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Osebe, ki preživijo srčni infarkt, so vključene v program srčno-žilne rehabilitacije, ki poleg telesne vadbe vključuje tudi zdravstveno vzgojo s svetovanjem o zdravem življenjskem slogu in komponente psihološkega zdravljenja. Prehrana predstavlja pomemben del strategij za spremembo življenjskega sloga pri bolnikih po srčnem infarktu. Smernice priporočajo uživanje sredozemske prehrane, saj številne raziskave potrjujejo, da lahko tovrstna prehrana ščiti pred srčno-žilnimi boleznimi in preprečuje zgodnjo umrljivost. Namen magistrskega dela je bil oceniti in ovrednotiti anketne vprašalnike prehranskih navad in vpliv standardne prehranske intervencije na spol, starost, izobrazbo, telesno sestavo, indeks telesne mase, obseg pasu, merjenje krvnega tlaka (mmHg) in laboratorijske kazalnike v primerjavi s spremembo življenjskega sloga, in sicer ob vključitvi in ob zaključku srčno-žilne rehabilitacije. Vključili smo 101 bolnika. Rezultati vprašalnika o prehranskih navadah so pokazali, da se prehrana razlikuje glede na spol, starost in izobrazbo. Statistično značilno razliko smo dokazali pri manjšemu uživanju predelanih mesnih izdelkov, zmerni aerobni vadbi, spanju, krvnemu tlaku, celokupnemu holesterolu in LDL holesterolu. Sprememb v prehranskih navad pred srčno-žilno rehabilitacijo in po njej nismo dokazali. Ugotovili smo, da je za spremembo prehranskih navad potrebno zagotoviti več, kot le eno prehransko svetovanje. Persons who have survived a heart attack are included in a cardiovascular rehabilitation program that encompasses physicalactivity, education on healthy lifestyle choices, and psychologicaltreatment components. Nutrition plays an important part in the lifestyle modifications for patients following a heart attack. The Mediterranean diet is recommended by guidelines due to numerous studies that have shown its effectiveness in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and early mortality. The objective of this master's thesis was to assess and evaluate the efficacy of dietary habits questionnaires and standard nutritional intervention on key factors such as sex, age, education, body composition, body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure (mmHg) measurements and laboratory indicators in comparison with lifestyle changes. These evaluations were conducted both at the start and the conclusion of the cardiovascular rehabilitation program. A total of 101 pacients were included in the study. The results of the dietary habits questionnaire indicated differences in dietary patterns with respect to sex, age, and education. Statistical significance was observed in the reduction of processed meat comsumption, moderate aerobic exercise, sleep, blood pressure, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. Changes in dietary habits before and after cardiovascular rehabilitation were not proven. We concluded that to change dietary habits more than just one nutrition consultation is required.

Nočno delo zaradi spremenjenega ritma spanja in hranjenja lahko poveča tveganje za številne zdravstvene zaplete. Ker je pri nekaterih nujnih poklicih potrebna stalna pripravljenost, so nočne izmene neizogibne. Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti, kako nočno delo vpliva na prehranske navade in izbiro živil delavcev v nujnih službah ter podati preproste smernice za zaposlene, ki jim bodo pomagale pri organizaciji prehrane. Raziskavo smo opravili na 17 policistih, ki opravljajo delo v patrulji. Z anketnim vprašalnikom smo pridobili njihovo subjektivno oceno vpliva nočnega dela na prehrano in počutje, nato smo opravili še priklic jedilnika prejšnjega dne po različnih izmenah in ga ovrednotili glede na Referenčne vrednosti za energijski vnos ter vnos hranil. Ugotovili smo, da med dnevno in nočno izmeno ni bilo pomembnih razlik v energijskem vnosu, smo pa opazili razlike v razmerju makrohranil. Preiskovanci so tekom nočne izmene zaužili večji odstotek energije iz maščob in enostavnih sladkorjev kot tekom dnevne izmene in prostega dneva. V dnevu po nočni izmeni so čutili povečano željo po sladkih, mastnih in energijsko gostih živilih. Načrtovanje in vnaprejšnja priprava domačih obrokov za nočno izmeno nista vplivala na ustreznost obrokov. Glede na to, da se preiskovanci tudi na dan dnevne izmene in prosti dan niso prehranjevali v skladu s smernicami, lahko sklepamo, da gre za splošno pomanjkanje znanja o pripravi uravnoteženih obrokov. Nenazadnje, ker nacionalnih smernic za področje nočnega dela še ni, smo pripravili kratko in osredotočeno brošuro s prehranskimi nasveti namenjenimi delavcem v nočnih službah. Working at night can increase the risk of many diseases due to altered sleeping and eating patterns. There are some emergency services where night shifts are unavoidable. The purpose of this research was to examine, how night work affects eating habits and food choices of emergency workers, and to provide simple guidelines for employees that will help them to organize their diet. The survey was conducted on 17 police officers performing patrol work. We used a questionnaire to obtain their subjective assessment of how night shift influences their diet and well-being. We used a 24-hour recall after three different work shifts, to evaluate the quality of their diet relative to current national guidelines. We found no significant differences in energy intake between day and night shifts, but a significant difference in the ratio of macronutrients. Employees consumed a higher percentage of energy from fats and simple sugars during night shifts compared to day shifts and days off work. They reported an increased craving for sweet, fatty, and energy-dense foods in the day after the night shift. Surprisingly, planning and preparation of home-cooked meals for the night shift did not result in more balanced meals. The fact that employees did not meet the guidelines not even on their day shift or day off, demonstrates that there is a general lack of knowledge about the preparation of balanced meals among workers. Furthermore, national guidelines on nutrition during night shift are still missing, so we prepared a short and focused publication with dietary advice for people working at night.

The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to extreme global consequences. In this paper, changes in the basic segments of students' everyday life and their subjective perception are investigated. The research was conducted in Croatia, Serbia and Slovenia. The application of the mixed method was performed to provide breadth and depth of understanding of students' responses to lifestyle changes. The research was conducted in two phases: a quantitative, using an online survey (N = 1,053), from April 15th to April 28th 2020, and a qualitative, using semi-structured interviews (N = 30), from June 10th to July 27th 2020. Students showed similar responses to the measures, but it turned out that the response in that population was different when their gender and study program were taken into account. The results suggest that students of study programs that are not “health-related” were more sensitive to change in habits than students of “health-related” study programs, but generally changes are visible in sleep patterns (going to bed late and waking up 60 to 80 min earlier). At the same time, the time spent in front of screens increased, from M = 4.49 (SD = 2.72) hours to M= 8.27 (SD = 3.44) hours during Covid-19, not only due to the transition to e-learning, but also due to a “stay at home” measure. Furthermore, students were less physically active, there was a decrease in exercise by 20 min (SD = 86.52) and a decrease in walking (M = 54 min, SD = 103.62) per day, and what is positive is that they were able to maintain the recommended amount of physical activity. The research contributes to the understanding of social consequences of extraordinary measures in students as young, healthy and highly educated social actors, as well as deeper insight into everyday strategies they undertake to counter or adapt to the new situation. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Soavtorji: Ivana M. Milovanović, Darko Katović, Sunčica Bartoluci, Sandra S. Radenović. Opis vira z dne 31. 8. 2022. Bibliografija: str. 14-15. Abstract. ARRS, Raziskovalni programi, SI, Kineziologija za kakovost življenja

