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Maximizing the recombinant protein yield necessitates optimizing the production medium. This can be done using a variety of methods, including the conventional "one‐factor‐at‐a‐time" approach and more recent statistical and mathematical methods such as artificial neural network (ANN), genetic algorithm, etc. Every approach has advantages and disadvantages of its own, yet even when a technique has flaws, it is nevertheless used to get the best results. Here, one categorical variable and four numerical parameters, including post‐induction time, inducer concentration, post‐induction temperature, and pre‐induction cell density, were optimized using the 232 experimental assays of the central composite design. The direct and indirect effects of factors on the yield of anti‐epithelial cell adhesion molecule extracellular domain fragment antibody were examined using statistical methods. The analysis of variance results indicate that the response surface methodology (RSM) model is effective in predicting the amount of produced single‐chain fragment variable (p‐value = 0.0001 and R2 = 0.905). For ANN modeling, the evaluation using normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) and R2 values shows a good fit (R2 = 0.942) and accurate predictions (NRMSE = 0.145). The analysis of error parameters and R2 of a dataset, which contained 30 data points randomly selected from the complete dataset, showed that the ANN model had a higher R2 value (0.968) compared to the RSM model (0.932). Furthermore, the ANN model demonstrated stronger predictive ability with a lower NRMSE (0.048 vs. 0.064). Induction at the cell density of 0.7 and an isopropyl β‐D‐1‐thiogalactopyranoside concentration of 0.6 mM for 32 h at 30°C in BW25113 was the ideal culture condition leading to the protein yield of 259.51 mg/L. Under the optimum conditions, the output values predicted by the ANN model (259.83 mg/L) were more in line with the experimental data (259.51 mg/L) than the RSM (276.13 mg/L) expected value. This outcome demonstrated that the ANN model outperforms the RSM in terms of prediction accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study was conducted to evaluate conservation tillage systems and weed management methods in the form of split plot design based on randomized complete blocks with 3 replications in Khoy and Maku counties in 2019-2020 crop year. The main plot included conservation tillage at Four levels including (conventional tillage, zero tillage, chisel, disc) and the sub-plot of weed management at Four levels included (herbicide use, weed-free, uncontrolled and control). The highest number of seeds (211), biological yield (7.62 t.ha-1), oil yield (83.33 kg.ha-1) and protein yield (34.6kg.ha-1) were observed in Khoy region and the lowest number of seeds (114), biological yield (1.01 t.ha-1), oil yield (19.7 kg.ha-1) and protein yield (1.66 kg.ha-1) under the influence of disc and weed-free treatment in Maku region Was. Also, the highest grain yield (828 kg.ha-1) was observed under the influence of chisel and weed-free treatments and the lowest (756 kg.ha-1) was observed in disc treatment without weed control. In general, the comparison of the average experimental treatments indicates the superiority of tillage treatment with chisel and weed management (weed-free) in Khoy region and it seems that in crop systems to maintain crop yield potential and improve integrated weed management Weeding, minimal tillage operations and weed control are recommended.

Sunflower meal is a promising source of protein, which can be used as a food ingredient in the formulations of meat, flour and confectionery products. Alkaline extraction technology is traditionally used to obtain sunflower protein, but its efficiency can be increased using physical methods: ultrasound, microwave radiation, extraction at high pressure and others. Thу article deals with an application of the ultrasonic treatment for increase of the efficiency of protein extraction from defatted plant material: from the protein fraction of sunflower meal and from sunflower meal. The trial samples for protein extraction were prepared by the preliminary treatment of the samples in the ultrasonic bath for 15 minutes at a frequency of 40 hertz at temperature 24-28° C. The control sample was not subjected to such pretreatment. Then protein was isolated from the raw material by alkaline extraction followed by isoelectric precipitation. The possibility of the protein preparation isolation with a higher crude protein content (93,66% m.f.b) compared to the control sample has been shown. The mass yield of protein was 64% of its content in the raw material. The influence of ultrasonic treatment on the efficiency of protein extraction from raw material with different crude protein content is demonstrated. The results of the study show the feasibility of usage of ultrasound treatment in isolation of sunflower protein. In particular, the crude protein content in the trial protein sample after ultrasonic treatment was increased by 8,23% compared to the control sample. The obtained results demonstrated their consistency when compared to the results of other studies. However, there are only a limited number of studies on the use of ultrasound in the extraction of sunflower derived products.A comparison of the results obtained showed their consistency with the results of other studies. However, there are only a small number of studies on the use of ultrasound in the extraction of sunflower processing products.

Simple Summary: Dimensional conformation traits of dairy cows, which are in connection with their individual body features and production, are an important functional trait regulating feed efficiency and energy balance. That is why the scientific importance of these traits has increased recently. In this study, the genetic determination, association, and trend of selected dimensional traits, i.e., stature, chest width, body depth, and rump width, in Holstein Friesian cows were evaluated. Based on the results, according to positive but weak correlations and trends, the examined production and conformation traits did not result in meaningful change in the latter along with the increase in production yield. The objective of this study was to estimate the heritability of dairy production traits and that for dimensional traits and to calculate the correlation between the two heritability values in a Holstein Friesian cow herd bred in Hungary. Data of 15,032 Holstein Friesian cows born in the period 2008–2018 from 666 sires were collected for the study in 6 large dairy herds. Among the conformation traits, stature (ST), chest width (CW), body depth (BD), and rump width (RW), and for production traits, in the first lactation of cows, the 305-day milk yield (MY), milk butterfat yield (FY), and milk protein yield (MY) were evaluated. Heritability estimates of ST, CW, BD, and RW were 0.49, 0.25, 0.31, and 0.30, and those of MY, FY, and PY were 0.40, 0.35, and 0.30, respectively. BD and RW had no phenotypic (b = −0.01) or genetic (b = 0.00–0.01) change. The production traits (MY, FY, PY) increased to a greater extent (b = 2.2–43.3) than the examined conformation traits over time. Consequently, it is indicated that the selection for dairy production did not result in an increase in the studied dimensional traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the western arid regions, where monsoon seasons often include regular and extended dry spells, agricultural practices need to be tailored to these challenging conditions. This research aimed to understand the effects of foliar urea application and different irrigation scheduling on crop productivity, profitability, and quality in arid region, and was conducted over two consecutive Kharif seasons of 2020 and 2021. The use of 2% urea at flowering + pod formation stages resulted in a notable improvement in yield parameters, number, weight, and buildup of dry matter. Improvement in these parameters led to significantly higher moth bean yield, by a margin of 20 – 22% as compared to other treatments. On the basis of pooled mean of two years, foliar spray of 2% urea at flowering + pod formation stages improved the protein content by 6 to 7%, protein productivity by 27–31%, physical water productivity by ∼20% and net monetary returns by 31–34% as compared to single foliar application. Similarly, irrigation at branching + pod formation stages registered higher growth parameters, grain yield (8%), profitability (13%), nutrient uptake, and residual soil fertility in moth bean as compared to other irrigation treatments. In conclusion, it is recommended that the application of urea (2%) by foliar spray at the flowering + pod formation stages and the modification of irrigation to the branching stage + pod formation stage, from the existing recommendation (flowering + pod formation), were more profitable and productive during early, prolonged dry spells with high temperatures, which are more typical in western dry regions for moth beans. Notably, it assists in fulfilling the protein needs of the vegetarian populace of western Rajasthan, India, where moth beans play a vital role in the diet.

