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The paper attempts to present the magazine „Kultura Wsi. Ludzie. Wydarzenia. Przemiany” and its assignment to a specific type of press. The content of the journal was analyzed in terms of the functions assumed by the editors. The research also sought to capture the image of the modern Polish village, appearing from the texts in the magazine. Attempts were also made to answer the question about the reasons for the fall of the title. W artykule podjęto próbę prezentacji magazynu „Kultura Wsi. Ludzie. Wydarzenia. Przemiany” i przyporządkowania go do określonego typu prasy. Przeanalizowano zawartość periodyku pod kątem założonych przez redakcję funkcji. W badaniach dążono również do uchwycenia wizerunku współczesnej wsi polskiej, wyłaniającego się z tekstów zamieszczonych na łamach pisma. Starano się także odpowiedzieć na pytanie dotyczące przyczyn upadku tytułu.

ilustraciones, mapas, tablas Este trabajo pretende abordar la contradicción histórica entre conservación de Áreas de Especial Interés Ambiental y los procesos de ocupación del territorio por parte de las comunidades campesinas; fenómenos tales como el conflicto armado interno y la ausencia de una política agraria que resuelva eficazmente las problemáticas de concentración de la propiedad e informalidad en la tenencia de la tierra, han incidido en la ampliación de la frontera agrícola hacia zonas de excepcional biodiversidad. Superando las limitaciones que supone un abordaje centrado exclusivamente en la salvaguarda de los recursos naturales, es necesario transitar hacia un paradigma de conservación que, a partir de los postulados de la justicia ambiental y de la bioculturalidad, reconozca que la cultura y la naturaleza han coevolucionado bajo una especial relación de interdependencia, reivindicando el derecho de las comunidades campesinas a permanecer en el territorio que tradicionalmente han habitado. (Texto tomado de la fuente) This work aims to approach the historical contradiction that has existed between the conservation of areas of special environmental interest and the processes of occupation of the territory by peasant communities; both the internal armed conflict and the absence of an effective agrarian policy that settle the problems of concentration of ownership and informality in land tenure, have influenced in the expansion of the agricultural frontier to areas of exceptional biodiversity. Overcoming the limitations of an approach focused exclusively on the safeguarding of natural resources, it is necessary to move towards a conservation paradigm that, based on the postulates of environmental justice and bioculturality, recognizes that culture and nature have co-evolved under a special relationship of interdependence, claiming the right of peasant communities to remain in the territory than they have traditionally inhabited. Maestría Política Ambiental

A gairebé ningú no li estranyarà un número monogràfic d'Estudis d’Història Agrària dedicat al “pairalisme”. El terme resulta familiar al lector habitual de llibres d'història i aquest lector no ignora -és possible que l’existència d'aquest número el faci reflexionar sobre això- que el fenomen ha estat poc estudiat. Poques vegades deu passar, però, que una paraula d'aquest tipus -una paraula de rel occitana, però que respon a una creació intel•lectual d’aquí- hagi adquirit un significat precís al marge dels diccionaris i de les enciclopèdies. Perquè ni la paraula “pairalisme” ni l’adjectiu “pairalista” han estat objecte de definició en cap dels diccionaris més usuals de la llengua catalana. En el diccionari Pompeu Fabra, en el de la Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana, i en el més recent de l’Institut d'Estudis Catalans apareix únicament pairal, com a adjectiu, i amb una definició molt breu i molt concreta: “dels pares”

Resumo A partir de narrativas juvenis, neste artigo analisa-se a divisão sexual do trabalho em áreas rurais, com foco nas tensões produzidas pelas diferenças geracionais. Os dados, obtidos a partir da metodologia da história de vida em quatro etapas de oficinas pedagógicas (2015-2016) realizadas com 150 jovens de duas escolas de assentamentos de reforma agrária no Paraná, revelam os impactos do trabalho genderizado no processo de socialização da juventude camponesa. O estudo evidencia conflitos geracionais num contexto em mudança, bem como o impacto pedagógico e cultural advindo do acesso ao conhecimento sistemático e da problematização da temática, sobretudo, a revisão de preconceitos e a mudança de discursos, práticas e atitudes em direção à promoção da igualdade de gênero, notadamente, a partir da agência das jovens do campo. Abstract Based on young peasant narratives, this article analyses the sexual division of labour in rural areas, focusing on tensions produced by generational differences. Data obtained from four stages of pedagogical workshops (2015-2016), using the life history methodology with 150 young people from two schools based in agrarian reform settlements in Paraná, show the impacts of gendered labour on the process of peasant youth socialization. The study provides evidence of generational conflicts in a shifting context, as well as the pedagogical and cultural impact stemming from access to systematic knowledge and debates on the theme, especially, the revision of prejudices and the shift of discourses, practices and attitudes towards gender equality, notably, through the agency of young peasant women.

