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Main conclusion: The key genetic variation underlying the evo-devo of ICS in Solanaceae may be further pinpointed using an integrated strategy of forward and reverse genetics studies under the framework of phylogeny. The calyx of Physalis remains persistent throughout fruit development. Post-flowering, the fruiting calyx is inflated rapidly to encapsulate the berry, giving rise to a “Chinese lantern” structure called inflated calyx syndrome (ICS). It is unclear how this novelty arises. Over the past 2 decades, the role of MADS-box genes in the evolutionary development (evo-devo) of ICS has mainly been investigated within Solanaceae. In this review, we analyze the main achievements, challenges, and new progress. ICS acts as a source for fruit development, provides a microenvironment to protect fruit development, and assists in long-distance fruit dispersal. ICS is a typical post-floral trait, and the onset of its development is triggered by specific developmental signals that coincide with fertilization. These signals can be replaced by exogenous gibberellin and cytokinin application. MPF2-like heterotopic expression and MBP21-like loss have been proposed to be two essential evolutionary events for ICS origin, and manipulating the related MADS-box genes has been shown to affect the ICS size, sepal organ identity, and/or male fertility, but not completely disrupt ICS. Therefore, the core genes or key links in the ICS biosynthesis pathways may have undergone secondary mutations during evolution, or they have not yet been pinpointed. Recently, we have made some encouraging progress in acquiring lantern mutants in Physalis floridana. In addition to technological innovation, we propose an integrated strategy to further analyze the evo-devo mechanisms of ICS in Solanaceae using forward and reverse genetics studies under the framework of phylogeny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient protocol to standardize the multiple shoot induction of plantlets from nodal explants of Physalis angulata L. using MS basal media with the combination of Cytokinin and auxin was studied in this research. Physalis angulata is a cosmopolitan plant found in tropical and sub tropical regions of the world. The plant has wide range of therapeutic abilities in fields like ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunoregulatory, anti-diabetic, anticancerous and antilipidiamic function especially the compound Physalin. For large scale production and extraction of these functional compounds from the plant, a conservational technique namely plant tissue culture was employed in this study, where, node from elite mother plant is taken and inoculated in the MS medium supplemented with combinations of cytokinin (BAP+KIN) and auxin (NAA+IAA) in various range of concentration was used. The aseptic condition was maintained and data's were analysed by ANOVA. From the result it was observed that highest concentration provided best result of number and length of shoots and roots. From this study, it is evident that plant tissue culture plays a role in not only conservation of RET plants but also common plants and weeds with therapeutic ability that could be accessed for large scale production and also compound elucidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physalis pubescens and Physalis alkekengi, members of the Physalis genus, are valued for their delicious and medicinal fruits as well as their different ripened fruit colors—golden for P. pubescens and scarlet for P. alkekengi. This study aimed to elucidate the pigment composition and genetic mechanisms during fruit maturation in these species. Fruit samples were collected at four development stages, analyzed using spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and complemented with transcriptome sequencing to assess gene expression related to pigment biosynthesis. β-carotene was identified as the dominant pigment in P. pubescens, contrasting with P. alkekengi, which contained both lycopene and β-carotene. The carotenoid biosynthesis pathway was central to fruit pigmentation in both species. Key genes pf02G043370 and pf06G178980 in P. pubescens, and TRINITY_DN20150_c1_g3, TRINITY_DN10183_c0_g1, and TRINITY_DN23805_c0_g3 in P. alkekengi were associated with carotenoid production. Notably, the MYB-related and bHLH transcription factors (TFs) regulated zeta-carotene isomerase and β-hydroxylase activities in P. pubescens with the MYB-related TF showing dual regulatory roles. In P. alkekengi, six TF families—bHLH, HSF, WRKY, M-type MADS, AP2, and NAC—were implicated in controlling carotenoid synthesis enzymes. Our findings highlight the intricate regulatory network governing pigmentation and provide insights into Physalis germplasm's genetic improvement and conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Husk tomatoes are used in salsa and traditional medicine to alleviate illnesses. Market demand requires husk tomato varieties with improved agronomic and physicochemical health benefits. Mutagen application alters plant genomes, creating new traits and genetic diversity. The efficacy of EMS (ethyl methanesulfonate) was examined for morphology, bioactive compounds, and phytochemical improvement. Three husk tomato genotypes representing Physalis philadelphica and Physalis ixocarpa underwent two hours of 1.4% EMS. In addition to yield and yield-related properties, total phenol, antioxidant activity, chlorophyll a and b levels in leaves and fruits, and phytochemical concentrations of Na, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, and K in fruits were measured. Genotype-dependent morphological changes were found. The mutants C1T6 (85 cm) and C1T7 (87.60 cm) were shorter than Control C1 (102 cm). The highest yield was 5.80 g for C1T5; Control C1 produced 3.08. The mutant C2T6 produced the most (5.99 g) compared to its control (2.85 g). Mutants had higher total phenol, antioxidant activity, and leaf/fruit chlorophyll. C1T2 had the highest antioxidant activity (1.19 ng/µL). C2T1 outperformed Control C2 at 1.54 ng/µL phenolic content. C3T2 had the highest Ca content (1822 µg/g), while Control C3 had 861.20 µg/g. Mutations altered phytochemical composition, which can be used to generate nutritionally superior husk tomato varieties. Additionally, scientists will be able to study mutants with advantageous morphological and biochemical traits, enabling extensive research. Furthermore, the mutants will serve as a genetic repository for the progression of breeding procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bees play a pivotal role as pollinators in crops essential for human consumption. However, the global decline in bee populations poses a significant threat to pollination services and food security worldwide. The loss and degradation of habitats due to land use change are primary factors contributing to bee declines, particularly in tropical forests facing high deforestation rates. Here, we evaluate the pollination services provided to crops of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and green tomato (Physalis ixocarpa) in three municipalities in the state of Jalisco, Mexico, a place with Tropical Dry Forest, during years 2008, and 2014 to 2017. Both crops are cultivated in the dry season, approximately during the months of November to March. We describe the composition of the pollinator community and their visitation frequency (measured through the number of visits per flower per hour), and we assess the impact of pollinators on plant reproductive success and the level of pollinator dependence for each crop species (measured through the number of flowers that developed into fruits). We also evaluate how the landscape configuration (through the percentage of forest cover and distance to the forest) influences richness and abundance of pollinators (measured as number of species and individuals of pollinators per line of 50 m), and we use the model Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) to map and value the pollination service in both crops. InVEST Crop pollination model is a simulation focuses on wild pollinators providing the pollinator ecosystem service. Our findings indicate that Apis mellifera was the primary pollinator of both crops, one of the few abundant pollinators in the study region during the dry season. In experiments where pollinators were excluded from flowers, watermelon yielded no fruits, while green tomato experienced a 65% reduction in production. In the case of green tomato, fruit set showed a positive correlation with pollinator abundance. A positive association between forest cover and total pollinator abundance was observed in green tomato in 2008, but not in watermelon. Additionally, a positive relationship was observed between the abundance of bees predicted by the InVEST model and the abundance of bees observed in green tomato flowers in 2008. In the study region, green tomato and watermelon rely on pollinators for fruit production, with honeybees (from feral and managed colonies) acting as the primary provider of pollination services for these crops. Consequently, the conservation of natural areas is crucial to provide food and nesting resources for pollinators. By doing so, we can ensure the diversity and abundance of pollinators, which in turn will help secure food security. The findings of this study underscore the critical need for the conservation of natural areas to support pollinator populations. Policymakers should prioritize the protection and restoration of habitats, particularly tropical forests, which are essential for