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Five undescribed compounds, including a triterpenoid (1), three phenylpropanoids [(±)−2 and 4], and an aromatic compound (3), as well as six known analogues (5–10), were isolated from the resins of Liquidambar orientalis Mill. Their structures, including absolute configurations, were determined by using spectroscopic and computational methods, and the five new compounds displayed anti-inflammatory activities in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Natural coniferous resins are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of skin wounds. Coniferous wood resins ("callus" resin) are a mixture of abietic (resin) acids, lignans such as pinoresinol, and p‐coumaric acid. The wound‐healing properties of resins are thought to be related to their antimicrobial properties, but also to their effects on cell proliferation and inflammation. The purpose of this study was to identify and investigate the effects of novel aqueous dispersions of resin and its main components in the proliferation of human primary keratinocytes in vitro and in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Methods: The proliferation studies were performed under low and high calcium conditions with or without added growth stimulators at the time points of 2 and 6 days using AlamarBlue Cell Viability Reagent. The cytokine release assay was carried out by incubating the cells with the test articles for 18 h, after which the levels of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, and IL‐8 were measured in the supernatant by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Resin and the purified lignan PINO, but not p‐coumaric acid or abietic acid (industrial tall oil rosin), enhanced the proliferation of human keratinocytes in vitro and inhibited the expression of TNF‐α, and to a lesser extent the expression of IL‐1β in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Conclusions: In this study, novel aqueous dispersions of spruce resin were used to investigate the effects of main resin components on keratinocyte proliferation and on the expression of key proinflammatory cytokines known to be associated with chronic wounds. The observations suggest that lignans, such as PINO, but not resin acids, are the components of resins that mediate the proliferative and TNF‐α‐suppressing effects. Lignans including PINO were identified as novel potential compounds in the treatment of chronic skin ulcers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the alteration of succinite under conditions of hypergenesis as a result of oxidation, including a change in colour, contraction of the outer surface and the appearance of microcracks, changes in the construction of the outer framework of macromolecules and chemical composition and conditions of complete destruction. The main factors influencing the resistance of succinite under hypergene conditions are described— the influence of acid potential, air, light, fluctuations in temperature and humidity, geological affiliation to certain sediments. The problem of changing the quality of succinite is determined. It is shown that its destruction is associated with disturbed bedding conditions, changes in groundwater regime, as well as sea surf activity in the littoral (coastal) zone. Succinite that was found in stratigraphic sections not uncovered by erosion in the primary bedding, mostly retains its composition, properties, and structure formed in the past stages of plant resin fossilization. Placers of succinite that were formed as a result of erosion and re-deposition of primary Eocene–Oligocene placers are different due to the dimensions of succinite grains, their degree of grain rounding and overall presence of more resistant to weathering ones. The process of amber destruction is quite lengthy. Succinite, like other minerals more resistant to weathering, undergoes various stages of change in nature. An illustrative example of succinite destruction is succinite found during archaeological excavations. It was found that succinite is practically not preserved in deposits of loess and red carbonate formations. Due to its organic origin, amber ranks last in the group of placer-forming minerals and is characterized by the lowest constant hypergene resistance, which is determined by its low density (1.07) and minimum hardness (2.3). The conclusions and recommendations given in the article on the transformation and preservation of succinite that are brought to the surface are based on the analysis of extensive scientific literature, as well as many years of research on this gem in the Polissia and Dnieper region. Recommendations are given for long-term preservation of succinite under surface conditions, as well as museum samples, amber products in everyday life and during transportation.

