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In his account of phenomenological psychopathology, Karl Jaspers advocates for the central role of subjective experience, something which he maintains cannot be accessed through intellectual effort, but through "empathic understanding" alone. In contradistinction to Jaspers' account, I propose that phenomenology, as a process of inquiry and investigation, is fundamentally epistemological. Accordingly, I offer an intellectual virtue characterization of phenomenological psychopathology, using open-mindedness to illustrate the close conceptual links between the phenomenological endeavor and the intellectual virtues. By introducing the intellectual virtue lexicon into the phenomenological psychopathology discourse, I then offer three preliminary recommendations for the training and education of phenomenological clinicians. Centering the educational recommendations on the psychiatric interview, I suggest that good questioning, listening, and reflecting necessarily require cultivation for intellectually virtuous phenomenological inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a phenomenological framework, college students formerly incarcerated were studied to examine their experiences, perceptions, and challenges they encountered as they attempted to complete their college degree. Results uncovered seven themes: Education as survival, education as growth and development, feeling disrespected, education for career development, college readiness, navigating the culture of higher education, and accepting the challenges in higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resilience is an important character for career women. Resilience is needed so that dual-role career women can balance career and family. Internal and external factors in career women can also affect their psychological resilience in undergoing dual roles. This study aims to determine how the description of resilience abilities in dual-role career women. The method used is qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. The subjects taken were four dual-role career women at Mulawarman University, Samarinda City, East Kalimantan. The research was conducted using in-depth interview method. Data analysis was done by data reduction, categorization, and data presentation. The conclusion of the results showed that the four subjects had high resilience, because they fulfilled five aspects of resilience, namely personal competence, trust in instincts, positive self-acceptance of change, control, and spiritual influence. Suggestions for further research may be able to conduct more in-depth interviews and observations, because researchers can only interview online because they are in different cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe and understand the experiences and impact of the Paralympic School Day program on disability-related perceptions of rural high school students. Methods: Ninth- and tenth-grade physical education classes from a rural high school participated in the Paralympic School Day event. Of the 68 who attended the event, 42 students furnished assent and consent to participate. Data from reflective writing responses were analyzed inductively using a three-step approach. Findings: The analysis revealed three interrelated themes: (a) "I didn't expect it to be fun": preconceptions and reality of trying parasport, (b) "Anyone can play a sport": developing new perceptions of disability, and (c) "I never realized how blessed I was": persistence of ableist framing. Discussion: As a result of participants interacting with and learning from athletes with physical disabilities, they developed an understanding of parasport and a new paradigm through which to view individuals with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPurposeMaterials and methodsResultsConclusions\nIMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONWhile stroke is becoming increasingly prevalent in young people (<65 years), diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, and management continue to reflect the needs of older people. This study aimed to characterise and appreciate the healthcare experiences of young stroke survivors, whose needs and trajectories differ from those of older people.Qualitative in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 stroke survivors aged 18–49 using virtual conferencing software. The data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.Four main themes were identified that reflect the experiences and needs of young stroke survivors and are (1) The health system overlooks the experiences and needs of young stroke survivors; (2) Support is fragmented rather than holistic; (3) Feelings of helplessness at a time agency is required; and (4) Positive attitudes despite challenges.The experiences of young stroke survivors are distinct. Health services that consider the unique trajectories of young stroke survivors will better facilitate rehabilitation and support for this population.Stroke in young peopleStroke is becoming increasingly prevalent in young people (<65 years), and their experience as stroke survivors is distinct.Stroke units and rehabilitation centres are critical for stroke survivor rehabilitation, but the focus of care often caters to older patients, leaving young stroke survivors feeling alienated when their stroke is treated as an anomaly.Alienation and additional emotional concerns, coupled with memory and communication difficulties, compromised survivors’ sense of agency.To effectively support the rehabilitation of young stroke survivors, health services must consider their unique trajectory and develop tailored patient centred holistic rehabilitation programs.Stroke is becoming increasingly prevalent in young people (<65 years), and their experience as stroke survivors is distinct.Stroke units and rehabilitation centres are critical for stroke survivor rehabilitation, but the focus of care often caters to older patients, leaving young stroke survivors feeling alienated when their stroke is treated as an anomaly.Alienation and additional emotional concerns, coupled with memory and communication difficulties, compromised survivors’ sense of agency.To effectively support the rehabilitation of young stroke survivors, health services must consider their unique trajectory and develop tailored patient centred holistic rehabilitation programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining ecological resilience theory with a phenomenological epistemology, we explored experiential, social, and cultural factors mediating resilience‐building with participants from a village destroyed by the 2018 Fuego volcanic eruption in Guatemala. The purpose of the study is to find out what strategies displaced families and communities employ for living through the aftermath of a volcano eruption and for building psychological resilience. We conducted semistructured interviews with nine survivors of the Fuego eruption, now relocated and coping with the loss of community and family members killed in the disaster. Interpretive phenomenological analysis was used to analyze transcripts. The analysis produced four main themes: (i) individual and collective challenges, (ii) social support and protection, (iii) faith and culturally endorsed belief, and (iv) looking to the future. As well as learning more about how a community faced challenges presented by a volcano eruption, the current study has a degree of transferability, with implications for understanding how other communities experience and cope with such events. Highlights: Participants lost relationships and communities, and experienced emotional distress after the eruption.Social support from community members and professionals helped survivors face loss and relocation.Participants used faith to answer questions about why the eruption happened and how they responded.Reflecting on the loss, taking advantage of new opportunities, and being future‐focused aided recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Divorce is not just a single event, but is a long process in which all family members, including children, suffer from a loss and failure, which can lead to intergenerational transmission of instability in the marital life. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to analyze the lived experiences of teenagers with their parents' divorce experience in Yazd City. Materials and Methods: The present study was a phenomenological study of lived experiences of twelve teenage participants of Yazd City in 2023 who experienced parental divorce. Data have been extracted and collected via semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Braun and Clarke's method. Results: The findings of this research showed that Iranian teenagers experience problems in different fields after their parents' divorce that can be classified in seven categories including cognitive, developmental/evolutionary, behavioral/coping, psychological/emotional, family, social and contextual challenges. According to the findings, the continuation of post-traumatic growth in adolescents with parental divorce requires the formulation of multilateral interventions centered on the identified themes. Conclusion: According to the findings, it can be concluded that divorce has many negative consequences such as cognitive, developmental/evolutionary, behavioral/confrontational, psychological/emotional, family, social, and contextual challenges for family. Teenagers may suffer more emotional and psychological trauma due to being in critical situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of stigmatisation on adults with mental illnesses has been thoroughly demonstrated. However, little is known about experiences of stigmatisation among adolescents with mental illness. Through semi-structured interviews with 34 Danish adolescents (14–19 years) diagnosed with psychosis, this study explores adolescents' experiences of psychosis stigma. On the basis of phenomenological analysis, we find that stigmatisation is widely experienced, and psychosis is generally regarded as more stigmatising than co-morbid mental illnesses. The participants engage in different strategies to manage possible stigma, especially strategies of (non-)disclosure. Disclosure is experienced as both therapeutic and normative, but also bears the risk of stigmatisation, and is therefore associated with numerous considerations. Being understood when disclosing is central to the participants, and lack of understanding from others is a continuous challenge. Nevertheless, participants experience benefits when feeling understood by people they confide in and can to a degree create the grounds for this through centralising aspects of their experiences of psychosis and mental illness. We argue that disclosure is both a stigma management strategy and a normative imperative, and that being understood or not is a challenge transcending stigma definitions. Clinical trial registration: Danish Health and Medicines Authority: 2612-4168. The Ethics Committee of Capital Region: H-3-2009-123. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01119014. Danish Data Protection Agency: 2009-41-3991. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractNurses face various emotional challenges while providing care to burn patients. An existential-phenomenological approach was utilized to gain an insight into the emotional experiences of burn nurses. The semi-structured interviews were audio recorded with twenty-two burn nurses and analyzed with Colaizzi’s phenomenological method. Three themes were revealed: Emotionally overwhelming environment; Psychological trauma; Impact on quality patient care. Implementing support strategies is crucial to retain the nurses in emotionally overwhelming burn unit and to provide quality care to burn patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the millennials attitudes towards Muslims and their root causes. Phenomenological approach was used to analyze the experiences of millennials towards Muslims and the root causes of their negative attitudes and perceptions. The participants in this study were the millennials. The study was conducted in Palimbang, Sultan Kudarat located along the mountainous coastal part of the province of Sultan Kudarat. Eligible roles may include but are not limited to school teachers and staff, out of school youth, registered business owner establishments, registered farmers and fishermen, livelihood program beneficiaries of Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE), and Local Government Unit employees. A total of ten (10) millennial participants voluntarily consented to participate in this study. The researchers used open-ended questions through an in-depth interview to effectively get the primary data. The study highlights themes such as trust and unpleasant experiences with a sub-theme of mistrust of differences, encounter with a Muslim, and injustice; stereotyping and terrorism perception with a sub-theme of terrorist act on media and Muslims practice terrorism; peace building with a sub-theme of no equal representation, and leader’s attitude; Muslim attributes with a sub-theme of traitor, unwelcoming, and audacious. These finding suggest that respondents' negative sentiments and attitudes towards Muslims stem from a variety of factors. First, there's an underlying theme of mistrust and differences, indicating a lack of understanding or acceptance of cultural or religious diversity. Additionally, negative encounters with Muslims, characterized as "sad encounters," seem to have contributed to the negative perceptions. Furthermore, perceptions of injustice perpetrated by Muslims, possibly in personal or societal contexts, have influenced attitudes. Media portrayal linking Muslims and Islam to terrorist acts appears to have played a significant role in shaping negative perceptions, reinforcing stereotypes and biases. Moreover, the association of Muslims with specific terrorist groups has likely fueled fear and prejudice. Lack of equal representation in elected positions suggests a systemic issue of underrepresentation, which can exacerbate feelings of marginalization or discrimination. The attitudes and behaviors of Muslim leaders also seem to have impacted respondents' perceptions, possibly indicating a lack of positive role models or leadership. Terms like "traitor," "unwelcoming," and "audacious" further highlight the negative connotations associated with Muslims, suggesting perceived betrayal, hostility, or arrogance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Type D personality, which has been related to cognitive factors, makes a person susceptible to psychological and physical disorders. However, cognitive biases specific to this type have not been identified till now, and if identified, it can help to modify cognitive biases of a wide range of problems. Aims: Considering the need to fill the existing gap, the present study was conducted with the aim of identifying the type D personality’s cognitive biases. Methods: The current research was conducted based on a qualitative approach using a constructive phenomenological method. The target population was the Persian Gulf University’s students of Bushehr in 2022, among them 21 people with type D personality were selected by purposive sampling, and a semi-structured interview, designed by the researchers, was conducted with them. Manifest content analysis and latent content analysis, based on open and axial coding, were also performed in MAXQDA-2020 software. Results: 56 initial codes were found in two themes of “personal bias” and “environmental bias”. Environmental bias included “view about the world” (with sub-themes of “view about the future” and “view about the present situation”) and “view about the others” whereas personal bias included “personal characteristics” (consists of “emotional”, “social”, and “cognitive” characteristics) and “personal life” (consists of “attitude about the present life” and “attitude about the past life”). Finally the initial codes, all themes and sub-themes were attributed to “interpretative bias” as axial coding. Conclusion: The identified interpretation biases can be considered as items of interpretation bias modification scenarios and can be used to modify the mentioned biases in people with type D personality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This phenomenological study, conducted within the discourse on the underrepresentation of women in academia, examined the factors influencing the advancement of women academics in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Design/methodology/approach: The sample comprised twenty-one women academics from both public and private universities in Peru. Data were collected through in-depth interviews based on the women's experiences and subsequently processed using Moustakas' (1994) stages for encoding, categorization, and analysis. Findings: The study introduces a conceptual framework of nine factors – personal tastes and preferences, attitudes towards science as a vocation, care work, work–life balance, congruent gender roles, occupational segregation, lack of opportunities, low salaries, and lack of gender equality policies – that impact the career progression of women in STEM fields. Originality/value: The results offer valuable insights for policymakers and academic authorities to address the barriers affecting women academics in STEM. The uniqueness of this paper lies in its investigation in Peru, a country with the highest female labor force participation in Latin America, where women constitute the majority of undergraduate program graduates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T) represents the most recent immunotherapy’s innovation to cure some refractory and/or relapsing haematological tumours. However, because of the life-threatening toxicities it might cause such as Cytokine Release Syndrome and Immune Cell Associated Neurotoxicity Syndrome, patients are closely monitored by nurses for the early identification of toxicities during the post-infusion phase of CAR-T cell therapy. Exploring the nurses’ experience with respect to any difficulties related to the monitoring is important since these issues can be perceived by patients and affect the nurse-patient’s caring relationship, considered as a shared lived experience between the patient and the nurse. Aim: This study aims to investigate haematology nurses’ lived experience with monitoring CAR-T’s induced toxicities. Materials and methods: A qualitative study following Cohen's phenomenological methodology will be conducted through semi-structured interviews in a sample of Italian nurses working in haematology units, who have had previous experience in the management of patients undergoing CAR-T therapy for at least two months and who have performed the monitoring for the same months of experience; the interviews will be audio-recorded and then transcribed verbatim. Two researchers will carry out the manual analysis and interpretation of the collected data independently, identifying themes and sub-themes. Conclusion: To explore the nurses’ experiences in this field could facilitate the identification of the educational needs, at individual and group level. Despite it is important to consider contextual variables, the findings of this study could contribute to develop evidence supporting advanced and specialized nursing care in the haematological setting.