maintaining the diversity and abundance of pollinators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physalis alkekengi L. is a valuable medicinal plant from the Solanaceae family and has multiple therapeutic applications. This study aimed to develop an optimized protocol for callogenesis in P. alkekengi to obtain friable calluses with high biomass. The effect of different concentrations of picloram, casein hydrolysate (CH), basal media (Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Gamborg (B5)), and static magnetic field (SMF) were investigated on the callus induction and growth, signaling molecules, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Results showed that CH (200 mgL−1) and SMF4 mT for 90 min increased callus induction and fresh weight in P. alkekengi, while different concentrations of picloram reduced callogenesis. Hypocotyl explants showed various callogenesis and metabolic responses depending on the basal medium type. The 2B5 medium supplied with CH 200 (mgL−1) induced friable and cream calluses with high biomass (0.62 g) compared to the MS medium (control). The maximum activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase activities was identified in the 2B5 medium and peroxidase in the 2MS medium. The highest total phenolic (129.44 µg g−1DW) content and phenylalanine-ammonia lyase activity were obtained in the 2MS medium, and total withanolides (49.86 µg g-1DW) and DPPH radical scavenging activity were observed in the 2B5 medium. The 2MS medium boosted the hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide levels, while their contents alleviated in the 2B5 medium, although these parameters were higher than the control. The findings of this study suggest that an effective protocol for successful callogenesis in P. alkekengi and the nutrient composition of culture medium by affecting the level of signaling molecules can control the antioxidant defense system and callus growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plants of the genus Physalis L. have been extensively utilized in traditional and indigenous Chinese medicinal practices for treating a variety of ailments, including dermatitis, malaria, asthma, hepatitis, and liver disorders. The present review aims to achieve a comprehensive and up-to-date investigation of the genus Physalis, a new model crop, to understand plant diversity and fruit development. Several chloroplast DNA-, nuclear ribosomal DNA-, and genomic DNA-based markers, such as psbA-trnH, internal-transcribed spacer (ITS), simple sequence repeat (SSR), random amplified microsatellites (RAMS), sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR), and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), were developed for molecular identification, genetic diversity, and phylogenetic studies of Physalis species. A large number of functional genes involved in inflated calyx syndrome development (AP2-L, MPF2, MPF3, and MAGO), organ growth (AG1, AG2, POS1, and CNR1), and active ingredient metabolism (24ISO, DHCRT, P450-CPL, SR, DUF538, TAS14, and 3β-HSB) were identified contributing to the breeding of novel Physalis varieties. Various omic studies revealed and functionally identified a series of reproductive organ development-related factors, environmental stress-responsive genes, and active component biosynthesis-related enzymes. The chromosome-level genomes of Physalis floridana Rydb., Physalis grisea (Waterf.) M. Martínez, and Physalis pruinosa L. have been recently published providing a valuable resource for genome editing in Physalis crops. Our review summarizes the recent progress in genetic diversity, molecular identification, phylogenetics, functional genes, and the application of omics in the genus Physalis and accelerates efficient utilization of this traditional herb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) is renowned for its distinctive appearance and functional properties. Colombia has emerged as the world's leading producer and exporter of Cape gooseberries, with annual export growth of 1.2%, predominantly to countries such as the USA and the Netherlands. Traditionally sold with its calyx intact to minimize water loss and deterioration, recent interest in selling Cape gooseberries without the calyx to reduce volume has raised concerns regarding shelf life. Consequently, research has pivoted toward post-harvest management to extend shelf life. An experiment was conducted to explore various treatments and temperatures (5, 10, and 18 ℃), meticulously monitoring fruit quality over time. Findings underscore that calcium chloride and refrigerated storage at 10 ℃ preserve the quality of the Cape gooseberry fruit for up to 20 days. Moreover, temperature and time exerted a significant influence on fruit quality and physicochemical properties, with interactions impacting conservation methods. The application of calcium chloride as a barrier method yielded optimal preservation outcomes, safeguarding key fruit properties. Conversely, sodium hypochlorite treatment at 18 ℃ accelerated fruit ripening owing to heightened respiratory intensity. This study not only sheds light on effective preservation strategies for Cape gooseberries but also underscores the intricate interplay between environmental factors and post-harvest management techniques. By enhancing our understanding of these dynamics, the study catalyzes advancements in fruit preservation practices, thereby fortifying the agricultural and economic sectors, both domestically and internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Physalis angulata L. or Cutleaf groundcherry is underutilized crop that has not been widely cultivated and is often considered weeds. Cutleaf groundcherry is rich in nutritional and phytochemical contents, which is beneficial for human health. Information on the growth, yield and quality content of cutleaf groundcherry lines is essential for future development. The objective of this experiment was to determine the variation among the lines of cutleaf groundcherry in growth, yield and fruits quality. Methods: A greenhouse study was conducted in August to December, 2021. Nine lines of cutleaf groundcherry were tested in randomized block design by following the recommended agronomic practcies. Result: The results show that nine lines of cutleaf groundcherry were varied with significant differences in growth, yield and quality characteristics. The line PA-06 was superior to other lines in vegetative growth and total dry weight, yield characteristics, namely fruit weight fruit-1, fruit diameter and fruit weight plant-1. The nine lines had the same as total soluble solids and ascorbic acid, but differences in -carotene and antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the chemical and sensory distinctions in tomato fruits from three Physalis species (P. ixocarpa, P. angulata, and P. philadelphica) found in Michoacán, Mexico, using metabolomic fingerprinting through GC-MS analysis. The objective was to identify organoleptic differences that could influence consumer preferences, highlighting the significance of these species' unique traits. These species represented a valuable genetic reservoir for potential hybridization or selection aimed at enhancing commercial varieties by focusing on organoleptic properties rather than traditional selection criteria like fruit size or yield. This research emphasizes the importance of preserving Mexican biodiversity and providing insights into domestication processes that prioritize flavor and sensory qualities. By analyzing metabolite profiles and their correlation with taste preferences, this study contributes to understanding how these differences could be leveraged in breeding programs to develop new tomato varieties with preferred flavors. It was suggested that variations in taste among the species are mainly due to differences in metabolite expression. This knowledge underscores the importance of organoleptic properties in the selection and domestication of edible fruits, offering a pathway toward the conservation and enhancement of tomato varieties through the exploitation of genetic diversity for organoleptic improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physalis philadelphica, a member of the Solanaceae family, commonly known as Physalis, is a one-year-old herbaceous plant with both medicinal and edible properties, as well as ornamental value. At present, only limited research is available on the flower color of P. philadelphica. This study aimed to elucidate the metabolic characteristics underlying the flower color of P. philadelphica and to identify key genes associated with flower color metabolism. We selected two representative varieties of P. philadelphica with significant differences in flower color, namely, "Tieba" (yellow flower) and "Qingjin" (yellow-purple flower), as the experimental materials. The analysis of related pigment components and the determination of relative content by high-performance liquid chromatography were conducted to investigate the flower color-related metabolic pathways of P. philadelphica. Through next-generation sequencing, these pathways were further investigated for the characteristics and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with flower color formation. The results of the research show that: Anthocyanin is the main component of petal coloring of P. philadelphica var. Qingjin, while malvidin pigment, pelargonidin, delphinidin, and cyanidin are the main components of flower color intensity. Carotenoids are the main components of the petal coloring of P. philadelphica var. Tieba and β-carotene is the main component of