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Many existing reinforced concrete buildings have been designed based on earlier codes of practice that underestimated seismic forces, making them vulnerable to damage during seismic action. Equipping existing buildings with shear links and eccentric braces is one of the available seismic retrofitting methods to dissipate seismic energy away from the main structural members. In this paper, a proposal for the seismic retrofitting of two existing reinforced concrete buildings using aluminium shear links and steel braces is presented. First, a capacity-based design approach is followed to determine the required sizes of the shear links and eccentric braces. Second, numerical analyses are used to compare how the original and retrofitted buildings responded. These tests include pushover analysis, nonlinear time-history analysis, damage analysis, incremental dynamic analysis, fragility and reliability analysis, and damage analysis. The results reveal that the proposed retrofitting method can sufficiently upgrade the performance level of the buildings and reduce their storey displacements and interstorey drifts, as shear links are found to absorb almost all seismic energy, therefore keeping other structural members responding elastically. Yet, using shear links alters the local behaviour of the surrounding structural members, which should be considered in the design process. Furthermore, compared to the original buildings, retrofitted buildings are expected to undergo less structural damage as they have lower damage indices. Meanwhile, the fragility of retrofitted buildings is significantly reduced compared to the original ones, which indicates the efficiency of the proposed retrofitting methods in upgrading the performance of seismically deficient reinforced concrete buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing the fragility of intake towers using a single damage index does not allow for accurate evaluation of the potential for structural damage under seismic conditions. In this study, based on the probabilistic seismic demand analysis method, the effects of ground motion intensity on maximum displacement, local damage index, and global damage index are considered, and the seismic fragility of an intake tower structure is analyzed. First, 10 natural ground motion records were selected from the ground motion database (PEER) and 2 artificial seismic waves were synthesized. These seismic waves were amplitude-modulated for incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). The trends of the IDA curves were analyzed to divide the performance levels of the intake tower structure. Furthermore, a two-dimensional fragility curve for the intake tower structure was plotted in this study. The maximum displacement in the direction of parallel flow and the damage index were taken into account in the two-dimensional fragility curve. The results show that, under the designed seismic acceleration, the two-dimensional fragility curve for the intake tower structure was lower than the one-dimensional curve. This indicates that the seismic design based on the one-dimensional performance index was unstable. This provides a theoretical reference for seismic optimization design and the strengthening of intake towers. Therefore, it is recommended to use multidimensional fragility analysis to study the seismic performance of intake tower structures in seismic design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new scenario-based method is proposed to determine the performance range of structural systems. The advantage of this method is using inter-storey drift as a damage index, while exploiting local damage indices of the main structural members without the need for detailed analytical models and computationally expensive non-linear dynamic analyses. A new damage function is proposed by linking the local (plastic hinge rotations) and global (inter-storey drifts) damage levels. The accuracy of the proposed function is evaluated and compared with the indices in ASCE41–06, ATC-13, and HAZUS for a set of steel moment-resisting frames subjected to earthquakes of varying intensities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract According to management by objectives (MBO) theory, the significance of management objectives must be considered as a reference point in a performance evaluation. Cross efficiency evaluation has always been considered to be one of the important performance evaluation methods. However, few studies to date have considered the impact of management objectives on cross efficiency. According to prospect theory, the choice of reference point will cause irrational psychology in decision makers. A management objective is a natural reference point, which will cause a ‘gain and loss’ psychology in enterprises and may create irrational psychology. Performance level is an important index by which to evaluate resource allocation, which in turn can be regarded as an important enterprise management objective. This paper proposes a cross efficiency evaluation method based on performance level. Cross efficiency evaluation models are constructed, based on the irrational psychology that occurs under organization objectives, personal objectives and composite objectives. This method not only considers the bounded rational behavior of enterprises, but is also more flexible. A numerical example is given to illustrate the application of the bounded rational cross efficiency evaluation method in data envelopment analysis (DEA) ranking.