Background: Caring for patients with advanced cancer is complex and challenging, requiring varied expertise, including symptom management, communication skills, care coordination and emotional resilience. Within existing literature, the lived experiences of oncology nurses are poorly articulated in countries with a lower income where formal palliative care (PC) is absent. Aim: To explore the lived experiences of Gazan oncology nurses who provide care to patients with advanced cancer in healthcare systems, without formal palliative care infrastructure. Methods: A phenomenological approach was adopted. Semi-structured interviews were conducted between January and April 2022, in the Turkish Palestinian Friendship Hospital. Thematic analysis used the themes (corporeality, relationality, spatiality and temporality) to facilitate reflection on the meaning of participants' lived experiences. Results: Interviews were undertaken with 16 oncology nurses. The experience of the 'erosion of nurses' work when coping with anxious attachments to patients and families' was the overarching theme in nurses' views, characterised by five sub-themes: (1) inadequacy of PC training and resources, (2) serving humanity, (3) pride in their profession, (4) existential distress and the coping strategies used by nurses, and (5) reported stress and anxiety when caring for seriously ill patients and their families. Conclusions: The study sheds light on the challenges and powerful emotions experienced by oncology nurses who care for patients with advanced cancer, yet lack the necessary PC training and institutional resources. The findings indicate an urgent need for PC training for nurses within the Gazan healthcare system and other lower-income settings. Assessing nurses' emotions and relationships with patients and family caregivers is imperative to enable optimum care for patients with cancer and to foster resilience among their nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time-limited mediation touches on existential issues such as uncertainty, time, loss and anxiety, while also highlighting values, self-esteem, meaning and our need for self-expression and to be understood. I will show how phenomenological time-limited mediation is and how it enriches existential therapy in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, antiferroelectric and antiferroelectric‐like materials have regained interest in electronic devices, such as field‐effect transistors, memory, and transducers. Particularly in micro/nano‐electromechanical coupling systems such as actuators, these innovative materials, with their peculiar phase transition between antiferroelectric and ferroelectric phases, show promise in offering large electro‐strain, fast response, and low power consumption devices. However, compared to numerous computational models of ferroelectric actuators, numerical modeling of antiferroelectric and antiferroelectric‐like actuators remains relatively unexplored. In this paper, we propose a phenomenological model of uniaxial antiferroelectric and antiferroelectric‐like actuators based on their switching polarization behavior. Specifically, both the double hysteresis loop of antiferroelectric materials and the pinched hysteresis loop of antiferroelectric‐like materials can be captured by two hyperbolic tangent functions. This allows us to cast a polarization‐dependent strain and piezoelectric tensor into the constitutive laws. The proposed model is then implemented into a finite element framework, in which the voltage‐induced deformation can be solved using the Newton–Raphson procedure. Numerical examples of both antiferroelectric and antiferroelectric‐like actuators are illustrated and compared with experimental data, showing our proposed model can serve as a useful tool for the design and development of antiferroelectric and antiferroelectric‐like actuators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parenthood entails daunting responsibilities, even more so if parents are of a different gender spectrum such as trans women. Against a rigid heteronormative society, this phenomenological study explored the challenges and the struggles, as well as the coping mechanisms, of the trans-women parents in Metro Cebu, Philippines. Through Husserlian's descriptive phenomenology, five participants were chosen through snowball sampling to share their experiences through in-depth interviews in 2023. Utilizing Colaizzi's method of data analysis, the study revealed seven (7) recurring themes: (1) Financial Instability; (2) Societal Acceptance; (3) Shifting Family Dynamics; (4) Lack of Legal Government Protection; (5) Employment Possibilities; (6) Perseverance; and (7) Communication. These findings provided insights into the lives of trans-women parents in the Philippines and offered recommendations for policies that could help address the issues faced by this sub-group of parents. Moreover, this study served as a contribution to the literature on non-heteronormative families through the lived experiences of trans-women parents in a heteronormative society like the Philippines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning medication administration is essential for nursing students, but the first time can be stressful and shape their clinical development. Previous research primarily focused on student knowledge and technical aspects. This phenomenological study helped explore the lived experiences of nursing students and faculty during student's first medication administration in the clinical setting to gain a deeper understanding of their thoughts, feelings, and perspectives. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with female student and faculty informants (N = 12). Using a phenomenological study, data were analyzed using van Manen's hermeneutic six-step research activity method. Five overarching themes were found: administrating medication, (un)preparedness for complexities in the clinical environment, transformative experience, overcoming fears , and reaping the rewards. First-time medication experiences are greater than an exercise in skill proficiency and may be improved if faculty provides more structured learning experiences and take sufficient time for student preparation in relating medication knowledge to the skill, technology usage, and supporting students' attitudes toward nurse-patient interactions. These are essential aspects of the medication administration learning process as nursing programs shift toward competency-based education. Clinical faculty also need support in their role as educators and to be facilitated to find this time, considering their multiple responsibilities. • Students' first medication administration is stressful for them and for faculty. • Faculty should bridge the gap for students between theory and practice. • Clinical faculty need more support to optimize the learning experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Patients diagnosed with hematological malignancies residing in low-middle-income countries undergo significant physical and psychological stressors. Despite this, only 16% of them receive proper care during the terminal stages. It is therefore crucial to gain insight into the unique experiences of this population. Aim To have a better understanding of the needs and experiences of adult patients with advanced hematological malignancy by exploring their perspectives. Methods A qualitative interpretive design was employed to collect and analyze data using a phenomenological approach. The study involved in-depth interviews with ten participants aged between 49 and 65 years, utilizing a semi-structured approach. Results Two primary themes emerged from the participants’ experiences of reaching the terminal stage of illness: “Pain, Suffering, and Distress” and “Spiritual Coping.” The first theme encompassed physical and emotional pain, suffering, and distress, while the second theme was centered on the participants’ spiritual coping mechanisms. These coping mechanisms included seeking comfort in religious practices, relying on spiritual support from family and friends, and finding solace in their beliefs and faith. Conclusion Patients with hematological malignancies in the terminal stages of their disease experience severe pain, considerable physical and psychosocial suffering, and spiritual distress. While they require support to cope with their daily struggles, their experiences often go unnoticed, leading to disappointment and loss of dignity. Patients mainly rely on their spirituality to cope with their situations. Healthcare providers must acknowledge these patients’ needs and provide more holistic and effective care.