flower color intensity. Comparing different developmental stages of these two kinds of Physalis pubescens, we identified two key transcription factors (TFs) (eBP and STAT) that were involved in the inhibition of anthocyanin synthesis and regulate the inhibition of pf05G124640 (dihydroflavonol 4-reductase) and pf09G224140 (anthocyanin synthase) in anthocyanin synthesis. One heat shock transcription factor was found to regulate the flavonoid and flavonol synthesis pathway of pf01G020090 (anthocyanin 3-O-glucosyltransferase); two key TFs (NAC and G2-Like), pf10G255070 (isoricin dehydrogenase) and pf09G237080 (abscisic acid 8′-hydroxylase), played important roles in carotene biosynthesis. This study provides new insights for further exploration of the genetic diversity of petal coloring in P. philadelphica and establishes a foundation for subsequent molecular breeding efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the seventeenth of a series of miscellaneous contributions, by various authors, where hitherto unpublished data relevant to both the Med-Checklist and the Euro+Med (or Sisyphus) projects are presented. This instalment deals with the families Aizoaceae, Anacardiaceae, Asparagaceae, Bignoniaceae, Boraginaceae, Cannabaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Casuarinaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Crassulaceae, Cyperaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Gentianaceae, Gramineae, Iridaceae, Labiatae, Leguminosae, Malvaceae, Myrtaceae, Oleaceae, Onagraceae, Orobanchaceae, Oxalidaceae, Papaveraceae, Portulacaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Sapindaceae, Sapotaceae, Solanaceae, Typhaceae, Violaceae and Vitaceae. It includes new country and area records and taxonomic and distributional considerations for taxa in Acer, Ampelopsis, Argania, Blackstonia, Buglossoides, Carduus, Carex, Casuarina, Celtis, Chenopodium, Clematis, Eleusine, Elytrigia, Eucalyptus, Euphorbia, Euphrasia, Fraxinus, Galium, Hibiscus, Hieracium, Iris, Koelreuteria, Lathyrus, Loeflingia, Ludwigia, Malus, Melampyrum, Mesembryanthemum, Muscari, Orobanche, Oxalis, Papaver, Physalis, Podranea, Portulaca, Pseudodictamnus, Pulmonaria, Ranunculus, Schinus, Sedum, Stachys, Typha, Viola and Vitis, and a new combination in Pseudodictamnus. Citation For the whole article: Raab-Straube E. von & Raus Th. (ed.) 2024: Euro+Med-Checklist Notulae, 17. – Willdenowia 54: 5–45. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.54.54101 For a single contribution (example): Fos S., Laguna E., Smith G. F. & Verloove F. 2024: Mesembryanthemum haeckelianum A. Berger. – Pp. 7–8 in: Raab-Straube E. von & Raus Th. (ed.), Euro+Med-Checklist Notulae, 17. – Willdenowia 54: 5–45. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.54.54101 Version of record first published online on 19 February 2024 ahead of inclusion in April 2024 issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the effect of administration of ciplukan (Physalis angulate Linn.) leaf extract on the variables of testicular weight, seminiferous tubules diameter, and spermatozoa plasma membrane integrity of rats (Rattus norvegicus) exposed to heat as model animals. Rats were divided randomly into five groups. In the NC group, rats were not exposed to heat and were only given 1% Na-CMC. In the PC, T1, T2, and T3 rats were exposed to heat followed by administration of 1% Na-CMC, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg bw of ciplukan leaf extract (CLE) in 1% Na-CMC. Heat exposure at 40°C was conducted for 60 minutes every day for 21 days. On day-22, all rats were sacrificed for testicular evaluation. The results showed that all variables in the PC group were lower (p <0.05) than in the NC group. All variables in the T3 group were higher (p <0.05) than in the PC group. Testicular weight and spermatozoa plasma membrane integrity in the T3 group were not significantly different (p >0.05) from the NC group. However, the diameter of the seminiferous tubules in the T3 group were lower (p <0.05) than in the NC group. This study revealed that the administration of ciplukan leaf extract as an antioxidant increased testicular weight, seminiferous tubules diameter, and spermatozoa with intact plasma membrane in rats exposed to heat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim An extensive survey was done to clarify the prevalent Stemphylium species on Solanaceae plants across Brazil, and their host ranges. Methods and Results Eighty nine (89) Stemphylium isolates were obtained from naturally infected tomatoes as well as S. paniculatum , potato, eggplant, scarlet eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum var. gilo), Physalis angulata , and Capsicum species. Phylogenetic analyses encompassing the ITS-5.8S rDNA and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genomic regions placed the isolates into two distinct groupings with either Stemphylium lycopersici or S. solani. Isolates of S. lycopersici (n  = 81) were obtained infecting tomato, potato, eggplant, S. paniculatum , and P. angulata. Isolates of S. solani (n  = 8) were detected in natural association with scarlet eggplant and tomato. Two isolates of S. lycopersici displayed a wide experimental host range in greenhouse bioassays, infecting accessions of 12 out of 18 species. Ocimum basilicum (Lamiaceae) was the only experimental host outside the Solanaceae family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lack of information for wild plant hosts of Bactericera cockerelli limits understanding of ecology and phenology of the insect and actual role of wild host plants in disease dynamics. Because of vectoring the plant pathogenic bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (Lso), B. cockerelli is one of the most important pests of solanaceus crops. Herein, B. cockerelli is reported to be associated with a previously unrecognized wild plant host, Margaranthus solanaceus Schltdl. (netted globe-cherry) on lowland plains of northeastern Mexico. In total, 37 Margaranthus plant samples were collected at Cadereyta, State of Nuevo Leon, Mexico. From these, 761 eggs and 129 nymphs were obtained (mean of 20.56 ± 1.04 eggs and 3.48 ± 0.4 nymphs per plant). The insect completed its lifecycle on the plant. PCR indicated that three of 35 Margaranthus plants examined (8.6%) were positive for Lso infection; because of methodological difficulties, the percentage was probably underestimated. All adult psyllids (100%) in a sample (n = 21) that emerged from nymphs on Margaranthus and were analyzed by PCR were infected by Lso. This is the first report of M. solanaceous as host of B. cockerelli, Lso and Lso-infected B. cockerelli. With other wild hosts, the plant might contribute to population dynamics of B. cockerelli and Lso in North America. La falta de información sobre plantas hospedantes silvestres de Bactericera cockerelli ha limitado la comprensión de la ecología y fenología del insecto y el papel real de estas plantas en la dinámica de la enfermedad. Debido a la vectorización de la bacteria fitopatógena Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (Lso), B. cockerelli es una de las plagas más importantes de cultivos de solanáceas. En este documento, se reporta que B. cockerelli está asociada con una planta huésped silvestre no enlistada, Margaranthus solanaceus Schltdl., en las llanuras bajas del noreste de México. Se recolectaron un total de 37 muestras de plantas Margaranthus en Cadereyta, estado de Nuevo León, México. De éstas se obtuvieron 761 huevos y 129 ninfas (medias de 20.6 ± 1.04 huevos y 3.48 ± 0.4 ninfas por planta). El insecto completó su desarrollo hasta adulto en esta planta. La PCR indicó que tres de 35 plantas examinadas (8,6%) fueron positivas a la infección por Lso; debido a dificultades metodológicas, este porcentaje probablemente esté subestimado. Todos los psílidos adultos (100%) en una muestra (n = 21) que emergieron de Margaranthus y fueron analizados por PCR también fueron positivos a Lso. Este es el primer informe de M. solanaceous como huésped de B. cockerelli, de Lso y de B. cockerelli infectado con Lso. Junto con otros huéspedes silvestres, esta planta puede contribuir a la dinámica poblacional de B. cockerelli y Lso en América del Norte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological properties of Physalis angulata L. include antibacterial, and antioxidant activity, anticancer and anti-inflammatory. The main goal of the research was to determine, using in silico methods, if some of the bioactive substances found in P. angulata L. extract were able to bind and inhibit the important protein/receptor. The Physalis angulata L. extract yielded significant in vitro-free radical scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) with IC 5 0 value of 1.14 mg/ml, total phenolic content (TPC) value 133.96 ± 2.35 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE/g) and TFC value 47.6 ± 5.08 mg of quercetin equivalent (QE/g), respectively. The antibacterial activity was modest when compared with antibiotics controls. The extract was more effective on gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus than gram Escherichia coli yielding 11.367 ± 0.9 (mm) and 7.102 ± 0.5 (mm), respectively, at a 1 mg/mL concentration. The LC-HRMS analysis of the plant extract showed the most responsive compounds (30) that were present were selected to get the hit compound(s) on all target proteins viz., lipoxygenase-3, cytochrome P450, DNA gyrase topoisomerase II and histone acetyltransferase. Computational approaches revealed the low binding affinity of (+)-gallocatechin among 30 identified compounds