En una conferencia de Luis Landero tres personas se dirigen a él para decirle que por el modo de escribir notan que es un escritor de pueblo. Este comentario constituye el punto de partida del artículo. Me detengo en Pierre Michon, en Luis Landero y en dos de sus libros, Vidas minúsculas y El balcón en invierno, para averiguar las características que identifican al escritor que ha nacido en una familia de labradores. Los dos autores, tan distintos en estilo y en contenidos, presentan importantes semejanzas. Nacieron en un pueblo, son personas de campo, y se preguntan cómo un niño de campo se ha convertido en escritor. Además, los autores presentan sus textos como ficción, pero tienen un importante elemento autobiográfico. Recurren a la memoria para explicarse a sí mismos y comunicar a los demás cómo se han convertido en los escritores que son.

Tekst jest omówieniem wybranych wątków autobiograficznego eseju Andrzeja Mencwela Toast na progu. Autorka sytuuje tę pracę w konstelacji powstających w ostatnich latach tekstów literackich, prac badawczych i działań artystycznych przepracowujących i wprowadzających do szerszego obiegu problematykę chłopskich korzeni kultury polskiej. W swojej interpretacji samego tekstu Mencwela koncentruje sią na problematyce cywilizacyjnej oraz tych na diagnozach autora dotyczących stanu kultury chłopskiej we współczesności. This article explores selected passages from Andrzej Mencwel’s autobiographical essay Toast na progu [Toast on the Threshold] in the context of recent literary and critical texts as well as artistic works that explore – and introduce to a broader public – the question of Polish culture’s peasant roots. Litwinowicz-Droździel focuses on the problems of civilization in Mencwel’s work and on his diagnoses regarding the current state of peasant culture.

The addressing of child labor became a part of the Brazilian state agenda in the 1990s, anchored in the discourse on the human rights of children. But the addressing of that problem through public policies to combat child labor meets resistance in peasant societies, in which children are socialized through work. In this perspective, this article aims to analyze the convergence and divergence, in the arena of legitimacy, between peasant culture and the policies designed to eradicate child labor. This important analysis is part of the author’s doctoral dissertation on public policies that is in progress. Its methodology is based on the systematic analysis of bibliographical and documentary sources, aiming to point out dilemmas, tensions and paths, at the conceptual level, regarding that relationship. Child labor must be combated, especially in the peasant world, in which children and adolescents are exposed to particular risks of agriculture, although it is a subsistence agriculture. However, public policies designed to eradicate child labor need to dialogue with the socio-cultural particularities of this world, so that they can be constructed having legitimacy and effectiveness. Keywords: public policies, peasant culture, child labor.

У статті розглянуто художній світ драми-феєрії «Лісова пісня» з погляду параметрів доповнення й конфліктності знаків, персонажів та сюжетів, розпо- ділених за групами, співвідносними з природним та цивілізаційним (культур- ним). В основу покладено опис соціальної організації первісних суспільств Ж. Бодріяра. Інтерпретовано картини, які фіксують втрату навиків взаємодії зі світом уявлюваного, та їх кореляцію із сюжетами родинно-любовної теми й теми митця як іншого. The author of article considers fictional world of drama-fairy Forest Song and analyzes parameters of adding, opposition, complementation and conflicts in draw configuration of markers, figures and plots divided into segments of natural world and civilization. Study is based on some thesis about of symbolic exchange in primitive societies by J. Baudrillard. The group of drama forest inhabitants (demons) is interpreted to be phenomena of creative cultural activity of peasants and of natural peasant world as writher has constituted, not a level of human bodieness. In their structure it’s fixed an element of concept. The author analyzed scenes to show how social control do act, and how changes in protagonists’ emotional and spirit essence are realized due motif of symbolic death and birth. Function and peculiarities of situations of segregation are constituted. Some scenes which show destruction of competence and skill to cooperate with imaginative world are interpreted by author; it’s considered their correlation with the theme of artist as Another and with family and love stories.