Background Aims Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Qualitative/phenomenological research approaches are popular in counselling psychology and psychotherapy post‐graduate training. This article attends to the experience of research supervision in this setting, where there is a need for containment, compassion, clarity and empathy (Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 2021a, 22, 689).This article aims to bring the philosophical development of qualitative/phenomenological research back into focus. It asks what extra value would be brought to the supervision of trainees through existential awareness and phenomenological exploration. The authors offer ways in which existential awareness can be developed and utilised in research supervision.The results of a small survey into the experiences of students are used to ground our observations in practice.A relational tension is implied, where trust and good communication are essential. An existential anxiety could be prompted, when a trainee's world shifts from being homely, to uncanny and strange. In these experiences of groundlessness, the world no longer provides a sense of certainty about one's possibilities, and one feels estranged and uncomfortably self‐aware. Fostering this awareness can mean that teaching and supervisory relationships are experienced in their intersubjective, free and creative dynamics.Attending to Threshold Concepts can support the transformational nature of professional training, which is often an experience of uncertainty. Likewise, Socratic Questioning and irony contribute to the development of critical thinking, reflexivity and the harnessing of assumptions.Existential awareness will enable the development of more authentic relationships across the therapeutic and educational encounters of training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the experiences of LGBT youth. In order to determine the difficulties LGBT youth in private and public schools encounter, this study focused on the phenomenological LGBT youth experience in an educational institution. Semi-structured interviews and participant observations are methods used to gather the data in order to determine the diverse emotional, social, and intellectual factors that impact their daily lives. The sample consists of 4 lesbians, 4 gays, 4 bisexuals, and 4 transgenders, for a total of 16 participants. The study emphasizes the significance of inclusive educational practices by demonstrating the important effects that institutional policies, peer relationships, and social norms have on the academic achievement and overall well-being of young LGBT people. The findings of this study can be used as a starting point for creating a strategy for implementation that will support the experiences that educational institutions have with LGBT students. The ultimate goal of the study is to support LGBT youth's general growth and well-being by valuing and embracing their diverse experiences while providing a welcoming and supportive learning environment for everyone. A study has shown that the experiences of LGBT youth in educational institutions emphasize the life-changing potential of healthy connections. It is acknowledged that fostering the growth of LGBT supporters among students, instructors, and parents is essential for creating a welcoming and accepting school community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professional counselors may choose to increase self-awareness and/or engage in self-care through the use of personal therapy. Some counselors may feel reluctant to pursue personal therapy due to stigma related to their professional identity. To date, researchers have paid limited attention to the unique concerns of counselors in personal therapy. The purpose of this descriptive phenomenological study was to explore counselors' experiences and decision-making in seeking personal therapy. Participants included 13 licensed professional counselors who had attended personal therapy with a licensed mental health professional within the previous 3 years. We identified six emergent themes through adapted classic phenomenological analysis: presenting concerns, therapist attributes, intrapersonal growth, interpersonal growth, therapeutic factors, and challenges. Findings inform mental health professionals and the field about the personal and professional needs of counselors. Limitations and future research directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effect of gravity on the flow pattern and thermal efficiency of a single-loop oscillatory heat pipe. To simulate the influence of gravity, the deployment angles of the mechanism are varied (30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°). OpenFoam software is implemented to model boiling and condensation in the oscillating heat pipe, utilizing the volume of fluid (VOF) method. The evaporator is supplied with 55.5 W of heat power, the condenser wall temperature is maintained at 300 K, and the filling ratio of heat transfer fluid (water) is 40%. The findings revealed that decrease in gravitational force results in the thermal resistance be increased and the thermal performance of heat pipes be diminished. Expectedly, the best thermal performance in the oscillating heat pipe is observed in vertical mode, however, this study also examines the influence of reduced gravity. The simulation results show that the bubble pattern is first initiated by the bubble nucleation at the start of the heating process. Consequently, by bubble coalescence the slug and annular regimes can be observed. The phenomenological analysis of the dissolution, bubble coalescence, growth, and contraction observed in this study are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author examines working with groups on-line from a Gestalt therapy perspective, an integrated therapeutic approach. The growing occurrence of the therapeutic group online setting brings the need to reconsider clinical tools to use bodily processes in the therapeutic relationship. This article provides a detailed and nuanced consideration of embodied process on-line and offers a practical and useful framework for clinicians, from a phenomenological, aesthetic and field oriented epistemological ground. In the on-line therapeutic group consideration needs to be given to the way embodied vitality can be engendered as supports for contact between members. Vitality is supported through a renewing of attention to the lived body as a support for spontaneous interactions, yet care is required in the on-line domain as there is a tendency towards disinhibition. The author explores how the relational grail of on-line therapy is an inter-embodied experience. This can be supported by the therapist cultivating an embodied presence, accompanied by an intentional disposition to wander with wonder as a way of surrendering to the unknowing of the virtual between. Such an orientation includes the therapist adopting an embodied hermeneutic phenomenological approach in group work that supports the co-creating of meaning between members in this trans-subjective situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extended AbstractAbstractExamining leadership models in today's complex and uncertain conditions suggests that competitive and hierarchical based traditional leadership models do not meet the environmental challenges facing organizations and the need to pay attention to follower-based leadership styles is being felt. For this purpose, the present study was conducted with the aim of discovering the meaning and fundamental structure of self-sacrificial leadership. The case study includes the