Rekreativni športniki in športnice imajo glede na vrsto, stopnjo, intenzivnost in trajanje športne dejavnosti povišane potrebe po energiji in hranilih. Neustrezne prehranske strategije, ki so lahko posledica namernih ali nenamernih odločitev, lahko vodijo do razvoja stanja nizke energijske razpoložljivosti (ang. Low energy availability – LEA) za osnovne življenjske funkcije. To stanje povzroča sindrom relativnega energijskega pomanjkanja v športu (ang. Relative energy deficiency in sports – RED-s), ki se klinično odraža v zmanjšanju zmogljivosti pri telesni dejavnosti in razvoju različnih zdravstvenih težav. Z raziskavo smo želeli oceniti povezavo LEA z različnimi omejitvami v prehrani in prenizkim vnosom ogljikovih hidratov (OH). Vnos OH, način prehranjevanja in energijsko razpoložljivost rekreativnih vzdržljivostnih športnikov smo ocenili z analiziranjem prehranskih navad, uporabo 3-dnevnega prehranskega dnevnika ter opravljenimi meritvami sestave telesa z metodo bioelektrične impedančne analize (BIA). Rekreativne športnike smo na podlagi izračunane energijske razpoložljivosti (ER) razdelili v dve skupini glede na postavljeno mejo za LEA (30 kcal/kg puste telesne mase/dan). S primerjavo razširjenosti uporabe diet, števila dnevno zaužitih obrokov in vnosa posameznih makrohranil med skupinama nismo ugotovili povezave med prehranjevanjem z omejitvami in LEA. So pa rezultati raziskave pokazali prisotnost dietnega načina prehranjevanja med rekreativnimi športniki. Povezavo med prenizkim vnosom OH in LEA smo s primerjavo podatkov med skupinama potrdili. Športniki, ki so zaužili manj OH/kg telesne mase/dan, so imeli izmerjeno ER nižjo v primerjavi s športniki, ki so zaužili več OH. Rezultati raziskave nakazujejo, da je ustrezen vnos OH pomemben za preprečevanje LEA in ohranjanja športnikovega zdravja. Recreational athletes have, considering the type, level, intensity and duration of physical activity, a higher need for energy and nutrients. Improper nutritional strategy, which can be a consequence of either intentional or unintentional decisions, could lead to the development of low energy availability (LEA) for basic life functions. This state causes the syndrome of relative energy deficiency in sports (RED-s), which is clinically reflected in a decrease in athlete’s performance and the development of various health problems. The aim of our study is to assess the connection between LEA and various dietary restrictions and too low carbohydrate intake. Carbohydrate intake, diets and energy availability of recreational endurance athletes were evaluated by analysing eating habits, use of 3-day food diary and measurements of body composition with bio-electrical impedance analysis (BIA) method. On the basis of calculated energy availability (EA), recreational athletes were divided into two groups considering the limit for LEA (30 kcal/kg fat free mass/day). By comparing the use of diets, number of daily meals and individual macronutrient intake for both groups, we were not able to establish correlation between dietary restrictions and LEA. Nevertheless, the results of the study showed the presence of dietary food regime among recreational athletes. By comparing the data for two groups, we confirmed the correlation between too low carbohydrate intake and LEA. The athletes who consumed less carbohydrates/kg body mass/day had lower EA in comparison with the athletes who consumed more carbohydrates. The results of the study indicate that appropriate carbohydrate intake is important for prevention of LEA and maintaining the athlete’s health.

Uravnotežena prehrana je ključnega pomena pri ohranjanju zdravja in zmanjševanju tveganja za nastanek virusnih bolezni, kot je tudi covid-19. Prehranske navade odraslih so se v času pandemije covida-19 spremenile. Vzrokov za spremembe prehranskih navad je bilo več, med njimi manj redno obiskovanje trgovin, zmanjšanje prihodka zaradi izgube službe ali zmanjšanega obsega dela, strah pred okužbo, delo od doma, slabša dostopnost hrane, zmanjšana telesna dejavnost, zaprtje vzgojno izobraževalnih ustanov, restavracij, lokalov in javnega življenja. Ukrepi in spremljanje novic so pri posameznikih lahko povzročili osebne stiske, stres in tesnobo. Mednarodne in nacionalne organizacije ter zdravstveni delavci in prehranski svetovalci so ljudi nagovarjali k uživanju uravnotežene prehrane, ki naj bi vsebovala sveže sadje in zelenjavo, oreške, polnozrnata žita in živila živalskega izvora. Odsvetovali so uživanje večjih količin živil z visokim deležem sladkorja, nasičenih maščob in soli ter prehranjevanje zunaj doma. Odrasli so uživali več obrokov kot običajno, pogosteje so zajtrkovali in uživali hrano v poznih večernih urah. Iz higienskih razlogov in strahu pred okužbo so ljudje pogosteje nakupovali pakirana živila z daljšim rokom uporabnosti, zato se je vidno zmanjšalo uživanje svežega sadja in zelenjave, rib, morskih sadežev, svežega mleka in mesa. Odrasli so pogosteje posegali po sladkih in slanih prigrizkih, zaprtje kavarn pa je bilo vzrok za zmanjšan vnos kave, sladkih brezalkoholnih in energijskih pijač ter alkohola. Vnos alkohola se je povečal predvsem pri posameznikih, ki so že predhodno imeli težave s čezmernih uživanjem alkohola in pri ljudeh z otroki. Sorazmerno z zmanjšanjem prehranjevanja v restavracijah se je zmanjšalo uživanje hitre hrane, povečala pa se je domača priprava obrokov. A balanced diet is the key to maintaining good health and reducing the risk of developing viral diseases, including COVID-19. Eating habits of adults changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. There are several reasons for these changes, such as less frequent shopping, reduced income due to job losses or reduced working hours, fear of infection, work from home, poor access to food, reduced physical activity, closing of educational institutions, restaurants, bars and other restrictions on public life. Individuals may have suffered personal distress, stress and anxiety due to the COVID-19 measures and news coverage. International and national organizations, as well as health professionals and nutrition consultants encouraged people to eat a balanced diet that includes fresh fruits and vegetables, nuts, whole grains, and animal source foods. They advised against eating large amounts of foods high in sugar, saturated fats, salt, and warned against eating outside home. Adults ate more meals than usual, had breakfast more often, and ate late in the evening. Due to sanitary reasons and fear of infection, people were more likely to buy packaged foods with a longer shelf life. Therefore, the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables, fish, seafood, fresh milk and meat reduced significantly. People indulged more often in sweet and salty snacks, while the closing of cafes resulted in reduced consumption of coffee, sugary and energy drinks, and alcohol. Alcohol intake increased mainly in individuals who had already had problems with excessive alcohol consumption and in adults with children. Fast food consumption decreased proportionately to the decrease of food consumption in restaurants, while home cooking increased.

Uravnotežena in pestra prehrana je pomembna za rast in razvoj otroka. Standardi prehrane v vzgojno izobraževalnih ustanovah so v Sloveniji določeni na državnem nivoju, smernice pa služijo kot praktična pomoč pri izvajanju. Namen raziskave je bil ovrednotiti sestavo in hranilno vrednost celodnevnih obrokov za otroke dveh starostnih skupin v vrtcu (tj. zajtrk, dopoldanska malica, kosilo) v obdobju enega meseca (tj. 20 delovnih dni). Opazovana hranila so bila maščobe, ogljikovi hidrati, beljakovine, nasičene maščobe, skupni sladkorji, skupna prehranska vlaknina, natrij (sol), kalcij in magnezij. Raziskovalni del naloge je potekal tako, da smo v vrtčevski kuhinji štiri tedne z metodo tehtanja ugotavljali količine zaužitih porcij. Hranilno sestavo obrokov smo preračunali z uporabo spletnega orodja OPKP ter izračunane vrednosti statistično obdelali s pomočjo računalniškega programa Microsoft Excel. Rezultate, ki smo jih dobili z analizo, smo primerjali s priporočenimi vrednostmi, ki so navedene v Smernicah zdravega prehranjevanja v vzgojno izobraževalnih-ustanovah. Povprečna energijska vrednost celodnevnih obrokov v vrtcu je bila nižja od priporočene v vseh štirih tednih, ko smo obravnavali jedilnike. Rezultati analiz so pokazali, da otroci v celodnevnih obrokih v povprečju zaužijejo manj maščob kot je priporočeno. Vrednosti zaužitih ogljikovih hidratov so pri prvi starostni skupini nižje od priporočenih, medtem ko so pri drugi starostni skupini v skladu s priporočili. Otroci obeh starostnih skupin so zaužili dovolj beljakovin in prehranske vlaknine. Vnos skupnih sladkorjev z obravnavanimi obroki vrtčevske prehrane pa je bil večji od priporočenega pri obeh starostnih skupinah. Večina velikosti zaužitih porcij celodnevnih obrokov je bila dokaj v skladu s priporočenimi. A balanced and varied diet is important for the growth and development of a child. Nutrition standards in educational institutions in Slovenia are set at the national level, and the guidelines serve as practical assistance in implementation. The purpose of this thesis was to evaluate the composition and nutritional value of full-day meals for children of two age groups in kindergarten (i.e., breakfast, morning snack, lunch) over the period of one month (i.e., 20 working days). The observed nutrients were fats, carbohydrates, proteins, saturated fats, sugars, total dietary fibre, sodium (salt), calcium, and magnesium. The research part of this thesis was carried out by determining the nutritional composition of meals in the kindergarten kitchen for four weeks. This was recalculated using the online tool OPEN (Platform for Clinical Nutrition) and the calculated values were statistically processed using the computer program Microsoft Excel, while the mass of consumed meals was determined by weighing. The results obtained by the analysis were compared with the recommended values given in the guidelines for healthy eating in educational institutions provided by the National Institute of Public health. The average energy value of full-day meals in the kindergarten was lower than recommended in all four weeks when the menus were examined. The results of the analysis showed that, on average, children consume less fat in full-day meals than recommended. The values of consumed carbohydrates are lower than recommended in the first age group, while they are in line with the recommendations in the second age group. Children of both age groups consumed enough protein and dietary fibre. The intake of sugars was higher than recommended in both age groups. Most of the sizes of ingested portions of full-day meals were fairly in line with the recommended ones.

