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The seasonal variation of peptic ulcers, a rhythmic phenomenon with diverse patterns and controversies, has remained an unresolved mystery for more than 90 years. A recent study identified that environmental factors cause peptic ulcers by inducing psychological stress. Based on this etiology, a synthetic review found that seasonal changes profoundly affect multiple occupational and environmental factors, each of which plays a causal role in peptic ulcers if they are studied individually. An integration of the monthly incidences caused by three occupational and environmental factors simulated the fluctuation curves in three representative seasonal patterns. The similarity between the simulated and original curves suggests that multiple occupational and environmental factors cause the seasonal variation by Superposition Mechanism, and regional differences in occupational and environmental factors account for the diverse patterns and controversies. Significantly, a full understanding of the seasonal variation of peptic ulcers validated a new concept, Superposition Mechanism, which may represent an indispensable methodological complement to modern life science and medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peptic ulcers (PU) are a breach in the mucosa of the digestive tract and are related to several factors including an altered immune system and an unbalanced diet. Current treatment carries to long-term complications; therefore, the use of medicinal plants is an alternative for several inflammatory diseases including ulcerative lesions. Kalanchoë gastonis-bonnieri, is a succulent plant and, has been used in traditional medicine against gastric ulcers, inflammation, and cancer among others. The main goal of this work was to analyze the anti-ulcerogenic potential of extracts from leaves of K. gastonis-bonnieri in an assay of ethanol-induced gastric ulcers. An ethanolic extract was obtained by maceration from fresh leaves of K. gastonis-bonnieri, and fractions were obtained through bipartition and chemical fractioning. The chemical characterization of the extract was made through HPLC, GC-MS, and NMR. Total extract and fractions showed an anti-ulcerogenic effect in specimens of male ICR mice with a gastric ulcer index (UI) of 3.27–5.47. The recorded effect is attributed to the presence of terpenoid compounds such as β-Amyrin acetate, which showed antioxidant properties and lessened formations of ulcers induced by ethanol administration in mice stomach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stomach is a muscular bag that forms the most dilated part of the gastrointestinal tract. It serves as a reservoir for food and aids in the conversion of food into chyme under the influence of hydrochloric acid. The stomach is prone to conditions such as peptic ulcers, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), birth defects like Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis (IHPS) and stomach carcinoma. Surgical manipulation of the stomach is performed by bariatric surgeons for treating obesity. A comprehensive understanding of stomach variations helps clinicians identify developmental defects during disease diagnosis and prevents inadvertent damage during surgeries. In a recent case involving a specimen obtained for studying anatomical stomach variations and histological alterations, an unusual tubular stomach was discovered in an 80-year-old female cadaver during routine dissection by medical students in the Department of Anatomy. The stomach was dissected by cutting through the oesophagus superiorly and the pyloric duodenal junction inferiorly, and then removed from the abdominal cavity. An incision was made along the greater curvature of the stomach for internal examination. This tubular-shaped stomach had a smaller number of rugae and measured 28 cm in length. Tissue samples were collected for histopathological examination using Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stain. Different stomach shapes are closely linked to organogenesis. Various acquired stomach variations are clinically significant, such as those occurring in oesophagectomy, which involves the surgical division of the vagal nerve and vagal sparing oesophagectomy, a procedure for weight loss.

