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Copyright of Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de la Cultura is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Departamento de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this letter, a comprehensive and detailed introduction to the current security risks faced by networked printers is given, the security monitoring platform and attack detection method are explained, and the actual monitoring results are analyzed. In particular, the most comprehensive feature knowledge database for networked printer is organized and published. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this letter, a comprehensive and detailed introduction to the current security risks faced by networked printers is given, the security monitoring platform and attack detection method are explained, and the actual monitoring results are analyzed. In particular, the most comprehensive feature knowledge database for networked printer is organized and published.

Printers can release numerous particles to contaminate indoor environments and pose health risks. Clarifying the exposure level and physicochemical properties of printer-emitted particles (PEPs) will help to evaluate the health risks of printer operator. In our study, the particles concentration in the printing shop was monitored in real time for a long time (12 h/day, total 6 days), and the PEPs were collected to characterize their physicochemical properties including shape, size and compositions. The result showed that the concentration of PEPs is closely related to the printing workload and the highest particle mass concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 was 212.73 μg m−3 and 91.48 μg m−3, respectively. The concentration of PM1 in the printing shop was in the range of 11.88–80.59 μg m−3 for mass value, and 174.83–1348.84 P cm−3 for count value which changed with the printing volume. The particle sizes of PEPs were less than 900 nm, 47.99% of PEPs was less than 200 nm, and 14.21% of the particles were at the nanoscale. PEPs contained 68.92% organic carbon (OC), 5.31% elemental carbon (EC), 3.17% metal elements, and 22.60% other inorganic additives, which contained more OC and metal elements than toners. Total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels were 18.95 ng/mg in toner and 120.70 ng/mg in PEPs. The carcinogenic risk of PAHs in PEPs was 1.40 × 10–7. These findings suggested future studies should pay more attention to the health effects of printing workers exposed to nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the development of book printing in the Czech in the 16th – early 17th centuries, two periods in the development of Czech book printing are distinguished: 1501–1547 and after the events of 1547 until the Battle of White Mountain. The author reveals the changes that have taken place in the working conditions of printing houses, the attitude of the royal authorities to book printing, the repertoire of Czech printed books, the number of published products.

This work describes a computational method for reconstructing clusters of social relationships among early modern printers and publishers, the most determinant agents for the process of transformation of scientific knowledge. The method is applied to a dataset retrieved from the Sphaera corpus, a collection of 359 editions of textbooks used at European universities and produced between the years 1472 and 1650. The method makes use of standard bibliographic data and fingerprints; social relationships are defined as “awareness relationships”. The historical background is constituted of the production and economic practices of early modern printers and publishers in the academic book market. The work concludes with empirically validating historical case studies, their historical interpretation, and suggestions for further improvements by utilizing machine learning technologies.

Zacharias Theophilus Huszty (1754 - 1803), a prominent physician in Bratislava in the latter half of the 18th century, played a significant role in the Enlighten-ment movement through his professional publishing activities. His involvement spurred both cultural and economic growth, contributing significantly to the blossoming of scientific activity in Hungary. Over the course of the 18th century, as Brati-slava evolved into an economic, administrative, and cultural hub of Hungary, new booksellers, printers, and publishers emerged, enabling the works of significant Hungarian experts to be published locally. Prior to this, the pub li shing needs of Bratislava authors were predominantly met by German cities such as Wittenberg, Jena, Leipzig, Erfurt, and nearby Vienna. Given the ethnic composition of Bratislava's population, the majority of these works were published in German. The paper focuses on the life and work of the Bratislava physician Zacharias Theo-philus Huszty, whose medical publications could be published at the place of his work due to the favourable publishing environment. In the second half of the 18th century there were four important printing houses in Bratislava. The largest and most successful printing house of Jan Michal Landerer, founded in 1750, had the most stable position. František Augustín Patzko was granted permission to open a printing house in Bratislava in 1771. Twelve years later, in 1783, two printing houses were established in Bratislava, the printing houses of Anton Löwe and Simon Peter Weber. Since Zacharias Theophilus Huszty preferred the circle of acquaintances and collaborators around K. G. Windisch, who published his works and Ungrisches Magazin with A. Löwe and since Huszty's early publishing activities were connected with this periodical, he also published his most important works with A. Löwe. After the sale of Löwe's printing house, he used the services of his successor Jan Nepomuk Schauff. Zacharias Theophilus Huszty also published two smaller works at Simon Peter Weber's printing house. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work describes a computational method for reconstructing clusters of social relationships among early modern printers and publishers, the most determinant agents for the process of transformation of scientific knowledge. The method is applied to a dataset retrieved from the Sphaera corpus, a collection of 359 editions of textbooks used at European universities and produced between the years 1472 and 1650. The method makes use of standard bibliographic data and fingerprints; social relationships are defined as "awareness relationships". The historical background is constituted of the production and economic practices of early modern printers and publishers in the academic book market. The work concludes with empirically validating historical case studies, their historical interpretation, and suggestions for further improvements by utilizing machine learning technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The indoor localization still has challenges when compromising accuracy, cost, scalability, and so on. In recent years, signals of opportunity have been widely used for low-cost and scalable indoor localization services, especially in complex and changeable environments. In this article, a new opportunistic signal for indoor localization is proposed using the inaudible sound pattern from the appliances, which has superiority in long-term existence, stability, high availability, and privacy protection. The short-time Fourier transformed feature is exploited with a random forest model to recognize the appliance, and a promised matching algorithm is proposed to avoid any false detection. The recognized appliances can be used as standalone location indicators or supplements, such as loop closure pairs and additional landmarks, to the existed indoor localization system. The experimental results show that the appliance recognition achieves a recall rate of 79.66% under 100% precision, and a 95.43% improvement of localization accuracy is obtained to the pedestrian dead reckoning system over a 621.58-m trajectory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing usage of digital manufacturing (DM) in safety-critical domains is increasing attention on the cybersecurity of the manufacturing process, as malicious third parties might aim to introduce defects in digital designs. In general, the DM process involves creating a digital object (as CAD files) before using a slicer program to convert the models into printing instructions (e.g., g-code) suitable for the target printer. As the g-code is an intermediate machine format, malicious edits may be difficult to detect, especially when the golden (original) models are not available to the manufacturer. In this work, we aim to quantify this hypothesis through a red team/blue team case study, whereby the red team aims to introduce subtle defects that would impact the properties (strengths) of the 3-D printed parts, and the blue team aims to detect these modifications in the absence of the golden models. The case study had two sets of models, the first with 180 designs (with two compromised using two methods) and the second with 4320 designs (with 60 compromised using six methods). Using statistical modeling and machine learning (ML), the blue team was able to detect all the compromises in the first set of data, and 50 of the compromises in the second. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For extrusion-based additive manufacturing, the variation in material deposition can significantly affect printed material distribution, causing infill nonuniformity and defects. These variations are induced by kinematic variations of the printer extruder. Such infill nonuniformity is more significant in an application of collaborative printing systems by which multiple printers’ extrudes co-create the same structure since more accelerate–decelerate kinematic cycles are involved. There is a lack of a quantitative understanding of the impact of printing kinematics on such variations to guide the printing process control. This article deals with the challenge by establishing a mathematical model that quantifies the printing width variations along the printing paths induced by printing speed and acceleration. The model provides vital information for predicting infill pattern nonuniformity and potentially enables using G-code adjustment to compensate for the infill errors in future research. In addition, since the model captures the mechanism of kinematics-induced variations, it provides a way of between-printer knowledge transfer on estimating printing errors. This article further proposes an informative-prior-based transfer learning algorithm to improve the quality prediction model for a printer with limited historical data by leveraging the shared data from interconnected 3-D printers. A case study based on experiments validated the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Note to Practitioners—This article quantitatively studies the impact of extruder kinematics on geometric variations and printing quality in extrusion-based 3-D printing processes. The model can help predict the geometric printing quality and related defects, such as overfill or underfill problems given kinematics setup by G-code. This study can expedite the learning process of printing variations induced by kinematics for new printers to set up monitoring and G-code adjustment for process control in the early stage of production when the data are limited. In the long run, such between-printer transfer learning has the potential to enable the transfer learning for interconnected collaborative 3-D printing systems with improved printing efficiency and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