COVID - 19 significantly caused impact in the academic performance of the students. Thus, this study was conducted to design a pedagogical model for the college Science Students with Microbiology and Parasitology in Flexible Learning Modality in selected Tertiary Education Institutions of Region 12. A Quantitative Evaluative Research Design was employed to provide a clear and concise overview of data patterns and distribution. A validated achievement test with the employment of KR20 used to evaluate the performance level of the respondents. An indepth interview of the selected participants on their experiences in Flexible Learning Modality was also performed. Findings of the study showed that the performance levels of Students in the content areas and cognitive skills were less mastered and found to be significantly different. These implied that the students' performance levels across the content areas and cognitive skills needed improvement with pedagogical adjustment. Hence, the MErick pedagogical model proposed to enhance teachers' pedagogy in College Microbiology and Parasitology in Flexible Learning Modality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alton Apartment is a high-rise residential building. The city of Semarang, within a radius of 500 km, has a fault range with a strength of up to 8.3 magnitude. The purpose of this study is to calculate the performance level of the structure, find out the nonlinear static procedure conditions and whether the analysis results can be used, calculate the value of ductility R, check the boundaries between levels, check the influence of P-delta, adjust horizontal irregularities, and check the vertical irregularity conditions. This study uses the FEMA 356 method. New regulations are used in the analysis, such as peak acceleration maps and response spectra from PuSGeN in 2021, deaggregation maps of Indonesian earthquake hazards for planning and evaluation of earthquake-resistant infrastructure from the Director General of Cipta Karya in 2022, and earthquake resilience planning procedures for building and non-building structures from SNI 1726-2019. The result of the structure performance of the drift value is below 1% for the life safety (LS) performance level on the 250-year earthquake map, and the result of the drift value is below 2% for the collapse prevention (CP) performance level on the 100-year earthquake map. The results of the FEMA 356 condition one analysis show that the strength ratio (μstrength) value of less than μmax has been met for 250-year and 1000-year earthquake maps with a review of the x and y directions of the earthquake. The value of the R ductility in 250-year and 1000-year earthquakes is above seven according to the earthquake force holding system of special reinforced concrete sliding walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing interest in "Traineras", a traditional competitive rowing modality prevalent in Northern Spain, underscores the need for a comprehensive analysis of the injury incidence associated with this sporting practice. Despite rowing's significance in the international sports arena and its inclusion since the beginnings of the modern Olympic Games, research into injuries in this sport, especially in traditional modalities such as Traineras, has been limited. This study aimed to identify and describe the predominant injuries among Traineras rowers, analyzing their epidemiology, characteristics, affected body regions, and diagnoses, further differentiated by competitive level and gender. A retrospective survey completed by 773 rowers (24% women, 76% men) participating in various leagues (ACT, ARC1, ARC2, LGT1, LGT2, ETE, and LGT-F) during the season revealed that 68.2% suffered from at least one injury, predominantly due to overuse (91.1% in men, 83.1% in women). The most affected regions were the lower back and shoulders, with the main diagnoses being muscle cramps and tendinitis, showing statistically significant differences between sexes. The findings of this study not only provide a deeper understanding of the etiology and origin of injuries in this sport but also lay the groundwork for developing specific injury prevention plans, thereby contributing to the safety and optimal performance of athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Sports Science & Arts - English is the property of Helwan University, Faculty of Physical Education for Girls and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study determined the post-pandemic performance in content mastery and cognitive skills of junior high school students in chemistry. A standardized fifty (50)-item test was answered by 285 students from the different schools in the municipality of Tboli, South Cotabato, Mindanao, Philippines such as Edwards National High School, New Dumangas National High School, and T'boli National High School. The data collected were analyzed and interpreted using mean percentage score, one-way ANOVA, and post hoc test using Bonferroni Correction to determine the mastery level and significant difference. The results showed average mastery of the content areas and cognitive skills with both over-all mean percentage score of 64.13. One way ANOVA revealed significant difference across content areas with a p - value of 0.000 at 0.05 level of significance and significant difference across cognitive skills with a p - value of 0.000 at 0.05 level of significance. Furthermore, post-hoc test shows that the majority of pairings indicate significance of difference in both across content areas and across cognitive skills. Based from the findings, the study concluded that the performance level of students in junior high school chemistry is average in terms of mastery and significantly different across content areas and cognitive skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A unified procedure for assessing the effectiveness of modelling strategies for existing buildings is proposed. The procedure is applied to unreinforced masonry and cast-in-place and precast reinforced concrete real buildings struck by earthquakes. A cross-structural-typology Matching Index (MI) is proposed. It aims to synthetically compare numerical outcomes with the evidence of the damage experienced by the case-study buildings. Results confirmed a good reliability and effectiveness of the developed numerical models (mean MI value higher than 0.70 for all the investigated cases) and the capability of the models in reproducing the performance states occurred in the real cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a theoretical framework for defining the performance level of wireless safety functions within industrial environments. While acknowledging the simplifications inherent in our approach—primarily based on packet loss rates as a measure of system performance—the study underscores the dynamic challenges posed by real-world warehouses. Through an in situ measurement study of a forklift truck safety system, we validate the proposed method and emphasize the need for a more nuanced examination of wireless communication in complex settings. The study advocates for an expanded theoretical framework that considers fluctuations in warehouse dynamics, accounting for their impact on packet loss rates and, consequently, the precision of performance-level assessments. Furthermore, the research highlights the complexity introduced by wireless system characteristics not addressed in the simplified model, urging future investigations to incorporate these factors for a comprehensive understanding of wireless safety systems. The absence of specific criteria for wireless systems within existing standards emphasizes the necessity for a specialized framework in addressing safety aspects unique to wireless applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Engineering Mechanics / Gongcheng Lixue is the property of Engineering Mechanics Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, the characteristics of the athletic careers of Japanese college baseball players were identified, and relationships between their athletic careers and levels of performance and injury were analyzed. A questionnaire survey was conducted for 589 players in teams affiliated with the All-Japan University Baseball Federation; the relationship between their background in competitive activity and levels of performance in competitive experience was analyzed with a chi-square (χ2) test. In total, 541 players participated in the survey. Survey results showed that the average age at which they started playing baseball was 7.8 ± 1.8 years, and the average age at which they specialized in baseball was 10.0 ± 3.2 years. In terms of athletic experience and college performance level, the χ2 test showed a significant association (χ2 = 8.83, Cramer’s V = 0.133, p < 0.05). Moreover, significantly more players specialized before 12 years of age, with experience in other sports, and significantly fewer players specialized after 13 years of age, with experience in other sports (p < 0.05). Therefore, childhood sports experience may influence performance levels of college players, and Japanese baseball players tend to specialize early.