The widely believed Helicobacter pylori infection has never explained the birth-cohort phenomenon of peptic ulcers. Although numerous studies have observed that environmental factors are associated with peptic ulcers, their role in the disease has yet to be identified. A new etiological theory proposed that environmental factors cause peptic ulcers via inducing psychological stress. Starting from this etiology, an integration of the mortality rates caused by social and natural environmental factors reproduced a representative fluctuation curve in the birth-cohort phenomenon, where a causal role of environmental factors in peptic ulcers was hidden. The reproduced fluctuation curve revealed that multiple environmental factors caused the birth-cohort phenomenon by Superposition Mechanism, and the causal role of each individual environmental factor surfaced if the fluctuation curves in the birth-cohort phenomenon were properly differentiated. A full understanding of the birth-cohort phenomenon highlights the importance of environmental management in improving clinical outcomes, and suggests that the Superposition Mechanism is an indispensable methodological concept for life science and medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review delves into the intricate relationship between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and anemia, shedding light on its significance for public health. Helicobacter pylori, a prevalent bacterium associated with gastritis, peptic ulcers, and stomach cancer, is examined alongside anemia, characterized by a deficiency in red blood cells or hemoglobin. Through an exploration of epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and healthcare implications, this review emphasizes the global distribution and incidence rates of H. pylori infections and anemia. Socioeconomic and environmental factors influencing prevalence are underscored. Diagnostic methodologies and treatment options for both conditions are discussed in detail. Analysis of studies investigating the causal relationship between H. pylori infection and anemia reveals potential mechanisms such as inflammation-induced alterations in iron and vitamin B12 absorption. While evidence suggests a connection between H. pylori infection and anemia, methodological limitations are acknowledged, necessitating further research to establish causality conclusively. The review highlights the importance of healthcare practitioners considering H. pylori screening for patients with unexplained or persistent anemia symptoms, as effective treatment of H. pylori infection may lead to improved anemia outcomes. Challenges such as antibiotic resistance and patient adherence to treatment regimens are identified. In conclusion, ongoing research into the link between H. pylori infection and anemia offers promising insights, albeit with persisting gaps in understanding. Collaborative efforts are required to address methodological challenges and develop tailored prevention and treatment strategies, accounting for variations in prevalence across populations and regions.

The stomach is a muscular bag that forms the most dilated part of the gastrointestinal tract. It serves as a reservoir for food and aids in the conversion of food into chyme under the influence of hydrochloric acid. The stomach is prone to conditions such as peptic ulcers, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), birth defects like Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis (IHPS) and stomach carcinoma. Surgical manipulation of the stomach is performed by bariatric surgeons for treating obesity. A comprehensive understanding of stomach variations helps clinicians identify developmental defects during disease diagnosis and prevents inadvertent damage during surgeries. In a recent case involving a specimen obtained for studying anatomical stomach variations and histological alterations, an unusual tubular stomach was discovered in an 80-year-old female cadaver during routine dissection by medical students in the Department of Anatomy. The stomach was dissected by cutting through the oesophagus superiorly and the pyloric duodenal junction inferiorly, and then removed from the abdominal cavity. An incision was made along the greater curvature of the stomach for internal examination. This tubular-shaped stomach had a smaller number of rugae and measured 28 cm in length. Tissue samples were collected for histopathological examination using Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stain. Different stomach shapes are closely linked to organogenesis. Various acquired stomach variations are clinically significant, such as those occurring in oesophagectomy, which involves the surgical division of the vagal nerve and vagal sparing oesophagectomy, a procedure for weight loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a causative agent of peptic ulcer which presently affects more than half of the world's population. This study determined H. pylori prevalence and risk variables among peptic ulcer patients in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Methods: Two-hundred (200) study participants consented at local hospitals. A pre-tested, structured questionnaire collected socio-demographic and risk factor information from participants. Participants' blood samples were tested with a fast chromatographic immunoassay kit for H. pylori antibodies. Results: 73.5 %of the 200 tested subjects had H. pylori. Prevalence was greater among women (74.8%) than men (71.6%). The most heavily impacted age group for H. pylori infection is 21–30 years with 78.4% prevalence, while the least affected is 51–60 years with 66.7% prevalence. Married respondents (77.2%) had a greater prevalence of H. pylori than singles (71.1%). The difference in prevalence rate based on individuals' education and occupation was not statistically significant (p=0.407 and 0.999, respectively). Helicobacter pylori infection was significantly associated with NSAID use (X2= 8.917, p=

Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a causative agent of peptic ulcer which presently affects more than half of the world's population. This study determined H. pylori prevalence and risk variables among peptic ulcer patients in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Methods: Two-hundred (200) study participants consented at local hospitals. A pre-tested, structured questionnaire collected socio-demographic and risk factor information from participants. Participants' blood samples were tested with a fast chromatographic immunoassay kit for H. pylori antibodies. Results: 73.5 %of the 200 tested subjects had H. pylori. Prevalence was greater among women (74.8%) than men (71.6%). The most heavily impacted age group for H. pylori infection is 21–30 years with 78.4% prevalence, while the least affected is 51–60 years with 66.7% prevalence. Married respondents (77.2%) had a greater prevalence of H. pylori than singles (71.1%). The difference in prevalence rate based on individuals' education and occupation was not statistically significant (p=0.407 and 0.999, respectively). Helicobacter pylori infection was significantly associated with NSAID use (X²= 8.917, p=<0.001), smoking (X²=4.988, p=0.02), residing in a crowded room (X²=4.439, p=0.03), and a family history of peptic ulcer (X²=19.70, p=<0.0001). Conclusion: This study found substantial H. pylori prevalence among peptic ulcer patients. Helicobacter pylori testing should be considered relevant in clinical practice, especially in patients with peptic ulcer symptoms, and not only antacid prescriptions. For efficient patient treatment and to prevent chronic gastritis and stomach cancer, H. pylori must be thoroughly investigated and treated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peptic ulcers are described as muscularis mucosae-through erosions in the gastric or duodenal mucosa. Increases in the detection and eradication of H. pylori infection, the principal cause of PUD, are probably contributing to the declining incidence and prevalence of PUD. After obtaining approval and clearance from the institutional ethics committee, the patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria will be enrolled for the study after obtaining informed consent. Current study showed that, out of 64 peptic ulcer disease patients, 15(23.4%) of them were admitted to the hospital with ongoing shock with a Blood Pressure of less than 100 mmHg & Heart Rate of more than 100bpm). While remaining 49(76.6%) of patients had no ongoing shock on admission with stable blood pressure and heart rate. This study showed that, out of 64 peptic ulcer disease patients, 52(81.3%) got admitted to hospital after 24 hours of peptic ulcer perforation while 12(18.8%) got admitted to hospital within 24 hours of the peptic ulcer perforation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endoscopic therapy remains the mainstay in treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB). Despite the advancement in endoscopic therapy, the mortality rate for UGIB has remained constant at about 10% for the past few decades. This study aims to determine the prevalence of outcomes post endoscopic therapy in bleeding peptic ulcers. Methods: This is a retrospective record review of patients who underwent emergency upper endoscopy for UGIB from March 2014 to March 2019 in Hospital Serdang, Selangor. Data was collected from endoscopic suite records and the prevalence of permanent haemostasis, re-endoscopy, angio-embolization, surgery and 30-day mortality was calculated. Results: A total of 204 patients who underwent emergency upper endoscopic therapy for UGIB were included in our study. More half of the patients 113 (55.4%) achieved permanent haemostasis after initial endoscopic therapy while 84 (41.2%) had to undergo re-endoscopy due to re-bleeding ulcer. A small percentage had to undergo surgery 10 (4.9%) while only 3 (1.5%) underwent angioembolization. Out of 204 patients included, there was 34 (16.7%) mortalities and the median length of stay was 5 days. Conclusion: From our study, we can conclude that permanent haemostasis is the outcome with highest prevalence after endoscopic therapy for UGIB in our centre. However, we should strive to reduce our rate of re-endoscopy as it is not up to par with data from other developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Helicobacter pylori is an infection of concern for its chronic colonization leading to peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. In recent times, microRNAs have been extensively studied to understand their role in the pathogenesis of this bacteria in diverse contexts of gastric diseases. The current analysis reports the microRNA‐mRNA interactions that are associated with effective survival and virulence of this pathogen. Materials and Methods: We convened differentially regulated human microRNAs responsive to H. pylori infection (HP‐hDEmiRs) at different multiplicity of infection and time points in human gastric cell lines through retrospective data mining of experimental studies. In view of the molecular disparity of clinical samples and animal models, data from tissue, serum/plasma, urine, and ascites were excluded. Further, we utilized diverse bioinformatics approaches to retrieve experimentally validated, high‐confidence targets of the HP‐hDEmiRs to analyze the microRNA‐mRNA interactions that are relevant to H. pylori pathogenesis. Results: A total of 39 HP‐hDEmiRs that showed unidirectional expression of either overexpression or downregulation were identified to modulate 23 targets explicitly studied under this infection. We also identified 