About 125 years ago, the question of whether a synod established the handed-down classical Reformed Liturgy, and if so, which one, was hotly debated. The answer to this question was important in determining which text should be considered authoritative in the church. It is now clear that the answer has only limited relevance. On the one hand, the text of the Liturgy has certainly been handed down in a broadly correct manner. On the other hand, there is a large number of variations, most of which, however, are of minor importance. The influence of church assemblies on all this is only one factor. This article, therefore, chooses to ask what factors influenced the shape of the Liturgy as it developed in the second half of the sixteenth and the first half of the seventeenth centuries. It names six factors in addition to the (both provincial and national) synods, namely the government, some prominent pastors, local church councils, printers, buyers' tastes, and local practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remanufacturing offers an approach to extend product lifetime beyond its first use. After restoring products to original quality, they are reintroduced to the market. To make products more suited for this approach, and to increase resource-efficiency, design for remanufacturing can be incorporated for new product development. Academic literature points out opportunities for improved implementation particularly through early-stage design activities. This paper presents an in-depth, single case study into the opportunities and barriers to incorporate design for remanufacturing ine early-stage design. The selected case company is a producer of professional imaging equipment with an internal remanufacturing division. The company has decades of experience in remanufacturing and has introduced a company standard on design for End-of-Life. For data collection, employees from different departments were interviewed and observed. Design management theory was used to combine findings from all perspectives into a company-specific strategy map. This map shows departmental interrelations and dependencies, and exposes the opportunities for creating new value through design. At the case company, remanufacturing was found to be separate from, and secondary to, the development of newly manufactured products. If the strategy of a company is not attuned to developing products that serve multiple use-cycles, its execution will remain sub-optimal and remanufacturing will be a value-retention strategy in isolation. These findings may be valid for other companies that have remanufacturing operations, which are separate, as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study into the manufacturing considerations for developing a frequency reconfigurable antenna solution using a low-cost inkjet printing technique is presented in this article. The solution uses an off-the-shelf printer, cartridges filled with nanoparticle silver ink, and inexpensive electronic components. In this study, two conductive patches are printed on an inexpensive polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate, which can provide both switching and tuning by repositioning and rearranging of the components in a single-layer design configuration. The conductive silver provides an insight into the quality of the printed area. Furthermore, it provides information on potential procedures to mount and reattach the components. Inexpensive capacitors and p-i-n diodes were affixed onto the printed aperture using conductive adhesive to create complimentary dipoles for frequency reconfiguration. A single-band switching solution switches between two adjacent frequency bands. A dual-band tuning solution demonstrates dynamic tuning between a range of frequencies. Simulated and measured results are in good agreement with one another. An assortment of bands of operations allows the antennas to be suitable for mobile communication, wireless local area network (WLAN), and sensing applications. The dual-band nature of the tunable antenna can act perfectly as a bridge among 3G, 4G, and 5G communication bands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface mount technology (SMT) is a process for producing printed-circuit boards. The solder paste printer (SPP), package mounter, and solder reflow oven are used for SMT. The board on which the solder paste is deposited from the SPP is monitored by the solder paste inspector (SPI). If SPP malfunctions due to the printer defects, the SPP produces defective products, and then abnormal patterns are detected by SPI. In this article, we propose a convolutional recurrent reconstructive network (CRRN), which decomposes the anomaly patterns generated by the printer defects, from SPI data. CRRN learns only normal data and detects the anomaly pattern through the reconstruction error. CRRN consists of a spatial encoder (S-Encoder), a spatiotemporal encoder and decoder (ST-Encoder-Decoder), and a spatial decoder (S-Decoder). The ST-Encoder-Decoder consists of multiple convolutional spatiotemporal memories (CSTMs) with a spatiotemporal attention (ST-Attention) mechanism. CSTM is developed to extract