Yuka Tsukahara,1 Satoshi Kodama,2 Saaya Kikuchi,1 Carly Day3,4 1Department of Sports Medicine, Tokyo Women’s College of Physical Education, Kuitachi, Tokyo, Japan; 2Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan; 3Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; 4Franciscan Physician Network, West Lafayette, IN, USACorrespondence: Yuka Tsukahara, Department of Sports Medicine, Tokyo Women’s College of Physical Education, 4-30-1 Fujimidai Kunitachi, Tokyo, 1868668, Japan, Tel +8180-3688-6128, Fax +81471-60-6112, Email yuka.voila@gmail.comPurpose: The Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire (ASBQ) is an 18-item self-reported questionnaire that can be used to screen for sleep disorders in athletes and assess environmental, behavioral, and sports-related factors along with sleep disorders. This study aimed to analyze the reliability and validity of the ASBQ translated into Japanese (ASBQ-J).Patients and Methods: 111 female collegiate athletes completed both the initial test and retest. Independent variables were what kind of sports they perform, level as an athlete, grade (freshman, sophomore, junior, senior), and age. The reliability of the survey was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and intraclass correlation, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated to determine the correlation between the total ASBQ scores and three components which were routine/environmental, behavioral, and sports factors.Results: A total of 37.8% of athletes had ASBQ scores equal or less than 36 indicating good sleep. However, 19.8% of athletes scored more than 42, indicating poor sleep. Cronbach alpha was 0.62 and 0.65 for test and retest, respectively. Intraclass correlation was 0.78 (P < 0.01), indicating sufficient internal consistency and test–retest validity. Mean ASBQ scores were 38.5 ± 5.0 and 37.0 ± 6.5 for test and retest, respectively, and it was not significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.37). The correlation coefficients between the ASBQ-J and component scores were all statistically significant (all P < 0.01).Conclusion: ASBQ-J is a reliable questionnaire for assessing sleep disorders in athletes whose primary language is Japanese.Keywords: collegiate athlete, female athlete, performance level, survey

Assessing the fragility of intake towers using a single damage index does not allow for accurate evaluation of the potential for structural damage under seismic conditions. In this study, based on the probabilistic seismic demand analysis method, the effects of ground motion intensity on maximum displacement, local damage index, and global damage index are considered, and the seismic fragility of an intake tower structure is analyzed. First, 10 natural ground motion records were selected from the ground motion database (PEER) and 2 artificial seismic waves were synthesized. These seismic waves were amplitude-modulated for incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). The trends of the IDA curves were analyzed to divide the performance levels of the intake tower structure. Furthermore, a two-dimensional fragility curve for the intake tower structure was plotted in this study. The maximum displacement in the direction of parallel flow and the damage index were taken into account in the two-dimensional fragility curve. The results show that, under the designed seismic acceleration, the two-dimensional fragility curve for the intake tower structure was lower than the one-dimensional curve. This indicates that the seismic design based on the one-dimensional performance index was unstable. This provides a theoretical reference for seismic optimization design and the strengthening of intake towers. Therefore, it is recommended to use multidimensional fragility analysis to study the seismic performance of intake tower structures in seismic design.