operational staff of the emergency organizations (firefighters and medical emergency staff) in Mashhad. Eighteen individuals were chosen in a purposive sampling method to reach the point of theoretical saturation. The present study employs a phenomenological research strategy and Semi-structured interviews were used to gather data. Four measures of validity, transferability, dependability, and confirmability were emphasized to ensure the qualitative rigor of the present study. MAXQDA qualitative analysis software was used to classify the qualitative findings of the study. Based on the results of this study, thirteen sub-components were classified into three components. The discovered components of self-sacrificial leadership from the participants' point of view are ignoring material and spiritual assets, ignoring sources of power and self-sacrifice. Finally, based on the obtained components, a description of the meaning and structure of self-sacrificial leadership was provided. From the point of view of the operational forces of rescue organizations, the meaning of self- sacrificial leadership is a management style in which the commander and the operational manager, by emphasizing their ideals, sacrifice material and spiritual assets and sources of power, and finally the level of sacrifice of interests reaches its peak with self-sacrifice.IntroductionLeadership has long been the focus of group and organizational behaviors research (Nabih et al., 2016; Steffens et al., 2020). Since leadership is intertwined with group membership (Steffens et al., 2020), one of the main characteristics of this concept is the emphasis on leaders achieving collective goals rather than personal goals (Braun et al., 2018).According to previous research, one of the most effective ways to meet the needs of followers is self-sacrifice (Choi & Yoon, 2005; Liu et al., 2021). Numerous studies on many leaders, including the heads of associations, political leaders, or military leaders, discuss the leaders’ self-sacrifice in fulfilling others’ interests. Obviously, individuals value such behaviors while motivated by observing self-sacrificial behaviors (Raza Zaidi & Siddiqui, 2021).Although some studies on self-sacrificial leadership have emphasized the unique role of self-sacrificial leadership in critical situations (Halverson et al., 2004) and the role of organizational context in promoting self-sacrificial leadership (Matteson, 2006), these studies are exclusive to business, religious, and military organizations (Matteson, 2006), and the rescue and relief organizations symbolizing self-sacrifice have not been considered. A review of the literature revealed that the quantitative studies are derived from studies on charismatic leadership. On the other hand, the behavioral components of this concept have been neglected in the leadership literature. Accordingly, it is deemed necessary to focus on the behavioral components of self-sacrificial leadership the rescue and relief organizations, which are always involved in a crisis, and whose operations are sacrifice-oriented.Case study The purposive sampling method was used to select the study samples. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Having experienced the considered phenomenon, and (2) having the ability to describe and express one’s experience clearly. The required data was collected using semi-structured interviews with 18 persons from the rescue and relief organizations in Mashhad. Regarding the place of service, 12 persons were working in the fire department, and six individuals were working in medical emergencies. After obtaining the interviewees' consent, the interviews were recorded and fully transcribed to ensure that no information was overlooked. In all the interviews, the participants were asked to express their experiences, thoughts, feelings, and understanding of self-sacrificial leadership and exemplify them. Materials and MethodsThe present study employed descriptive phenomenology using Colaizzi’s framework. Regarding the nature of the phenomenology strategy, the phenomenology research strategy has been used. Considering the descriptive phenomenological strategy (Husserl) is based on the creation of the nature of a specific phenomenon, the explicit expression of the implicit structure, the nature of the phenomenon, and the meaning of human experiences, Husserl's phenomenological approach was used in this study.Discussion and ResultsAfter interviewing 18 firefighters and medical emergency operatives, Colaizzi’s eight-step method was used to extract the codes from the interviews. In the first step, which was done to study the written protocol, the statements obtained from the interview were transcribed. Then each of the transcribed texts was considered separately and read several times. In the second step, important propositions in the interviewees' descriptions were extracted. Then, duplicate sentences were removed from the categorized statements. After removing duplicate and highly similar items, 215 important propositions were extracted from all the interviews. In the third step, i.e., formulation of meanings, the participants’ meanings were extracted from their statements. In the fourth step, the extracted meanings were organized. First, similar compressed units were placed in a set. Then, similar semantic units were checked and labelled. At the end of this step, 215 propositions were classified into 13 sub-components. Finally, after analyzing the data in four step, three components were finalized. In the fifth step, the results were integrated with the form of a comprehensive description. In the sixth step, the comprehensive description of the previous step was formulated as an unambiguous statement to identify the phenomenon's main structure. From the point of view of operational forces of the rescue and relief organizations, the meaning of self-sacrificial leadership is as follows: "It is a management style in which the commander, emphasizing his ideals, gives up material and spiritual possessions and power resources; eventually, he reaches the peak of this trait with self-sacrifice." Finally, in the seventh and eighth steps, the participants were asked again for revalidation, and it was ensured that the descriptive results did not differ from their experiences and that no experience was missed.ConclusionThe present study sought to comprehend the meaning of self-sacrificial leadership from the perspective of operational forces in the rescue and relief organizations. After analyzing the data, 13 subcomponents and three components were identified as the dimensions of self-sacrificial leadership. The main point highlighted by interviewees in this dimension is facilitating the obstacles. According to the interviewees, giving up the power resources with 19 identified instances is the second priority. This component refers to themes expressing the manager's disregard for official authority, the use of organizational structure and rules, and control of knowledge and information. The third identified component was the commitment of leaders. Self-sacrifice is the highest level of sacrifice that is at the heart of such organizations. The active forces in the participating organizations in the present research risk their lives by participating in difficult and breathtaking missions and giving up their lives to put out the fire or to save the patient's life. In addition to being a pioneer in high-risk situations, the commander in such organizations spare efforts to protect the lives of his followers. This implies that one of the hallmarks of self-sacrificial leaders is to undertake risky tasks for the collective good personally.