Diplomsko delo skuša prikazati, kako so historični dogodki v 19. stoletju vplivali na spreminjanje in razvoj prehrane na Slovenskem. 19. stoletje je ključno za razvoj prehrane. Industrijska revolucija je povzročila odkritje novih naprav in postopkov, pomembnih na področju prehrane. Mednje sodijo novosti na področju kmetovanja, predelave in prodaje. Na slednje je močno vplivala globalizacija, ki je povečala obseg trgovanja z živili. Temu je sledila sprememba kulinaričnih teženj, saj so bila na voljo nova živila. Svetovna trgovina je na slovensko področje prinesla tudi tuje prehranske prakse. Poleg materialnih sprememb se je v tem stoletju spreminjala tudi družba, skupaj z njo pa so se spreminjali pogledi na prehrano. Nastale so nove ideologije o prehrani. Ta pa se ni spreminjala le z inovacijami in novimi nazori. Nanjo so vplivala tudi obdobja lakot, vojn in epidemij. V socialnem kontekstu je zanimivo, kako so se prehranske navade spreminjale znotraj določenih družbenih razredov in kakšna je bila razlika med njimi. V tem delu sem se osredotočil na glavne tri skupine: kmetje, proletariat ter premožnejši sloj. The thesis attempts to show how historical events in the 19th century influenced the change and development of nutrition in Slovenia.The 19th century is a crucial period for the development of nutrition. The Industrial Revolution led to the discovery of new devices and processes important in the field of nutrition. These included innovations in farming, processing and marketing. The latter has been strongly influenced by globalisation, which has increased the volume of food trade. This has been followed by a change in culinary trends as new foods have become available. World trade has also brought foreign food practices into the Slovenian sphere. In addition to material changes, society also changed during this century, and so did attitudes to food. New ideologies about nutrition emerged. It was not only innovation and new ideas that changed diet. It was also influenced by periods of famine, war and epidemics. In a social context, it is interesting to see how dietary habits changed within and between certain social classes. In this work I have focused on the main three groups: peasants, the proletariat and the wealthier classes.

Zdrava prehrana je ključna v otroštvu, saj vpliva na telesni in kognitivni razvoj otrok s privzgojo zdravih prehranskih navad vplivamo tudi na prehranjevanje kasneje v življenju. Namen magistrske naloge je bil pridobiti vpogled v prehranske navade otrok, šolsko prehrano in vpliv le-te na povečano tveganje za razvoj metabolnega sindroma (ptMS). Raziskava se je pričela jeseni 2017 in je zajemala 63 otrok zaključnih razredov petih osnovnih šol po Sloveniji in njihovih staršev. Dodatno smo jih razdelili glede na tip osnovne šole EKO (vključene v mednarodni program Ekošola) in običajne šole. Raziskovalni del je zajemal telefonsko anketiranje enega od staršev in otroka, kjer so odgovarjali na sociodemografska vprašanja ter vprašalnik o pogostosti uživanja živil. Antropometrične podatke smo pridobili iz športnovzgojnih kartonov, naknadno smo izračunali delež telesne maščobe. Ugotovili smo, da učenke in učenci EKO šol niso imeli statistično značilno nižjega indeksa telesne mase (p=0,699 in p=0,789) ter odstotka maščevja (BFP) (p=0,920 in p=0,504) od učencev in učenk običajnih šol, vendar so imeli fantje v primerjavi z dekleti statistično značilno nižji BFP (p=0,000). Učenci iz EKO šol so zaužili več zelenjave (p=0,004) kot učenci iz običajnih šol, medtem ko hipoteze o več zaužitega sadja (p=0,872) in manj sladkorja (p=0,761) nismo potrdili. Ne glede na spol in tip šole, vnos sladkorja v raziskavo vključenih otrok povprečno predstavlja 15 % dnevnega energijskega vnosa. 70,0 % otrok dnevno zajtrkuje, 87,3 % pa jih ima vsaj štiri obroke dnevno. Po izračunu tri-ponderalnega indeksa (kilogram telesne mase/m3) smo ugotovili, da je imelo ptMS kar 60,3 % otrok, od tega več fantov (60,5 %) kot deklet (39,5 %), vendar je treba opozoriti, da se je uporabljena metodologija razlikovala od prvotno objavljene. Statistično značilno višji indeks maščevja (kilogram telesne maščobe/m3) ne glede na tip šole je bil višji pri dekletih kot fantih. (p=0,030). Nismo uspeli dokazati, da bi imel tip šole vpliv na ptMS. Za bolj natančno in realno oceno vpliva šolske prehrane na pojav MS pri slovenskih otrocih bi bilo potrebno izpeljati klinično študijo z več udeleženci in večjim številom vključenih osnovnih šol. A healthy diet is crucial in childhood because it affects the physical and cognitive development of children. By promoting healthy eating habits, we also influence healthy nutrition choices later in life. The purpose of this study was to gain insight into children’s eating habits, school nutrition and its impact on the increased risk of developing of metabolic syndrome (ptMS). The survey began in the fall of 2017 and included 63 children of the final grade of five elementary schools across Slovenia and their parents. We further divided them by the type of school: ECO (participate in an international program of ECO schools) schools and others. The research included telephone survey of one of the parents and the child answering questions from a socio-demographic and a food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometric data were obtained from sport records and fat ratio was calculated subsequently. Boys and girls who attended ECO schools did not have significantly lower BMI (p=0,699 and p=0,789) and fat percentage (BFP) (p=0,920 and p=0,504) than those who attended other schools, but boys did have significantly lower BFP than girls (p=0,000). However, children in ECO schools consumed more vegetables (p=0,004), whereas the hypothesis of more fruit consumption (p=0,872) and less sugar consumption (p=0,076) was not confirmed. Regardless of the school type and gender, sugar intake on average represented 15% of daily energy intake. 70.0 % of children had breakfast daily, 87,3 % has at least four meals a day. After calculating tri-ponderal mass index (kilogram body weight/m3), we found that 60,3% of children were at risk of MS, more boys (60,5 %) than girls (39,5 %), although it has to be stressed that the methodology used differed from the originally published. Girls had statistically higher fat mass index (kilogram fat mass/ m3) than boys (p=0,030). We have not statistically demonstrated that school type has an effect on ptMS. For more accurate and realistic assessment of the impact of school nutrition on the occurrence of MS in Slovenian children, it would be necessary to conduct a clinical study with more participants and a larger number of primary schools involved.

Diplomsko delo skuša prikazati, kako sta se spreminjala prehranjevanje ter odnos ljudi do hrane skozi 20. stoletje v Združenih državah Amerike (ZDA) in v Evropi, in morebitno korelacijo med novimi, modernimi prehranskimi navadami in porastom modernih, kroničnih bolezni. Industrijska revolucija, modernizacija in globalizacija so nedvomno korenito spremenile prehranske modele ljudi in razrahljale evolucijske vezi med človekom in naravo: ljudje jemo vse manj naravne, lokalne in sezonske hrane, v naši prehrani pa je vedno več industrijsko predelanih živil, sezonska in eksotična živila so nam dostopna vse leto, pomanjkanj hrane ne poznamo, v razvitih državah je hrane še preveč. Ključne spremembe, ki so pripeljale do današnjih prehranskih navad, izvirajo iz 50. let 20. stoletja, ko so začeli znanstveniki v ZDA iskati rešitve za novo epidemijo – srčno bolezen. Kot krivca so videli nasičene, živalske maščobe, ki so jih postopoma v prehrani začele zamenjevati rastlinska olja in maščobe. Začela je prevladovati nizkomaščobna ideja, deleža živalskih maščob in rdečega mesa sta se v prehrani ljudi skozi stoletje postopoma drastično zmanjšala. V 80. letih je nizkomaščobna prehrana postala državna strategija v ZDA, začele so nastajati prve prehranske smernice, ki so podlaga za vse današnje prehranske smernice. Žal pa prehranske strategije niso prinesle željenih rezultatov, saj moderne, kronične bolezni strmo naraščajo, kar lahko deloma pripišemo modernim prehranskim navadam in modernemu življenjskemu slogu. Undergraduate thesis attempts to show how people’s diet and attitudes towards food have changed over the 20th century in United Stated of America (US) and Europe and potential correlation between new, modern dietary habits and the rise of modern, chronic diseases. Industrial revolution, modernisation and globalisation have undoubtedly radically changed people's dietary models and loosen evolutionary bonds between humans and nature: people eat less and less natural, local and seasonal food, there are more and more industrially processed foods in our diet, seasonal and exotic foods are available to us all year round, we do not know food shortages, there is even too much food in developed countries. The key changes that led to today’s eating habits date back to the 1950s, when scientists in the US began looking for solutions to a new epidemic - heart disease. As the culprit, they saw saturated, animal fats, which gradually began to be replaced by vegetable oils and fats in the diet. The low-fat idea began to prevail, the proportions of animal fats and red meat in human diet gradually decreased drastically over the century. In the 1980s, the low-fat diet became a national strategy in the US and the first dietary guidelines began to emerge, which are the basis for all of today’s dietary guidelines. Unfortunately, dietary strategies have not yielded the desired results as modern, chronic diseases are rising sharply, which can be in part attributed to modern dietary habits and modern lifestyle.