on all target proteins. All identified compounds have good pharmacokinetic characteristics on ADMET parameters. Based on this study, P. angulata L. extract is a promising source of biological activity with great potential therapeutic use as an antibacterial and antioxidant. In vitro testing demonstrated that the extract from Physalis angulata L. exhibited noteworthy antioxidant activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), with an IC50 value of 1.14 mg/ml. The extract showed antibacterial activity through diffusion agar methods. It displayed greater efficacy against the gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. The computational assessment revealed that (+)-gallocatechin displayed a lowered binding affinity with all targeted proteins. The PASS activity assessment indicated that (+)-gallocatechin exhibited antioxidant and membrane permeability receptor activity. Nevertheless, all the identified compounds exhibited positive pharmacokinetic characteristics according to ADMET parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato virus Y (PVY) is one of the viruses limiting tobacco and potato production in the world. To investigate the biological and molecular characteristics of PVY isolates, during 2010-2011, a total of 1178 symptomatic leaf samples of tobacco, potato, pepper and grand cherry (Physalis divaricata) plants were collected from eight different cities including Karaj, Urmia, Sanandaj, Shiraz, Qazvin, Varamin and Hamedan of Iran. The samples were tested serologically by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (DAS-ELISA) and PVY was detected in tobacco (27.27 %), potato (20.4 %) and grand cherry (18.75 %) samples, with no infection in pepper samples. Four biologically purified PVY isolates (Po2, Po5, Tob2 and Ph1) revealed few differences in experimental host range studies among 12 test plant species. After amplification of the 3´ genomic end of four PVY isolates with the expected size of 1200 bp, phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleotide sequences of partial coat protein gene (encoding N- terminal region of coat protein) revealed that Tob2, Po5 and Ph1 isolates grouped into PVYN/NTN clade, while only isolate Po2 grouped into PVYO clade. The results of IC-RT-PCR using strain-specific primers and further pairwise nucleotide sequence comparisons and strain-specific motifs analysis in the predicted amino acid sequences of the N-terminal region of coat protein confirmed the results of phylogenetic analysis. This is the first report of Physalis divaricata infection with PVYN/NTN strain in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to determine the storability of tomatilo seeds (Physalis ixocarpa Brod.). The experiments were carried out in the Experimental Field and the Scientific Laboratory of the Department of Horticulture at the Agricultural University – Plovdiv. Seeds from two accessions of tomatilo, from the university collection, produced in 2017, were stored in paper envelopes under laboratory conditions. Annually, including in the year of seed production, their sow qualities were examined. The studies included: the determination of germination energy, germination, main germination time, time for 50% of seeds to germinate, uniformity of germination, seedling morphological features – length of embryo root, length of hypocotyl, fresh weight of one seedling, coefficient of velocity of germination and germination index. The vigor of the seeds was also investigated. It was found that the seeds of the tomatilo retain high germination until the fifth year of storage, after which it drops sharply. The correlations between the fresh weight of the seedlings and the length of the embryo root and the hypocotyl are strong and positive with coefficients above r=0.80. The relationship between storage period and germination on the one hand and growth vigor on the other is linear with high coefficients of determination above R² =0.90. In conclusion, it can be pointed out that the seeds of the tomatilo retain high sowing qualities and it is appropriate to store them until the fifth year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Physalis pubescens and Physalis alkekengi, members of the Physalis genus, are valued for their delicious and medicinal fruits as well as their different ripened fruit colors—golden for P. pubescens and scarlet for P. alkekengi. This study aimed to elucidate the pigment composition and genetic mechanisms during fruit maturation in these species. Fruit samples were collected at four development stages, analyzed using spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and complemented with transcriptome sequencing to assess gene expression related to pigment biosynthesis. β-carotene was identified as the dominant pigment in P. pubescens, contrasting with P. alkekengi, which contained both lycopene and β-carotene. The carotenoid biosynthesis pathway was central to fruit pigmentation in both species. Key genes pf02G043370 and pf06G178980 in P. pubescens, and TRINITY_DN20150_c1_g3, TRINITY_DN10183_c0_g1, and TRINITY_DN23805_c0_g3 in P. alkekengi were associated with carotenoid production. Notably, the MYB-related and bHLH transcription factors (TFs) regulated zeta-carotene isomerase and β-hydroxylase activities in P. pubescens with the MYB-related TF showing dual regulatory roles. In P. alkekengi, six TF families—bHLH, HSF, WRKY, M-type MADS, AP2, and NAC—were implicated in controlling carotenoid synthesis enzymes. Our findings highlight the intricate regulatory network governing pigmentation and provide insights into Physalis germplasm’s genetic improvement and conservation.

Purpose: To explore the potential therapeutic effects of Physalis angulata L. (Ciplukan) extract on lung fibrosis resolution in a Bleomycin-induced mouse model, researchers conducted a comprehensive study. The study focused on key genes associated with fibrosis progression, including Nox4, Mmp8, Klf4, and FAS, and assessed their mRNA expression levels following the administration of Ciplukan extract. Methods: A Bleomycin-induced mice model was divided into seven groups to investigate the effects of ciplukan extract on fibrosis-related gene expressions. Mice were induced with subcutaneously injected Bleomycin to generate lung fibrosis and given different doses of the Ciplukan extract for four weeks. Lung fibrosis mRNA expression was analyzed by semi-quantitative PCR for Nox4, Klf4, Mmp8, and FAS. Results: The administration of ciplukan extract resulted in a significant decrease in mRNA expression of Nox4 with p-value=0.000, Mmp8 with p-value =0.002, and Klf4 with p-value =0.007, indicating potential antifibrotic effects. However, FAS expression remained unchanged (p-value=0.127). Conclusion: Ciplukan extract exhibited promising effects on fibrosis-related gene expressions, particularly Nox4, Mmp8, and Klf4. This study suggests that the extract has the potential to intervene in fibrosis progression, offering a potential avenue for therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solanaceae is one of the prominent plant families that provide medicine and food. For the diagnosis of its species (Physalis peruviana and Physalis angulata), the use of molecular markers with reliable and precise nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) ITS sequences has helped in the presumption of molecular evolution and phylogenetic studies of the plants. It precisely measured the variance between two samples of Physalis L. Purified fragments' sequencing using BLAST to align each sequence, evaluate its relationship with other sequences, and confirm the species of different sequences. The genetic analysis program, MEGA V.11, aided in performing multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis. The first sample showed a relation to the species Physalis peruviana voucher Smith 217 (WIS) placed in the GenBank with the serial number DQ314161.1 by 96.91%, which belonged to a strain located in the USA. The researcher registered the species as Physalis peruviana isolate AH-ZE1, with serial number OQ616506.1. However, the second sample, after contrasting it with the global species sequences, indicated a connection to the species Physalis angulata isolate LHR28I deposited in the Genome Bank with the serial number MK412130.1 at a rate of 98.02%, which belonged to a Spanish strain. The species' registration by the researcher continued as Physalis angulata isolate AHZE1, sequence number OQ616509.1. The current study results revealed the diagnosis of two species of Physalis identified for the first time in Iraq, as they incur registration in the National Center for Biotechnology Information. The recording depended on the molecular characteristics' differences in the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) region, knowing the evolutionary relationship between the Physalis species and comparing them to the sequences found in the GenBank for previously defined types. The results also showed that the ITS2 region provided success ability. Therefore, using other DNA barcodes as auxiliary factors to distinguish between Physalis species would be beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the shade-dried and powdered leaves of Physalis minima Linn. were subjected to Soxhlet extraction with methanol, concentrated, and further partitioned with n-hexane, chloroform, and ethanol. The in-vitro anti-oxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging assay and the cytotoxic potential by MTT assay in HeLa cell lines. The results of the study revealed that among the three fractions, the chloroform fraction of the methanolic