Objective: Selection of soybean cultivars that have a higher grain yield under water deficit conditions, reduces the damage to soybean producers. Methods: The response of soybean genotypes to water deficit stress was investigated in terms of agricultural characteristics and grain yield in Karaj (Iran), during two years. The experiment was carried out as a split plot based on randomized complete block design in three replications, with three irrigation levels (control, mild stress, and severe stress) based on 50, 100, and 150 mm evaporation from a Class A evaporation pan as the main plot and 10 soybean genotypes as the sub-plot. Results: The results showed that mild and severe stress caused the node number and inter-node to decrease in comparison with control irrigation. Under control irrigation, the highest grain yield (2585 kg/ha) was obtained from the earlymaturing Saba cultivar, with the highest seed number per unit area. The earlymaturing genotypes had the highest grain yield under control irrigation, and their grain yield decreased significantly with increasing stress intensity. The grain yield of the Saba cultivar reduced under mild and severe stress by 32 and 59% compared to control irrigation, respectively. Under stress conditions, the latematuring genotypes had the highest grain yield and water deficit stress caused a slight decrease in their grain yield. Under mild and severe stress, the late-maturing Williams×A3935 line had the highest grain yield and protein yield, respectively. Conclusion: Under control irrigation, the Saba cultivar, and under stress conditions (mild and severe) the Williams×A3935 line is recommended in Karaj and similar climates (moderately cold region). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipin-1 is a member of the evolutionarily conserved family of proteins and is expressed predominantly in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. On the one hand, lipin-1 is an enzyme that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphatidic acid to diacylglycerol (DAG) and thus participates in the metabolic pathways of biosynthesis of storage lipids in the cell, membrane phospholipids, and intracellular signaling molecules. On the other hand, lipin-1 is able to be transported from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and is a coactivator of lipid metabolism gene transcription. It was shown, using the analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associations, that the lipin-1 coding gene (LPIN1) is a promising candidate gene for milk production traits in Holstein and Brown Swiss cows. However, it is unclear how much of its effect depends on the breed. The Yaroslavl dairy cattle breed was created in the 18–19 centuries in Russia by breeding northern Great Russian cattle, which were short and poor productive, but well adapted to local climatic conditions and bad food base. It was shown by whole genome genotyping and sequencing that the Yaroslavl breed has unique genetics compared to Russian and other cattle breeds. The aim of the study was to assess the frequency of alleles and genotypes of three SNPs in the LPIN1 gene and to study the association of these SNPs with milk production traits in Yaroslavl cows. Blood samples from 142 cows of the Yaroslavl breed were obtained from two farms in the Yaroslavl region. Genotyping of SNPs was carried out by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Associations of SNPs with 305-day milk yield, fat yield, fat percentages, protein yield, and protein percentages were studied from the first to the fourth lactation. Statistical tests were carried out using a mixed linear model, taking into account the relationship between individuals. We identified three SNPs – rs110871255, rs207681322 and rs109039955 with a frequency of a rare allele of 0.042–0.261 in Yaroslavl cows. SNP rs110871255 was associated with fat yield during the third and fourth lactations. SNP rs207681322 was associated with milk yield for the second, third and fourth lactations, as well as protein yield for the third lactation. Thus, we identified significant associations of SNPs rs207681322 and rs110871255 in the LPIN1 gene with a number of milk production traits during several lactations in Yaroslavl cows.

Imbalanced and excessive use of chemical fertilizers has brought many soil fertility problems. Soil test crop response (STCR) approach aims to estimate precise fertilizer requirement for target yield under varying soil test values and gaining prominence for site-specific nutrient management. A field experiment to estimate STCR based fertilizer requirement for targeted yield of mungbean was conducted during 2019–2020 at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India. Three fertility gradient plots of varying soil fertility levels were created by applying graded dose of N, P2O5 and K2O and growing wheat as an exhaust crop. Each of three soil fertility gradient plot was divided into 24 subplots (21 plots with different combinations of varying levels of N, P2O5, K2O and FYM, remaining 3 plots as controls) and mungbean was grown as main crop. Results revealed the requirement of 6.72, 0.883, and 3.52 kg of N, P and K, respectively for producing one quintal of mungbean grain. Soil, FYM, fertilizer and fertilizer along with FYM contributed 28.06%, 5.94%, 113.22%, and 135.01% for N; 24.73%, 3.18%, 15.1%, and 18.85% for P; 13.19%, 7.21%, 39.52%, and 55.84% for K, respectively. This information is used to develop STCR based fertilizer prescription equations along with ready reckoners of fertilizer doses at different soil fertility levels and yield targets of mungbean for providing balanced fertilization. The maximum response of mungbean in terms of grain and protein yield was obtained with the application of 20:50:30 kg ha−1 N: P2O5: K2O, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, attention to sorghum has increased due to its high forage production potential and drought tolerance in many regions of the world. Since the yield and quality of this plant's forage are influenced by the growth stage, this study was conducted to examine the effect of harvest time on the quantitative and qualitative traits of sorghum forage. The experiment was carried out in a factorial arrangement within a randomized complete block design with three replications in Karaj. The experimental factors included harvest time at four levels (milk stage, soft dough stage, hard dough stage, and grain physiological maturity) and promising sorghum lines at seven levels. The maximum protein and digestible organic matter yields (22.64 and 17.98 ton.ha-1, respectively) and the highest production of metabolizable energy (65.44 Gcal.ha-1) were obtained at the grain physiological maturity stage, whereas the highest protein content and organic matter digestibility (9.2% and 62.9%, respectively) and the maximum metabolizable energy content (2.35 Mcal.kg-1) were recorded at the grain milk stage. Furthermore, with increasing plant age, the amount of prussic acid, water-soluble carbohydrates, ash, and ether extract decreased, while the contents of fiber and organic matter increased. Among the genotypes studied, the highest quantitative and qualitative yield and the minimum prussic acid content were observed in the promising line MDFGS1. As maturity progressed from the milk stage to physiological maturity, the quantitative yield increased while forage quality decreased. Overall, to achieve suitable quantitative and qualitative yields, it is recommended to harvest sorghum forage at the soft dough stage. Furthermore, the promising line MDFGS1 is recommended as the superior genotype. Introduction In recent years, attention to sorghum has increased in many regions of the world due to its high potential for forage production and drought tolerance. In the domain of forage production, the significance of forage quality extends beyond dry matter considerations. The quality of forage holds paramount importance, as it serves as an indicator of its nutritional value and energy content, directly influencing the quantity of nutrients that animals can efficiently acquire from the forage within the most efficient timeframe. Since the forage yield and quality of this crop is affected by the growth stage, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of harvesting time on quantitative and qualitative traits of sorghum forage. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted as a factorial design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran (35°47'N, 50°54'E; 1248 m a.m.s.l.) with a semi-arid environment. The experimental factors included the harvesting time at four levels (milk, soft dough, hard dough, and grain physiological maturity) and the sorghum promising lines at seven levels (KDFGS4, KDFGS6, KDFGS9, KDFGS16, KDFGS26, MDFGS1, and MDFGS2. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM (general linear model) of SAS 9.1 software. The means comparison was conducted utilizing Tukey's test at a significance level of 5%. Results and Discussion The maximum protein and digestible organic matter yields (2.64 and 17.98 ton ha-1, respectively) and the highest production of metabolizable energy (65.44 Gcal ha-1) were obtained at the grain physiological maturity, whereas the highest protein content and organic matter digestibility (9.2 and 62.9%, respectively) and the maximum metabolizable energy content (2.35 Mcal kg-1) were recorded at the grain milk stage. Furthermore, with increasing plant age, the amount of prussic acid, water-soluble carbohydrates, ash, and ether extract decreased, and the contents of fiber and organic matter increased. Among the studied genotypes, the highest quantitative and qualitative yield and the lowest prussic acid content were observed in the promising line MDFGS1. With progress toward maturity from the milk stage to physiological maturity, quantitative yield increased and forage quality decreased. Conclusions Overall, it is recommended to harvest sorghum forage at the soft dough stage to achieve a suitable quantitative and qualitative yield. Furthermore, the promising line MDFGS1 could be introduced as the superior genotype. Acknowledgements This research was supported by the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran [Project number 03-03-0313-043-960461]. The authors are thankful for providing laboratory facilities and all technical support in the experimental field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Traditional solvent‐based approaches for the separation of protein from plant sources are widely used, although they can lead to low protein yield and protein degradation. In this study, protein isolation was conducted by alkaline extraction (AE) and isoelectric precipitation, and the effect of high‐pressure homogenisation (HPH) (0 MPa [control], 50, 100, and 150 MPa) at two different stages during extraction was assessed, namely high pressure homogenisation followed by alkaline extraction (HPH + AE) or alkaline extraction followed by high pressure homogenisation (AE + HPH). Although the control procedure resulted in a protein yield of 45.99 ± 0.72%, the highest protein yield was determined by AE + 100 MPa HPH (61.92 ± 1.06%). Solubility, foaming capacity, emulsification index, hue angle, and denaturation enthalpy of the isolated protein increased after HPH treatments compared to control. Generally, the high‐pressure treatment during protein isolation increased pumpkin seed press cake's protein yield and enhanced the isolates' techno‐functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment entitled 'Influence of sowing window and planting geometry on pigeonpea nutrient uptake quality and yield' was conducted during kharif 2021-22 and 2022-23 at K block, Zonal Agricultural Research Station, GKVK, Bengaluru. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with three replications. The combined effect of sowing window and planting geometry on pigeonpea nutrient uptake, quality parameters and yield was studied. The results revealed that sowing during first fortnight of May month resulted in higher nutrient uptake (94.51 kg ha-1, 14.21 kg ha-1 and 85.43 kg ha-1; N, P and K, respectively), protein yield (388 kg ha-1) and pigeonpea grain yield (1945 kg ha-1) and stalk yield (8373 kg ha-1) compared to other treatments. For planting geometry, paired row geometry resulted in higher nutrient uptake (92.44 kg ha-1, 14.36 kg ha-1 and 83.24 kg ha-1; N, P and K, respectively), protein yield (235 kg ha-1) and pigeonpea grain yield (1203 kg ha-1) and stalk yield (5187 kg ha-1) compared to normal row geometry. Among varieties Bangalore Red Gram-3 recorded higher nutrient uptake (109.30 kg ha-1, 16.51 kg ha-1 and 89.29 kg ha-1; N, P and K, respectively), protein yield (242 kg ha-1) and pigeonpea grain yield (1198 kg ha-1) and stalk yield (5192 kg ha-1) compared to Bangalore Red Gram 4. The interaction effect for all the parameters were found to be non-significant in all the cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to estimate the heritability of dairy production traits and that for dimensional traits and to calculate the correlation between the two heritability values in a Holstein Friesian cow herd bred in Hungary. Data of 15,032 Holstein Friesian cows born in the period 2008–2018 from 666 sires were collected for the study in 6 large dairy herds. Among the conformation traits, stature (ST), chest width (CW), body depth (BD), and rump width (RW), and for production traits, in the first lactation of cows, the 305-day milk yield (MY), milk butterfat yield (FY), and milk protein yield (MY) were evaluated. Heritability estimates of ST, CW, BD, and RW were 0.49, 0.25, 0.31, and 0.30, and those of MY, FY, and PY were 0.40, 0.35, and 0.30, respectively. BD and RW had no phenotypic (b = −0.01) or genetic (b = 0.00–0.01) change. The production traits (MY, FY, PY) increased to a greater extent (b = 2.2–43.3) than the examined conformation traits over time. Consequently, it is indicated that the selection for dairy production did not result in an increase in the studied dimensional traits.