The Minuto de Dios University Corporation (UNIMINUTO) is a Colombian educational institution with campuses in different regions of the country. In the city of Barranquilla, UNIMINUTO offers the Bachelor's in Early Childhood Education (LEID) as a distance learning program, combining remote classes and faceto- face interactions. For UNIMINUTO's LEID students, having a solid foundation in Technological Competence is a "must" in order to respond well to the challenges faced by today's preschool teachers, with the understanding that the strength of his technological training empowers them with self-esteem, motivation for achievement, autonomy, sense of belonging and social responsibility. This article analyzes some of the findings derived from research carried out in the LEID program, to determine how important Technological Competence is for the Early Childhood Education Graduate. In the first instance, five aspects that make up the global conception of this Competence are considered. This is followed by a detailed analysis of the 21st century teacher's need to be innovative in the management of TIC and the effects such innovation could have in terms of new behaviors and the expansion of their field of action. Finally, interesting conclusions were drawn related to challenges for the preschool teacher in the context of the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to identify the reality of women's administrative educational work and the most important factors influencing their work in this field, as well as ways to enhance their performance level. The study questions were as follows: What is the reality of women's administrative educational work at Hail University? What are the factors influencing women's administrative educational work at Hail University? What are the ways to enhance the performance level of women's administrative educational work at Hail University? The researcher prepared a questionnaire consisting of (45) items, ensuring the validity and reliability of the tool. The study population consisted of (40) female administrative educational workers. The study concluded several important results, including: the low average of administrative positions held by Saudi women, environmental difficulties resulting from social culture. The study also proposed several suggestions, the most important of which is: identifying the requirements for success in administrative and leadership work for working women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study, the functional safety of the hydraulic drive control system of a tracked undercarriage used as a mobile platform for a robotic bricklaying system (RBS) was evaluated. Hazards and risks caused by the hydraulic drive control system of the rubber track undercarriage were identified. The schematic diagram and main components of the conventional hydraulic drive control system of a tracked undercarriage are presented. The functions and parameters of the components of the hydraulic power and control system are discussed. In a conventional hydraulic drive, the safety function is fulfilled by failsafe brakes built into the hydraulic motors. To ensure that the RBS works safely on the construction site, it was necessary to introduce an advanced safe control system for the hydraulic drive of the tracked undercarriage. An advanced safe control system for the hydraulic drive of the tracked undercarriage includes hydraulic control valves with safety functions, a category 3 safe two-channel control architecture, and a safety microcontroller. SISTEMA software tools were utilized to determine safety functions and calculate their specifications. Based on the specifications of the safety function associated with the category of safety control architecture, the achievable performance level of the hydraulic drive control system for the tracked chassis was determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of athlete's performance level and their severity of transgression on individuals' attitudes and willingness to forgive a transgressed athlete from a brand management perspective. Using an experimental study design, two sets of data were collected for Study 1 (n = 205) and Study 2 (n = 347) to test three hypotheses. The results of Study 1 showed that an athlete's performance level had a main effect on participants' attitudes (H1) and willingness to forgive (H2). In addition to confirming H1, the results of Study 2 confirmed that there was an interaction between an athlete's performance level and severity of transgression on participants' willingness to forgive (H3). The participants showed a higher level of willingness to forgive an athlete with an extraordinary performance level when it came to a minor transgression. The results suggest that high-performing athletes might be able to enjoy a less harsh response for a minor transgression but not for a major transgression. Overall, our work points to the foundation of a possible model that companies can employ in predicting consumer reactions after athlete transgressions in the context of an athlete's endorsement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and cardiac troponin T levels show a transient increase after marathon running. The aim of this study was to investigate whether running duration influences the patterns of changes in cardiac biomarkers. Methods: Twenty participants with fast and slow finishing times were included in the study. Blood samples were taken before the marathon race, immediately after, and 24 hours after the race. Samples were analyzed for NT-proBNP and cardiac troponin T concentration. Furthermore, a complete blood cell count was performed. Results: After the marathon race, the fast and slow runners showed similar changes of NT-proBNP and cardiac troponin T (ie, a transient increase). Curve estimation regression analysis showed a curvilinear relationship (quadratic model) between running times and NT-proBNP increments immediately after the race, with less of an increase in the very fast and the very slow runners (r2 =.359, P =.023). NT-proBNP increments immediately after the race were correlated to the decline 24 hours after the marathon (r = −.612, P =.004). Conclusions: This study indicates that NT-proBNP release immediately after marathon running varies in a curvilinear fashion with running time. It is speculated that low NT-proBNP release is associated with training adaptation in most elite runners and the relatively low cardiac stress in the slowest (but experienced) runners. The combination of less adaptation and relatively large cardiac wall and metabolic stress may explain the highest NT-proBNP values in runners with average running times. In addition, NT-proBNP decrements 24 hours after the race depend primarily on the values reached after the marathon and not on running time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a world of extraordinary technological progress, teachers use a variety of ways to provide effective physical education classes. It demanded a transition from traditional to advanced digital learning. This study examined the effect of video-based instruction with code-switching on students' performance and attitudes in Physical Education. The research utilized a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with two groups of 78 senior high school students in Bukidnon, Philippines. The data were analyzed using the mean, standard deviation, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The data showed that the performance of the experimental group, who received video-based instruction with code-switching, improved significantly more than the control group from the pre-test to the post-test. However, there was no significant difference in post-test scores in students' attitudes towards the subject between those who received Video-Based Instruction with Code-Switching and those who did not. Consequently, the language used (code-switching) is an effective tool for instruction for improving student performance and attitudes. This paper may serve as a wake-up call for the Department of Education to advocate using local language in all K–-12 programs, not just at the primary levels, given that education is essential for building a better nation. PE teachers should take note of these consequences while creating lessons that support learning and cater to the requirements and interests of diverse students.

