounded apex. Lateral ejaculatory processes with peduncle at base, triangular, discoid apodeme reduced, sclerotized ridge outlining lateral and dorsal margin. Aedeagal sclerites weakly tapering, apical apodeme dorsal lobe present, hooked posteriorly at apex, subaedeagal sclerite with internal portion platelike, poorly sclerotized anteriorly, ventral arm emerging from lateral margin, curving weakly ventrally; external portion triangular, directed dorsoposterior. Female. Epigynium lateral margins straight, posterior margin weakly visible at fusion with epiproct; epiproct tapering to cerci; cercus base indistinct, apex with buttonlike nodule with stout elongate trichoid sensilla centrally, ring of three finer sensilla arranged equidistant., Published as part of Fasbender, Andrew & Courtney, Gregory W., 2017, A revision of Bittacomorphinae with a review of the monophyly of extant subfamilies of Ptychopteridae (Diptera), pp. 1-69 in Zootaxa 4309 (1) on pages 27-30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4309.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/846180, {"references":["Westwood, J. O. (1835) Insectorum novorum exoticorum (ex ordine Dipterorum) descriptiones. The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 3, 280 - 281. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14786443508648595","Alexander, C. P. (1919) The crane-flies of New York. Part I. Distribution and taxonomy of the adult flies. Cornell University Agricultural Experimental Station Memoirs, 25, 767 - 993.","Alexander, C. P. (1920) The crane-flies of New York. Part II. Biology and phenology. Cornell University Agricultural Experimental Station Memoirs, 38, 704 - 1133.","Alexander, C. P. (1927) Diptera: Fam. Ptychopteridae. Genera Insectorum, 188, 1 - 13.","Alexander, C. P. (1965) Family Ptychopteridae (Liriopeidae). In: Stone, A., Sabrosky, C., Wirth, W. W., Foote, R. H., Coulson, J. R. (Eds.), A Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington D. C., pp. 97 - 98."]}

3.388 Genus Leptychoptera Lukashevich & Azar, 2003 Leptychoptera Lukashevich & Azar, 2003: 196. Type species: Leptychoptera dimkina Lukashevich & Azar, 2003., Published as part of Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin & Bai, Ming, 2017, A catalogue of Burmite inclusions, pp. 249-379 in Zoological Systematics 42 (3) on page 336, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715, http://zenodo.org/record/5360313, {"references":["Lukashevich, E. D., Azar, D. 2003. First Eoptychopteridae (Insecta: Dipera) from Early Cretaceous Lebanese amber. Acta zoologica cracovensia, 46: 195 - 204."]}

Subfamily Bittacomorphinae Alexander (1919) Bittacomorphinae Alexander, 1919: 779, 790 (first usage) Bittacomorphinae Alexander, 1920: 779 (diagnosis) Bittacomorphinae Alexander, Alexander 1927: 7 (catalog) Diagnosis. Larva. Head capsule broadly trapezoidal to rounded, with genae variable in shape; two antennal segments; postmentum fused with postgena, at most two lobes on anterior margin. Antenna with one article. Integument with tubercles. Prolegs well developed; abdomen without creeping welts. Pupa. leg sheaths with tarsi of forelegs overlapping tarsi of hind legs. Adult. 10���35mm long, delicate fly with dark coloration and white bands on legs. Antennae with>18 flagellomeres. Scutum without complete transverse suture. Wing with M unbranched. Tibial spur of foreleg modified to furcate, fleshy lobe. Male genitalia with aedeagus directed posteriorly. Female genitalia with exposed, platelike epigynium; flexible tab-like cerci. Description. Larva. Head capsule weakly to strongly deflexed, shape variable; antennae with two segments; postgena fused to postmentum, anterior margin variable, never serrate. Cuticle translucent, typically with adhered iron oxide giving an orange or brown appearance; integument covered in prominent tubercles forming ordered rows. Prolegs strongly developed, distinctly cylindrical protrusions on ventral surface of abdominal segments I���III, with scythe to sickle shaped claw. Abdominal segments I���V lacking creeping welts. Adult. Head strongly appresed to thorax, triangular to subovoid; frons wider than long, convex medial suture variable, sparsely provided with setae; genae with sparse setae if present. Scape subovoid, 18���20 flagellomeres, proximal flagellomeres elongate, shortening distally, distal flagellomere reduced