This study was conducted as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the breeding center of buffalo in the northwest of Iran in 2020-2021 growing season. Experimental treatments included different irrigation conditions at three levels (irrigation after depleting of 40, 60, and 80% of available water) as the first factor and application of different fertilizer sources at five levels (chemical, biological, organic, nano fertilizer, and control) as the second factor. Crude protein, dry matter digestibility, water-soluble carbohydrates, and protein yield were improved under different fertilizer sources and different irrigation conditions compared to the control treatment. With delay in irrigation, dry matter, forage ash and relative feed value decreased, while water stress increased the amount of ADF and NDF. Also, the highest amount of dry matter, ash and the relative feed value were obtained in the nano fertilizer. Irrigation after depleting of 40% caused 24, 14, and 18% increase in dry weight of leaves, stems and forage yield, respectively, compared to 80% of available water. The highest dry weight of leaves, stems, and forage yield were obtained with 11738, 16764, and 27938 kg/ha in nano fertilizer, respectively. In conclusion, the results showed that nano-fertilizers and organic fertilizers were more effective in improving the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of fodder sorghum under water stress conditions compared to other fertilizer sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce the ash content of bone collagen peptide and improve the quality of bone collagen peptide products. In this paper, the method of nanofiltration desalination was used to remove ash. The process parameters for nanofiltration desalination of bone collagen peptides were optimized through design response tests. The changes in physical and chemical indicators, amino acid content, molecular weight distribution, content of various elements, and sensory scores of samples treated with nanofiltration membranes were analyzed. Results showed that, the optimal desalination process conditions were sample concentration of 5%, cycle times of 7 times and pressure of 0.5 MPa. Under this condition, the desalination rate was 65.89%±1.25%. After nanofiltration membrane treatment, the quality of the sample was significantly improved, but the amino acid content did not change much. Through the measurement of molecular weight distribution, it was found that nanofiltration desalination had little impact on the change of molecular weight distribution, the components with molecular weight less than 3000 Da accounted for 97%, which was in line with the provisions of the national food safety standard GB 31645-2018 bone collagen peptides. ICP-MS was used to analyze the changes in the content of various elements before and after desalination, and it was found that the content of various elements in the sample decreased to varying degrees, the content of Na, K, P, Mg, Ca decreased significantly (P

To explore the effects of N fertilizer rates on seed yield and quality of winter rapeseed, field experiments were carried out in Wuxue County, Hubei Province during 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons. The experiments were set at five nitrogen application levels of 0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 kg N hm-2. Rapeseed yield, N concentration, and rapeseed quality indexes were measured at maturity stage. The results showed that N application significantly increased rapeseed yield and N content. Compared with the zero N application, the average yield increase after N application was 1548 kg N hm-2, and the average yield increase rate was up to 32.9%. Within the range of N application rate of 0--270 kg N hm-2, rapeseed yield increased significantly with the application of N fertilizer. If N application was continued, rapeseed yield did not change significantly or had a downward trend. N application mainly improved rapeseed yield by increasing the number of pods per plant. N application significantly increased protein content in rapeseed. When the N application rate was 270 kg N hm-2, the protein content was the highest. N application significantly reduced the seed oil content. For every 100 kg N hm-2 increase in nitrogen application, the seed oil content decreased by 1.6%. With the increase of N fertilizer application rate, glucosinolate, oleic acid, linolenic acid, erucic acid, and saturated fatty acids (palmitic acid and stearic acid) increased, while linoleic acid decreased in rapeseed. Rapeseed quality decreased as a whole. In conclusion, to pursue high-quality edible oil and take into account rapeseed yield, the application rate of N fertilizer was 180 kg N hm-2. The optimal application rate of N fertilizer was 270 kg N hm-2 when rapeseed yield and rapeseed cake were taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted at the research field of West-Azerbaijan (Saatloo station, 45° 10′ 53˝ E/ 37° 44′ 18˝ N and 1338 m above sea level), located 25 km from Urmia city (Iran) during 2019-2020 cropping seasons, as a factorial layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was irrigation regime at three levels (supplying 100, 75 and 50% of net irrigation requirement) and the second factor was planting method of wheat at four levels (plot planting, planting three lines on the ridges (ridges width=30 cm), planting four lines on the ridges (ridges width=45 cm) and planting five lines on the ridges (ridges width=60 cm)). The results showed that the highest grain-yield’s water use efficiency (1.38 kg m-3), dry mass water use efficiency (3.22 kg m-3), carotenoid content (1.02 mg g-1 fresh leaf weight), chlorophyll ratio a to b (3.52) and grain protein percentage (9.89%) were obtained from supplying of 50% of net irrigation water requirement. But the maximum grain yield (7093.30 kg ha-1) and dry mass (15282 kg ha-1), chlorophyll a (1.59 mg g-1 fresh leaf weight), chlorophyll b (0.56 mg/g fresh leaf weight), total chlorophyll a and b (2.15 mg g-1 fresh leaf weight) and protein yield (806.85 kg ha-1) were obtained from supplying of 100% of net irrigation water requirement. Planting three lines on the ridge increased grain yield, dry mass, flag leaf area, grain-yield’s water use efficiency, dry mass water use efficiency, carotenoid content, photosynthetic pigments and protein yield by 29, 33, 31, 29, 33, 38, 7 and 35%, respectively. In general, based on our findings in this study, planting the wheat on the ridge was superior to the traditional method in terms of grain yield and water use efficiency. Also, reducing irrigation water consumption by up to 50% of net requirement did not cause a significant difference in grain yield and dry mass. Therefore, in order to save water consumption and improve water use efficiency, supplying of 50% of net irrigation water requirement along with planting three lines on the ridge is recommended.