spatiotemporal patterns efficiently. In addition, an ST-Attention mechanism is designed to facilitate transmitting information from the spatiotemporal encoder to the spatiotemporal decoder, which can solve the long-term dependency problem. We demonstrate that the proposed CRRN outperforms the other conventional models in anomaly detection. Moreover, we show the discriminative power of the anomaly map decomposed by the proposed CRRN through the printer defect classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing is one of the most common additive processes due to its low cost and speed of production. There has been growing interest to have a fleet of such printers, which can be procured at low cost, as they have enormous potential of providing a large volume of continuous production of customized parts on demand. However, the main bottleneck for the FFF printing process is that the part must be manually removed before the next print can commence as the print bed is occupied. Time is also wasted when erroneous print is not stopped. This requirement increases the downtime of the machines significantly, which affects utilization and profit. The process is desired by several industries for continuous printing around the clock. Therefore, this article presents a system with vision-based failure detection and robotic manipulation, termed detect-remove-replace (DRR), to address the aforementioned issues. It provides automated monitoring and part extraction for FFF 3D printers while eliminating the need for manual intervention to enable unmanned continuous printing. The experimental results show that DRR is able to detect common defects of the prints (such as spaghetti, detachment, and air printing) with 85.11% accuracy. In addition, the prints are successfully removed 20 times out of 21 tests, and the heatbed steel sheet is robustly replaced for the next prints with a 100% success rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Las sociedades bíblicas y misioneras comenzaron a distribuir Biblias y textos protestantes en España de manera regular a través de agentes en los años treinta del siglo XIX. En esta estrategia de distribución jugó un papel clave James Graydon. En Barcelona publicó el Nou Testament en catalán (1836) y la Biblia (1837) en español. Ambos fueron impresos en el taller de Antonio Bergnes de las Casas, además de otros impresos protestantes, de tono polémico y apologético, que el colportor distribuyó por toda la costa mediterránea. La red de agentes de Bergnes y el papel jugado por la publicidad en prensa fueron esenciales para la distribución de estos impresos protestantes, generando una importante respuesta católica en los diarios y en textos antiprotestantes, contribuyendo a profundizar el debate sobre la libertad religiosa y la libertad de cultos. = Biblical and missionary societies began to distribute Protestant Bibles and texts in Spain on a regular basis in the 1830s, through agents. One of the most important of these agents was James Graydon. He operated in Barcelona, where he published the Nou Testament in Catalan (1836) and the Biblia (1837) in Spanish. Both works were printed at the workshop of Antonio Bergnes de las Casas, in addition to other polemic and apologetic Protestant, which the colporteur distributed throughout the Mediterranean coast. Bergnes’ network of agents and the role played by press advertising were essential for the distribution of these Protestant works. They were met by a notable response from Catholics, in newspapers and in anti-Protestant texts, which deepened the debate on religious freedom and the freedom of worship.

The formation of modern ethnic and cultural identities in non-state communities is a process that, in addition to general assumptions, also required increased cultivation of the institutional backdrop of the given national movement. In the case of the Bulgarian national revival, one of the characteristic features is the systematic and long-term absence of domestic printing presses, which during almost the entire 19th century limited the development of book culture. A key factor in this cultural situation is not only the weak representation of cultural elites, but also the systematically enforced legislative measures by the Ottoman state, which prevented the establishment of a polygraphic center on Bulgarian territory. For this reason, the printing of nearly all production of Bulgarian books and periodicals was realized outside the Bulgarian lands until the late 1870s. The Tanzimat reforms also had a paradoxical effect, in the context of which the Turkish Press Act came into force. Based on it, the initial prerequisites were created for the gradually introduced censorship, which concerned the entire Ottoman Empire. As part of it, applications for the establishment of printing presses, which were systematically rejected for the Bulgarian lands, were also under thorough control. This paper therefore tries to present a basic typology of censorship measures, which it follows on two basic levels – in the aspects of the external and internal effects of the Ottoman power, at the same time pointing out the fact that the traditions of freedom of speech were not established either during the so-called national revival or after the introduction of the Ottoman constitution from 1876, or even after the liberation of Bulgaria in 1878. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of publishing titles in Bohemia and Moravia at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, whose authors are personalities with their origin from the territory of today's Slovakia, can be observed from multiple aspects. The publication of the majority of these works is concentrated in Prague. The presented study is focused also on a smaller group of titles published outside of Prague, in other, smaller printing centres (in Brno, Olomouc, Litomyšl and Hradec Králové). Their activity begins as early as the end of the 15th century and ends in 1621. We briefly note the authors and the works they published in Bohemia and Moravia, including the printers who printed these works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to preserved dedications of printers, made in the period between 1547 and 1600. Statistical examination showed that only 12 % of the total number of surviving dedications are purely printer dedications (the dedicator acting as the printer in relation to the dedication). In the context of the Czech territory, the dedication was a text introducing the author of the following text (54 %), or the translator, if the publication concerned a translation edition (25 %). Within the specified period of fifty-three years we encounter the dedications of the following printers: Jiří Melantrich of Aventin, Jiří Melantrich the Younger, Daniel Adam of Veleslavín, Anna Adamová of Veleslavín, Burian Valda, Šebestián Oks of Koloves, Alexandr Oujezdecký, Jan the Elder Jičínský, Jiří Černý of Černý Most, Jan Otmar Jakubův Dačický, Daniel Sedlčanský, Michal the Elder Peterle, Štěpán Še-fránek, and Tomáš Taubmann. The list of these fourteen names may be extended by also that of Bartholomew Netolicky, who in 1549 countersigned the dedication to the Czech Bible, alongside Jiří Melantrich. This group of printers - dedicators does not form a comprehensively balanced hegemonic whole, since it can be broken down into those who provided the publications with introductory paratexts on a regular basis and those who did so exceptionally and randomly. The latter undoubtedly include the already mentioned Netolicky, but also Černý of Černý Most, Melantrich the Younger, or Šefránek and Taubmann, who appear sporadically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive study of developing a novel printing system using a low-cost open-source printer for fully 3-D printing frequency-selective surface is presented in this article. The novel printing setup employs a low-cost printer to print a plastic-based filament and a conductive silver ink paste simultaneously. As there were no printers available in the market for this application, the open-source fused filament fabrication (FFF) printer was modified to accommodate two extruders mounted on the same extruder carriage. Techcon TS250 air pressure dispenser was employed for the extrusion of silver ink. Extension pieces for the extruder carriage were also 3-D printed using a fused deposition modeling (FDM) printer to reduce the production costs. A bandstop FSS comprising of square loop elements was designed to demonstrate the full fabrication. The FSS operated at a central frequency of 2.55 GHz and provided a good angle of response with wide bandwidths. Surface profiles of the printed FSS and substrate demonstrate the reliable fabrication of the FSS design. This full 3-D printing method provides an economical, eco-friendly, swift, reliable, and viable substitute for the fabrication of FSS designs that could be highly customized in terms of fabricating 3-D FSS designs with reliable performances. The designs can be printed and deployed to reduce the drop in signal within an enclosed environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If machine failures can be detected preemptively, then maintenance and repairs can be performed more efficiently, reducing production costs. Many machine learning techniques for performing early failure detection using vibration data have been proposed; however, these methods are often power and data-hungry, susceptible to noise, and require large amounts of data preprocessing. Also, training is usually only performed once before inference, so they do not learn and adapt as the machine ages. In this article, we propose a method of performing online, real-time anomaly detection for predictive maintenance using hierarchical temporal memory (HTM). Inspired by the human neocortex, HTMs learn and adapt continuously and are robust to noise. Using the Numenta Anomaly Benchmark, we empirically demonstrate that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms at preemptively detecting real-world cases of bearing failures and simulated 3-D printer failures. Our approach achieves an average score of 64.71, surpassing state-of-the-art deep-learning (49.38) and statistical (61.06) methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing (AM), otherwise known as 3D-Printing (3DP) or rapid prototyping (RP), is the fabrication of an object from zero by means of depositing materials layer by layer. 3DP allows the creation of complex geometrical objects such as human anatomy. 3DP applications in a surgical setting have mainly been described for anatomical models (surgical planning, simulation and education), customized implants, prostheses and surgical guides. In order to 3DP for surgical planning, Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) images are converted to Standard Tessellation Language (STL) files. This process is called segmentation. Segmentation of bone structures is nowadays quite automated, whilst this becomes a challenge when dealing with other anatomical parts such as organs or soft tissues. This review explores what can be done in 3DP for surgical planning beyond bone structures, the current available technology, and clinical applications, limitations of printers and materials and ongoing research.