Logic-Based Therapy and Consultation (LBTC) identifies sets of irrational thinking or "cardinal fallacies" that promote self-defeating emotions, such as depression, anxiety, guilt, and anger. To overcome these fallacies, LBTC enlists philosophical ideas to attain virtue. The latter "guiding virtues" are ideals, never fully achievable, which are thus aspirational in character. Philosophical ideas are considered "uplifting" when they phenomenologically connect the client to such virtues. From this phenomenological perspective, this connection is experienced by the client as a "leading up" or transcendence with a sense of liberation from the suffering generated by the cardinal fallacy. Herein, lies an intensely spiritual experience. For clients who are religious and utilize religious philosophies to aspire to virtue, this experience is deeply religious. For those who embrace non-religious philosophies (those that are not God-centered), this liberating experience is nonetheless spiritual. It is typically described by clients as a sense of freedom or lightness; a deep peace of mind or serenity associated with the guiding virtue of all guiding virtues: metaphysical security. This article provides an analysis of the nature and conditions under which this deeply spiritual experience is attainable during the course of LBTC practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: The relationship between parents and children is one of the important topics of psychology and sociology, and parenting methods are considered as one of the important topics in this field. The present research examined the values and expectations of parenting among the parents of the deprived class. Method: The present qualitative research was conducted by phenomenological analysis method in 2019 in Tehran. To collect data, semi-structured interviews were used with 14 parents of the underprivileged class of Tehran until the data saturation stage. Data analysis was done using MAXQDA 20 software. Results: Based on the findings of this research, five main themes (18 sub-themes) namely parent-centered values (compensation, support, forward-looking, positive communication), and child-centered values (getting an education, obeying the rules, respecting elders, religious values, courtesy, independence), parenting expectations (positive parenting, positive education, positive social role), harmful resources (current injuries, financial problems), and supportive resources (family of origin, wide network of relationships and society, available service providers) were obtained. Conclusion: In summarizing the overall findings of this research, it can be elucidated that challenges arising from adverse economic and social conditions have disproportionately impacted parents facing economic disadvantages in the context of child-rearing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intangible cultural legacy propagates through behaviours, expressions, knowledge, and abilities that communities and individuals identify as being a part of their cultural heritage, which have been handed down through the centuries and are constantly recreated. Related items and cultural locations are also included in these components. Intangible cultural heritage (ICH) has recently emerged as a crucial aspect of the tourism business in many countries that are origin to these kind of cultural resources. Visitors are motivated to visit and revisit the sites for various psychological, cultural and environmental reasons. Tourism, in particular, is fundamentally a market for engagements and experiences, with travelers floating the "mental spaces" where the experiences are captured. The visitors' engagement pattern, quality of the experiences both are directly related to visitors' active involvement during travel and satisfaction, which in turn induces behavioural consequences. Local knowledge and practices concerning culture and heritage can contribute to the research on environmental sustainability and often provide a crucial foundation for community-based resilience to natural disasters and climatic change. ICH practices were found to be critical for sustainable livelihoods for groups and communities. This study takes a qualitative route to assess the engagement pattern of tourists while interacting with the traditional form of Chhau Dance of Purulia, West Bengal, an ICH identified by the Ministry of Culture, Govt. of India. The results of the phenomenological study allowed us to intellectualize the magnitudes of experiential quality and also establish categorical causality with the engagement pattern & behavioral pattern of the visitors. Further studies can be conducted for objective validation of the dimensions and causality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxy-hydrogen gas is a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gas in 2:1 molar proportion. Oxy-hydrogen gas can be easily and economically produced from electrolysis of water by using dry cell electrolysers. Oxy-hydrogen gas is one of the alternative fuel options which can replace conventional fossil fuels like gasoline, diesel, etc., because of its high-octane number (>130) and moderate calorific value (21.4 MJ/kg). Current research work consists of both experimental and simulation parts. Experiments focussed on studying the performance and emission characteristics of spark ignition engine fuelled with gasoline (petrol) and dual fuel (gasoline + Oxy-hydrogen) mixture at variable load and constant speed condition with three different oxy-hydrogen flow rates. Comparative findings suggest that NOx emission and brake thermal efficiency increased by 1.75% and 800 PPM, respectively, at full load and at a flow rate of 1.54 lit/min. Carbon monoxide emission dropped by 0.25% at full load and at a flow rate of 1.54 lit/min. A two-zonequasi dimensional modelling of spark ignition engine was carried out in order to understand the combustion process efficiently. The predicted values accord well with the experimental data, with just a small variance. Commercially available software MATLAB R2021a is used to develop code for the engine simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Unlike classroom education, during clinical placements, much of the day-to-day activities are unplanned and unstructured, hence, learning occurs in a complex environment. While a clinical setting may provide a more authentic learning environment, it however does include many challenges for the students. Identifying the challenges experienced by students is of importance so that appropriate mitigation strategies can be put in place. The aim of the study was to explore the challenges experienced by radiography students during their clinical placements. Methods. A qualitative phenomenological design employing three focus group discussions were conducted with second, third, and fourth-year radiography students. Data were managed in Nvivo 12 and analysed according to Giorgi's phenomenological approach. Results. Six themes overlapping from all three focus groups representing the challenges experienced by students emerged. The themes include financial issues, inadequate equipment, unsatisfactory supervision, disruptive behaviours, COVID-19, and a lack of support. Conclusion. Deliberate strategies to tackle the challenges experienced by students are recommended to create an effective clinical environment for radiography students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescence is known as one of the most challenging periods in human life, which brings many emotional, social and even educational crises. This course can be faced with more challenges and sufferings for teenagers who are intellectual disability, so the purpose of this research was to explain the lived experience of the challenges of intellectual disability teenagers. The research population included all boys with intellectual disability in the pre-professional and vocational schools of Kashan who were studying in the academic year 1402-1401, among them 9 people were targeted for Research were selected. The data was collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed with the 7-step Colaizzi method. The results indicated the extraction of 3 main themes and 9 secondary themes. The main themes are: 1- social challenge (1- job and career future and worry about it, 2- free time, 3- shame and embarrassment of recognition, 4- concern about marriage), 2- individual challenge (1- acceptance) The negatives were 2- positive acceptance, 3- diseases and the need for medicine, 4- financial independence), 3- family challenges (1- family attitude) which were examined in detail in the research. According to the results, it was determined that it is necessary to deal with the problems and challenges of intellectual disability teenagers, and therefore, providing support and educational services for teenagers and their families can reduce their problems.