Raziskave kažejo, da je stres povezan s spremembami prehranjevalnega vedenja, saj preusmerja izbiro živil na tiste z večjo energijsko vrednostjo ter visoko vsebnostjo sladkorja in maščob. Stres je eden izmed faktorjev, ki lahko vpliva na vedenje in zdravje posameznika, še posebej, ko se ta sooča z izzivi, ki presegajo njegove sposobnosti. Psihološki stres je neobhoden del življenja. Kljub temu, da se dejavniki, ki povzročajo stres, zelo razlikujejo od človeka do človeka kakor tudi med spoloma, pa so si psihološki odzivi človeškega telesa proti stresu precej podobni. Namen diplomskega dela je bil ugotoviti, ali obstaja povezava med stresnimi dejavniki in prehranjevalnim vedenjem pri študentih. Podatki, ki smo jih pridobili z anketo, kažejo na povezavo med stresom in prehranjevanjem, saj je 56 % anketirancev navedlo, da pod vplivom stresa posegajo po nezdravi hrani. 45 % študentov je navedlo, da v takem stanju zaužijejo količinsko več hrane. V kategoriji živil z večjo vsebnostjo sladkorja, maščob in soli se je izkazalo, da nekatere od teh živil študentje v času izpostavljenosti stresu uživajo prepogosto. 45 % anketirancev je odgovorilo, da posegajo po bonbonih in čokoladi kar 1 do 3-krat na teden. Prav tako jih enak delež uživa pecivo, sladice in slaščice 1 do 3-krat na teden. Kot zelo stresne dejavnike so študentje navedli: neuspeh, težave in nesporazumi s partnerjem, nezadostno znanje pred kolokvijem/izpitom. Researches suggest that stress alters eating behaviour, redirecting food choices to food with greater energy value and high sugar and fat content. Stress is one of a factor which may influence behaviours and health especially when an individual faces challenges that surpass his or her coping skills. Psychological stress, a perceived challenge to well being, is an indispensable and influential part of life. Although stress-causing factors vary greatly from person to person and between the genders, physiological reactions of the human body against stress are quite similar to each other. The purpose of B. Sc. Thesis is to find out the connection between stress factors and eating behaviour of students. The data we obtained with the survey indicate the link between stress and nutrition, as 56% of respondents reported that they encounter unhealthy food under the influence of stress. 45% of students reported that they consumed more food in such a condition. In the category of foods with larger content of sugar, fat and salt, it turned out that students are consuming some of these foods too often. 45% of respondents claimed that they eat candy and chocolate even 1 to 3 times a week. Also, the same proportion of students enjoy cakes, desserts and confectionery 1 to 3 times a week. As a very stressful factors students reported: failure, problems and misunderstandings with partner, inadequate knowledge before preliminary exam/test.

Bolnice, ki zbolijo za rakom dojke, pogosto spremenijo življenjski slog. Glavni cilj magistrske naloge je ocena vpliva spremembe prehrane in telesne aktivnosti na morebitno spremembo telesne sestave bolnic z rakom dojke med dopolnilnim hormonskim zdravljenjem. S prehransko intervencijo smo želeli preprečiti nenamerno pridobivanje telesne mase in izgubo mišične mase. Ob prvem pregledu so bolnice izpolnile vprašalnik za oceno prehranskega stanja in telesne aktivnosti ter tridnevni prehranski dnevnik. Nato smo opravili meritev telesne sestave z bioimpedanco in prehransko intervencijo s strani kliničnega dietetika. Kontrolna obravnava je sledila čez tri mesece, ko smo postopek ponovili. Na podlagi vzorca prehranjevanja, telesne aktivnosti ter menopavznega statusa smo rezultate telesne sestave med seboj primerjali in jih statistično analizirali. Večina bolnic, ki ni spremenila svojih prehranjevalnih navad, je pridobila na telesni masi in to predvsem na maščobni masi. Več kot polovica v raziskavo vključenih bolnic je po podani prehranski intervenciji spremenila svojo prehrano, kar je pri večini privedlo k izgubi telesne in maščobne mase ter povečanja indeksa puste telesne mase ter faznega kota. Telesna aktivnost je pozitivno vplivala na bolnice, ki so dosegale priporočila. Na podlagi dobljenih rezultatov lahko zaključimo, da prehrana in telesna aktivnost vplivata na telesno sestavo pri takšnih bolnicah. Breast cancer patients often change their lifestyle. The main goal of the master's thesis was to evaluate the effect of changes in their diet and physical activity on a possible change in body composition during adjuvant hormone therapy. With nutritional intervention we wanted to prevent gain weight and loss of muscle mass. At the first examination patients completed a questionnaire for evaluation nutritional status and physical activity and a three-day food diary. Then we measured the body composition with bioimpedance and made dietary intervention by a clinical dietitian. The control treatment using this procedure was repeated three months later. The results of body composition were compared and statistically analyzed based on the pattern of nutrition, physical activity and menopausal status. Most of the patients who did not change their eating habits gained weight. More than half of the patients involved in the study have changed their diet after dietary intervention, which in most cases led to a loss of body weight and fat. Physical activity had a positive effect on the patients who followed recommendations. Based on the results, we can conclude that diet and physical activity affect the body composition of such patients.

Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti, kakšen je vpliv študija na spremembe prehranskih navad (PN), vnos živil in telesno dejavnost pri študentih Biotehniške fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani. Sestavili smo vprašalnik iz dveh delov v prvem smo študente vprašali o njihovih prehranskih navadah, pogostosti uživanja 24 "markerskih" živil pred začetkom študija in po njem, pogostosti uživanja posameznih obrokov in načinu priprave hrane. V drugem delu vprašalnika smo študente vprašali glede njihovih gibalnih navad pred začetkom študija in po njem. Anketo je do konca izpolnilo 230 študentov prve in druge bolonjske stopnje s 14 študijskih smeri Biotehniške fakultete. Rezultati so pokazali, da so se PN spremenile pri večini anketiranih študentov (73,9 %), ne glede na to, ali so s pričetkom študija spremenili kraj bivanja ali ne. Rezultati so pokazali, da po začetku študija študentje uživajo manj sadja in zelenjave, kot so jih v času srednješolskega izobraževanja. Večkrat na dan uživa sveže sadje 28,3 % anketiranih študentov, svežo zelenjavo pa le 15,7 % študentov. V študentskih menzah se nikoli ne prehranjuje 37,0 % študentov, 30,9 % študentov pa si več kot 5-krat na teden hrano pripravi doma. Zadostno (140–310 minut/teden) se telesno udejstvuje 28,7 % študentov, kar je manj kot pred pričetkom študija (31,7 %). The aim of this research was to determine the influence of study on changes in dietary habits, intake of food and physical activity among students at the Biotechnical faculty of University of Ljubljana. We compiled a two-part questionnaire. In first part we asked the students about their dietary habits, the frequency of consuming the 24 "marker" foods before and after the start of the study, the frequency of meals and the method of preparing food. In the second part of the questionnaire we asked the students about their physical activity before and after the start of the study. The questionnaire was completed by 230 students of 1st and 2nd degree of Bologna system from 14 fields of study at the Biotechnical Faculty. The results showed, that dietary habits changed in most of the respondents (73.9 %), regardless of whether they changed the permanent residence at the beginning of the study. The results showed, that after the start of the study, students consume less fruits and vegetables. 28.3 % of students consume fresh fruits and only 15.7 % of students consume fresh vegetables several times per day. 37 % of students never eat in student cafeteria and 30.9 % of students prepare home cooked meals 5 times a week. 28.7 % of students were sufficiently physicaly active (140-310 min/week) when they started university, which is less than before the beginning of the study (31.7 %).

Osnovna naloga za ohranjanje zdravja in omogočanje normalnega telesnega razvoja mladih športnikov je uživanje zadostne količine hrane in doseganje hranilnih potreb. Ko je osnovni pogoj izpolnjen, se je potrebno osredotočiti na potrebe, ki so odvisne od vrste fizične aktivnosti oz. športa. Namen diplomskega dela je ugotoviti prehransko znanje in prehranske navade mladih športnikov. V raziskovalnem delu sem z vprašalnikom ugotavljal njihovo prehransko znanje in prehranske navade. Anketiranih je bilo 75 mladih športnikov, katere sem razdelil v skupini otrok in mladostnikov. Otroci so rojeni med leti 2005 in 2008, mladostniki pa med 2000 in 2004. Rezultati ne kažejo večjih razlik v prehranskem znanju in prehranskih navadah med otroki in mladostniki. Njihovo prehransko znanje je pomanjkljivo. Rezultati kažejo, da večina mladih športnikov ne pozna priporočenih razmerij med skupinami živil, ki so vključena v prehranski krožnik in slabo poznajo priporočeno količino dnevno popite vode. Velik delež mladih športnikov, kar 75,7 %, redno zajtrkuje, 60,0 % pa jih vsak dan zaužije najmanj 5 obrokov hrane. Vodo uživajo bolj pogosto kot sladke pijače. Anketirani športniki manj pogosto uživajo zelenjavo. Rezultati kažejo, da imajo starši in trenerji pomemben vpliv na prehransko znanje in prehranske navade mladih športnikov, zato je pomembno, da se zavedajo svoje odgovornosti in se na tem področju izpopolnjujejo. Meeting higher nutrient and energy requirement is crucial for a healthy growth, development and maturation of a young athlete. Population dietary guidelines references values are appropriate for addressing the micronutrient and energy requirements of children and adolescents, those involved in high-intensity sports training programs have higher nutrient and energy requirements. The purpose of the thesis is to determine the nutritional knowledge and nutritional habits of young athletes. In the research section of the thesis, with the help of a questionnaire, we determined their nutritional knowledge and nutritional habits. 75 young athletes were surveyed, divided into groups based by their age (children and adolescent). Children were born between 2005 and 2008, adolescents were born between 2000 and 2004. The results show no significant differences in nutritional knowledge and nutritional habits between children and adolescents. Their nutritional knowledge is insignificant. Results show that most young athletes do not know the relative proportions of each of the food groups to include on a healthy plate and do not know the daily fluid recommendations. A large proportion of young athletes, 75.7%, regularly eat breakfast, and 60.0% eat at least five meals a day. They consume water more preferably and more often than sweet drinks. The surveyed athletes are less likely to consume vegetables. The results show that parents and trainers have a significant impact on the nutritional knowledge and nutritional habits of young athletes, so it is important that they are aware of their responsibilities and improve their own nutritional knowledge to help young athletes develop healthy nutritional habits for life.