Abstract Background Diversification, intensification, new water and integrated nutrient management methods of rice-based cropping systems are being advocated as an alternative to the water-intensive nature of conventional rice cultivation in north-western India to address the issues of decline in the productivity, energy and nutritional scarcity and deteriorating soil fertility. Hence, the development of eco-friendly cropping systems with efficient nutrient management is essential for sustainable productivity. Material and methods The experiment was conducted with four cropping systems viz. direct-seeded basmati rice (DSBR)-wheat-fallow, DSBR-wheat-greengram, DSBR-cabbage-greengram and DSBR-cabbage-onion, being assigned to vertical strips; and 4 nutrient management strategies (MNS), viz. control, 100% RDF (recommended dose of fertilizers), 50% RDF + 25% RDN (recommended dose of nitrogen) through leaf compost + biofertilizers and 50% RDF + 25% RDN through vermicompost + biofertilizers assigned to horizontal strips. Results The highest system productivity (20.7 Mg/ha) was registered in DSBR-cabbage-onion and with a nutrient management strategy of 50% RDF + 25% RDN through vermicompost + biofertilizers (13.5 Mg/ha). The highest net energy (269.6 × 103 MJ/ha) was generated under DSBR-wheat-greengram. Among different NMS, the highest energy output efficiency was recorded under NS3 (0.20 × 103 MJ/ha/day). The CS2 had 20.4% and 20.2% higher total system protein yield and protein equivalent yield for adults than DSBR-wheat-fallow, respectively. Application of NS3 had the highest total system protein yield (89.7%) and protein equivalent yield for adults (92.6%) over the control (NS0). The maximum net return (5755 US$/ha) was obtained under CS4. Conclusion A cropping system involving DSBR-cabbage-onion and application of 50% RDF + 25% RDN through vermicompost + biofertilizers is identified as the most productive, energy efficient and profitable production system.

The paper is devoted to study of the effect of mineral fertilizers on the yield of protein and starch from oats grain against the background of the number of irrigations in the irrigated gray-brown soils of Ganja-Dashkasan economic region (Azerbaijan). The main purpose of the research is to determine the number of irrigations and effective mineral fertilizer norms that affect the productivity of the autumn oats plant, the quality of the crop and the improvement of soil fertility in the irrigated gray-brown (chestnut) soils of the western region. It was determined that the number of irrigations and mineral fertilizer rates significantly increased the yield of protein and starch from oats corn compared to the control-no-fertilizer option. Due to the effect of mineral fertilizers on the background of 2 times vegetation irrigation, the yield of protein from the grain crop increased by 120.86-244.98 kg/ha, and the yield of starch by 393.63-855.09 kg/ha compared to the control-no-fertilizer variant. The highest indicators were obtained in the N90P90K60 variant. In the case of 3 times irrigation due to the effect of mineral fertilizers, the yield of protein from the grain product increased by 121.50-285.06 kg/ha, and the yield of starch by 407.88-994.90 kg/ha compared to the control-no-fertilizer option. The highest protein and starch yield was observed in the N120P120K90 variant against the background of 3 times vegetation irrigation. In terms of the number of irrigations, protein and starch yields in 3 times irrigation were higher than in 2 times irrigation in each of the variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of potassium doses applied to mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] genotypes on seed yield and important yield components. A field trial was carried out in 2020 in the Prof. Dr. Abdülkadir AKÇİN experimental fields belonging to Faculty of Agriculture located in Alaaddin Keykubat Campus. The study consisted of a total of 45 plots with 3 replications by applying 5 potassium doses (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 kg/da K2SO4) on 3 mung bean genotypes (Ermenek, Turkmenistan, Aşağıçağlar) and was planned according to the Factorial Trial Design in Random Blocks. According to the results of the analysis of variance, the difference between genotypes was statistically significant in terms of seed yield, while the difference between potassium doses was statistically significant in terms of protein content. According to the results of the research, the highest seed yield was obtained from the Aşağıçağlar genotype with 20.57 g/plant as the average of the potassium doses, and the plots that were applied 20 kg/da of potassium (18.16 g/plant) as the average of the genotypes. Similarly, the highest protein content was obtained from the Ermenek genotype (25.18%) and the plots (25.47%) treated with 10 kg da-1 potassium. As an average of potassium doses, the Aşağıçağlar genotype came to the forefront in terms of important yield factors such as thousand seed weight (69.13 g), plant height (54.52 cm) and first pod height (26.09 cm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The response of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to the application of different rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on different agro-climatic zones (ACZs) has not been well studied in Afghanistan. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the impact of soil and climate on the responses of wheat to N and P fertilization, (2) quantify the specific N and P response of winter wheat for different ACZs, and (3) determine the economical application rates of N and P for farmers for each considered ACZs. This paper evaluates the effects of nitrogen levels (NL) at 35.28, 65, 95, and 120 kg N ha−1 and phosphorus levels (PL) at 0, 50, 70, and 90 kg P2O5 ha−1, respectively, in four locations (L) for two growing seasons (GS), on both yield and quality characteristics of winter wheat. Soil pH was the main environmental parameter affecting straw yield (SY), grain yield (GY), protein content (PC), and protein yield (PY). Winter wheat SY, GY, PC, and PY increased significantly (p < 0.05) with PL rates up to 50 kg P2O5 ha−1 and with NL rates up to 120 kg N ha−1. NL was the most important parameter in determining PC, thus showing potential for further improvement in N management. The highest marginal rate of return was used as an index for the farmers to accept site-specific N and P fertilizer recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative physiological strategies can increase protein concentration in soybean: (i) more‐than‐proportional increases in seed protein content (mg seed−1) relative to increases in carbohydrate and oil content in large‐seeded genotypes or (ii) more‐than‐proportional reductions in carbohydrate and/or oil content relative to protein content reductions in small‐seeded genotypes. Because these strategies differentially affect crop growth and development, we hypothesized that populations developed from high‐protein (HP) parents with contrasting seed sizes will present differences in how seed yield and protein concentration correlate. To test this, three breeding strategies were developed by mating high‐yielding cultivars and HP ones that differ in seed sizes, reflecting the alternative strategies mentioned above. Neither tested crossing strategies showed differences in their correlation values between seed yield and protein concentration, as initially expected. Nevertheless, populations developed from crossing a HP‐small‐seeded parent to a HP‐large‐seeded one showed the highest number of transgressive segregants for protein yield. Our results showed that parent selection based on seed size has no beneficial effects on the development of high‐yielding, HP soybean populations, but it might affect the number of transgressive segregants for protein yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the intensive selection the Holstein cattle breed has been submitted to, functional characteristics such as ease of calving and longevity have decayed over time. The use of crossbreeding with breeds that have not been so intensively selected has been suggested to combat these negative effects, as well as to improve the content of milk solids. The rearing of Holstein and Brown Swiss cows, as well as their hybrids, has been characterized by several publications. The aim of this study was to study the effect of crossbreeding in the milk, fat and protein yields of Brow Swiss x Holstein hybrid animals using existing literature. Nine papers were selected, and a meta-analysis was performed, comparing the average milk, fat, and protein yields of hybrid animals with those of purebred Holstein animals. The differences between the fat and protein yields were not found to be statistically significant (p>0.05), while the milk yield of purebred Holstein cows proved to be significantly higher than that of Brown Swiss hybrids (p<0.05). More recent studies and further analysis of other characteristics are necessary to reach more accurate conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative plant cultures with favorable agronomic characteristics are a great source of refined edible oil and renewable industrial oil products. False flax stands out as a species with modest growing requirements, short vegetation and diverse use. Accordingly, the breeding program of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad created two cultivars of false flax, NS Zlatka and NS Slatka, which were the research material of this study. The use and production value of these false flax cultivars were determined by examining important seed quality characteristics: oil content, oil yield, protein content and protein yield. The highest oil content was obtained in NS Slatka (45.90%) in 2016, while the highest protein content was 30.30%. The highest oil yield (801 kg/ha in 2017) and the highest protein yield (424 kg/ha in 2017) were detected in NS Zlatka. The data obtained from the field and laboratory were analyzed by analysis of variance, Duncan test and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Statistically significant differences were identified between the cultivars, and strong environmental influence was affirmed. By examining the correlations of the analyzed features, statistically significant correlations were found. The most common fatty acids included linolenic acid (33.80%), linoleic acid (18.81%), oleic acid (15.99%), eicosenoic acid (14.22%) and erucic acid (2.90%). The results obtained are applicable in further breeding program of false flax. They are of special importance in increasing the use value of false flax owing to the oil and meal high quality and potential for even more diverse use.