extract showed better antioxidant activity (IC50 = 38.6 µg/mL) compared to standard Ascorbic acid (IC50 = 42.6 µg/mL). Moreover, the results of the MTT assay carried out in HeLa cell lines showed that the chloroform fraction exhibited a promising cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 59.66 µg/mL). Further, the chloroform fraction when subjected to apoptosis assay using acridine orange -ethidium bromide dual staining displayed the morphological characteristics of apoptotic event including nuclear fragmentation and chromatin condensation with orange red and reddish nuclei. The results of our study support the protective effect of chloroform fraction of methanolic extract of leaves of Physalis minima Linn., in the treatment of cervical cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green tomato (Physalis ixocarpa) is a specie native to Mexico, and it is known as "tomatillo" or "husk tomato". The fruit contains vitamins, minerals, phenolic compounds, and steroidal lactones, presenting antimicrobial activity and antinarcotic effects. Therefore, it is not only used in traditional Mexican cuisine, but also in traditional medicine to relieve some discomforts such as fever, cough, and amygdalitis. However, it is a perishable fruit whose shelf life is very short. As a part of the peel, cuticle, and epicuticular waxes represent the most important part in plant protection, and the specific composition and structural characterization are significant to know how this protective biopolymer keeps quality characteristics in fresh fruits. P. ixocarpa cutin was obtained by enzymatic treatments (cellulase, hemicellulose, and pectinase) and different concentrations of TFA, and studied through Cross Polarization Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CPMAS 13C NMR), Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS), and was morphologically characterized by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The main constituents identified under the basis of UHPLC-MS analysis were 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-octadecanoic acid with 44.7 and 37.5%, respectively. The C16 absence and low occurrence of phenolic compounds, besides the presence of glandular trichomes, which do not allow a continuous layer on the surface of the fruit, could be related to a lower shelf life compared with other common fruits such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomatillo (Physalis philadelphica Lam.) has been interested for its medicinal bioactive compounds, which can be promoted using biostimulants. This study was conducted to evaluate the foliar application of arginine (0, 300, 600, and 900 μM) and folic acid (0, 100, and 200 μM) on the metabolites content and antioxidant activity of tomatillo fruits. Results showed that the combined application of higher concentrations of arginine and folic acid significantly improved the content of acid ascorbic, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tropane alkaloids (scopolamine and atropine), total alkaloid, physalins, and antioxidant activity of tomatillo fruits. The ascorbic acid content increased by 49.0 and 54.7% under Arg (900 μM) + FA (100 or 200 μM) treatments, respectively, compared to untreated plants. The highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as tropane and total alkaloids were recorded in plants treated with 900 μM Arg + 200 μM FA. The atropine content was higher than the scopolamine content. The physalins content and DPPH radical scavenging capacity of fruits under Arg (900 μM) + FA (100 or 200 μM) treatments increased by 2.1 and 1.7 times, respectively, in comparison to the control. Significant positive correlation coefficients (r = 0.92–0.99) were found between all phytochemical parameters, which indicates that acid ascorbic, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, physalins, and alkaloids are related to the antioxidant activity of tomatillo fruits. Therefore, exogenous application of arginine and folic acid could be considered as a valuable and safe tool to improve the pharmaceutical potential of tomatillo fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) is an important allotetraploid cherry species that evolved in the Caspian Sea and Black Sea regions from a hybridization of the tetraploid ground cherry (Prunus fruticosa Pall.) and an unreduced pollen of the diploid sweet cherry (P. avium L.) ancestor. Details of when and where the evolution of this species occurred are unclear, as well as the effect of hybridization on the genome structure. To gain insight, the genome of the sour cherry cultivar 'Schattenmorelle' was sequenced using Illumina NovaSeqTM and Oxford Nanopore long-read technologies, resulting in a ~629-Mbp pseudomolecule reference genome. The genome could be separated into two subgenomes, with subgenome PceS_a originating from P. avium and subgenome PceS_f originating from P. fruticosa. The genome also showed size reduction compared to ancestral species and traces of homoeologous sequence exchanges throughout. Comparative analysis confirmed that the genome of sour cherry is segmental allotetraploid and evolved very recently in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: No drug with a liver antifibrotic effect for treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been approved. Physalis angulata Linn., better known to Indonesians as ciplukan, can treat various metabolic and inflammatory diseases naturally. This study aims to determine the effect of ethyl acetate fraction of P. angulata in the NAFLD rat model by examining alanine aminotransferase (ALT), cholesterol levels, and liver histopathological features, which are methods to evaluate the course of the disease and the potential antifibrotic effect. Method: This research is an in vivo study on male Wistar rats conducted at the Animal Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, from September to November 2020. Rats were grouped randomly into seven groups of 5 each. The NAFLD models were created by giving a diet containing 20% margarine for four weeks. The intervention groups were given vitamin E, ethyl acetate fraction of P. angulata, and both combinations. The statistical analysis examined differences in each group based on their histopathological features, ALT, and cholesterol levels. Results: Histopathological results in the group given P. angulata at a dose of 0.32 mg resembled normal liver, and the ALT level was similar to vitamin E. The administration of P. angulata at a dose of 0.16 mg improved cholesterol levels. Conclusions: P. angulata ethyl acetate fraction at a dose of 0.32 mg improved the histopathological and serum ALT levels in the NAFLD rat model, which could be the basis for the mechanism of P. angulata's antifibrotic ability in NAFLD conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants of the genus Physalis are of economic interest because of their fleshy edible fruits with high nutritional value. Some species have high medicinal value with a long history of ethno-medicinal use to treat diverse diseases. There is therefore a need to correctly discriminate the different species of Physalis for proper utilization. Although most Physalis species have unique morphologies, their vegetative stages are identical, making it difficult to accurately identify them based on morphological characteristics. DNA barcoding has the potential to discriminate species accurately. In this study, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase large (rbcL) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) regions were used to discriminate Physalis species and to reveal their phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity. Physalis plant samples were collected from seven counties in Kenya based on the availability of the germplasm. The voucher specimens were identified using the botanical taxonomy method and were deposited in the University of Nairobi herbarium. Genomic DNA was isolated from leaf samples of 64 Physalis accessions and used for PCR amplification and the sequencing of rbcL and ITS2 barcode regions. The discriminatory ability of the barcodes was based on BLASTn comparison, phylogenetic reconstruction and cluster analysis, and the determination of inter- and intra-specific distances. The nucleotide polymorphism, genetic diversity and distance of the identified Physalis species were determined using DnaSP and MEGA 11.0 software. Species discrimination was more robust using ITS2 sequences. The species identified and discriminated by ITS2 sequences were Physalis purpurea, Physalis peruviana and Physalis cordata. The rbcL sequences were only able to identify Physalis to the genus level. There was high interspecific and low intraspecific divergence within the identified Physalis species based on ITS2 sequences. The ITS2 barcode is an ideal DNA barcode for use in the discrimination of species, as well as in genetic diversity studies of Physalis accessions in Kenya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physalis species are used as an indigenous food and medicine in Kenya. However, species identification and an analysis of the health-promoting bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties are lacking. In this study, we report the molecular identification and mineral and phytochemical profiling of wild Physalis accessions. Leaf samples of 10 Physalis accessions were collected and used for species identification using nuclear ITS2 and plastid rbcL barcodes. Ripe fruits were collected from the same accessions and analyzed for mineral, total phenolic, tannin, and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activities. The