to button-like structure; verticillate trichoid sensilla not present. Face indistinct from clypeus which incises it. Clypeus acutely triangular, labrum small, spear to peg shaped. Maxillary palpus ultimate segment never greater than 1.25x length of preceding segment. Labium often extending beyond sclerotized portion of clypeus, variably shaped labella fused or unfused medially. Cervical area not visible in undissected individuals. Antepronotum thin plate behind head, widening slightly above forecoxa where it is provided with sparse setae, not teardrop shaped. Prescutum anterior margin straight. Prescutal suture often indistinct, incomplete; sagittal suture distinct anteriorly, fading at terminus of prescutum. Prescutum terminating approximately 7/8ths length of scutal complex or near the scutellum. Prescutellum present or absent. Scutellum ovoid, with postalar ridge rounded anteriorly. Postalar wall slightly folded anteriorly. Mediotergite sagittal suture present, weakened posteriorly. Paratergite variable. Episternum glabrous, flat; anepisternal suture faint, complete or incomplete. Epimeron with subtriangular posterior margin. Laterotergite ovoid, slightly domed, upper portion freckled with sparse setae, without prominence over halter. Metapleuron rectangular, taller than wide, tapering ventrally; metapleural suture variably developed. All pleural sclerites without setae, heavily pollinose. Wing less than �� body length, hyaline, macrotrichia present or absent on membrane and veins; C ending at apex of wing, R3+R4+5 fork contiguous with rm, M simple, CuA2 sigmoidal. anal lobe reduced. Legs dark, banded with white; femur strongly narrowing towards trochanter; tibial spur on foreleg heavily modified, fleshy, bifurcated to two unequal lobes, convergent apically; 1 st tarsomere variable. Abdomen narrow in both sexes, without telescoping of sclerites until after 5th segment. Male. Epandrium bilobate or platelike, posterior margin variable; epiproct indistinct, hypoproct ovoid or tonguelike; two prominent articulated epandrial claspers directed posteriorly or posteroventrally. Parameres separate, stylate, with web-like membrane medially. Gonostylus simple tapering lobe (with basal lobe in Bl. fenderiana), apex rounded or flattened on medial margin. Gonocoxite without secondary lobes. Hypandrium in horizontal plane, divided into basal and terminal divisions by distinct joint. Terminal division significantly smaller than basal division, pouchlike or foliform. Sperm sac well developed, filling most of segment VII of abdomen, subspherical���narrowing slightly at juncture with aedeagal sclerites; two membranous windows formed at junction with ventral lobes of lateral ejaculatory process, which protrude into the sac; ejaculatory apodeme much smaller than sperm sac, on posterior surface dorsal to aedeagal sclerites, tapering; lateral ejaculatory processes wing-like, directed laterally, ventral lobe prominent. Aedeagal sclerites longer than 2x width, apical apodemes prominent and articulating with subaedeagal sclerite; subaedeagal sclerite with ventral arms articulating with hypandrium. Female. Epigynium exposed, platelike, generally pentagonal in shape; epiproct absent to distinct, hypoproct tonguelike; cerci tablike, subquadrate to rounded, setose, lightly sclerotized and flexible. Hypogynium with hypogynial valves, medial emargination variously developed, lateral apices often extended to lobes. Spermathecae absent or unsclerotized. Taxonomic notes. The first flagellomere is often subdivided in Bittacomorphinae, resulting in differing antennal flagellomere counts between individuals of the same species., Published as part of Fasbender, Andrew & Courtney, Gregory W., 2017, A revision of Bittacomorphinae with a review of the monophyly of extant subfamilies of Ptychopteridae (Diptera), pp. 1-69 in Zootaxa 4309 (1) on pages 26-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4309.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/846180, {"references":["Alexander, C. P. (1919) The crane-flies of New York. Part I. Distribution and taxonomy of the adult flies. Cornell University Agricultural Experimental Station Memoirs, 25, 767 - 993.","Alexander, C. P. (1920) The crane-flies of New York. Part II. Biology and phenology. Cornell University Agricultural Experimental Station Memoirs, 38, 704 - 1133.","Alexander, C. P. (1927) Diptera: Fam. Ptychopteridae. Genera Insectorum, 188, 1 - 13."]}

Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin, Bai, Ming (2017): A catalogue of Burmite inclusions. Zoological Systematics 42 (3): 249-379, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715

Bittacomorpha occidentalis Aldrich 1895 Bittacomorpha occidentalis Aldrich, 1895: 201 (original description) Bittacomorpha occidentalis Aldrich, Johnson 1905: 75 (key) Bittacomorpha occidentalis Aldrich, Alexander 1916: 546 (key) Bittacomorpha occidentalis Aldrich, Alexander 1927: 9 (catalog) Bittacomorpha occidentalis Aldrich, Peus 1958: 11 (catalog) Bittacomorpha occidentalis Aldrich, Alexander 1965: 98 (catalog) Bittacomorpha occidentalis Aldrich, Alexander 1967: 171 (illustration) Diagnosis. Larva (Figs. 5 b, 6c���d). Genae expanded posteriorly, cranium completely black; postgena with triangular anterolateral lobes. Abdominal segments with linear longitudinal rows of tubercles. Adult (Figs. 7 b, 10). Prescutum black, shining; apex of parameres spatulate. Description. Larva. Head with dorsal surface weakly convex, uniform black. Genae triangular in dorsal view, expanded posteriorly; postgena trapezoidal in shape, apex with triangular anterolateral lobes. Antenna with basal segment button-like, apical segment weakly pyriform, terminal sensilla cluster directed apically. Abdominal segments with linear longitudinal rows of tubercles. Adult. Measurements (n=2). Overall length 10.82mm (10.51��� 11.16mm), head width 1.53mm (1.41���1.59mm), height 1.47mm (1.37���1.63mm), length 0.87mm (0.86���0.88mm); antenna flagellum length 6mm, flagellomere proportions: 1.00, 0.48, 0.55, 0.55, 0.51, 0.54, 0.54, 0.54, 0.54, 0.48, 0.41, 0.39, 0.37, 0.31, 0.33, 0.33, 0.31, 0.22, 0.18; maxillary palpus length 2.16mm, maxillary palpus segment proportions 0.17, 1.0, 1.05, 0.66, 0.89; thorax length 2.97mm (2.72���3.2mm), height 2.67mm (2.44���3.04mm), wing length 11.4mm (10.42���12.43mm), wing width 2.52mm (2.8��� 2.25mm), R3+4+5 stem 0.82mm, R4+5 stem 2.2mm, R4 after fork 2.59mm, R5 after fork 2.5mm, R3+4+5:R4+5-stem:R4 1.00, 2.68, 3.15, r-m 0.36mm, M distal to r-m 4.35mm, Mdistal:R3+4+5 5.3:1.00, R4:Mdistal 0.59, 1.00, CuA2 2.14mm; leg proportions: femur 1.0, 1.08, 1.25, tibia 0.97,1.02, 1.24, tarsomeres, foreleg 0.48, 0.22, 0.14, 0.06, 0.07, midleg 0.49, 0.23, 0.13, 0.06, 0.05, hind leg 0.58, 0.25, 0.15, 0.05, 0.06; abdomen length 15.66mm (17.50��� 14.29mm); male tergite proportions 1.00, 2.97, 2.02, 2.29, 1.9, 0.80, 0.26; male genitalia width 1.1mm, height 0.76mm. Face narrow, incised by clypeolabrum nearly to dorsal margin. Clypeus larger than eye, lateral margins somewhat pinched at junction with face, not inflated. Hypopharynx subconical triangular, directed anteroventrally. Labium extending less than 1/2 length beyond clypeus, labella pad wider than labium. Antepronotum with two small lobes dorsally. Scutum and prescutum shining black, prescutum uniform; post sutural scutum with broad white mark medially. Wing with apex of R1 and R3 with macrotrichia, all other veins bare. Posthalter palpiform. Male. Epandrium with lateral margins straight to base of epandrial clasper, obtusely angled medially above epandrial clasper; posterior margin smoothly curved; posteromedial stylus weak, obtuse. Internal fold extending in a straight line medially with strong anterior deflection. Epandrial clasper pad wider than subapical clasper. Subepandrial sclerite divided, bladelike, base directed anteromedial at weak angle. Parameres laterally compressed, posteroventrally directed basally, dorsoposterior right angle midway along length, medially diected spine basally, paired dorsal and ventral triangular spines at 2/3 length, spatulate apex. Gonostylus always with irregular trichoid sensilla at apex. Hypandrium terminal division arrowhead shape, base petiolate, lateral lobes directed anterodorsally, dorsal surfaces heavily sclerotized. Lateral ejaculatory process lateral apex broadly triangular in lateral view, medial apex broadly triangular, not extended; ventral section elongate larger than dorsolateral section, acute triangle with pointed anterior apex, lightly sclerotized laterally, deeply inserted into sperm sac. Aedeagal sclerites separated by width of ejaculatory apodeme at base; ventral apical apodeme rounded, well sclerotized, directed lateral, not fused with subaedeagal sclerite. Subaedeagal