Phase-only holograms are more attractive than the amplitude holograms for the higher energy utilization and the possibility to realize on-axis holographic 3D display without conjugate image. In this study, we propose a high-resolution phase-only holographic 3D display using the light field images rendered in the frequency domain. The high-resolution phase-only hologram contains a large number of elemental phase-only holograms (EPHs), and each EPH is calculated from the light field image of the corresponding viewing point in frequency domain through weighted GS (Gerchberg-Saxton) algorithm. Parallel calculation is performed to speed up the calculation in the row direction and the previous EPH is used as the initial phase for the current EPH calculation in order to improve the display quality due to the great similarity between adjacent light field images. Two high-resolution phase-only holograms both with the size of 64 mm×64 mm and the resolution of 200k×200k pixels were calculated and printed by our homemade holographic printer. The full-parallax and high quality 3D displays were verified by optical experiments, which have the potential to be applied in holographic advertising and other fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Signal acquisition from mechanical systems working in faulty conditions is normally expensive. As a consequence, supervised learning-based approaches are hardly applicable. To address this problem, a one-shot learning-based approach is proposed for multiclass classification of signals coming from a feature space created only from healthy condition signals and one single sample for each faulty class. First, a transformation mapping between the input signal space and a feature space is learned through a bidirectional generative adversarial network. Next, the identification of different health condition regions in this feature space is carried out by means of a single input signal per fault. The method is applied to three fault diagnosis problems of a three-dimensional printer and outperforms other methods in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Screws are often used to connect 3-D printed parts to other objects. When screwing directly into printed plastic, the reliability is limited, and the connection can wear out over time. For more reliable connections, standard metal nuts are often inserted into slots designed into the object. This article presents an approach where nuts and other ferromagnetic components are integrated directly into the part while printing it. Our prototype machine is a modified Prusa-I3 fused filament fabrication printer with an electromagnetic pick and place tool. We introduce augmented slicing software, where the user can insert generic component models from a library and place them at arbitrary positions in the object. Cavities for the components and additional G-code commands for robotic placing are automatically generated and sent to the printer. A printed component tray is attached to the printbed, allowing different part configurations for each print. The pick and place unit is controlled by our OctoPrint plugin OctoPNP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Questions of legal jurisdiction found in the records for 1479 to 1495 of the Secret Seal section of the Royal Chancellery of Aragón, now in the Archivo de la Corona de Aragón at Barcelona, and concerning the case of an imprisoned printer bring to light the printing of an edition of fake bulls in the Principality of Catalonia in 1493 or 1494. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advent of additive manufacturing and a flurry of new-generation, three-dimensional (3D) printers that hit the market in the early 2000s, biomedical innovators began envisioning the technology as a way to replace damaged or diseased tissue and organs with on-demand, printed parts –. The path from vision to reality was not quite as quick or easy as many anticipated, but research groups today are making headway to keep the technology moving toward its goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Procesos: Revista Ecuatoriana de Historia is the property of Universidad Andina Simon Bolivar, Sede Ecuador and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To address the increasing challenges of counterfeit detection and IP protection for 3D printing, we propose that every 3D printer holds unique fingerprinting features characterized by the thermodynamic properties of the extruder hot-end and can be used as a new way of 3D watermarking. We prove that these physical fingerprints resulting from manufacturing imperfections and system variations exhibit distinct heating responses, namely “ThermoTag,” which can be represented as the distinguishable thermodynamic processes and, ultimately, the temperature readings during the preheating process. Experimental results show that, by only changing the hot-ends of the same model on the same 3D printer, we can achieve about 92% identification accuracy amongst 45 hot-ends. The permanence and robustness of ThermoTag for the same hot-end were examined, throughout a period of one month with hundreds of trials under different environmental temperature settings. Leveraging the hidden ThermoTag, an example of watermarking scheme in 3D printing is presented and evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biblical and missionary societies began to distribute Protestant Bibles and