study aimed to Evaluating the production of potato superolite tubers by applying different pelleting methods based on randomized complete block design with three replications Experimental treatments included 17 different combinations. The results showed, Pelleting of minituber with zeolite and soil soil application of triple superphosphate had the largest diameter of the main stem, compared to the control, it showed anincrease of 29.31 percent, pelleting the tuber with cocopeat and soil application of triple superphosphate had the highest plant fresh weight and plant dry weight, which showed an increase of 33.8% and 29.72%, respectively, compared to the control, the highest number and yield of potato superolite tuber was obtained in T14 treatment with an increase of 29.9 and 33.89% compared to the control, treatment (T1) led to an increase in chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, which compared to the control showed an increase of 21.92, 34.40 and 23.92%, respectively.The highest amount of carotenoids was observed in T13 which had an increase of 18.10% compared to the control treatment. The highest (fv/fm) was in T7 treatment Comparison with control treatment showed an increase of 21.29%.Treatment (T5) had the highest protein yield which had a 52.62% increase compared to the control treatment .In general, the results showed that the application of superabsorbent polymer and chitosan in tuber pelleting had good results in most traits. In addition, the use of zeolite with these compounds led to the improvement of most traits.Also, Potato tuber yield showed positive and significant correlation with most morphological traits.

Emerging biorefinery technologies can lead to new applications and new markets for various types of crop biomass. This may allow significant changes in agricultural production from crop rotations dominated by annual grain and seed crops towards annual or perennial cropping systems composed with the aims of higher biomass yield and environmental sustainability. In this study, we investigated 7 annual and 7 perennial cropping systems on a sandy loam soil, with large differences in N fertilization. Yield of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) was measured over nine growing seasons from 2013 to 2021. A conventional four-year cash crop rotation with cereals and winter oil seed rape served as a reference and achieved mean annual yields of DM and CP of 10.5 and 0.85 Mg ha−1 y−1, respectively, across the nine years. Continuous maize and triticale had significantly higher DM and CP yields, with 57 and 15 % increases in DM yield compared to the reference crop rotation, respectively. Optimized four-year crop rotations with various annual crops including triticale, maize, beet, hemp or faba bean and various intermediate crops achieved 51–84 % and 42–78 % higher yield of DM and CP, respectively. Perennial cropping systems with festulolium and tall fescue with three or four harvests per year achieved 63–65 % higher DM yield and 192–200 % higher CP yield (2.47–2.55 Mg ha−1 y−1) compared to the cash crop rotation. Perennial cropping systems with miscanthus and willow had high DM but low CP yield. As a measure of nitrogen use efficiency, partial factor productivity of DM yield (PFP DM) and CP yield (PFP CP) were calculated, and both varied significantly between cropping systems, with highest PFP DM for M. × giganteus and willow (114–192 kg DM kg N−1) and lowest for festulolium and tall fescue (38–40 kg DM kg N−1). PFP CP was highest for the optimized crop rotations (6.88–7.94 kg CP kg N−1) and lowest for miscanthus (2.94–4.98 kg CP kg N−1). Across 12 of the cropping systems, which included both protein crops and lignocellulosic crops, there was a non-linear DM yield response to N fertilization rate with PFP DM decreasing from 134.9 to 37.2 kg DM kg N−1 when increasing the N rate from 50 to 500 kg ha−1 y−1. On the other hand, there was a linear CP yield response and, therefore, a constant PFP CP of 5.94 kg CP kg−1 N across N fertilization rates. The results clearly indicate that cropping systems can be modified to achieve higher DM and CP yields but also that choice of cropping system and optimal N fertilization may need adjustment depending on the use of the harvested biomass, the possibilities for biorefining into various components and products as well as the economic value of the components. • Cropping systems with annual and perennial crops were studied over 9 growing seasons. • Optimized annual crop rotations increased DM yield up to 19.3 Mg ha−1 y−1. • Perennial grasses with 3–4 cuts y−1 yielded up to 2.55 Mg ha−1 y−1 of crude protein. • Partial factor productivity differed significantly between cropping systems. • Crude protein yield responded linearly to N fertilization up to 500 kg ha−1 y−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canola cultivation is highly dependent on nutritional management. This study was conducted in 2016-2017 and 2017-2018, as a factorial experiment with three factors, based on a randomized block design. The experiment was established in the Shast-Kalate region of Gorgan city, Iran. The experimental treatments included nitrogen (N) application (25, 50, 75, and 100 kg ha-1), sulfur (S) fertilization (0 and 200 kg ha-1), and three canola cultivars (Hyola 50 hybrid, Hyola 401 and ARGS 003). The results revealed that the highest grain yield (2701 kg ha-1) was obtained with 100 kg ha-1 of N + 200 kg ha-1 of S fertilization applied to the Hyola 50 variety in the second year (Y). Conversely, the lowest seed yield was harvested in the same year from ARGS 003 and Hyola 401 cultivars (1577 and 1580 kg ha-1, respectively) with 25 kg ha-1 of N and without S fertilization. Besides, Hyola 50 and Hyola 401 cultivars produced higher grain yields than ARGS 003 cultivar. Notably, the grain yield increased at higher N concentrations. The results showed that cv. ARGS 003 contained a higher seed oil percentage than Hyola 50 and Hyola 401 cultivars. Furthermore, an increased percentage of seed oil was observed at higher N fertilizer application. The seed oil percentage of rapeseed cultivars increased with the S fertilizer treatment. Furthermore, increasing the dose of nitrogen from 25 to 50 kg ha-1 in both years enhanced N percentage, whereas exceeding than the latter amount decreased the seed N content. Overall, it can be concluded that N and S play an essential role in enhancing the quality performance of canola cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study was conducted to estimate multi-trait genetic parameters for somatic cell score (SCS), milk yield and type traits in Nigerian Dwarf (ND) goats from the United States. Methods Data from 1,041 ND goats in the United States with kiddings in 95 herds were used to estimate multi-trait genetic parameters for SCS, milk (MILK), fat (FAT), and protein (PROT) yields, and 14 type traits. An 18-trait mixed linear animal model for lactation mean SCS (Log2), MILK, FAT, PROT, and 14 type traits was applied. A factor analytic approach (FA1) in ASReml software was used to obtain convergence. Results Averages for SCS were low (2.85±1.29 Log2), and were 314±110.6, 20.9±7.4, and 14±4.9 kg, respectively, for MILK, FAT, and PROT. Heritabilities for SCS, MILK, FAT, and PROT were 0.32, 0.16, 0.16, and 0.10, respectively. The highest heritabilities for type traits were for stature (0.72), teat diameter (0.49), and rump width (0.48), and the lowest estimates were for dairyness (0.003) and medial suspensory ligament (0.03). Genetic correlations of SCS with MILK, FAT, and PROT were positive but low (0.25, 0.18, and 0.23, respectively). Genetic and phenotypic correlations between MILK, FAT, and PROT were high and positive (≥0.66). Absolute values of genetic correlations involving SCS with type traits were generally low or no different from zero. Most of the phenotypic correlations involving SCS with type traits were low. No serious unfavorable genetic correlations between milk yield traits and SCS or between milk yield traits or SCS and type traits were found. Conclusion Genetic variation exists in the ND breed for most studied traits. The development of selection programs based on these estimates may help accelerate favorable multi-trait genetic changes in this breed.