Physalis species were discriminated based on the ITS2 barcode and identified as Physalis purpurea. The genetic diversity, distance, and polymorphism of the ITS2 region of Physalis accessions were high due to the high rate of singleton and parsimony mutations. No genetic diversity, distance, or polymorphism was observed based on the rbcL barcode. The mineral content was significantly different (p < 0.05) for calcium, zinc, nickel, copper, and lithium among the Physalis accessions. No significant variation (p > 0.05) was found for phenolic acids or flavonoids, but the tannic acid content varied significantly (p < 0.05). DPPH free radical scavenging varied significantly (p < 0.05) among Physalis accessions. In conclusion, nuclear ITS2 was used to successfully identify the Physalis species of all the accessions as Physalis purpurea. The present study confirmed that Physalis purpurea has a significantly high mineral and phytochemical content and antioxidant activity. The findings from this study can be used to facilitate exploitation of Physalis purpurea in genetic breeding, their application in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and nutritional value as well as conservation and sustainable use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work evaluated the characteristics of ciplukan (Physalis angulata L.) microcapsule extracts prepared by spray drying method. Different water ratios namely X1 (1:2), X2 (1:5), and X3 (1:10), and maltodextrin concentrations namely Y1 (5%) and Y2 (10%) were applied in a spray drying system to produce microcapsule extracts. Investigations of physical properties (pH, moisture, water activity, total solid, solubility, and colour), as well as morphological characteristics by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and functional properties (antioxidant, total phenolic, total flavonoid, and quercetin content) were carried out. Results showed that water ratio and maltodextrin gave a significant effect on the physical properties of microcapsule extract with X1 (1:2) and Y1 (5 %) having significant effect on total phenolic, flavonoid, and quercetin contents, and antioxidant properties of ciplukan extract microcapsule. Furthermore, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) illustrated the morphological structure of microcapsule extract, which showed a spherical structure. All combinations of water ratios and maltodextrin concentrations showed agglomeration, except for X1Y2. In correlation analysis using partial least square, the antioxidant activity of microcapsule extract was proportional to physicochemical properties, total phenolic, total flavonoid, and quercetin contents of microcapsule extract. The present work revealed that water extraction ratios and maltodextrin concentrations affected microcapsule extract of ciplukan. The combination of X1 (1:2) and Y1 (5%) retained the functional properties of ciplukan microcapsule extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increasing use of Physalis alkekengi L. as a food supplement and starting material for tea preparation, a comprehensive analysis of green extracts was performed. Two different extraction methods were applied to yellow Physalis alkekengi L. fruit and calyx and compared: hydroalcoholic extraction and decoction. Characterization of the metabolome of the calyx and fruit of yellow Physalis alkekengi L. was performed by LC-ESI/LTQOrbitrap/MS followed by LC-ESI/LTQOrbitrap/MS/MS to identify 58 phytocompounds using the two different extraction techniques. Subsequently, through preliminary spectrophotometric assays followed by cell studies, the antioxidant activity of the different Physalis alkekengi L. extracts were evaluated. It was found that Physalis alkekengi L. extracts are a good source of metabolites such as flavonoids, organic acids, phenylpropanoids, physalins and carotenoids, with various biological activities, in particular, antioxidant activity capable of reducing the production of free radicals in intestinal Caco-2 cells. For the first time, an integrated approach (metabolomics approach and antioxidant evaluation) was applied to the study of Physalis alkekengi green extracts and decoctions, the green extraction method mostly used in herbal preparations. An interesting finding was the high antioxidant activity shown by these extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The breeding of Physalis peruviana is incipient in Brazil and is shown to be the most promising alternative for the development of productive genotypes with fruit quality. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the combining ability between inbred lines of P. peruviana, thus indicating the selection of hybrids with fruit quality. Therefore, four populations from different origins were selfed for three generations and crossed in controlled hybridizations, resulting in 28 P. peruviana populations. The hybrid in relation to the parent performance, based on the effects of general and specific combining ability, was compared in a full diallel mating design (Griffing Method 1). In the analysis of variance, the factor genotype was partitioned into the following causes of variation: i) parents and F1 hybrids, ii) selfed generations and iii) Genotype × environment (GE) interaction. There were significant differences between Parents and F1 hybrids for the trait fruit polar diameter. Still, the interaction between specific combining ability x environment and, reciprocal effect x environment, was significant. However, for the Xanxerê environment, there was a reduction of approximately 3.0 mm in the polar diameter of the fruit in the hybrid Colombia x Peru and a reduction of 4.5 mm for the reciprocal (Peru x Colombia). In the comparison of the selfed generations S0 with S1, the fruit weight of the Lages population decreased by 0.380 g. There was also a reduction of 974.5 kg.ha-1 in the fruit yield of the Peruvian population. Thus, the performance of the P. peruviana populations in hybrid combinations is unpromising, indicating the existence of only one P. peruviana gene pool, with a restricted genetic basis.

Plants of the genus Physalis are of economic interest because of their fleshy edible fruits with high nutritional value. Some species have high medicinal value with a long history of ethno-medicinal use to treat diverse diseases. There is therefore a need to correctly discriminate the different species of Physalis for proper utilization. Although most Physalis species have unique morphologies, their vegetative stages are identical, making it difficult to accurately identify them based on morphological characteristics. DNA barcoding has the potential to discriminate species accurately. In this study, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase large (rbcL) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) regions were used to discriminate Physalis species and to reveal their phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity. Physalis plant samples were collected from seven counties in Kenya based on the availability of the germplasm. The voucher specimens were identified using the botanical taxonomy method and were deposited in the University of Nairobi herbarium. Genomic DNA was isolated from leaf samples of 64 Physalis accessions and used for PCR amplification and the sequencing of rbcL and ITS2 barcode regions. The discriminatory ability of the barcodes was based on BLASTn comparison, phylogenetic reconstruction and cluster analysis, and the determination of inter- and intra-specific distances. The nucleotide polymorphism, genetic diversity and distance of the identified Physalis species were determined using DnaSP and MEGA 11.0 software. Species discrimination was more robust using ITS2 sequences. The species identified and discriminated by ITS2 sequences were Physalis purpurea, Physalis peruviana and Physalis cordata. The rbcL sequences were only able to identify Physalis to the genus level. There was high interspecific and low intraspecific divergence within the identified Physalis species based on ITS2 sequences. The ITS2 barcode is an ideal DNA barcode for use in the discrimination of species, as well as in genetic diversity studies of Physalis accessions in Kenya.