The research aims to recognize the effect of an educational program for immediate feedback and delayed feedback supported by the results of kinetic motion analysis on the level of performance in weightlifting.The researcher used the Experimental method using two groups are experimental,The first experimental study the use of its members (Immediate feedback), the second experimental and study its members using (Delayed feedback), The research community consists of the students of the first year of the college The sample included basic study on the 40 students of the first year students of the Faculty of Physical Education men, University of Zagzig, They were divided into two groups The strength of each group reached (20) students, the most important results of the research was that the use of motion analysis, graphs, and the performance characteristic curve in the skills under research as an educational means increased the students’ ability to comprehend the skills under research to a greater extent in the two experimental groups. The researcher recommends the use of feedback when learning the performance stages of skills in weightlifting, given the effectiveness of the results achieved, while paying attention to the quality of information and its impact on the student when it is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strong aftershocks have the potential to cause accumulated damage in structures, a feature which has been reported in post-earthquake reconnaissance studies, particularly for eccentric or irregular structures. This study aims to investigate the seismic behaviors of eccentric RC structural models under mainshock–aftershock (MSAS) sequences. In this study, three-dimensional structural models with eccentricities of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%, and an eccentricity of 0 (symmetric structural model) are developed by changing the positions of the centers of the structural mass. A static pushover analysis and a nonlinear time history analysis are conducted on the structural models with different eccentricities considering unidirectional and bidirectional earthquake loading (including mainshock ground motion and MSAS sequences). The amplitude of the aftershock ground motion is scaled according to the structural damage levels calibrated with the inter-story drift ratio (IDR). Furthermore, the differences in seismic responses between the unidirectional and bidirectional eccentric structures are discussed. The results show that the peak displacements of the unidirectional eccentric structures under MSAS sequences are nearly 1.4 times higher than those under mainshock ground motions. The structural seismic responses under unidirectional earthquake loading are more sensitive to the intensity of aftershock ground motions than those under bidirectional earthquake loading. Compared with unidirectional eccentric structures, bidirectional eccentric structures are more sensitive to the intensity of aftershock ground motions and have larger torsional angles and more complex displacement trends. The maximum displacement and the maximum IDR of bidirectional eccentric structures under MSAS sequences can reach 1.5 times and 1.4 times of those under mainshock ground motions, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acquisition of data regarding the performance of buildings and the use of metrics to understand their performance level are critical for efficient building management. Performance indicators are key elements in this process. They shall be clearly defined and provide the means for easily measuring building performance. These performance indicators should cover all aspects of a building's life cycle including safety, operability and sustainability. To facilitate such a process, it is preferable to group the performance indicators into categories, namely the key performance indicators. In this paper, the key performance indicators for buildings are determined by compiling the identified critical ones in the literature. A case study of an R/C building in Greece is used to quantify the presented metrics focusing mainly on safety. The reliability index indicator is calculated based on the simulation and analysis of a building subsystem. Other key performance indicators relevant to building maintenance are considered on scenario basis. The study has been conducted as part of the IABSE Task Group 5.2. – "Key Performance Indicators: Definition" and provides valuable insight into using quantified metrics for decision‐making in building management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing interest in “Traineras”, a traditional competitive rowing modality prevalent in Northern Spain, underscores the need for a comprehensive analysis of the injury incidence associated with this sporting practice. Despite rowing’s significance in the international sports arena and its inclusion since the beginnings of the modern Olympic Games, research into injuries in this sport, especially in traditional modalities such as Traineras, has been limited. This study aimed to identify and describe the predominant injuries among Traineras rowers, analyzing their epidemiology, characteristics, affected body regions, and diagnoses, further differentiated by competitive level and gender. A retrospective survey completed by 773 rowers (24% women, 76% men) participating in various leagues (ACT, ARC1, ARC2, LGT1, LGT2, ETE, and LGT-F) during the season revealed that 68.2% suffered from at least one injury, predominantly due to overuse (91.1% in men, 83.1% in women). The most affected regions were the lower back and shoulders, with the main diagnoses being muscle cramps and tendinitis, showing statistically significant differences between sexes. The findings of this study not only provide a deeper understanding of the etiology and origin of injuries in this sport but also lay the groundwork for developing specific injury prevention plans, thereby contributing to the safety and optimal performance of athletes.