Abstract Background and Aims Natural coniferous resins are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of skin wounds. Coniferous wood resins (“callus” resin) are a mixture of abietic (resin) acids, lignans such as pinoresinol, and p‐coumaric acid. The wound‐healing properties of resins are thought to be related to their antimicrobial properties, but also to their effects on cell proliferation and inflammation. The purpose of this study was to identify and investigate the effects of novel aqueous dispersions of resin and its main components in the proliferation of human primary keratinocytes in vitro and in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Methods The proliferation studies were performed under low and high calcium conditions with or without added growth stimulators at the time points of 2 and 6 days using AlamarBlue Cell Viability Reagent. The cytokine release assay was carried out by incubating the cells with the test articles for 18 h, after which the levels of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, and IL‐8 were measured in the supernatant by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Results Resin and the purified lignan PINO, but not p‐coumaric acid or abietic acid (industrial tall oil rosin), enhanced the proliferation of human keratinocytes in vitro and inhibited the expression of TNF‐α, and to a lesser extent the expression of IL‐1β in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Conclusions In this study, novel aqueous dispersions of spruce resin were used to investigate the effects of main resin components on keratinocyte proliferation and on the expression of key proinflammatory cytokines known to be associated with chronic wounds. The observations suggest that lignans, such as PINO, but not resin acids, are the components of resins that mediate the proliferative and TNF‐α‐suppressing effects. Lignans including PINO were identified as novel potential compounds in the treatment of chronic skin ulcers.

Plant reproductive biology encompasses the study of sexual and asexual reproduction, as well as morphological, physiological, ecological, and genetic aspects influencing these processes. Management can influence reproduction of plants and associated attributes. For economically and culturally important species, it is known that exudates affect biomass of reproductive parts, but limited information is available on how reproductive biology is affected by harvest of exudates. This study reviews the effects of resins extraction in economic and culturally important species of Burseraceae. We conducted a systematic review on studies of floral biology, management, propagation and germination, resource allocation and pollination, hypothesizing that the extraction of exudates negatively impacts the reproductive biology of these plants by altering their mating system, pollination, and reproductive success as a consequence of resource reallocation. We identified that dioecy is the most frequent mating system in Burseraceae plants, and the extraction of exudates negatively affects the reproductive success of the species utilized, since it is related to a decrease in the number of flowers, fruits, and seeds, as well as in the percentage of viability and seed germination. Our review suggests the relevance of conducting studies on the ecophysiological effects of management on resiniferous species. Furthermore, it highlights the difficulty of detecting clear patterns, specific studies should be carried out to corroborate the hypothesis derived from this review. We propose specific strategies that better explore the effect of human management and exudate extraction techniques on vital processes such as germination, development, growth, reproduction, and pollination, in species that are used for this purpose.

Natural dielectrics are emerging nowadays as a niche selection of materials for applications targeting biocompatibility and biodegradability for electronics and sensors within the overall effort of scientific community to achieve sustainable development and to build environmental consciousness. The two natural resins analyzed in this study, silver fir and Rocky mountain fir demonstrate robust dielectric properties and excellent film forming capabilities, while being trap free dielectrics in high‐performance organic field effect transistors (OFETs) operating at voltages as low as 1 V. Immense research possibilities are demonstrated through the avenue of inorganic nanofillers insertions in the natural resins film, that opens the door for fabrication of very low voltage OFETs with high dielectric constant insulating layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propolis has gained wide popularity over the last decades in several parts of the world. In parallel, the literature about propolis composition and biological properties increased markedly. A great number of papers have demonstrated that propolis from different parts of the world is composed mainly of phenolic substances, frequently flavonoids, derived from plant resins. Propolis has a relevant role in increasing the social immunity of bee hives. Experimental evidence indicates that propolis and its components have activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Mechanisms of action on bacteria, fungi, and viruses are known for several propolis components. Experiments have shown that propolis may act synergistically with antibiotics, antifungals, and antivirus drugs, permitting the administration of lower doses of drugs and higher antimicrobial effects. The current trend of growing resistance of microbial pathogens to the available drugs has encouraged the introduction of propolis in therapy against infectious diseases. Because propolis composition is widely variable, standardized propolis extracts have been produced. Successful clinical trials have included propolis extracts as medicine in dentistry and as an adjuvant in the treatment of patients against COVID-19. Present world health conditions encourage initiatives toward the spread of the niche of propolis, not only as traditional and alternative medicine but also as a relevant protagonist in anti-infectious therapy. Production of propolis and other apiary products is environmentally friendly and may contribute to alleviating the current crisis of the decline of bee populations. Propolis production has had social-economic relevance in Brazil, providing benefits to underprivileged people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferulasinkins A–D (1–4), four new norlignans, were isolated from the resins of Ferula sinkiangensis, a medicinal plant of the Apiaceae family. All of them were obtained as racemic