This study analyzes the rise of online gambling among department primary teacher education students at Universitas Nusantara PGRI Kediri. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The data collection technique used is observation or observation and in-depth interviews. The informants in this study were as many as 32 students. Online gambling is popular among students: slot gambling and soccer betting. Then players who play online gambling have several factors that make them play, namely: 1) Lack of understanding of religion, 2) Social factors, 3) Economic factors, 4) Lack of education factor, and 5) The influence of technology. In addition, researchers also found negative impacts from online gambling, namely: 1) Addiction, 2) Mental disorders, 3) Decreased economic level, and 4) Lots of debt. In this study, there are also efforts to prevent someone from online gambling, namely: 1) Looking for busyness, 2) Looking for a new environment, 3) Working well with finances, 4) Socialization, 5) Studying religion, 6) Wise in using the internet. Analisis Fenomenologis Maraknya Judi Online di Kalangan Mahasiswa di Kediri Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis maraknya judi online dikalangan mahasiswa Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar Universitas Nusantara PGRI Kediri. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah observasi atau pengamatan dan wawancara mendalam. Informan dalam penelitian ini sebayak 32 mahasiswa. Ada dua bentuk judi online yang marak dikalangan mahasiswa yaitu judi slot dan judi bola. Lalu pemain yang bermain judi online memiliki beberapa faktor yang membuat mereka bermain yaitu: 1) Faktor kurangnya pemahaman agama, 2) Faktor pergaulan, 3) Faktor ekonomi, 4) Faktor kurangnya Pendidikan, 5) Pengaruh teknologi. Selain itu peneliti juga menemukan dampak negatif dari judi online yaitu : 1) Kecanduan, 2) Gangguan mental, 3) Penurunan taraf ekonomi, 4) Banyak berhutang. Pada penelitian ini juga terdapat upaya agar seseorang terhindar dari judi online yaitu : 1) Mencari kesibukan, 2) Mencari lingkungan baru, 3) Mengatur keuangan dengan baik, 4) Sosialisasi, 5) Belajar agama, 6) Bijaksana dalam menggunakan internet.

The human papillomavirus (HPV) carries a significant health risk for people with a cervix. Among transgender and nonbinary people, however, testing and treatment for HPV can pose difficulties and even be traumatic at times. This study is part of a larger mixed-methods study conducted in Michigan in 2020, and it explores the experiences of transmasculine and nonbinary people with at-home self-swabbing HPV test kits and knowledge of HPV transmission/screenings. Phenomenological qualitative methods were used by conducting virtual qualitative interviews with ten transmasculine and nonbinary individuals with cervixes, ages 23–59. Interviews were independently coded by members of the research team and a tabletop theming method was used. Four themes were generated from the data: (1) multilevel barriers; (2) "get it done, so I know that I am safe"; (3) contrasting preferences for care; and (4) community calls for change. The discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for improving sexual health care for the transgender and nonbinary community, along with directions for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this transcendental phenomenological study, we interviewed 10 counselors who have clinical experience working with sex trafficking survivors. Through in-depth individual interviews, participants discussed their lived experiences providing counseling to this population. Our analysis revealed four primary themes: (a) counselor knowledge: "learning curve," (b) counselor skills: "creating a safe space to dive into work," (c) counselor attitudes: "being able to listen to the client's story," and (d) counselor action: "more than just a counselor." The findings indicated that counselors working with sex trafficking survivors needed to understand and address the different aspects of trauma. Our findings also demonstrate that working with sex trafficking survivors requires additional competencies such as recognizing the signs of sex trafficking, vulnerable populations, and the processes by which traffickers force people into sex trafficking. We discuss these findings in more detail and identify implications for counselor training and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inquiry-based science education has been advocated as a goal in the South African school science curriculum. Despite this goal, the implementation of inquiry in this country has been largely fragmented due to contextual factors that exert an influence on its traction in the classroom. This phenomenologically orientated study reports on the experiences of 9 South African science teachers of inquiry-based teaching at disadvantaged schools. The study draws on interview data to understand teachers' challenges and successes in inquiry-based teaching. The following 5 themes emerged from an analysis of interview transcripts: (a) equity and quality; (b) a double-edged sword; (c) wicked solutions to wicked problems; (d) learner motivation; and (e) school commitment to inquiry. Despite tremendous obstacles at disadvantaged schools, the teachers were able to demonstrate resilience in implementing an adaptive form of inquiry that enable their learners to have experiences that supported authentic and autonomous learning that addressed higher-order thinking. This finding invites future research on the classroom practices of teachers who are able to enact inquiry-based teaching in overcoming contextual factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caregivers have a unique role in the development of children, and this becomes even more important when the children living in residential child care facilities are addressed. The present investigation aimed at exploring the caregivers' experiences in taking care of children living in residential child care facilities (RCCF). In this qualitative study (1401), 19 caregivers were selected using maximum variation sampling. Private and public residential child care facilities in Tehran, Iran, were involved in the study. Unstructured interviews on caregivers' experiences in taking caring of children were employed to collect the data. The interviews were recorded, handwritten, and analyzed according to the "Klaizi" method. The obtained categories included drowning in work (subcategories of the spread of awakened parental feelings to all existence and suffering from children's pains), opportunity for growth (subcategories of opportunity for spiritual growth, care as raising children, opportunity for personal growth and taking caregiving seriously), and main categories of problems of upstream systems (subcategories of problems caused by the macro-social system and problems of the welfare organization system) and problems caused by the nature of the work (with subcategories of working with injured children and communication management difficulty). The experiences of caregivers participating in this study indicated that the job of caretaking, especially with such an audience, is a sensitive situation and easily goes beyond the job and involves all aspects of the caregiver's life. Therefore, supporting the caregivers is inevitable.