Protein solubility is an attractive engineering target primarily due to its relation to yields in protein production and manufacturing. Moreover, better knowledge of the mutational effects on protein solubility could connect several serious human diseases with protein aggregation. However, we have limited understanding of the protein structural determinants of solubility, and the available data have mostly been scattered in the literature. Here, we present SoluProtMutDB – the first database containing data on protein solubility changes upon mutations. Our database accommodates 33000 measurements of 17000 protein variants in 103 different proteins. The database can serve as an essential source of information for the researchers designing improved protein variants or those developing machine learning tools to predict the effects of mutations on solubility. The database comprises all the previously published solubility datasets and thousands of new data points from recent publications, including deep mutational scanning experiments. Moreover, it features many available experimental conditions known to affect protein solubility. The datasets have been manually curated with substantial corrections, improving suitability for machine learning applications. The database is available at loschmidt.chemi.muni.cz/soluprotmutdb.

The effects of different mung bean protein isolation methods on the chemical composition, the physicochemical properties, and selected antinutritional factors of mung bean protein isolates were investigated. Six protein isolates were prepared by isoelectric precipitation at different extraction pH levels (pH 8 and 9), by micellization, and by hybrid isolation at varying salt concentrations (0.25 M, 0.50 M, 0.75 M). The extraction conditions affected the amount of antinutritive compounds of the isolates. Compared to mung bean flour, micellization reduced phytic acid content by approximately 48% and trypsin inhibitor activity by around 88%. The remaining phytic acid concentration of the isolates influenced their re-solubility, particularly under acidic conditions. The protein isolates exhibited significant differences in surface hydrophobicity and thermal characteristics, indicating structural modifications caused by the extraction methods. Micellization and extraction at pH 8 were identified as mildest isolation methods, as evidenced by the highest enthalpy values. SDS-PAGE analysis demonstrated an enrichment of globulins and comparable protein profiles among the isolates, suggesting that the observed differences arise from conformational changes rather than variations in protein composition. The product yield in protein extraction from mung beans ranged from 8% to 19%, emphasizing the importance of enhancing overall extraction efficiency or exploring the utilization of by-products obtained during the protein isolation process.

This research was carried out to determine the important quality factors in 12 peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes grown as the main crop in Kahramanmaraş province conditions. The study was carried out in Kahramanmaraş conditions in 2016. The study was conducted at randomized complete block design with three replications. In the study carried out, the ratios of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids were investigated. Besides these; quality factors such as oleic acid / linoleic acid ratio, which is one of the oil stability values, iodine value, unsaturated/saturated oil ratio, oil yield and protein yield were also investigated. As a result of the study, peanut genotypes; The values of some important properties examined, such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and oleic/linoleic acid ratio, iodine value, unsaturated/saturated oil ratio and yield, and protein yield, respectively; It was determined that it varied between 44.81181.787 %, 3.955-36.066 %, 1.109-1.465 %, 1.242-20.677 %, 77.197-101.012 % and 4.751-7.773 %, 112.295-199.818 kg da-1 and 56.311-105.204 kg da-1. Differences between genotypes were found to be very significant (P<0.01) for all traits studied. Osmaniye-2005 variety is recommended for obtaining the highest oil (199.818 kg da-1) and protein yield (105.204 kg da-1) in Kahramanmaraş conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimal availability of nutrients, particularly nitrogen (N), from authorized resources is one of the most important issues in organic agriculture. Intercropping forage legumes with cereal crops may be a way of providing ecological services such as providing N for companion or following crops by biological N fixation. To determine the effect of biological, chemical, and organic fertilization on the quality and quantity of ten different wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted during two successive growing seasons. The three experimental factors (F1, F2, F3) were: mix cropping with Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) (F1: biological N fixation, as control); chemical nitrogen fertilizer (F2: 100 kg ha-1, urea), and organic cow manure (F3: 40 t ha-1). The vegetative growth parameters improved by F1 and F2 treatments. The F2 had the highest values of spikelet and seed number per spike, 1000-grain weight, and seed yield, followed by F1. The cv. ‘Kabul13’ was the best among all tested cultivars in terms of almost all reproductive parameters. The highest seed yield was obtained by F2 ‘Kabul-13’ (8.02 t ha-1), and F1 ‘Kabul-13’ (7.26 t ha-1). By considering seed yield, ‘Chont1’ and ‘Kabul-13’ were more suitable to be intercropped with clover. The effect of experimental factors was not significant on seed potassium and phosphorus contents, while percentage of seed protein improved by F3 (13%), and ‘Mugawim’ (13.59%). The highest protein yield was gained by F2 and F1 (820 and 650 kg ha-1) and also by ‘Kabul-13’ (850 kg ha-1). Overall, mixed cropping of wheat and clover can be suggested as a possible alternative for nutrients providing in wheat production in low input agro-ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted at the research field of West-Azerbaijan (Saatloo station, 45° 10′ 53˝ E/ 37° 44′ 18˝ N and 1338 m above sea level), located 25 km from Urmia city (Iran) during 2019-2020 cropping seasons, as a factorial layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was irrigation regime at three levels (supplying 100, 75 and 50% of net irrigation requirement) and the second factor was planting method of wheat at four levels (plot planting, planting three lines on the ridges (ridges width=30 cm), planting four lines on the ridges (ridges width=45 cm) and planting five lines on the ridges (ridges width=60 cm)). The results showed that the highest grain-yield’s water use efficiency (1.38 kg m-3 ), dry mass water use efficiency (3.22 kg m-3 ), carotenoid content (1.02 mg g-1 fresh leaf weight), chlorophyll ratio a to b (3.52) and grain protein percentage (9.89%) were obtained from supplying of 50% of net irrigation water requirement. But the maximum grain yield (7093.30 kg ha-1 ) and dry mass (15282 kg ha-1 ), chlorophyll a (1.59 mg g-1 fresh leaf weight), chlorophyll b (0.56 mg/g fresh leaf weight), total chlorophyll a and b (2.15 mg g-1 fresh leaf weight) and protein yield (806.85 kg ha-1 ) were obtained from supplying of 100% of net irrigation water requirement. Planting three lines on the ridge increased grain yield, dry mass, flag leaf area, grain-yield’s water use efficiency, dry mass water use efficiency, carotenoid content, photosynthetic pigments and protein yield by 29, 33, 31, 29, 33, 38, 7 and 35%, respectively. In general, based on our findings in this study, planting the wheat on the ridge was superior to the traditional method in terms of grain yield and water use efficiency. Also, reducing irrigation water consumption by up to 50% of net requirement did not cause a significant difference in grain yield and dry mass. Therefore, in order to save water consumption and improve water use efficiency, supplying of 50% of net irrigation water requirement along with planting three lines on the ridge is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimization of proteins extraction from muskmelon (Cucumis melo) seeds was investigated using a central composite rotatble design involving four factors at five levels: temperature (X1) (40, 45, 50, 55 and 60 °C); pH (X2) (8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, 10.5); extraction time (X3) (30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 min); and solvent/meal (S/M) ratio (X4) (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 v/w). Protein yield varied from 17.46 to 78.77% for the different combination of four independent factors. Non-significant lack of fit validated the adequacy of the model. The linear factors X1, X2, X3 and X4 along with X13 (temperature and time), X23 (pH and time), X34 (time and S/M) and quadratic coefficient X42 (S/M) showed the significant effect on the response variable. Optimized conditions for protein extraction were 55 °C, pH 10, extraction time 62 min and S/M ratio (v/w) 23. Confirmation study gave the extracted yield of 84.11% which was slightly lower than the predicted value (85.07%) under optimized conditions. Lightness of MPC was lower than the MDSM. Protein content of MDSM was 84.12%. A significant effect of pH was observed on protein solubility, EAI and ESI, foaming capacity and stability. Secondary structure or proteins had more number of β-sheets than random coil and α-helix structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peculiarity of nitrogen nutrition for legume-cereal mixtures is that due to the intravital transfer of mineral nutrition elements from the legume component of the mixture to the cereal component and vice versa, the cereal component receives nitrogen from the air symbiotically fixed by the legume component. This explains its better development in the mixture than in single-species sowing without the use of nitrogen fertilizers. In unfavorable conditions for legume-rhizobial symbiosis, when the assimilation of air nitrogen is weakened, and the legume and cereal components of the mixture are deficient in nitrogen, therefore, the issue of nitrogen fertilizer use expediency for legume-cereal mixtures is relevant. We have studied the effects of low and medium doses of nitrogen fertilizers including 30, 60 and 90 kg ha-1 (as treatments N30, N60 and N90) on the content and yield of crude protein with the grain yield of the vetch-wheat mixture under the conditions of sod-podzolic sandy loam soil in the central region of the Non-Chernozem zone with insufficient and optimal moisture. The protein content (% of dry matter) was determined by the calculation method according to the nitrogen content (N% × 6.25). On the control without nitrogen fertilizers, the protein content in vetch seeds and in wheat grain under the conditions of optimal moisture (2019) was higher than under the conditions of insufficient moisture (2018), by 0.4% and 0.3%, respectively. Nitrogen fertilizers increased the protein content in wheat grain by 0.2 - 0.4% during both years of study. The protein content in vetch seeds under the influence of nitrogen fertilizers increased only under the conditions of insufficient moisture by 0.2-0.7%. The protein yield with the wheat grain yield during both years of study upraised, as the dose of nitrogen fertilizers elevated by 1.6 - 2.7 times, and by the vetch harvest and insufficient moisture it remained unchanged, and by optimal moisture it droped by 13.7-34.7%. The protein yield with the grain yield of the mixture elevated by 44.4-91.1% under the influence of nitrogen fertilizers in arid conditions completely due to the wheat protein increase, while in conditions of sufficient moisture it droped by 5.2-17.8% due to the vetch protein decrease. Nitrogen fertilizers increased the competitiveness of wheat mixed with vetch under the conditions of insufficient moisture by 1.7-3.0 times, and under the conditions of optimal moisture by 1.9-4.1 times.