Physalis species are used as an indigenous food and medicine in Kenya. However, species identification and an analysis of the health-promoting bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties are lacking. In this study, we report the molecular identification and mineral and phytochemical profiling of wild Physalis accessions. Leaf samples of 10 Physalis accessions were collected and used for species identification using nuclear ITS2 and plastid rbcL barcodes. Ripe fruits were collected from the same accessions and analyzed for mineral, total phenolic, tannin, and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activities. The Physalis species were discriminated based on the ITS2 barcode and identified as Physalis purpurea. The genetic diversity, distance, and polymorphism of the ITS2 region of Physalis accessions were high due to the high rate of singleton and parsimony mutations. No genetic diversity, distance, or polymorphism was observed based on the rbcL barcode. The mineral content was significantly different (p < 0.05) for calcium, zinc, nickel, copper, and lithium among the Physalis accessions. No significant variation (p > 0.05) was found for phenolic acids or flavonoids, but the tannic acid content varied significantly (p < 0.05). DPPH free radical scavenging varied significantly (p < 0.05) among Physalis accessions. In conclusion, nuclear ITS2 was used to successfully identify the Physalis species of all the accessions as Physalis purpurea. The present study confirmed that Physalis purpurea has a significantly high mineral and phytochemical content and antioxidant activity. The findings from this study can be used to facilitate exploitation of Physalis purpurea in genetic breeding, their application in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and nutritional value as well as conservation and sustainable use.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of microgravity and light spectral composition on DNA methylation levels and the expression of genes responsible for secondary metabolism in Physalis alkekengi. Seedlings were exposed to the microgravity treatments under two different light conditions, including white and red + blue (R + B). The microgravity treatments were more capable of rapidly influencing growth performance than the light spectrum quality. The microgravity treatment up-regulated the expression of the 7-sterol Δ7 reductase (DWF5) gene. The highest expression of 4–1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) gene was recorded in the microgravity-treated seedlings grown under the white conditions. Microgravity treatment and R + B irradiation synergistically stimulated the 3–1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase 2 (DXS2) gene. The expression pattern of the 1-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) and 2-sterol C-7,8 isomerase (HYD1) genes was similar to that of the DXS2 gene. The transcription of the mevalonate kinase (MK) gene was slightly changed in response to the microgravity and light composition. In the microgravity-treated seedlings, the 5-squalene synthase (SQS) gene displayed a similar upward trend, whereas the R + B radiation conditions contributed to the slight down-regulation of this gene. The microgravity factor was more effective in generating epigenetic responses in terms of DNA methylation than the light spectrum quality. However, light conditions affected the molecular responses of the plant to the microgravity factor. The microgravity treatment under both radiation conditions also increased the concentration of soluble phenols and proline in leaves. These findings refer to the high efficacy of simulated microgravity conditions to up-regulate the secondary metabolism in medicinal plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Physalis angulata L. is a member of the Solanaceae family and is known in Indonesia as "ciplukan" which has the potential to be used as a medicinal ingredient because it acts as an immunomodulator and antioxidant. This study aims to analyse the vegetation in the ciplukan growth environment and the role of growing media in domestication efforts on the growth and yield of ciplukan. Methods: Vegetation analysis using the survey method at the survey locations was selected using a purposive random sampling method. Domestication used a completely randomized design with 1 factor, namely planting media with five levels, namely: Soil media, soil media + goat manure, soil + vermicompost media, soil + husk media, soil + charcoal husk media. Result: Based on the vegetation analysis, there are 12 grass vegetations with an important value index of 71.270% in Cynodon dactylon grass. Meanwhile, in the analysis of plant vegetation, there was 25 vegetation with the highest relative frequency in P. angulata, namely 14.286%. In the analysis of tree vegetation, there were 12 trees, with the highest density being teak, namely 42.553%. Ciplukan growing wild so far, can be domesticated as a cultivated plant. The results of domestication with the treatment of soil + vermicompost growing media can encourage the growth and yield of P. angulata plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing proportion of the global population have or are at risk of developing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Fibrosis is the most important predictor of prognosis in NAFLD patients. Ciplukan (Physalis angulata Linn.) has been reported to have antifibrotic potency in CCl4-induced liver fibrotic rats, so this study was designed to evaluate the antifibrotic effect of ciplukan extract on liver function, inflammation, and cholesterol levels. The liver fibrosis model was established using 20% margarine injected subcutaneously 8 times twice a week for 4 weeks in 35 male and 35 female Wistar rats. The rats were then treated orally with ciplukan extract (CPL) in 70% alcohol, starting the 6th week of treatment with 2 different doses, namely 13.5 mg (CPL-1) and 27 mg (CPL-2) every day for 4 weeks. The histopathological changes in the liver were analyzed by Haematoxylin Eosin (HE) staining. Serum IL-6 and TGF-ß1 levels were determined by ELISA. ALT and cholesterol levels were measured using a diagnostic kit. Single and multiple doses of ciplukan extract with or without standard therapy (Vitamin E) reduced the fibrotic scores to 1.30±0.95 (p=0.001), TGF-ß1 levels to 24.20±2.02 ng/mL (p = 0.000), IL-6 levels to 1.68±0.52 pg/mL (p=0.156), ALT levels to 104.57±2.02 U/mL (p=0.001), and cholesterol levels to 81, 07±2.02 mg/dL (p=0.000). In conclusion, the ciplukan herb ethanol extract possesses potent liver antifibrotic activity, thus it is a potential new liver antifibrotic drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundcherry (Physalis angulata) is a medicinal plant originating from the Cibodas Resort forest, Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park. This study aimed to identify the actual potential of cecal plants and analyze perceptions, motivations, and perceptions of the impact of their utilization by the community around Cibodas Resort MGPNP. Research was carried out from September to November 2021, in Cibodas Resort MGPNP and Cimacan Village. The total number of groundcherrys found at an altitude of 1,000– 1,600 masl is 148. Results of the Hawaii Pacific Weed Risk Assessment (HPWRA) for groundcherry are 20, which means they are high risk of becoming invasive in the area. The dominant characteristic of the Cimacan Village community is married to the last high school education level who works as an entrepreneur. The highest intensity utilization of the groundcherry is as an ingredient for food or drink consumption. Motivation of the community using groundcherry plants is same for religion, education, ecology, culture, recreation and society. Perceptions of impact of using groundcherry plants are uncertain to economic, social and cultural impacts. Perceptions of the ecological impact are considered disagreed by the surrounding community. Utilization by a community using a cultivation approach can be a solution to the high risk of invasiveness of groundcherry plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutleaf groundcherry (Physalis angulata L.) has the potential to be developed in various areas, including dryland. Information on drought-tolerant varieties, lines or genotypes is needed for the development of cutleaf groundcherry in dryland. Selecting drought-tolerant lines is an alternative for alleviating yield loss potency caused by water shortages. A pot experiment that aimed to investigate the response of cutleaf groundcherry lines to a different level of water deficit, expressed in field capacity (FC), was run in two factors of factorial randomized block design. Each line (PA-01, PA-03, PA-05, PA-08) was set up in water deficit treatment (100, 80, 60, 40, and 20% FC). The result showed that vegetative growth and fruit production, such as fruit number and weight, mainly decreased at 60 or 40 % FC. In contrast, TSS increased at a higher water deficit which was in line with total flavonoid content, even inconsistently. PA-03 and PA-08 experienced a reduction in fruit weight at 40% FC, whereas other lines occurred at 60% FC. Water use efficiency (WUE) increased under severe water stress. Compared to other lines, PA-03 and PA-08 exhibit higher WUE at 60% FC. In conclusion, PA-03 and PA-08 lines were tolerant of water deficit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Caatinga is the property of Revista Caatinga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this work, we studied the effects of various chemicals on P. physalis nematocyst discharge and the composition of the released venom. The exposure of nematocyst to K+ and Na+ induced a massive discharge in a short time of exposure. Conversely, the Ca2+ ions apparently resulted in an inhibitory effect. The electric stimulation was shown to be a reproducible and effective way to induce nematocyst discharge in a few seconds. The SDS-PAGE profile of the venom proteins released revealed a similar pattern, having a broad MW distribution and wide bands with 40, 25 and 20 kDa. The released venom exhibited proteolytic activities that are inhibited by PMSF and EDTA. The present study provides an overview of discharge sensation and venom released of P. physalis nematocysts and could contribute for future venom proteomics research efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Physalis genus has long been used as traditional medicine in the treatment of various diseases. Physalins, the characteristic class of compounds in this genus, are major bioactive constituents. To date, the biogenesis of physalins remains largely unknown, except for the recently established knowledge that 24-methyldesmosterol is a precursor of physalin. To identify the genes encoding P450s that are putatively involved in converting 24-methyldesmosterol to physalins, a total of 306 P450-encoding unigenes were retrieved from our recently constructed P. angulata transcriptome. Extensive