In a world of extraordinary technological progress, teachers use a variety of ways to provide effective physical education classes. It demanded a transition from traditional to advanced digital learning. This study examined the effect of videobased instruction with code-switching on students' performance and attitudes in Physical Education. The research utilized a quasi-experimental pretestposttest design with two groups of 78 senior high school students in Bukidnon, Philippines. The data were analyzed using the mean, standard deviation, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The data showed that the performance of the experimental group, who received video-based instruction with code-switching, improved significantly more than the control group from the pre-test to the post-test. However, there was no significant difference in post-test scores in students' attitudes towards the subject between those who received Video-Based Instruction with Code-Switching and those who did not. Consequently, the language used (code-switching) is an effective tool for instruction for improving student performance and attitudes. This paper may serve as a wake-up call for the Department of Education to advocate using local language in all K--12 programs, not just at the primary levels, given that education is essential for building a better nation. PE teachers should take note of these consequences while creating lessons that support learning and cater to the requirements and interests of diverse students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recycled aggregate concrete‐filled square steel tube (S‐RACFST) frame has the characteristics of high bearing capacity, good ductility, and superior seismic performance. To propose a displacement‐based seismic design of S‐RACFST frame, the validity of the design method was verified by a detailed calculation example. Based on the performance requirements, this design method divided the structural performance into five levels: normal use, temporary use, use after strengthening, life safety, and collapse prevention, and suggested specific steps for the displacement‐based seismic design of S‐RACFST frame using the inter‐story displacement angle limit value as the quantitative indicator. The 10‐story S‐RACFST frame was used as an analytical example for static elastic–plastic analysis. The pushover lateral displacement curves of the frame structure at each performance level were obtained and compared with the displacement‐based seismic design curves. The results show that the displacement‐based seismic design method of S‐RACFST frame structures can fulfill the performance level requirements such as "temporary use," "normal use," and "collapse prevention," and the displacement‐based seismic design method is one of the effective ways to realize the performance design of S‐RACFST frame structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) columns is related to the expected damage limits under seismic loads and how this damage relates to the safety of the structure. To assess the performance of RC columns under seismic loads, performance-based deformation and damage limits have been proposed by seismic codes. Adequacy of the deformation and damage limits provided in the American Society of Civil Engineers, Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings Standard (ASCE/SEI-41, 2017) and the Turkish Building Earthquake Code (TBEC, 2018) were evaluated by performing parametric studies for RC columns. RC circular columns are designed in parametric studies to elucidate the effects of the compressive strength of concrete, axial load levels, and spiral reinforcement ratio on performance-based damage limits. The performance limits corresponding to each performance level obtained using different seismic guidelines were compared. The crosssection damage limits of ASCE/SEI-41 (2017) and TBEC (2018) were significantly different, which could change the performance level of the building. TBEC (2018) yielded approximately 50% conservative limits compared to the ASCE/SEI-41 (2017) limits. As a result, TBDY (2018) seems to offer safer and more ductile solutions than ASCE/SEI-41 (2017). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yo-Yo Intermittent Test is frequently used to monitor changes in athletes' performance in response to different interventions. However, the question remains as to whether, and to what extent, retakes of this test would contribute to these changes. This case study sought to determine the magnitude of practice effects, involving test repetition, on performance in the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test. A recreational soccer player performed four attempts of the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test—Level 1 (YYIR1) with a week's rest in between. The same participant repeated this test protocol (four attempts of the YYIR1) again after six months. Changes in distance covered, level achieved, maximal oxygen uptake, and heart rate between the first and last attempt were assessed. The smallest worthwhile change (SWC), the coefficient of variation (CV), and the 2CV were calculated to identify a trivial, a possibly meaningful, and a certainly meaningful change in YYIR1 performance. The distance covered in the first set of measurements increased from 1320 m to 1560 m (15.4%), which corresponds to a 4.6% increase in the level achieved (from 16.6 to 17.4). Similarly, the distance covered in the second set of measurements increased from 1280 m to 1560 m (17.9%), which corresponds to a 5.5% increase in the level achieved (from 16.5 to 17.4). The participant's performance changes fell outside of the SWC and the CV, but not the 2CV during both sets of measurements. These improvements in YYIR1 performance may be ascribed to practice with repeated attempts of the test by improving running technique at the turning point and/or by simply increasing the linear speed. This fact should always be kept in mind when interpreting the effects of training. Practitioners should differentiate between practice effects associated with repeated test execution and adaptation induced by conducting sport-specific training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objectives of this study were to assess the average student dropout rate of the Sri Lanka Institute of Advanced Technological Education (SLIATE) and its regional centers by analyzing five years of data on student intake and convocation relevant to 14 Higher National Diploma (HND) programmes in 19 centers. Student recruitment and convocation data were collected and the total population of the students were considered in calculating the dropout rate. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. One sample t-test, ANOVA and descriptive statistics were used for the analysis. The mean population dropout rate was compared with the sample dropout rate of each HND programme. The significance of the sample pass rate and the dropout rate was compared with the population pass rate and dropout rate to identify the significance level at p= 0.05 level. Findings revealed that Civil and Electrical Engineering programmes have the lowest (< 27%) student dropout rate and the Quantity Surveying programme showed the second lowest (29%) student dropout rate. Agriculture, Food Technology, Business Administration, Business Finance, Mechanical Engineering, English and Accountancy programmes showed a

Indonesia has undergone several earthquake regulations updates, starting from Peraturan Muatan Indonesia 1970 to SNI 1726:2019. This update requires earthquake loads with a larger return period. This has an impact on the existing buildings that were planned to use the old regulations. It is feared that the building does not meet the requirements required by the new regulations, so a review of the performance of the building is needed. This research will use a case study of a Cornell apartment building with 34 floors in the city of Surabaya, which is planned based on SNI 1726:2012 with concrete regulations SNI 2847:2013 and will be evaluated with SNI 1726:2019. The analysis uses Performance Based Design with the Nonlinear Time History Analysis method which was carried out in the 2016 ETABS program. The background to the use of the Performance Based Design method is its use which is quite easy to apply and can also be used to measure the efficiency of the structure being reviewed. The use of Nonlinear Time History Analysis is based on the fact that the use of this method has been regulated in SNI 1726:2019 and the use of this method is considered closest to the actual conditions in the field. Nonlinear Time History analysis in this study uses time history data from the Chichi earthquake in Taiwan in 1999. The evaluation of building performance is based on the performance level refer to FEMA 356. The results of the case study on the comparison of the two regulations show that there is an increase in the basic earthquake force by 1.02%. Meanwhile, in relation to drift ratio analysis, an increase of 1% on the X axis and 5.5% on the Y axis is obtained.

Concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) piers have been applied in bridge structures due to their high bearing capacity, good ductility, and light weight. During their service life, CFST piers may suffer vehicle collision. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of a performance evaluation method for CFST piers subjected to vehicle impact. Therefore, this paper presents a residual deformation-based method to evaluate the performance of CFST piers under truck impact. Before that, a numerical model was developed to simulate responses of CFST piers under truck collision and validated by reported impact tests. Then, the performance levels of 6- and 12-m high CFST piers under 20 and 40 ton and 60, 100, and 140 km/h truck collisions were numerically investigated. Afterwards, a residual deformation-based performance evaluation method was proposed based on the numerical investigations. In this method, the ratio of the residual lateral deflection at the mid-height to half of the pier height was first selected as the evaluation index. Then, threshold values of the evaluation index at different performance levels were determined. Finally, an analytical model for the evaluation index was developed. Comparisons indicate that the analytical performance levels are in good agreement with the numerical results. The proposed residual deformation-based performance evaluation method can be used for design and accident analysis of CFST piers subjected to truck collision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To promote the performance-based seismic design and assessment of steel-reinforced concrete (SRC) structures, 27 SRC columns, varying axial load ratio n, steel ratio ρss, and shear span ratio λ, were tested under quasi-static cyclic loadings. The failure modes, hysteretic response, performance levels (PLs), damage states and drift limits of the SRC columns were reported and discussed. The results showed that the failure mode shifted gradually from flexural to shear as λ decreased, but the deformability was not weakened obviously. Six PLs were defined based on the backbone curve of the SRC columns. Each PL was correlated to a damage state that represents a specific macroscopic damage extent. The relative error of drift limits between performance levels and damage states was less than 9% on average. Parametric analysis showed that n and ρss were the most influential factors for drift limits, whereas λ had an ignorable effect. Then, practical regression formulas were established in terms of n and ρss for drift limits of three key PLs (PL1, PL5, and PL6) of the SRC columns, and they were in good agreement with the experimental results. Finally, the average damage indices of PL1 to PL6, calculated using the model proposed in this paper, were 0.26, 0.45, 0.65, 0.83, 0.95, and 0.99, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robust numerical representation of the behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls under simulated earthquake action is critical to support an accurate evaluation of the performance of concrete buildings. Reliable damage predictions of concrete