Optimal availability of nutrients, particularly nitrogen (N), from authorized resources is one of the most important issues in organic agriculture. Intercropping forage legumes with cereal crops may be a way of providing ecological services such as providing N for companion or following crops by biological N fixation. To determine the effect of biological, chemical, and organic fertilization on the quality and quantity of ten different wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted during two successive growing seasons. The three experimental factors (F1, F2, F3) were: mix cropping with Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) (F1: biological N fixation, as control); chemical nitrogen fertilizer (F2: 100 kg ha-1, urea), and organic cow manure (F3: 40 t ha-1). The vegetative growth parameters improved by F1 and F2 treatments. The F2 had the highest values of spikelet and seed number per spike, 1000-grain weight, and seed yield, followed by F1. The cv. ‘Kabul-13’ was the best among all tested cultivars in terms of almost all reproductive parameters. The highest seed yield was obtained by F2 ‘Kabul-13’ (8.02 t ha-1), and F1 ‘Kabul-13’ (7.26 t ha-1). By considering seed yield, ‘Chont-1’ and ‘Kabul-13’ were more suitable to be intercropped with clover. The effect of experimental factors was not significant on seed potassium and phosphorus contents, while percentage of seed protein improved by F3 (13%), and ‘Mugawim’ (13.59%). The highest protein yield was gained by F2 and F1 (820 and 650 kg ha-1) and also by ‘Kabul-13’ (850 kg ha-1). Overall, mixed cropping of wheat and clover can be suggested as a possible alternative for nutrients providing in wheat production in low input agro-ecosystems.

SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) is a major target for the development of diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics directed against COVID-19. Important efforts have been dedicated to the rapid and efficient production of recombinant RBD proteins for clinical and diagnostic applications. One of the main challenges is the ongoing emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants that carry mutations within the RBD, resulting in the constant need to design and optimise the production of new recombinant protein variants. We describe here the impact of naturally occurring RBD mutations on the secretion of a recombinant Fc-tagged RBD protein expressed in HEK 293 cells. We show that mutation E484K of the B.1.351 variant interferes with the proper disulphide bond formation and folding of the recombinant protein, resulting in its retention into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and reduced protein secretion. Accumulation of the recombinant B.1.351 RBD-Fc fusion protein in the ER correlated with the upregulation of endogenous ER chaperones, suggestive of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Overexpression of the chaperone and protein disulphide isomerase PDIA2 further impaired protein secretion by altering disulphide bond formation and increasing ER retention. This work contributes to a better understanding of the challenges faced in producing mutant RBD proteins and can assist in the design of optimisation protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper we study of the effect of soil cultivation and mineral fertilizers on protein yield in repeated summer sowing of soybeans in irrigated gray-brown (chestnut colour) soils under the conditions of Samukh region (Azerbaijan). It was determined that due to the effect of soil cultivation and mineral fertilizers, the yield of soybean protein in the field cultivated at the depth of 8-10 cm was 52.4-303.7 kg/ha; in the field cultivated with a disk trowel at the depth of 13-15 cm was 91.6-372, 1 kg/ha; in the 20-22 cm deep plowed area, protein yield increased between 71.0-480.4 kg/ha, compared to the control (without fertilizer) variant. The highest protein yield was obtained in the N60P90K60 norm of mineral fertilizers in all three soils cultivations and in the plowed field at a depth of 20-22 cm among the soil cultivations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grain protein content (GPC) is one of the most important criteria to determine the quality of common wheat (Triticum aestivum). One of the major obstacles for bread wheat production is the negative correlation between GPC and grain yield (GY). Previous studies demonstrated that the deviation from this inverse relationship is highly heritable. However, little is known about the genetics controlling these deviations in common wheat. To fill this gap, we performed quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis for GY, GPC, and four derived GY-GPC indices using an eight-way multiparent advanced generation intercross population comprising 394 lines. Interval mapping was conducted using phenotypic data from up to nine environments and genotypic data from a 20k single-nucleotide polymorphism array. The four indices were highly heritable (0.76–0.88) and showed distinct correlations to GY and GPC. Interval mapping revealed that GY, GPC, and GY-GPC indices were controlled by 6, 12, and 12 unique QTL, of which each explained only a small amount of phenotypic variance (R2 ≤ 10%). Ten of the 12 index QTL were independent of loci affecting GY and GPC. QTL regions harboured several candidate genes, including Rht-1, WAPO-A1, TaTEF-7A, and NRT2.6-7A. The study confirmed the usefulness of indices to mitigate the inverse GY-GPC relationship in breeding, though the selection method should reflect their polygenic inheritance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graph: Figure 7: Increased viscosity of the collagen solution extracted at pH 5; viscosity measured at day 1 and day 8. 4 Conclusions and future perspectives The present study discussed the extraction methodology of collagen from the chicken eggshell membrane. Another known property exhibited by the collagen protein is its viscoelasticity [[2]] which was confirmed by the collagen solutions, obtained at high pH values. Keywords: biopolymer; collagen; eggshell membrane; OFAT; protein yield EN biopolymer collagen eggshell membrane OFAT protein yield 655 662 8 09/26/22 20220801 NES 220801 1 Introduction Collagen, the most abundant structural protein found in humans [[1]], is known for its high tensile strength and viscoelasticity, thus confirming its role in providing strength and anchorage to the living tissues [[2]]. [Extracted from the article]