Neuravnotežena prehrana je eden izmed glavnih dejavnikov tveganja za zdravje, saj lahko vpliva na razvoj in napredovanje kroničnih nenalezljivih boleznih (KNB), na povišano telesno maso oz. debelost in tudi na hranilno podhranjenost. Na neustrezne prehranske izbire naj bi imela največji vpliv cena hrane, kar je še posebej opazno pri socialno šibkejših. Slovenske raziskave kažejo, da je prehrana prebivalcev neustrezna oz. nezdrava, zato je bil namen naše raziskave oblikovati slovensko prehransko košarico (PK) na stroškovno učinkovit način, ki bi pomagala ohranjati zdravje, preprečiti pomanjkanje posameznih mikrohranil in bila istočasno kulturno in cenovno sprejemljiva, še posebej za ljudi z nižjimi dohodki. PK smo oblikovali z metodo linearnega programiranja (LP) in v sestavo PK vključili živila, ki so pogosto del prehrane Slovencev. S pomočjo LP smo izdelali pet PK za štiričlansko družino, pri katerih smo upoštevali Referenčne vrednosti za vnos hranil (2004), slovenske smernice in prehranske navade Slovencev. Ugotovili smo, da je najbolj poceni (2,38 €/dan) PK, ki upošteva le priporočila slovenskih smernic, sledi ji kulturno sprejemljiva PK, ki upošteva prehranske navade Slovencev (6,33 €/dan), vendar z obema ne zadostimo potrebam po vseh hranilih. Naslednja je hranilno zadostna PK, ki upošteva referenčne vrednosti in stane 6,92 €/dan, vendar z njo ne zadostimo potrebam po vitaminu D. Malenkost dražja (7,28 €/dan) je PK, ki upošteva referenčne vrednosti in slovenske smernice, toda tudi z njo ne dosežemo priporočil za vitamin D. Najdražja je PK, ki upošteva prehranske navade Slovencev in referenčne vrednosti. Cena takšne PK znaša 18,36 €/dan in z njo pokrijmo potrebe po vseh mikro- in makrohranilih. Kot eno izmed možnih prilagoditev smo izdelali še redukcijsko PK za žensko staro 25-51 let in ugotovili, da cena takšne PK, za eno osebo, znaša 4,67 €/dan in z njo zadostimo čisto vsem priporočilom. Izdelava PK z metodo LP lahko olajša razvoj nacionalnih prehranskih priporočil na stroškovno učinkovit način. Potrebno je le še raziskati kako priporočila o zdravem prehranjevanju najbolj učinkovito implementirali med populacijo. One of the main health risks today is the unbalanced diet. It can influence the progression of non-communicable diseases (NCD), obesity and even micronutrient deficiencies. The price of food is supposed to have the one of the biggest influences on the food that people buy, especially for people with low socio-economic status. In addition, studies show that diet of Slovenians is inappropriate and unhealthy and due to these facts, the main aim of our study was to construct a low-cost and at the same time nutritious Slovenian food basket (FB) that would help maintain the health of population, prevent lack of certain micronutrients but at the same time be culturally and economically acceptable, especially for people with lower income. The FBs were built using Linear Programming (LP). The foods included in FBs were chosen according to the eating habits of Slovenians. We constructed five FBs for a four member family, at which we considered Slovenian dietary guidelines (SDG), eating habits of Slovenians and recommendations for nutrient intake. Our results show that the cheapest FB is the FB that considers only SDG (2.38€), a bit more expensive FB is the one following eating habits of Slovenians (6.33€), but both of them do not meet all nutrient recommendations. Next in line is the FB that follows recommendations for nutrient intake (6.92€), but it does not satisfy recommendation for vitamin D. This is also seen in FB that considers SDG and recommendations for nutrient intake (7.28€/day). The most expensive FB, with 18.36€/day, is the one that takes into account recommendations for nutrient intake and the Slovenian eating habits. This FB covers all micro- and macronutrients. As one of the possible adjustments we constructed a reduction FB for women aged 25-51 years. The price of such FB for one person was 4.67€/day, and it meets all recommendations for nutrient intake. The process of building a FB using LP can help develop cost efficient national food recommendations. What still needs to be explored is how to implement the recommendations of healthy eating habits among the Slovenian population.

Namen diplomskega dela je bil ugotoviti značilnosti vedenjskega sloga dijakov in dijakinj Gimnazije Vič v Ljubljani. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 100 dijakov in dijakinj prvega ter tretjega letnika. Uporabili smo prirejen anketni vprašalnik »Z zdravjem povezan vedenjski slog« (CINDI, 2017). Vprašalnik je vseboval 44 spremenljivk, s katerimi smo ugotavljali nekatere dejavnike vedenjskega sloga, ki so povezane z zdravjem predvsem pa njihove prehranjevalne navade, pogostost njihove telesne aktivnosti, konzumiranje tobaka, uživanje alkohola, količino nočnega počitka, doživljanje stresa, uspešnosti in samopodobe. Pridobljene podatke smo obdelali s programom SPSS za Windows. Za izračun razlik med spoloma, smo uporabili dvovzorčni t-test, zvezne numerične spremenljivke smo predstavili z uporabo srednje vrednosti in standardnega odklona. Podatke smo prikazali v preglednicah. Ugotovili smo, da dijaki (M = 4,78) zaužijejo več obrokov na dan kot dijakinje (M = 3,56) ter da dijakinje (M = 2,66 M = 3,40) pojedo več zelenjave in sadja kot dijaki (M = 2,66 3,32). Ugotovili smo tudi, da so na splošno dijaki bolj telesno aktivni kot dijakinje (dijaki v povprečju 4- do 6-krat na teden, dijakinje 2- do 3-krat na teden). Pri konzumiranju tobaka nismo ugotovili bistvenih razlik med spoloma, skupno pa kadi 33,0 % dijakov in dijakinj. Naša raziskava je pokazala, da 42,0 % dijakov in 26,4 % dijakinj občasno uživa alkohol. Ugotovili smo, da ima 32,0 % dijakov in 37,0 % dijakinj ustrezno količino nočnega počitka. Raziskava je pokazala, da so dijakinje v povprečju manj zadovoljne s svojo postavo, imajo nižjo samopodobo in so posledično bolj pod stresom v primerjavi z dijaki. Ugotovitve raziskave so uporabne za širšo in ožjo strokovno javnost. The purpose of my degree was to research what kind of lifestyle habits have high school students at Gimnazija Vič in Ljubljana. Our research involved 100 students, from first and third year of high school. We used a questionnaire, in which we also included some questions from questionnaire »Z zdravjem povezan vedenjski slog« (CINDI, 2017). The questionnaire contained 44 questions, from which we try to explore some of the factors of lifestyle habits that are connect with health what kind of nutrition, sport, smoking, alcohol, sleep habits, stress experiences students have, if they feel successful and what kind of self-image they have. All datas in our research were analysed with IBM SPSS Statistics. Differences between male and female students were calculated with Two Sample t-test, numeric variables we introduced with mean and standard deviation. Datas were intoduced in tables. The research has shown that male students ate more meals during the day, than female students (M=4,78 M=3,56) and it also shown that female students ate more vegetables (M=2,44 M=2,66) and fruits (M=3,32 M=3,40) than male students. The research has shown that male students were more often involved in physical and sport activities than female students (male students – 4 to 6 times per week, female students 2 to 3 times per week). Smoking habits were similar among male and female students, in total smoked 33,0% male and female students. Our research has shown that 42,0% male students and 26,4% female students consumed alcohol occasionaly. Healthy sleep habits had 32,0% male students and 37,0% female students. Female students were less satisfied with their bodies, they also had negative self-image and they were more stressed out in comparsion to male students. Findings of our analysis are useful for professional public.