mixtures, chiral HPLC was used to produce their (+)- and (−)-antipodes. The structures of these new compounds, including their absolute configurations, were elucidated by spectroscopic and computational methods. This isolation provides new insight into the chemical profiling of F. sinkiangensis resins beyond the well-investigated structure types such as sesquiterpene coumarins and disulfides. Compounds 2a and 3a were found to significantly inhibit the invasion and migration of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines via CCK-8 assay. On the other hand, the wound-healing assay also demonstrated that compounds 4a and 4b could promote the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Notably, the promoting effects of 4a and 4b were observed as more significant versus a positive control using basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article the authors consider in detail the process of transition of plant resins from the biosphere to the lithosphere, characterize the conditions and paleogeographic situation of such transition, the formation of deposits of resin minerals and placers of amber-succinitis in particular. The subject of research is the territory of the modern Dnipro brown coal basin within the Ukrainian Shield and its slopes, covering the border areas of the Pripyat Depression, Dnipro-Donetsk and Black Sea depressions, Volyn-Podilsk plate as a promising object of amber-succinitis genesis. A comprehensive geological and paleogeographic analysis of the natural conditions of this region in the Eocene-Oligocene was given. At that time, resin secretions of mainly conifers were accumulating in this area and transformed into fossil resins, which allowed the authors to distinguish three temporary stages of fossilization (fossilization and transformation) of the plant soft resin on the long path of transition from wildlife to inanimate. It was found that the fossilization of plant resins occurred in land-bog and marine stages under conditions of diagenesis. The first took place in the lower half of the Middle Eocene (the Lutetian); the second — in the post-Buchak time at the end of the Middle-Upper Eocene — Early Oligocene; the final stage is associated with the transformation of amber-succinite in the late diagenesis (Eocene-Oligocene) and catagenesis (Anthropogene) at low temperatures and pressure. For the first time, the primary source of amber-succinitis placers was identified, which was formed at the first, land-boggy stage of fossilization of plant resins. It is represented by biogenic-sedimentary deposits of resin secretions in peat bogs (proto-amber), underlying the "amber forests" and at some distance from them. The erosion of primary deposits took place in the post-Buchak time. The proto-amber taken from the primary sources was transported by river waters to the sea basin, where in a glauconite-containing medium, it acquired the properties of amber-succinitis. Establishment of the primary source of amber-succinite placers completely determines the scientific and practical significance of the research carried out, ultimately aimed to forecast deposits.

Numerous papers have shown that propolis contributes favorably to worker honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) immune response and colony social immunity. Moreover, resin-foraging specialists are more sensitive than pollen foragers to tactile information in the nest interior, and they respond to these stimuli by collecting more resin. In this study, we show that in-hive propolis deposition is increased, compared with nonmodified controls, with any one of the three methods for increasing textural complexity of hive wall interior surfaces: 1) plastic propolis trap material stapled to wall interior, 2) parallel saw kerfs cut into wall interior, or 3) roughening wall interior with a mechanized wire brush. Pairwise comparisons showed that propolis deposition was not significantly different among the three textural treatments; however, textural treatments interacted with time to show a more consistent benefit from plastic propolis trap material or roughened interior surface over saw kerfs. Although direct health benefits were not measured, this work shows that it is comparatively simple to increase propolis deposition above background levels by increasing textural stimuli in hive interiors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the floral development of Hymenaea verrucosa, the only African species of the genus. This species has unusual floral features, such as a tetramerous calyx, a corolla with three normal and two vestigial petals and stamens of different sizes. We analysed floral buds and flowers under scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. The results indicated that sepals initiate helically and the petals initiate simultaneously, but the two abaxial ones develop more rapidly. In the intermediate stage, the abaxial petals stop growing and the three adaxial ones continue to develop until anthesis. Ten stamens of different sizes are distributed in two whorls, in which the antesepalous stamens are initiated before the carpel in a modified unidirectional order and the antepetalous stamens are initiated in a simultaneous order after the carpel. We speculate that the difference in size between the stamens may be related to changes in floral architecture due to the availability of space provided by the abortion of the abaxial petals. The ovary has glandular and non-glandular trichomes that overlie a broad base and a stipe with central insertion. Several secretory structures were found: secretory cavities; papillose phenolic epidermis; mucilaginous idioblasts; secretory trichomes and an annular nectary. The calyx is tetramerous as result of fusion of the two adaxial sepals. The two vestigial abaxial petals and a more pronounced growth of the abaxial stamens characterize the flower as zygomorphic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four new compounds including two new sesquiterpenoid dimers, commiphoroids E (1) and F (2), a new triterpenoid (3), and a new sesquiterpenoid (4), along with three known terpenoids (5−7) were isolated from Resina Commiphora, whose structures were identified by NMR spectra, HRESIMS, and X-ray diffraction analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 both bear an O-bridge ring and feature a plausible [4 + 2] Diels–Alder cycloaddition reaction. Antimycobacterial activities show that all the tested compounds (200 μM) could inhibit the growth of both sensitive and clinically multi-drug resistant (MDR) isolated strains. In addition, cellular toxicity of the isolates against human cancer cells and THP-1 monocyte cells was examined.