shear walls are also essential to understand the response of components attached to walls via anchors. Previous studies have shown that anchor load capacity is reduced in the presence of concrete damage. Accordingly, current U.S. building code requirements prohibit anchor installation in sections of walls where yielding of the reinforcement is expected. The aim of this requirement is to minimize the potential for anchorage failure during a seismic event. Identification of concrete damage in shear walls of varying characteristics is therefore relevant to anchor performance. In this regard, the present paper describes a parametric study performed using a multiple vertical-line element model able to couple shearflexure interaction. The aim of the study is to qualitatively identify regions of severe damage in concrete shear walls of varied geometric and detailing characteristics and thus better assist engineers in adhering with current code requirements. Results show that the regions where large damage is expected define a plastic hinge length and include the boundary elements in slender walls and the diagonal compression struts in squat walls. This information is used to suggest anchor installation locations to assure their robust performance when attaching nonstructural components and systems to RC shear walls subject to seismic loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to: identify the effect of an educational program using the Nearpod platform on the performance level of the shot put competition for middle school students, and this is achieved through: 1- The effect of an educational program using the Nearpod platform on the technical and digital performance of the shot put competition. 2- Measuring the impact of using the Nearpod platform on the technical and digital performance of the shot put competition In the light of the results, objectives and hypotheses of the research and within the limits of the research sample, the researcher was able to reach the following conclusions: 1- The use of electronically supported educational stations (Nearpod) has a positive, statistically significant effect at the level of 0.05 on the technical and digital performance level of the shot put competition for middle school students. 2- The percentage difference between the averages of the two post-measurements of the two groups (experimental and control) in the technical and digital performance of the shot put competition was in favor of the experimental group due to the higher arithmetic mean of the post-measurement of the experimental group than the control group 3- The size of the effect of the Nearpod platform on the readiness stage was (22.8%), the crawling stage was (40%), the throwing stage was (49.7%) and the balance stage was (17.2%) and for the competition as a whole it was (51.6%). The numerical level (37.3%) and the effect size was very large on learning the shot put competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several design codes consider the non-linear response of a building by using one of the most important seismic parameters, called the response reduction factor (R). The lack of a detailed description of the R factor selection creates the need for a deeper study. This paper emphasises a methodology for the selection of a proper R factor based on resilience aspects. Unsymmetrical/irregular buildings have become the most common in recent times due to aesthetic purposes. However, because of the complexity due to the torsional effect, the selection of the R factor is even more difficult for this type of building. Therefore, a high-rise G+10-storey L-shaped building is herein considered. The building has re-entrant corners based on the structural/plan arrangement. Different R factors were used in the building design, considering buildings subjected to both unidirectional and bidirectional seismic loading scenarios. The building response with respect to various R factors (R equal to 3, 4, 5 and 6) in terms of its performance level, functionality, damage ratio and resilience was assessed at two design levels, i.e., design basic earthquake (DBE) and maximum considered earthquake (MCE). The study concludes that, considering the above criteria along with the resilience aspect, a maximum R factor up to 4 can be recommended for unidirectional loading, whereas for bidirectional loading, the maximum recommended R factor is 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine whether vertical jump performance differs among youth players with different performance levels. A total of 84 youth male soccer players from the U19 category were recruited. The players were divided into the elite (EG) and sub-elite (SEG) groups based on their performance level. The vertical jump (VJ) performance during countermovement jump with free arms (CMJFA) and drop jump (DJ) were measured using two force platforms Kistler B8611A at a sampling rate of 1000 Hz (KISTLER Instrumente AG, Switzerland). The following outcome variables were calculated in all participants: vertical jump height (VJH), vertical ground reaction force (VGRF), and force impulse (FI) in absolute and relative values. Data analysis showed no significant differences (p>0.05) with trivial to small effects in VJH for both jump types (CMJFA and DJ) between EG and SEG. FIrelative provides a good indication of VJH in comparison with the other kinematic variables selected in this study. The leg muscle mass (LMM) ratio normalised to body mass provides a better association with VJH than the other selected morphological variables in this study, although a small effect size was observed. VJH does not appear to be a distinguishing feature among soccer players in the first two performance levels in the U19 category. Therefore, the results may not be sensitive enough to differentiate the performance levels, especially when the difference is only in one performance level. Future research should consider using other parameters, such as the eccentric rate of force development or reactive strength index, as recommended in a previous study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]