Ples je ena izmed dejavnosti, ki se po svetu vedno bolj razvijajo. Ples je rekreativna in športna dejavnost, ki je pomembna za zdravje in aktiven življenjski slog. Aktiven življenjski slog in zdrava prehrana sta ključna dejavnika za preprečevanje kroničnih bolezni. Namen dela je bil ugotoviti, kakšno je prehransko stanje odraslih slovenskih plesalk in napisati za njih primerna priporočila. Za zbiranje podatkov smo uporabili vprašalnik o starosti, višini in telesni masi ter metodo jedilnika prejšnjega dne. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 30 aktivnih slovenskih plesalk v starosti od 18 do 28 let iz dveh različnih plesnih skupin in z Akademije za ples. Z uporabo Odprte platforme za klinično prehrano smo določili hranilno vrednost obrokov, ki so jih zaužile plesalke. Iz podatkov smo preračunali tudi indeks telesne mase, ki je pokazal, da ima večina plesalk normalno telesno maso, manjšina pa spada v skupino podhranjenih. Energijski vnos je bil v večini primerov prenizek, razmerje makrohranil pa dobro. Povprečno anketiranke zaužijejo preveč nasičenih maščobnih kislin in živalskih beljakovin ter premalo omega-3 maščobnih kislin in rastlinskih beljakovin. Veliko jih ima tudi povišan vnos prostih sladkorjev, ki ponekod precej presega dvakratni priporočeni dnevni vnos. Kot kritično hranilo se je pokazal vitamin D, ki ga anketirane plesalke uživajo le v sledovih. Dance is one of the activities that are growing all over the world. Dance is a recreational and sporting activity, which is important for health and an active lifestyle. An active lifestyle and healthy diet are key factors for preventing chronic diseases. The aim of assignment was to figure out the dietary intake of adult female dancers in Slovenia and to write down dietary guidelines for them. For data collection we used a questionnaire for age, height and weight and a method 24-hour dietary recall. In total 30 active Slovenian female dancers from two different dance groups and Dance Academy participated in this research. They were between 18 and 28 years old. Nutritional value of consumed food was evaluated with Open platform for clinical nutrition. From collected data we calculated body mass index which showed that most of respondents have normal body mass and the minority is in a underweight category. Results showed that most of respondents have lower energy intake than recommended. Nevertheless the proportion of macronutrients is almost perfect. In average respondents consume too much saturated fatty acids and animal proteins and not enough omega-3 fatty acids and plant proteins. A lot of them have high intake of free sugars, which in some cases exceeds the recommended daily intake twice. Vitamin D was shown as a critical nutrient, which the respondents consume in minimal amounts.

Z izvedbo anketne raziskave smo od tretjine staršev otrok, ki jih s prehrano oskrbujejo kuhinje drugega največjega vrtca v Sloveniji - Vrtca Velenje, pridobili podatke o prehranskem in življenjskem slogu njihovih družin ter zadovoljstvu s prehransko oskrbo v Vrtcu Velenje. Ocenili smo, da so starši v splošnem zelo zadovoljni s prehransko oskrbo. Na področje prehrane predšolskih otrok se vključujejo neposredno kot posredno. Ugotovili smo, da se zavedajo pomena oblikovanja zdravih prehranskih navad predšolskih otrok. Največji vpliv na oblikovanje le-teh pripisujejo socialnim dejavnikom, v manjši meri pa kulturno-družbenim, osebnim, ekonomskim in biološko-fiziološkim dejavnikom. Ocenili smo objektivno znanje staršev o prehrani predšolskih otrok, z namenom ugotavljanja vpliva le-tega na prehranski in življenjski slog družin anketirancev. Starše smo razdelili v dve skupini. 62,5 % se jih je uvrstilo v skupino z več znanja, 37,5 % pa v skupino z manj znanja. Ugotovljena je bila pozitivna korelacija med objektivnim znanjem o prehrani predšolskih otrok ter prehranskim in življenjskim slogom družin anketirancev. Predvidevali smo, da socio-demografski podatki statistično značilno vplivajo na prehranski in življenjski slog anketirancev, kar pa smo dokazali le za stopnjo dosežene formalne izobrazbe, ne pa tudi za ostale socio-demografske podatke. Za spol, starost, trenutni status zaposlitve/drugačne aktivnosti/brezposelnost in tip naselja, v katerem družina živi, smo statistično značilno odvisnost dokazali le v povezavi s posameznimi pokazatelji prehranskega in življenjskega sloga. Opravljena raziskava je prva obsežnejša raziskava v Sloveniji, ki daje vpogled v odnos staršev do pomena zdravih prehranskih navad predšolskih otrok. Obenem je tudi prva obsežnejša raziskava o zadovoljstvu staršev s prehransko oskrbo v vrtcih Mestne občine Velenje. By the means of survey research, we gathered data from one third of the parents whose children receive meals from the kitchens of the second biggest kindergarten in Slovenia, the kindergarten Velenje. We assessed the eating habits and lifestyle of their families and their satisfaction with nutrition supply in the aforementioned kindergarten. We noticed that the parents are generally satisfied with the nutrition supply. They are more directly than indirectly involved in the diet of preschool children. We discovered that parents are aware it is important for preschool children to develop healthy eating habits. They attribute the biggest influence on their development to social factors and to a lesser extent to cultural, personal, economic, biological and physiological factors. We evaluated parents’ objective knowledge of preschool children's diet in order to determine its influence on the eating habits and lifestyle of the respondents' families. We divided them into two groups – the first group consisted of parents with a higher degree of knowledge (62.5% of the respondents), while the other was comprised of those parents with less knowledge (37.5%). We discovered a positive correlation between the objective knowledge of preschool children’s diet and the eating habits and lifestyle of the respondents’ families. We predicted that socio-demographic data have a statistically significant influence on the respondents’ eating habits and lifestyle, which we proved only for the level of formal education attained and not for other socio-demographic data. Considering gender, age, current employment status/different activities/unemployment and the type of a settlement in which a family lives, we showed characteristic statistical dependency only in relation to individual indicators of eating habits and lifestyle. Ours is the first more extensive research in Slovenia which provides insight into parents’ attitude towards the importance of preschool children’s healthy eating habits. At the same time, it is the first research of such magnitude about parents’ satisfaction with nutrition supply in the kindergartens of Municipality Velenje.

Sadje in zelenjava sta nepogrešljiva v prehrani otrok in mladostnikov, saj vsebujeta veliko vitaminov in mineralov potrebnih za njihov razvoj in vsakdanje delovanje. Podatke za magistrsko delo smo pridobili z vrednotenjem ukrepa Shema šolskega sadja in zelenjave (SŠSZ) 2015/2016, ki ga v skladu z Uredbo EU v Republiki Sloveniji izvaja Nacionalni inštitut za javno zdravje (NIJZ). Vzorec naše raziskave so bili učenci 6. in 8. razredov desetih osnovnih šol (oddelkov A) po Sloveniji, ki so bili v šolskem letu 2015/2016 stari od približno 11 do 15 let (N = 182). Podatke o socialno-ekonomskem statusu in prehranskih navadah preiskovancev smo pridobili z vprašalnikom, ki je vseboval vprašanja o njihovem socialno-ekonomskem statusu in vprašanja o pogostosti uživanja posameznih živil (tj. Frekvenčni vprašalnik). Njihov socialno-ekonomski status (SES) smo ocenili skladno s protokolom mednarodne študije Z zdravjem povezano vedenje v šolskem obdobju (ang. Health behaviour in school-aged children (HBSC)) in določili z lestvico, imenovano FAS (ang. Family Affluence Scale). Terenski del raziskave smo izvajali dvakrat, in sicer spomladi in jeseni v šolskem letu 2015/16. Podatke o količini zaužitega sadja in zelenjave smo pridobili s frekvenčnim vprašalnikom o pogostosti uživanja živil in z metodo priklica jedilnika prejšnjega dne (24h-recall) ter pridobljene podatke vnesli v računalniški program Odprta platforma za klinično prehrano (OPKP). Glede na naše rezultate socialno-ekonomski status ni vplival na uživanje sadja in zelenjave. Tudi spol in starost mladostnikov nista vplivala na povprečno tedensko količino zaužitega sadja in zelenjave. Fruits and vegetables are crucial for children and adolescents, as they contain many vitamins and minerals needed for their development and daily functioning. The data for the master’s thesis were obtained within the School Fruit and Vegetable Scheme (SŠSZ) 2015/2016, which has been implemented by the National Institute of Public Health (NIJZ) in accordance with the EU Regulation in the Republic of Slovenia. The sample of our research were pupils from the 6th and 8th grades of the ten elementary schools in Slovenia (departments A), which were between 11 and 15 years old in the school year 2015/2016 (N = 182). Data about the socio-economic status and dietary habits of the subjects were obtained through a questionnaire containing questions about their socioeconomic status and questions about the frequency of consumption of individual foods (the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ)). Their socio-economic status (SES) was assessed in accordance with the International Health Education and School-aged Children (HBSC) study protocol and identified with a scale called FAS (Family Affluence Scale). The fieldwork of the study was carried out twice in the spring and autumn of the school year 2015/16. Data about the consumed amounts of foods were obtained with a 24h-recall method and assessed with a computer program Open Platform for Clinical Nutrition (OPKP). According to our results, socio-economic status did not affect the consumption of fruit and vegetables. The gender and age of adolescents also did not affect the average weekly amount of consumed fruit and vegetables.