Honey bees, Apis mellifera , collect antimicrobial plant resins from the environment and deposit them in their nests as propolis. This behavior is of practical concern to beekeepers since the presence of propolis in the hive has a variety of benefits, including the suppression of disease symptoms. To connect the benefits that bees derive from propolis with particular resinous plants, we determined the identity and botanical origin of propolis compounds active against bee pathogens using bioassay-guided fractionation against the bacterium Paenibacillus larvae , the causative agent of American foulbrood. Eleven dihydroflavonols were isolated from propolis collected in Fallon, NV, including pinobanksin-3-octanoate. This hitherto unknown derivative and five other 3-acyl-dihydroflavonols showed inhibitory activity against both P. larvae (IC 50 = 17–68 μM) and Ascosphaera apis (IC 50 = 8–23 μM), the fungal agent of chalkbrood. A structure-activity relationship between acyl group size and antimicrobial activity was found, with longer acyl groups increasing activity against P. larvae and shorter acyl groups increasing activity against A. apis . Finally, it was determined that the isolated 3-acyl-dihydroflavonols originated from Populus fremontii , and further analysis showed these compounds can also be found in other North American Populus spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the introduction of phytochemical fingerprint analysis, as a method of screening the complex natural products for the presence of most bioactive compounds, use of chemometric classification methods, application of powerful scanning and image capturing and processing devices and algorithms, advancement in development of novel stationary phases as well as various separation modalities, high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting is becoming attractive and fruitful field of separation science. Multivariate image analysis is crucial in the light of proper data acquisition. In a current study, different image processing procedures were studied and compared in detail on the example of HPTLC chromatograms of plant resins. In that sense, obtained variables such as gray intensities of pixels along the solvent front, peak area and mean values of peak were used as input data and compared to obtained best classification models. Important steps in image analysis, baseline removal, denoising, target peak alignment and normalization were pointed out. Numerical data set based on mean value of selected bands and intensities of pixels along the solvent front proved to be the most convenient for planar-chromatographic profiling, although required at least the basic knowledge on image processing methodology, and could be proposed for further investigation in HPLTC fingerprinting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive employment of plant resins and propolis, as an antiseptic agents dating from ancient times in numerous cultures indicating that it may have antimicrobial and other biological properties. Resins from deciduous trees from the Populus and Salix genera, several fruit trees from the genus Prunus and a few other species were analyzed for their phenolic composition and antibacterial activity. Phenolic profiling of the plant resins was performed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with hybrid mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial activity against seven bacterial species was determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays and bioautography. The synergism, additivism, and antagonism of phenolic compounds were used to define the nature and type of interactions. Populus spp. showed higher amounts of p -hydroxybenzoic acid, p -coumaric acid, caffeic acid, chrysin, apigenin, quercetin, pinocembrin, pinobanksin and galangin, which confirmed the botanical origin of the orange and blue types of propolis. In addition, Gram-positive bacteria exhibited high susceptibility to poplar samples while being resistant to samples from other origins. Cherry bud samples had high amounts of naringenin and showed strong activity against Bacillus subtilis and Listeria monocytogenes . The combinations of tested phenolics showed mainly additive or indifferent effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