sclerite anterolateral apex forming flat plate with straight medial margin; external portion extending to apex dorsal lobe of apical apodeme. Female. Epigynium posterior margin U-shaped; hypoproct broad triangular, with sclerotized conical sclerite located ventrally, anterolateral apex with acute lobe; cerci dorsal margin straight, apex rounded, ventral margin swollen, potbellied anteriorly tapering posteriorly; cercus epigynium ratio 0.50, 1. Genital fork spatulate, posterior margin weakly emarginate. Hypogynium quadrate, lacking lateral lobes, hypogynial valves distinct, square, medial notch square: 2.5x as deep as broad. Type material examined. Lectotype. UNITED STATES. WASHINGTON. King Co. Seattle, coll. J.M. Aldrich, Cotype No. 52263 [pinned 1 ♂; USNM]. Paralectotype. Same as lectotype. [pinned 1 ♂; USNM]. Other material examined. UNITED STATES. CALIFORNIA. Plumas Co. Lassen Nat. For. Humbug, 19.vi.2007 40.107��N 121.373��W, coll. J.D. Davis, M.J. Petersen [pinned 4 ♂; ISIC]; Tehama Co. nr. Lassen N.P., 15.vi.1959, coll. G.W. Byers [pinned 1 ♂, 1 ♀; KU]. OREGON. Benton Co. Muddy Swamp near Oak Creek Lab, 8.vi.1985 coll. J.K. Furnish [alcohol 6 larvae; ISIC]; Sulphur Springs, Baker Creek Trail, 44.6 395��N, 123.3123��W, 21.v.2012 coll. GW Courtney, from seeps along trail near Xing [alcohol 14 2nd instar larvae, 1 4th instar larva; ISIC]; Mary���s Peak, 3 mi. below summit, 20.iv.1941, coll. Schuh, Gray [pinned 1 ♀; WSU]. Hood River Co. 12 mi. S. of Parkdale, 29.vii.1938, coll. K. Gray, J. Schuh [pinned 1 ♀; WSU]. Lake Co. Fremont Nat. For., Gilbert Spring at NF3360, Hillside Seeps with vegetation, 42.42599��N 120.75531��W, coll. A. Fasbender 11.vi.2012 [alcohol 2 ♂; ISIC]. Lane Co. 2.7 mi. NW Salt Creek Falls, 24.vi.1959, coll. G.W. Byers [pinned 2 ♂; KU]; Salt Creek, 24.vi.1959, coll. G.W. Byers [pinned 2 ♂, 1 ♀; KU]. Tillamook Co. 2mi W. Sandlake, 1.v.1973, coll. J.D. Lattin [pinned 1 ♂, 1 ♀; ORSU]. Wasco Co. Mt. Hood Nat. For., Warm Springs, 44.9888��N 121.7901��W, 9.vii.2008, coll. J.D. Petersen [pinned 1 ♂; alcohol 1 ♂; ISIC]; WASHINGTON. Pierce Co. Mt. Rainier, Nat. Park, Kautz Creek, 19.vi.1966, coll. D.W. Smith [pinned 3 ♂; WSU]; Thurston Co. Olympia, 2.vi.1895, no collector [pinned 3 ♂; 25.v.95 1 ♂; no date 1 ♂; WSU]; Yakima Co. Yakima, coll. C.V. Piper, no date [pinned 1 ♂; WSU]. Taxonomic notes. Bittacomorpha occidentalis is often mistaken for Bi. clavipes, although the species distributions are allopatric. There are several morphological characters that distinguish the species: Bi. occidentalis has a shining black scutum without a median white stripe, the clypeus is elongate, and the male genitalia has parameres with a spatulate apex. The larvae are also distinctive, with the head capsule triangular in dorsal view versus the rounded head capsule of Bi. clavipes. Bittacomorpha occidentalis is the largest species of extant Ptychopteridae. Distribution. Fig. 18 b., Published as part of Fasbender, Andrew & Courtney, Gregory W., 2017, A revision of Bittacomorphinae with a review of the monophyly of extant subfamilies of Ptychopteridae (Diptera), pp. 1-69 in Zootaxa 4309 (1) on pages 35-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4309.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/846180, {"references":["Aldrich, J. M. (1895) The tipulid genera Bittacomorpha and Pedicia. Psyche, 7, 200 - 202. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1895 / 76181","Johnson, C. W. (1905) Synopsis of the tipulid genus Bittacomorpha. Psyche, 12, 75 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1905 / 57580","Alexander, C. P. (1916) New or little-known crane-flies from the United States and Canada: Tipulidae, Ptychopteridae, Diptera. Part 3. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 68 (3), 486 - 549.","Alexander, C. P. (1927) Diptera: Fam. Ptychopteridae. Genera Insectorum, 188, 1 - 13.","Peus, F. (1958) Liriopeidae. In: Lindner, E. (Ed.), Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region. E. Schweizterbart'sche, Stuttgart, pp. 10 - 44.","Alexander, C. P. (1965) Family Ptychopteridae (Liriopeidae). In: Stone, A., Sabrosky, C., Wirth, W. W., Foote, R. H., Coulson, J. R. (Eds.), A Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington D. C., pp. 97 - 98.","Alexander, C. P. (1967) The crane flies of California. Bulletin of the California Insect Survey, 8, 1 - 263."]}