Bolniki s parkinsonovo boleznijo (PB) se soočajo s težavami, povezanimi s prehrano, ki vplivajo na kakovost življenja. Namen raziskave je bil ovrednotiti vpliv prehranskega svetovanja na kakovost življenja bolnikov s PB. V okviru evropskega projekta PD_manager, so na Institutu »Jožef Stefan« razvili mobilno aplikacijo, s katero so bolniki fotografirali svoje obroke in tako ustvarjali svoj prehranski dnevnik. Sodelovalo je šest preiskovancev z idiopatsko parkinsonovo boleznijo. V večini so imeli težave s prekomerno telesno maso in zaprtostjo. Vsi preiskovanci so s prehrano zaužili premalo kalcija, vitamina E in večkrat nenasičenih maščobnih kislin, večina pa poleg teh še magnezija, vitamina C in folne kisline. Glede na enotedenske prehranske dnevnike, rezultate krvnih izvidov in vprašalnik o prehranskih navadah preiskovancev, smo sestavili individualna prehranska priporočila. Pred intervencijo s prehranskim svetovanjem in šest mesecev po podanih priporočilih smo izmerili sestavo telesa z napravo za bioimpedančno analizo, podali oceno za prehransko podhranjenost ter ocenili kakovost življenja s standardiziranim vprašalnikom za samooceno bolnikov s PB. Kakovost življenja se je izboljšala pri tretjini preiskovancev. Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with nutrition related problems which affect the quality of life. The goal of our research was to evaluate the impact of nutritional assessment on the quality of life of patients with PD. An Android application, developed by »Jožef Stefan« institute within PD_manager project enables patients to create food dairy by taking photos of their meals. Six patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease were included, most of whom encountered overweight and constipation problems. All participants had insufficient daily dietary intake of calcium, vitamin E and polyunsaturated fatty acids, most of them also did not reach reference values for magnesium, vitamin C and folate. According to results of one week food dairy, blood examination report and dietary habit questionnaire, personalized dietary recommendations were prepared. Before nutritional intervention, and six months after giving dietary recommendations, body composition was measured using bioimpedance analysis device, patients were screened for malnutrition and their quality of life was rated using Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale. The quality of life improved in 33,3 % of participants.

Introduction. The aim of the study was to compare the dietary habits of recreational runners with those of a random sample of the general population. We also wanted to determine the influence of gender, age and sports performance of recreational runners on their basic diet and compliance with recommendations in sports nutrition. Methods. The study population consisted of 1,212 adult Slovenian recreational runners and 774 randomly selected residents of Slovenia between the ages of 18 and 65 years. The data on the dietary habits of our subjects was gathered by means of two questionnaires. The following parameters were evaluated: the type of diet, a food pattern, and the frequency of consumption of individual food groups, the use of dietary supplements, fluid intake, and alcohol consumption. Results. Recreational runners had better compliance with recommendations for healthy nutrition than the general population. This pattern increased with the runner’s age and performance level. Compared to male runners, female runners ate more regularly and had a more frequent consumption of food groups associated with a healthy diet (fruit, vegetables, whole grain foods, and low-fat dairy products). The consumption of simple sugars and use of nutritional supplements by well-trained runners was inadequate with values recommended for physically active individuals. Conclusion. Recreational runners are an exemplary population group that actively seeks to adopt a healthier lifestyle.

Namen magistrskega dela je bil ovrednotiti vnos hranil pri 20 študentih (12 ženskah in 8 moških) študija Prehrana ter dobljene rezultate primerjati s priporočili, ki jih podajajo Smernice zdravega prehranjevanja za študente. V prvem delu raziskave smo hranilno vrednost zaužitih obrokov ovrednotili s pomočjo prehranskih dnevnikov, ki so jih študenti s spletnim orodjem OPKP vodili 7 dni. Ugotovili smo, da prehrana študentov ni bila zadosti pestra, saj so študenti v svoj jedilnik premalokrat vključili živila iz vseh skupin živil, predvsem sadje, zelenjavo in ribe, ter so uživali premalo tekočine. Izmed obrokov so študenti najbolj pogosto uživali kosilo in večerjo, sledila sta malica in zajtrk. V povprečju je bil energijski vnos obravnavane skupine študentov glede na priporočila prenizek. Energijski delež beljakovin je znašal 18 %, maščob 34 % in skupnih ogljikovih hidratov 48 % dnevnega energijskega vnosa, kar ni v skladu s priporočili. Najbolj je od priporočil odstopal vnos enostavnih sladkorjev, ki je znašal 15 % dnevnega vnosa energije namesto priporočenih 10 %. V drugem delu raziskave smo s kemijsko analizo in s spletnim orodjem OPKP določili hranilno vrednost izbranega kosila, ki ga je posamezni študent zaužil v času vodenja svojega prehranskega dnevnika, ter rezultate med seboj primerjali. Kemijska analiza je obsegala analizo vsebnosti vode, pepela, beljakovin, maščob in prehranske vlaknine. Iz analitskih podatkov smo izračunali vsebnost ogljikovih hidratov, energijsko vrednost, energijske deleže hranljivih snovi in energijsko gostoto v analiziranih kosilih. Pri primerjavi rezultatov glede na vir podatkov (kemijska analiza, OPKP) smo ugotovili, da so bile s kemijsko analizo določene povprečne vsebnosti hranljivih snovi v kosilih in energijska vrednost kosil manjše kot vsebnosti, določene s spletnim orodjem OPKP. S statistično analizo nismo ugotovili razlik glede na uporabljeno metodo, ampak le razlike v vsebnosti nekaterih hranil med ženskami in moškimi. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the nutrient intakes of 20 students (12 female, 8 male) involved in master study program Nutrition and to compare the results with the recommendations, provided by the Guidelines of healthy nutrition for students. In the first part of the study the nutritional value of consumed meals was evaluated by means of 7-days dietary records, managed by students with the web tool OPEN. It was found out, that student's diet is not balanced as the students rarely included foods from all food groups, especially fruits, vegetables and fish, and they did not consume enough fluids. Among meals, students most often ate lunch and dinner, followed by snack and breakfast. The average daily energy intake was too low and did not meet the recommendations. The average energy ratios of nutrients (protein 18 %, fat 34 %, and total carbohydrates 48 % of the daily energy intake) were not in accordance with the guidelines. The intake of simple sugars was too high, and accounted for 15 % of the daily energy intake, instead of the recommended 10 %. In the second part of the study the nutritional value of the selected lunch of each student was determined with chemical analysis as well as by using the web tool OPEN and the results obtained through both methods were compared. The chemical analysis of lunches comprised the analysis of water, ash, protein, fat and dietary fibre content. From the analytical data the content of carbohydrates, energy value, nutrients energy ratios and energy density were calculated. When comparing the results regarding the source of data (chemical analysis, OPEN) it was found out that the nutrient contents in lunches, determined with chemical analysis were generally lower than values obtained with the web tool OPEN. With statistical analysis no significant differences regarding the method used were found, only the differences between the intake of some nutrients between male and female students were observed.

Introduction: In this research, we carried out an analysis of risk factors due to precarious nutrition among the adult population in Slovenia and correlated the risks with biological and sociodemographic variables. Methods: Descriptive and quantitative methods were applied. The data were collected by a structured interview on a sample of 1,193 adults from Slovenia. The biological and sociodemographic variables were then correlated with particular risk factors. The data was analysed using a statistical analysis program SPSS. Results: It was found that only 4.7% of the population practice healthy nutritional diets, 22.5% can be considered as acceptable and 62.8% of the diets were classified as unhealthy. The most frequent risk factor is due to insufficient intake of grains, fish and vegetables as well as too much fried food and beverages with added sugar and red meat. In finding the correlations between biological and sociodemographic variables and risk factors, we found some correlations. The results also show that unhealthy nutrition is more frequent among the population with below average material standards and lower educational levels, people living in smaller communities, the young, people with high BMI, those living in eastern regions of Slovenia and students. Conclusion: The results indicate that more effort should be made to target activities towards those groups where several risk factors were found and develop a complex approach to developing healthy nutritional life styles.