* Background In plants, the products of secretory activity leave the protoplast and cross the plasma membrane by means of transporters, fusion with membranous vesicles or, less commonly, as result of disintegration of the cell. These mechanisms do not address an intriguing question: How do secretory products cross the cell wall? Furthermore, how do these substances reach the external surface of the plant body? Such diverse substances as oils, polysaccharides or nectar are forced to cross the cell wall and, in fact, do so. How are chemical materials that are repelled by the cell wall or that are sufficiently viscous to not cross passively released from plant cells? * Scope and Conclusions I propose a cell-cycle model developed based on observations of different secreting systems, some unpublished results and an extensive literature review, aiming to understand the processes involved in both the secretory process and the release of secretion products. In the absence of facilitated diffusion, a mechanical action of the protoplast is necessary to ensure that some substances can cross the cell wall. The mechanical action of the protoplast, in the form of successive cycles of contraction and expansion, causes the material accumulated in the periplasmic space to cross the cell wall and the cuticle. This action is particularly relevant for the release of lipids, resins and highly viscous hydrophilic secretions. The proposed cell-cycle model and the statements regarding exudate release will also apply to secretory glands not elaborated upon here. Continuous secretion of several days, as observed in extrafloral nectaries, salt glands and some mucilage-producing glands, is only possible because the process is cyclical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Four unusual sesquilignans compounds were isolated from the resin of Ferula sinkiangensis. • Hypothetic biosynthetic pathways of compound 3 contain a newly formed six-membered C-ring by Diels-Alder cycloaddition. • Biological assay revealed that 2a and 2b could inhibit IL-6 and TNF-α production in LPS induced RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Sinkianlignans A − D (1 – 4), four new sesquilignans with an unusual architectures was characterized with a rarely α-γ′, β-γ′, and γ-γ′ linkage pattern, and sinkianlignans E − F (5 and 6), two lignans, were isolated from the Ferula sinkiangensis. Hypothetic biosynthetic pathway of compound 3 contain a newly formed six-membered C-ring by Diels-Alder cycloaddition. The structures of isolates were established by spectroscopic techniques and computational methods. Biological evaluation of all the isolated compounds revealed that compounds 2a and 2b could inhibit IL-6 and TNF-α production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Copal samples from two Aztec objects belonging to a collection of offerings found at Templo Mayor site were analyzed by GC–MS The first sample was part of an adhesive material found in the base of a ceremonial knife; the second sample comes from an amorphous artifact probably offered as spiritual material. In order to determine their botanical origin, resin samples from eight certified botanical species from Mexican Bursera were studied. The chromatographic study of their triterpenic composition allowed to establish a botanical origin related either to Bursera bipinnata or Bursera stenophylla species which triterpenic composition is identical. It is the first time that GC–MS analyzes were performed on samples from certified botanical origin of Mexican Bursera resins which aimed at getting an overview of the molecular composition and variability of copal resins and at establishing an analytical tool to characterize the botanical origin of archaeological samples. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Natural organic substances are involved in many aspects of the cultural heritage field. Their presence in different forms (raw, heated, mixed), with various conservation states, constitutes a real challenge regarding their recognition and discrimination. Their characterization usually involves the use of separative techniques which imply destructive sampling and specific analytical preparations. Here we propose a non destructive approach using FT-Raman and infrared spectroscopies for the identification and differentiation of natural organic substances. Because of their related functional groups, they usually present similar vibrational signatures. Nevertheless the use of appropriate signal treatment and statistical analysis was successfully carried out to overcome this limitation, then proposing new objective discriminating methodology to identify these substances. Spectral decomposition calculations were performed on the CH stretching region of a large set of reference materials such as resins, oils, animal glues, and gums. Multivariate analyses (Principal Component Analyses) were then performed on the fitting parameters, and new discriminating criteria were established. A set of previously characterized archeological resins, with different surface aspects or alteration states, was analyzed using the same methodology. These testing samples validate the efficiency of our discriminating criteria established on the reference corpus. Moreover, we proved that some alteration or ageing of organic materials is not an issue to their recognition. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In the quilombola communities of the municipality of Oriximiná (Pará State, Brazil), Protium spp. (Burseraceae) oleoresins are distinguished in black and white pitch. White pitch oleoresins may be superior to black pitch in terms of quality, but the criteria used for their differentiation are fairly subjective. This study was designed to provide a scientific rationale for the traditional differentiation of black and white pitch oleoresins based on their non-volatile fraction. Black and white pitch oleoresin samples collected in quilombola territories in Oriximiná were analysed by GC-EI-MS and UPLC-APCI-MS. The feasibility of EI and APCI mass spectrometry-based pattern recognition methods PLS-DA and Random Forest Analysis (RFA) for black and white pitch oleoresins differentiation was demonstrated. The UPLC-APCI-MS method allowed the separation of 43 triterpenoids. Assessment of the triterpenoid fingerprints by GC-EI-MS led to the tentative identification of ursa-9(11),12-dien-3-ol as a potential marker for black pitch oleoresins. PLS-DA and RFA applied to the APCI-MS and EI-MS data gave good models for black and white pitch oleoresins classification. The most important ions for the classifications of black pitch oleoresins by APCI-MS/PLS-DA and APCI-MS/RFA likely represented triterpenoid acids. The triterpenoid pattern differs between black and white pitch oleoresins. The characteristic presence of ursa-9(11),12-dien-3-ol and triterpenoids acids in black pitch oleoresins, along with other field observations, suggest that black pitch oleoresins are actually aged white pitch oleoresins. Image 1 • A new term, "chemoethnotaxonomy", is being proposed. • Analysis of black and white pitch oleoresins by UPLC-APCI-MS and GC-EI-MS. • Construction of PLS-DA and Random Forest Analysis models for pitch classification using MS data. • Identification of ursa-9(11),12-dien-3-ol as a potential chemical marker for black pitch oleoresins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five new terpenoids including one new abietane diterpenoid (1), one new aromadendrane diterpenoid (6), two new norsesquiterpenoids (8 and 9), and a new cembrane-derived diterpenoid (12), together with seven known compounds were isolated from Populus euphratica resins. The structures of these new compounds, including their absolute configurations, were characterized by spectroscopic and computational methods. All the compounds except 8 were test for their neuroprotective activities. The result revealed that compounds 1 , 7 , and 10 – 12 display neuroprotective activities in glutamate-induced SH-SY5Y cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new octanorlanostane-type triterpenes, euphraticanoids A and B (1 and 2), two new trinorsesquiterpenoids, euphraticanoids C and D (3 and 4), and eight known triterpenoids (5, 6, 8–13) along with one steroid (7) were isolated from Populus euphratica resins. The structures of these new compounds, including their absolute configurations, were characterized by spectrocsopic, chemical, and computational methods. Biological evaluation revealed that compounds 4, 7–9, 12, and 13 display neuroprotective activities in H2O2-induced HT-22 cells with 4, 8, and 9 occurring in a concentration-dependent manner and 7, 12, and 13 reaching the maximum effects at 20 μM. Meanwhile, the neuroprotective properties of all isolates were accessed using glutamate-induced SH-SY5Y cells and disclosed that compounds 3, 4, 8, and 9 could dose-dependently protect neural cell injury in a concentration range of 10–40 μM. Finally, a brief structure–activity relationship was briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four new compounds including two new sesquiterpenoid dimers, commiphoroids E (1) and F (2), a new triterpenoid (3), and a new sesquiterpenoid (4), along with three known terpenoids (5−7) were isolated from Resina Commiphora, whose structures were identified by NMR spectra, HRESIMS, and X-ray diffraction analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 both bear an O-bridge ring and feature a plausible [4 + 2] Diels–Alder cycloaddition reaction. Antimycobacterial activities show that all the tested compounds (200 μM) could inhibit the growth of both sensitive and clinically multi-drug resistant (MDR) isolated strains. In addition, cellular toxicity of the isolates against human cancer cells and THP-1 monocyte cells was examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]