Proteins from plant sources are valuable components to explore. Protein can be extracted from various plant parts, viz., roots, stems, leaves, and seeds. These proteins are extracted for nutritional purposes and/or for application as functional additives in the food and cosmetic industries. Protein extraction can also be used to add value to by-products from plants, such as defatted oilseed meals. Conventionally protein is extracted by pH alteration. Alkaline circumstances cause the protein to solubilize, making extraction from the source possible. After the protein is solubilized, it is precipitated in acidic conditions to produce a protein isolate. Combining traditional protein extraction methods with ultrasound boosts yield and reduces extraction time. Ultrasound can be used as a pre-treatment or as part of the protein extraction process. This review has studied the effect of different extraction parameters viz., pH, particle size, ultrasound time, temperature, solid-liquid ratio on the yield and functional properties of plant proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the effect of mycorrhiza inoculation and zeolite-enriched manure compost on photosynthetic pigments content and qualitative properties of triticale grain, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized complete block design with four replications were conducted at Research Field of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khouzestan during 2016-2017 growing season. The experimental factors included mycorrhiza application at two levels (application and non-application of mycorrhiza), and mixing of zeolite to manure in six levels (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% w/w of zeolite/manure). According to the results, under conditions of mycorrhiza application with increasing zeolite up to 15% leaf greenness index (SPAD) increased but decreased afterwards. The highest chlorophyll a (2.68 mg g-1) was obtained from 15% zeolite treatment and the lowest (1.82 mg g-1) was detected in control. Mycorrhiza inoculation caused a 14% increase in carotenoid content compared to non-inoculation. Grain phosphorus content (0.43 mg kg-1) was increased in mycorrhiza inoculation condition compared to non-inoculation (0.37 mg kg-1). Under inoculation conditions, the highest grain yield (3510.7 kg ha-1) belonged to application of 10% zeolite. Under non-inoculation condition more zeolite was needed (in compare to inoculation treatment) to obtain the highest grain yield. The highest protein yield (329.97 kg ha-1) was obtained from mycorrhiza inoculation treatment with 15% zeolite and the lowest protein yield (1152 kg ha-1) was obtained from mycorrhiza inoculation treatment with 25% zeolite. Finally, the results of this study showed that the application of zeolite in manure and inoculation of mycorrhiza fungi can increase the concentration of photosynthetic pigments and grain quality of triticale.

Microalgae and cyanobacteria are photosynthetic and unicellular organisms that contain considerable amounts of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, among others, with applications in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries. These microorganisms can accumulate protein up to 70 % of total biomass depending on the microalgal strain, hence they have been regarded as an alternative protein source for the future. Microalgal proteins have important applications such as emulsifying, foaming, and gelation properties, which are important for the determination of quality and texture of foods. Some microalgal peptides possess important bioactivity with many health-benefit effects. Therefore, to maximize the production of proteins from microalgae and cyanobacteria, many protein extraction procedures have been studied to increase the economic return. They have been tested towards higher protein yields at low energy cost, the preservation of protein native properties, and lower cell debris. This later is fundamental to facilitate the subsequent purification processes so that the overall cost can be reduced. The aim of this work is to review some cell disruption processes for the extraction of protein from microalgae and cyanobacteria, considering that this step is crucial for the overall process due to the high rigidness of microalgal cell covering, which can hamper the release of proteins. It also aims at reviewing the purification techniques after cellular disruption, from conventional to more recent approaches, and finally addresses the antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antibacterial and other bioactive properties of microalgal protein hydrolysates and peptides. [Display omitted] • Evaluation of mechanical and non-mechanical cell disruption methods for microalgal protein release. • Assessment of protein isolation procedures. • Techno-functional properties of microalgae-derived proteins are discussed. • Bioactivity properties of protein hydrolysates and peptides from microalgal proteins are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years with the aim to quantify the role of different nutrient management variables such as microbial inoculation, zinc (Zn) fertilization and optimal and sub-optimal fertilization of nitrogen and phosphorus on the energetic and nutritional status of the rice–wheat cropping system (RWCS). The said nutrient management variables were applied over six different crop establishment methods (CEMs) in RWCS viz. puddled transplanted rice (PTR), system of rice intensification (SRI) and aerobic rice system (ARS) in rice and conventional drill-sown wheat (CDW), system of wheat intensification (SWI) and zero-tillage wheat (ZTW) in wheat. Two microbial consortia viz. Anabaena sp. (CR1) + Providencia sp. (PR3) consortia (MC1) and Anabaena-Pseudomonas biofilmed formulations (MC2) were used in this study, while recommended dose of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) (RDN) (120 kg N ha−1 and 25.8 kg P ha−1), 75% RDN and Zn fertilization (soil applied 5 kg Zn ha−1 through zinc sulphate heptahydrate) were the other variables. The contribution of microbial consortia, Zn fertilization and RDN (over 75% RDN) to net energy production of RWCS was 12.9–16.1 × 103 MJ ha−1, 10.1–11.0 × 103 MJ ha−1 and 11.7–15.3 × 103 MJ ha−1. Among the CEMs, the highest gross and net energy production was recorded in ARS–ZTW with lowest energy required for production of one tonne of system yield (2366–2523 MJ). The system protein yield varies from 494.1 to 957.7 kg ha−1 with highest protein yield in 75% RDN + MC2 + Zn applied ARS–ZTW. Among micronutrients, the uptake of Zn and iron (Fe) is sensitive to all studied variables, while manganese (Mn) and cupper (Cu) uptake was found significantly affected by CEMs alone. The combination of 75% RDN + MC2 + Zn in ARS–ZTW was found superior in all respects with 288.3 and 286.9 MJ ha−1 net energy production and 2320 and 2473 MJ energy required for production of one tonne system yield in the first and second year of study, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In previous study, we identified a novel protein elicitor AMEP412 from Bacillus subtilis BU412, which could trigger plant defense response and induce systemic acquired resistance against diseases. In this paper, the production of the new elicitor was optimised. First, optimal carbon source and nitrogen source were determined as glucose and yeast extract by single factor test. Then, effects of seven different factors on AMEP412 production was studied by Plackett-Burman design. Significant factors (yeast extract, culture temperature and culture time) were selected for further optimisation using central composite design by response surface methodology. The optimum conditions for AMEP412 production were yeast extract 21.72 g/L, culture temperature 30.84 °C and culture time 31.84 h. Under these conditions, the yield of AMEP412 was enhanced from 0.32 to 2.39 mg/mL (7.47-fold), which was quite close to the predicted one. This result significantly raised the yield of AMEP412, which laid solid foundation for its application as a biocontrol agent.