Conceptual model of coping strategies confronted the responsibilities of female-headed households: a phenomenological studyAbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate coping strategies for women heads of households. Welfare was in Tehran. The sampling was first performed as a relative classification of Shemiranat, Shahriyar, Robat Karim and Tehran, then ended with a targeted sampling method of the property within two months until theoretical saturation. Statistical sample (35) of women heads of households, (12) social worker and 6 managers of welfare branches, in total (53) people. The data from the interview were analyzed by open and central coding method. Women's problems: psychological, physical, economic; Child related; Primary, cultural, and supportive families were identified. In addition, the results of 124 concepts, 17 sub-categories, 4 main categories: 1- Individual factors of effective coping strategies (resilience, self-efficacy, optimism, cognitive evaluation, spirituality) 2- Inefficient individual factors (cognitive and emotional distortions, passive style) , Physical-psychological disorders, dysfunctional parenting style) 3- Effective social factors (social participation, social cohesion, social trust) and 4-Inefficient social factors (insufficient participation, insufficient cohesion, insufficient trust and dependent factors)and 2 main themes of effective and ineffective coping strategies were identified. Based on the comprehensive multimodal hierarchical model, The effective components of spirituality, resilience, and the dysfunctional components of lack of trust and social cohesion, as well as the dependent and passive style in the female head of welfare, were more sensitive.. Keywords Conceptual model, coping strategies, confronted, responsibilities of female-headed households, phenomenological

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting lockdowns triggered social discontent on an unprecedented scale. Descriptive phenomenological studies showed that pregnant women were under intense stress during the COVID-19 outbreak, even though they remained uninfected. The purpose of this study was to report on the experiences of pregnant women affected by mild COVID-19 during the first wave of the pandemic. Methods In this non- interventional qualitative study, we analyzed pregnant women’s experiences using an interpretive phenomenological analysis approach. We conducted semi-structured interviews with women who had had a mild COVID-19 during their pregnancy, and gave birth or planned to give birth in the maternity units of Sorbonne University in Paris, France. Results Participants reported that at the time they had COVID-19, they were not afraid of being seriously ill, but of transmitting COVID-19 to their close relatives. Their main concern was being pregnant and becoming a parent in a world where the pandemic deeply altered social environment. This included uncertainty about the future and an acute feeling of isolation related to lockdown. The idea that their partner might not be allowed to attend childbirth was almost unanimously felt as intolerable. In contrast, women had positive feelings regarding the fact that lockdown resulted in a de facto paternity leave leading to a certain degree of equality in the couple regarding baby care and household chores. Unexpectedly, the pandemic social distancing measures helped participants escaping from behavioral constraints, including the unspoken rule that they should welcome greetings from friends and family, despite being exhausted by the recent birth. Conclusions Our results suggest that avoiding separation from their partner is a key to benevolent medical care for pregnant women in times of health crises. The unexpected benefits women reported in a world of lockdown cast a new light on their expectation regarding parenthood today.

Bibliotherapy is the use of literature to facilitate the psychotherapeutic process and therapeutic reading is often used as an adjunct to various psychotherapy modalities. This paper presents a talk reporting on the initial findings of the use of bibliotherapy in existential psychotherapy, as three existential-phenomenological therapists have experienced it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study a utilized phenomenological hermeneutic design. Fourteen Iranian family caregivers of patients with COVID-19 who were isolated at home were included in the study using purposive sampling. In-depth unstructured interviews were conducted via WhatsApp. Sampling continued until data saturation. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using Van Manen's approach. Three primary themes and eight subthemes emerged. The primary themes included: "captured in a whirlpool of time", "resilient care' and "feeling helpless". It seems that the families of patients with COVID-19 attempt to resist the pressures of this disease with religious practices and problem solving. However, due to the nature of the disease and its severity, they sometimes feel ashamed or lonely and are afraid of losing their loved ones. It is recommended that psychiatric nurses should develop programs in the form of comprehensive spiritual care packages or psychological support and utilize multiple media channels to deliver these. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As smart structures are becoming increasingly ubiquitous in our daily life, the need for efficient modeling electromechanical coupling devices is also rapidly advancing. Smart structures are often made of piezoelectric materials such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT), which exhibits strong nonlinear behavior known as hysteresis effect under a large applied electric field. There have been numerous modeling techniques that are able to capture such an effect; some techniques are suitable for obtaining physical insights into the micro-structure of the material, while other techniques are better-suited to practical structural analyses. In this paper, we aim to achieve the latter. We propose a simplified phenomenological macroscopic model of a nonlinear ferroelectric actuator. The assumption is based on the direct relation between the irreversible strain and irreversible electric field, and the consequently irreversible polarization. The proposed model is then implemented in a finite element framework, in which the main features such as local return mapping and the tangent moduli are derived. The outcomes of the model are compared and validated with experimental data. Therefore, the development presented in this paper can be a useful tool for the modeling of nonlinear ferroelectric actuators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescence is known as one of the most challenging periods in human life, which brings many emotional, social and even educational crises. This course can be faced with more challenges and sufferings for teenagers who are intellectual disability, so the purpose of this research was to explain the lived experience of the challenges of intellectual disability teenagers. The research population included all boys with intellectual disability in the preprofessional and vocational schools of Kashan who were studying in the academic year 1402-1401, among them 9 people were targeted for Research were selected. The data was collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed with the 7-step Colaizzi method. The results indicated the extraction of 3 main themes and 9 secondary themes. The main themes are: 1- social challenge (1- job and career future and worry about it, 2- free time, 3- shame and embarrassment of recognition, 4- concern about marriage), 2- individual challenge (1- acceptance) The negatives were 2- positive acceptance, 3- diseases and the need for medicine, 4- financial independence), 3- family challenges (1- family attitude) which were examined in detail in the research. According to the results, it was determined that it is necessary to deal with the problems and challenges of intellectual disability teenagers, and therefore, providing support and educational services for teenagers and their families can reduce their problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To describe mothers' and fathers' experiences with public health nursing and child and family health centre services in the postnatal period, both as a couple and as individuals. Method: A phenomenological reflective lifeworld research approach with a descriptive design was chosen. A purposive sample of 10 mothers and 10 fathers were interviewed twice, 1–2 and 6–8 weeks postpartum, using joint and individual interviews. By focusing on being open and flexible, the data were analyzed to elucidate a meaningful structure of the phenomenon. Results: The findings revealed that parents' experiences with public health nurse (PHN) and Child and Family Health Centre (CFHC) services in the postnatal period are characterised by a longing to be seen and confirmed both as unique individuals and as a family by the PHN. Although an increased need for both lay and professional care is prominent during the postnatal period, the parents drew a varied picture of their experiences demonstrating that the CFHC services are focussing almost exclusively on mother and child. Conclusion: A public health nurse can contribute to strengthen parenthood and promote the family's health when the focus is on the new baby. Being cared for while learning to care for the baby is pivotal in a phase that involves both joy and vulnerability. This study adds knowledge concerning the importance of both parents being seen and confirmed by the PHN as unique individuals and a family unit in the postnatal period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]