476 experimentally validated targets regulated by at least 4 of the HP‐hDEmiRs. In addition to the pathways prior‐associated with H. pylori infection, the microRNA‐mRNA interactome analysis identified several cellular processes and pathways highly associated with cell cycle, cell division, migration, and carcinogenesis. Conclusion: This study generated a platform to study the mechanisms utilized by this pathogen using microRNAs as surrogate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The continuous increase in drug-resistant strains, the lack of novel antibiotics, and the fewer options available to combat antibiotic-resistant infections in pediatrics pose significant challenges to the eradication of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in children. This study evaluated the efficacy of first-line therapy with bismuth quadruple therapy in H. pylori-positive pediatric patients with peptic ulcers., Materials and Methods: 136 patients (aged between 8 and 17 years) diagnosed with active peptic ulcers with H. pylori infection were enrolled in this study. Patients with H. pylori strain sensitive to tetracycline and metronidazole were assigned to bismuth quadruple therapy, including a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), bismuth, tetracycline, and metronidazole. Antibiotic resistance of H. pylori was analyzed by the Epsilometer test. Treatment efficacy was evaluated at 12 weeks based on H. pylori eradication and peptic ulcer healing rates. H. pylori infection status was evaluated by a 13 C-urea breath test., Results: Most isolates showed extremely high rates of resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics used for children, including clarithromycin (97.0%) and amoxicillin (84.6%), while the low rate of resistance to levofloxacin (16.2%). The overall success rate of eradication therapy in the intention-to-treat and the per-protocol group were 86.0% and 89.3%, respectively. Peptic ulcer healing rates for total patients at 6 weeks and 12 weeks were 75.0% and 97.7%, respectively. There were no entail unpleasant adverse events, and peptic ulcer symptoms decreased steadily over time in all cases., Conclusions: The bismuth quadruple therapy with a 2-week PPI pretreatment and followed by prolonged PPI was highly successful in eradicating H. pylori infection and healing ulcers in pediatric patients with active peptic ulcer. This might be preferable as a first-line empiric treatment regimen for H. pylori-positive pediatric patients with peptic ulcers, especially in populations with high rates of resistance to amoxicillin and clarithromycin., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R)-induced gastrointestinal disorders are caused by free radicals, resulting in organ damage and functional disarrangement. This study aimed to investigate the healing effects of hydroalcoholic extracts from the leaves of Eugenia punicifolia (Kunth) DC. (HEEP) in male and female Wistar rats with I/R-induced peptic injuries, and the role of antioxidants in improving this response. After I/R-induced gastric and duodenal injuries, male and female [intact (INT) and ovariectomized (OVZ)] rats were orally treated with HEEP for 6 days. Biochemical analysis was used to determine the catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities, as well as malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione levels, to measure the gastric and duodenal healing process. Six days of HEEP treatment significantly decreased the I/R-induced gastric [male (73.68%), INT (52.83%), and OVZ (43.13%)] and duodenal damage [male (57.03%), INT (56.04%), and OVZ (54.83%)] in all groups. In OVZ rats, the healing effect of HEEP occurred because of the increased activity of SOD (2x) and CAT (1.16x) in the gastric mucosa. In the duodenal mucosa of INT rats, the extract reduced MPO (20.83%) activity. The 6-day HEEP treatment improved the healing of I/R-induced peptic ulcer injury, with the system acting differently in males and females. The antioxidant system is an important component of the HEEP activity during post-I/R mucosal recovery. This result revealed the importance of antioxidant compounds in minimizing the severity of I/R-related events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Peptic ulcer disease (stomach and duodenal ulcers) is one of the most painful diseases, affecting an estimated 4 million Americans, according to a new statistic, and will affect 1 in 10 patients during their lifetime. Objectives: Several animal models exist to study gastric ulcers, but the most commonly used one has not yet been identified and discussed in the published literature. However, in this study, among the mentioned anti-ulcer agents (synthetic compounds, phytochemicals, herbal extracts, and probiotics), more effective anti-ulcer agents were discovered and investigated. Methods: All information related to this study was collected through August 2021 using relevant keywords in libraries or electronic databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley Online Library, Google Scholar, Springer, etc. Results: The rat ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model was used more frequently than other gastric ulcer models to study anti-ulcer activity. Because ethanol-induced gastric ulcer develops more rapidly than other models, the resulting gastric ulcer is very similar to acute gastric ulcer in humans. Data from previous studies also show that herbal extracts are the most effective agents against gastric ulcer due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and high content of phytochemicals. Conclusion: The results show that the ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model is the most commonly used in vivo studies. Herbal extracts are also the best option among anti-ulcer drugs for prevention and treatment.