Izhodišča: Prehrana je pomemben del zdravega življenjskega sloga, ki ohranja in krepi zdravje, zmanjšajo se kronične bolezni, prezgodnja umrljivost ter podaljša se starostnikova neodvisnost. Na zdrav način prehranjevanja starostnikov imajo pomemben vpliv njihove prehrambene navade. Z raziskavo smo želeli ugotoviti kakšne so prehranske navade starejših ali se starostniki prehranjujejo zdravo ter pojavnost kroničnih obolenj. Metodologija: V raziskavi smo uporabili deskriptivno metodo dela. Vključenih je bilo 40 starostnikov, ki živijo v lastnem gospodinjstvu na območju Haloz. Rezultati: Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da se starostniki dokaj nezdravo prehranjujejo, skoraj polovica (48 %) je čezmerno prehranjenih in vse to pogosto vodi v razvoj bolezni. Med kroničnimi obolenji starostnikov se najpogosteje pojavljajo zvišan krvni tlak, bolečina, srčno-žilne bolezni in obolenje sklepov. Ugotovili smo, da se skoraj vsi (90 %) starostniki prehranjuje predvsem z doma pridelano hrano, kar je bilo tudi za pričakovati glede na njihovo prebivališče. Sklep: Zaradi omejenega znanja starostnikov o zdravem načinu prehranjevanja je pomembno zdravstveno-vzgojno delo s strani zdravstvenih delavcev. Pomembno je, da uravnotežena prehrana ustreza prehrambenim navadam in, da zagotavlja dobro počutje. Prehranske navade se od starostnika do starostnika razlikujejo in jih je potrebno spremeniti ali izboljšati, če ne ustrezajo prehranskim priporočilom. Premises: Nutrition is an important part of a healthy lifestyle, it sustains and improves health, reduces chronic diseases and mortality rate, and prolongs independence in the old age. Eating habits influence a healthy nutrition of elderly people. In the thesis, eating habits of elderly people are investigated: if they are healthy and if they are correlated with chronic diseases. Methodology: A descriptive method is used. 40 elderly people, living in their own household in the Haloze area, are participating in the research. Results: Results show that eating habits of elderly people are rather unhealthy, almost half of them (48%) are overweight which often leads to illnesses. Most frequent chronic diseases of elderly people are: hypertension, chronic pain, cardiovascular diseases and joint illnesses. As expected regarding the examinees residence, the research shows that most of the old people (90%) eat predominantly home-grown food. Conclusion: Due to limited knowledge of elderly people about healthy nutrition, the medical education is a very import task of health workers. Well-balanced diet must meet the eating habits and ensure well-being. Eating habits differ between elderly people - they should be changed or improved if they do not agree with nutrition recommendations.

Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti ali obstaja povezanost med telesno samopodobo in življenjskim slogom študentk Pedagoške fakultete Univerze v Mariboru. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 170 študentk 2. in 3. letnika razrednega pouka Pedagoške fakultete Univerze v Mariboru, starih od 19 do 20 let. Podatki o telesni samopodobi so bili pridobljeni s poslovenjeno različico francoske verzije vprašalnika za ugotavljanje telesne samopodobe mladostnikov The Psysical Self-Enventory-Short form (Maïano, Morin, Ninot, Monthuy-Blanc, Stephan, Florent et al., 2008). Za pridobivanje podatkov o življenjskem slogu smo uporabili vprašalnik Vrednotenje življenjskega sloga. Za ugotavljanje razlik v posameznih segmentih telesne samopodobe med skupinami študentk z zdravim, manj zdravim in nezdravim življenjskim slogom je bila uporabljena Analiza variance (ANOVA). Post-Hoc Scheffe preizkus smo uporabili za natančnejšo opredelitev razlik. Statistično značilnost smo ugotavljali na ravni tveganja p≤0,05. Rezultati raziskave kažejo, da se študentke z različnimi kadilskimi in pivskimi navadami ne razlikujejo statistično značilno v nobenem segmentu telesne samopodobe. Rezultati raziskave niso pokazali statistično značilnih razlik študentk z različnimi prehranskimi navadami v splošni samopodobi, športnih kompetencah, telesnem videzu in dojemanju lastne moči. Obstajajo pa statistično značilne razlike študentk z različnimi prehranskimi navadami v telesni samopodobi skupaj, telesni samopodobi in ocenjevanju lastne vzdržljivosti. Med različno športno dejavnimi skupinami študentk obstajajo statistično značilne razlike le v lastnem dojemanju moči, saj skupina nizko dejavni značilno višje dojema lastno moč kot skupina srednje in zelo dejavni. S pomočjo raziskave smo ugotovili, da študentke z zdravim življenjskim slogom nimajo višje telesne samopodobe od vrstnic, ki živijo manj zdravo. Gre za to, da merjenke ne vidijo neposredne povezave med raziskovalnima področjema. Pomeni, da zato ker nekdo zdravo živi, sebe ne dojema močnejšega, bolj vzdržljivega, prav tako sebe ne dojema kot posameznika z višjimi športnimi kompetencami in telesnim videzom. The purpose of the survey was to identify whether there is a connection between physical self-perception and the life-style of female students enrolled in the Faculty of Education at the University of Maribor. 170 female students aged between 19 and 20, all in their 2nd and 3rd year of the 1st degree programme Elementary Education at the Faculty of Education in Maribor, participated in the survey. Data about physical self-perception was obtained through the Slovenian adaptation of the French questionnaire for the assessment of physical self-perception of adolescents The Physical Self-Inventory – Short form (Maïano, Morin, Ninot, Monthuy-Blanc, Stephan, Florent et al., 2008). The questionnaire Life-Style Assessment was used for the acquisition of data about their life-style, whereas the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the assessment of differences in different segments of physical self-perception between groups of female students with a healthy, less healthy and unhealthy life-style. The Post-Hoc Scheffé test was used for a more precise definition of differences. Statistical significance was identified with a p≤0.05 level of risk. The survey results indicate that there are no statistically significant differences in the segment of physical self-perception between female students with different smoking and drinking habits. Results have also shown that there are no statistically significant differences regarding general self-perception, athletic abilities, physical attractiveness and self-comprehension of strength between female students with different dietary habits. However, statistically significant differences concerning general physical self-perception, physical self-perception and self-assessment of stamina exist between female students with different dietary habits. Statistically significant differences exist also between groups of female students, who engage in sports activities on different levels, but only regarding self-comprehension of strength, because the low active group usually comprehends their level of strength higher in comparison to the medium and high active groups. Through the survey we ascertained that female students with a healthy life-style do not have a better physical self-perception than their peers with a less healthy life-style. Participants in the survey do not see a direct connection between both research fields. This means, that because someone lives a healthier life-style this person does not perceive herself as stronger, having more stamina, and as well not as an individual with higher athletic abilities and physical attractiveness.

V diplomskem delu, z naslovom Pomen pravilnega prehranjevanja in pridobitev prehrambnih navad predšolskega otroka, smo v prvem delu predstavili teoretična izhodišča o sestavi hrane in hranilnih snoveh ter piramido zdrave prehrane, ki je namenjena ustreznemu vrednotenju uravnoteženega prehranjevanja glede na finančne zmogljivosti in priljubljenost hrane. Izpostavili smo tudi vpliv negativnih prehrambnih navad, kjer smo se osredotočili na debelost in na neješčost pri predšolskih otrocih ter na izbirčnost določene hrane. Ker pa je pravilna prehrana osnova za zdravje in dobro počutje, smo v empiričnem delu diplomskega dela predstavili rezultate raziskave o prehrambnih navadah predšolskih otrok. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 20 strokovnih delavk Vrtca Ivana Glinška Maribor, in sicer v juliju 2010. Na podlagi anketnih vprašanj smo prišli do danih rezultatov. Strokovne delavke ocenjujejo, da se otroci prehranjujejo zdravo. Z vsakodnevnimi obroki dobijo vse potrebne hranilne snovi in vodo. V vrtcu imajo organizirane pitne kotičke. Vsakodnevno sta na jedilniku prisotna tudi sadje in zelenjava. 70 % vprašanih nima v skupini otroka s prekomerno težo. Vprašani ocenjujejo, da je najpomembneje začeti razvijati prehrambne navade predšolskih otrok po prvih dvanajstih mesecih življenja, saj takrat le-ti že uživajovso hrano, tudi z žlico. The first part of the diploma paper entitled The importance of correct nutrition and acquisition of eating habits of a preschool child presents theoretical basis on composition of foods and nutritional substances and the healthy diet pyramid, which is intended for proper valuation of balanced nutrition according to the financial capabilities and food preferences. The influence of negative eating habits, focusing on obesity and anorexia of preschool children and picky eating, has also been highlighted. Since proper nutrition is the basis for health and well-being, the empirical part of the diploma paper presents the results of a survey on eating habits of preschool children. 20 pedagogical workers from Kindergarten Ivan Glinšek Maribor took part in the survey in July 2010. The results are based on survey questions. Pedagogical workers have assed that the children are eating healthy. They get all the necessary nutritional substances and water. There are drinking corners set up in the kindergarten. Fruit and vegetables are on the menu daily. 70% of the survey respondents do not have an overweight child within their group. Respondents also assed that the most important factor is to start developing eating habits of preschool children after the child is 12 months old, since by that time the child eats all kinds of foods, including eating with a spoon.