texts in Spain on a regular basis in the 1830s, through agents. One of the most important of these agents was James Graydon. He operated in Barcelona, where he published the Nou Testament in Catalan (1836) and the Biblia (1837) in Spanish. Both works were printed at the workshop of Antonio Bergnes de las Casas, in addition to other polemic and apologetic Protestant, which the colporteur distributed throughout the Mediterranean coast. Bergnes' network of agents and the role played by press advertising were essential for the distribution of these Protestant works. They were met by a notable response from Catholics, in newspapers and in anti-Protestant texts, which deepened the debate on religious freedom and the freedom of worship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Der aus Posen am 14. März 1879 gebürtige Leon Trzebiński war Drucker von Beruf und arbeitete sein ganzes Leben lang in typografischen Betrieben in mehreren Städten. 1900 zog er für kurze Zeit nach Thorn um und verband sich mit der Druckerei Sylwester Buszczyńskis. Als verantwortlicher Redakteur in Pommerellen unterzeichnete er die Nummern von „Gazeta Toruńska“ (von Nr. 78 vom 4. April bis zu Nr. 112 vom 16. Mai 1901) und „Przyjaciel“ (von Nr. 42 vom 6. April bis zu Nr. 59 vom 16. Mai 1901). In den darauffolgenden Jahren war er beschäftigt in Bochum in Westfalen, Graudenz, Dortmund und anderen deutschen Städten. Nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg leitete er die Druckerei in Lissa, wurde Eigentümer eines typografischen Betriebs in Rawicz, und kurz vor dem Ausbruch des Zweiten Weltkrieges kaufte er die Druckerei in Lida (heute Weißrussland). Nach dem Krieg kehrte er nach Großpolen zurück und wurde in den Betrieben in Hirschberg und Fraustadt angestellt. In der letztgenannten Stadt verstarb er am 9. Dezember 1956.

The attempt to analyze and show the important role of Lviv printers and to describe their role in the development of Galician society has been made in the article. This attempt has been made on the basis of documents, the principle of historicism, scientific and objective approach. The importance and problematic of the comprehensive study of the oldest history of the creation, formation and development of Lviv printers’ professional co-operation of mutual assistance has been highlighted, and the history and activities of this organization in stages have been described. In general, trade unions emerged as an independent united self-defense organizations and they were formed in the form of workers’ associations and mutual assistance funds. During the first half of the nineteenth century the crystallization of the activities of trade unions happened under the influence of various measures, hold by the administrations, the police and the authorities. This contributed to the further unification of labor and the creation of all-city union of printers in Lviv. It is quite logical that the basis of their actions was their desire to achieve and get the working solidarity, mutual support and assistance. The activities of the trade union were regulated by the statutes. First of all, the purpose of the establishment and operation of the organization was socio-economic, cultural and educational ones. Those purposes were approved by the relevant state authorities and, thus, prevented trade unions from participating in political life. The short period of the 1860-1880s can be considered to be a separate stage in the process of the formation of the mass trade union movement in Galicia. Together with the trade unions of printers, settlers, brokers, masons, carpenters, builders, tanneries, metal workers, doctors, pharmacists, tradesmen, postmen, civil servants, lawyers and many others united and became active partners of the region. The problem, which has been investigated in the article, has a valuable scientific significance as it allows to solve one of the most important issues: to get the historical understanding of activities of Lviv trade union organizations, which have not been thoroughly studied yet.

For a better knowledge of the economy but also of the editorial enunciation it is convenient to ask about the role of the different actors that cooperate in the manufacture of the book. Of all of them, perhaps the less known and taken into account are the printers, bookbinders and paper stockists. The analysis of the situation of the book arts in Madrid at the end of the 19th century and of the documentation provided by the printing presses of Aguado, Gómez Fuentenebro and López del Horno and two paper warehouses in relation to manufacturing, between 1896 and In 1913, about a hundred books for the Gregorio del Amo Catholic bookshop in Madrid allow a more precise idea of the technical, economic and even aesthetic dimension of their respective contributions.

The convent of Santa Cruz of Dominican nuns in Vitoria-Gasteiz preserves, within its textile heritage, four silk stamped thesis sheets, all from the eighteenth century. The present paper shows a historical and artistic analysis of these printed pieces in Mexico, Bilbao and Zaragoza, unique, no doubt, for the textile support of their stamping. This sort of printed matter, product of academic events at university and convents, gave important support to the engraving, occupying good part of the activity of gravers and printers, who tried to capture in its decoration the same ostentation that was displayed in academic acts.