phylogenetic analysis proposed 21 P450s that might participate in physalin biosynthesis. To validate the candidates, we developed a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system for P. angulata, and four P450 candidates were selected for the VIGS experiments. The reduction in the transcripts of the four P450 candidates by VIGS all led to decreased levels of physalin-class compounds in the P. angulata leaves. Thus, this study provides a number of P450 candidates that are likely associated with the biosynthesis of physalin-class compounds, forming a strong basis to reveal the unknown physalin biosynthetic pathway in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the genetic variation and genetic diversity of introduced and local wild Alkekengi officinarum after unified planting in the Xian Hinggan Ling alpine region, and provide a basis for the early selection of traits of hybrid offspring, the phenotypic characteristics, variation degree and other related data of leaf traits of the two introduced Alkekengi officinarum varieties and the two wild varieties of Physalis alkekengi L. var. francheti in Xiao Hinggan Ling were analyzed. The results showed that: through the systematic analysis of the leaf shape characteristic indexes of the two varieties of Alkekengi officinarum, it was proved that although there were significant differences in leaf size between the two varieties, the leaf shape indexes of the two varieties themselves were distributed within a reasonable range within the group. Through the statistical analysis of three indicators, namely, leaf dry matter content (LDMC), specific leaf area (SLA) and coefficient of variation (Cv), it was shown that the introduced varieties of Alkekengi officinarum had more advantages in energy accumulation due to their larger leaves. The calculation of genetic coefficient showed that the genetic characteristics of the introduced varieties of Alkekengi officinarum were stable and the genetic coefficient was small. Although the variety of Physalis alkekengi L. var. francheti was a local wild variety, its genetic coefficient was high, indicating that it was more vulnerable to environmental modification under different planting conditions, and its character was not stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of proper plant nutrition and the use of biofertilizers along with the optimal use of chemical fertilizers is a new approach that leads to high production and yield of the plant. In this study, the effect of planting medium and different fertilizers on the morphological characteristics of Physalis plant was investigated as a split plot experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor includes planting medium in four levels of control, manure, vermicompost and the combination of manure and vermicompost and the second factor the effect of different fertilizers in six levels including control, NPK chemical fertilizer, potash chelate 28%, iron nano chelate 15%, supra humic and biomass biofertilizer was applied to the soil during the growing season. The highest fruit yield per plant, number of leaves, leaf area, plant height, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, was in the culture medium of vermicompost + vermicompost and biomic nano-biological fertilizer. The results of mean comparison showed that the highest fruit yield per plant was in the medium of animal manure + vermicompost and with the application of bio-nano biological biofertilizer (2.29 kg per plant). Also, the lowest fruit yield per plant was observed in the control treatment (0.49 g per plant). Therefore, in order to benefit more from the benefits of vermicompost in planting medium and biological fertilizers, it is recommended to include them in the nutrition program of Physalis plant to improve important growth and yield parameters and maintain human health by using biological fertilizers. Introduction Physalis (Physalis peruviana L.) belongs to the Solanaceae family, a tropical plant native to South America. Among the physalis species, the peruviana species is prominent due to its unique taste and high yield. Small fruits are consumed fresh and there is a limit in the use of chemicals to increase their quality. Therefore, the importance of proper nutrition of plants and the use of biological fertilizers along with the optimal use of chemical fertilizers is a new approach that leads to high plant production and performance. Physalis fruit is a very valuable product because of its unique taste, texture and color. Materials and Methods In this research, the effect of planting medium and different fertilizers on the morphological characteristics of Physalis plants was investigated in the form of split plots in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor includes the planting medium in four control levels, manure, vermicompost and the combination of manure and vermicompost, and the second factor is the effect of different fertilizers in six levels including control, NPK chemical fertilizer, potassium chelates 28%, iron nano chelates 15%. %, superhumic biofertilizer and biomass were applied to the soil during the growing season. Parameters such as plant height, leaf surface, number of nodes, internode distance, number of fruits per plant, soluble solids, and the concentration of nutrients were investigated and studied. Results and Discussion The highest yield of fruit per plant, number of leaves, leaf area, plant height, dry weight and dry weight of shoots and roots were found in the manure + vermicompost cultivation medium and with the application of biomic biological nano fertilizer. So that the average comparison results showed that the maximum number of fruits per plant was in the manure + vermicompost cultivation medium and with the use of biomic nano biological fertilizer (2.29 kg per plant). Also, the lowest number of fruits per plant was observed in the control treatment (0.49 g per plant). In the vermicompost + manure culture medium and biomic biological nano fertilizer application, the highest amount of soluble solids was 16.5 degrees Brix and the lowest of this index was observed in the control treatment (without fertilizer) at 14 degrees Brix. The highest concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were respectively (2.35 percent), (0.55 percent), and (3.5 percent) in the treatment of vermicompost + manure and biomic biological nanofertilizer, while the lowest concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and Potassium was observed respectively (1.15%), (0.32%) and (2.10%) in the control treatment (without fertilizer). In the treatment of manure + vermicompost and with the application of biomic biological nano fertilizer, the most chlorophyll a (8.5 mg/g fresh weight), b (7 mg/g fresh weight), total (16 mg/g fresh weight) and carotenoid (6 mg/g fresh weight) was obtained. Therefore, it is recommended to take advantage of the benefits of vermicompost in the planting medium and biological fertilizers, to include them in the nutritional program of the physalis plant so that important growth and yield parameters are improved and human health is maintained by using biological fertilizers. Conclusion In general, the results showed that the use of biological fertilizers, having many advantages such as water retention capacity, improving the nutritional status of the soil, increasing the growth characteristics and the concentration of nutrients, has been able to increase the dry weight of the plant, and then increase the yield of the plant and increase the concentration of total soluble solids in the fruit and increase the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements in the plant. For this reason, it is recommended to use vermicompost planting bed with 5 tons per hectare in combination with 20 tons per hectare of manure and the use of biomic biological Nano fertilizer in the physalis plant cultivation and nutrition programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interspecies grafting is an economically relevant technique that allows beneficial shoot and root combinations from separate species to be combined. One hypothesis for the basis of graft compatibility revolves around taxonomic relatedness. To test how phylogenetic distance affects interspecific graft compatibility within the economically important Solanaceae subfamily, Solanoideae, we characterized the anatomical and biophysical integrity of graft junctions between four species: tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), eggplant (Solanum melongena), pepper (Capsicum annuum), and groundcherry (Physalis pubescens). We analyzed the survival, growth, integrity, and cellular composition of the graft junctions. Utilizing various techniques, we were able to quantitatively assess compatibility among the interspecific grafts. Even though most of our graft combinations could survive, we show that only intrageneric combinations between tomato and eggplant are compatible. Unlike incompatible grafts, the formation of substantial vascular reconnections between tomato and eggplant in the intrageneric heterografts likely contributed to biophysically stable grafts. Furthermore, we identified 10 graft combinations that show delayed incompatibility, providing a useful system to pursue deeper work into graft compatibility. This work provides new evidence that graft compatibility may be limited to intrageneric combinations within the Solanoideae subfamily. Further research amongst additional Solanaceous species can be used to test the extent to which our hypothesis applies to this family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]