RESUMEN: Esta tesis doctoral investiga, desde una perspectiva comparativa, las tensiones y conflictos -conductas sexuales desordenadas, violencia verbal y física, brujería, hurtos y robos, etc.- que alteraban la convivencia vecinal, así como las vías utilizadas para restaurar el orden y la paz social. Estas estaban basadas en el desarrollo de mecanismos ligados a la infrajusticia y la parajusticia o en los diversos usos de la justicia reglada. Este análisis abarca una veintena de localidades que, con una población censada de 740 fuegos en 1595 y de 575 en 1717, configuraban los dominios señoriales del cabildo de la catedral de Santa Maria d’Urgell en la comarca del Alt Urgell, durante las dos últimas décadas del siglo XVI y en el transcurso del siglo XVII. ABSTRACT: This doctoral thesis studies, from a comparative perspective, tensions and conflicts -disordered sexual behavior, verbal and physical violence, witchcraft, theft and robbery, etc.- that altered the local coexistence and pathways used to restore order and social peace. These were based on the development of mechanisms linked to infrajusticia and parajusticia or different uses of formal justice. This analysis covers twenty localities, with a registered population of 740 firesin 1595 and 575 in 1717, which formed the lordships of the chapter of the cathedral of Santa Maria d'Urgell in the Alt Urgell, in the last two decades of the sixteenth century and during the seventeenth century.

Ostrobothnian houses are our common cultural heritage. They are an essential component of the Ostrobothnian cultural landscape and people’s everyday life. They still serve as people’s homes and leisure-time houses. What values does the Ostrobothnian house culture involve? What is the background of the construction of Ostrobothnian houses? Why and how were they built? What structural solutions were used? The book answers these questions and also presents the regional and stylistic diversity of Ostrobothnian houses. The text is accompanied by diverse illustrations. The book includes plenty of previously unpublished archive material, including treasures such as early photographs by Julia Widgren from the 1870s as well as aquarelles and drawings by Toivo Salervo and Alvar Aalto from the first decades of the 20th century. An Ostrobothnian house is more than just a building. It is an entire cultural sphere with rich values, which offers a lot to learn from. The University of Helsinki Ruralia Institute launched a series of projects related to Ostrobothnian houses in 2013. Apart from producing new knowledge, they aim at the cognitive, skill-based and institutional strengthening of actors interested in rural cultural heritage. This reference book is a compact package on the values, styles, background and diversity of Ostrobothnian house culture. Online version: University of Helsinki, 2023

Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone., Doktoritöö keskmes on maastik ja pärand kui protsessid. Teeside üldosas on pärandi kujunemist käsitletud mõistete säilimine ja säilitamine kaudu. Säilimist on määratletud kui iseeneslikku, holistilist kulgemist. Säilitamise korral on pärand objektina defineeritud ning säilitamine toimub läbi eesmärgipärase kaitsmise, tutvustamise vms tegevuse kaudu. Nende kahe kontseptsiooni valguses uuriti maastikus kahe näite, kiikede ja soode tähendusvälja muutumist viimase saja aasta jooksul. Üldosa jaguneb neljaks alaeesmärgiks, mis sisaldab kahe näite paigutumist säilimise ja säilitamise skaalale ning erinevate tegurite esitlusele, mis toetavad või takistavad minevikus tekkinu toimimist tänapäeval. Doktoritöö tulemusena on koostatud mudel, mis aitab kaardistada pärandi majandamisviise: A) elamise-kontseptsioon (living-in), kus kohalik inimene on ise pärandi looja/tarbija; B) elamus-kontseptsioon (jumping-into), kus pärandit külalisena tarbitakse; C) vaatlus-kontseptsioon (looking-at), kus inimene on pigem passiivse pealtvaataja rollis. Uurimuse käigus ilmnes, et külakiigekohad on ilmekaks elamise-kontseptsiooni näiteks. Kiikesid ja kiigekohti institutsionaalselt ei kaitsta; sageli on kiige ehituse taga kogukonna soov. Peamine kiigekohtade elushoidmist pärssiv tegur on hirm vastutuse ees, kui kellegagi kiikujatest peaks midagi halba juhtuma. Lahendusena on võimalik välja töötada turvalisemad külakiiged ning jagada vastutust kiikujate, kiigemeistrite ja maaomaniku vahel. Loodud mudeli rakendamine soodes aitas välja tuua, et soid käsitletakse eelkõige vaatlus-kontseptsiooni ja vähem elamus-kontseptsiooni kaudu. Elamise-kontseptsioon on säilinud marjade korjamise kontekstis. Soo kui looduspärandi säilitamine väljendub looduskaitselise ja loodusharidusliku tegevuse kaudu. Võib väita, et soode näitel pärandkultuur ja looduskaitse pigem välistavad üksteist, soodustades eelkõige vaatluspõhist pärandi majandamist. Vahetuma kontakti saamiseks tuleks soodes võimaldada ka elamus-põhist kasutust. Loodud pärandi toimimise mudel aitas ühtlasi tõestada, et säilitamine aitab defineerida pärandiobjekti, seevastu säilimine aitab objekti tegevuslikult elus hoida., The doctoral thesis focuses on landscape and heritage as processes. In the main part of the thesis the formation of heritage is discussed with the help of the concepts of sustenance and maintenance. Sustenance has been defined as an unregulated holistic process. As concerns maintenance, heritage is defined as its object and it occurs via aimed protection, introduction, and other activities. In the light of these two concepts, the transformations in the meanings of two examples, swings and mires, during the past hundred years were studied. The main aim of the thesis is divided into four subtopics that include positioning of the examples on the scale of sustenance and maintenance, as well as introducing different factors that support or impede today’s functioning of phenomena that were formed in the past. The thesis results in the construction of a model that helps to map the modes of heritage managements: (A) living-in, in the case of which the local inhabitant is the creator/consumer of the heritage; (B) jumping-into that involves heritage consumption as a guest; (C) looking-at, in the case of which mostly passive spectatorship occurs. In the course of the study it appeared that village swing sites constitute vivid examples of the conception of living-in. Swings and swing sites are not protected institutionally; often swings are built because of the wish of the community. The main factor inhibiting the survival of swing sites is the fear of ensuing responsibility in case an accident should happen to anyone using the swing. As a solution, safer village swings might be devised and the responsibility could be shared between the swingers, the swing builders, and the owner of the land. Applying the model in case of mires helped to show that mires tend to be interpreted more from the position of looking-at and less from the perspective of jumping-into. The conception of living-in has survived in the context of berry picking. Maintaining mires as natural heritage finds expression in activities related to nature protection and nature education. It can be claimed that the example of mires demonstrates that heritage culture and nature protection tend to exclude each other, first and foremost favouring heritage management based on the conception of looking-at. In order to gain a more immediate contact, using mires based on the conception of jumping-into should be facilitated. The model of heritage functioning that was created also helped to prove that maintaining helps to define heritage objects, while sustaining is conducive of the objects’ active survival.

This text is a research report concerning the cabocla (mestizo) population of southern Brazil, focusing on cultural aspects, seen here as a distinguishing system. This population is studied in terms of the migratory process that begins with their expulsion from the countryside, their adaptation to the small towns, passing through the periphery of the large cities and finally returning to the countryside. The article attempts to understand their musical practices, the technology that they have appropriated and their religiosity, all of which have been, symbolically and materially, reconstructed in their complexity.//Este texto es un reporte de la investigación sobre la población cabocla en el sur de Brasil, centrado en los aspectos culturales vistos como un sistema distintivo. Esta población es estudiada en los términos de un proceso migratorio que empieza con su expulsión del campo, su adaptación a pueblos pequeños, pasando por la periferia de las grandes ciudades y finalmente, retornando al campo. El artículo busca entender las prácticas musicales, la tecnología que apropiaron y sus prácticas religiosas, aspectos todos que han sido simbólica y materialmente reconstruidos en su complejidad.

Este artículo analiza cencerradas y rituales populares análogos, así como sus significaciones y vitalidad en sociedades rurales del Antiguo Régimen, con el objeto de participar en el debate historiográfico sobre las formas y concreciones del disciplinamiento social en los siglos de la Edad Moderna. Una perspectiva comparativa permite reconstruir prácticas populares de control moral en sociedades tradicionales, analizar su variedad y dinamismo en el tiempo y espacio, mostrando opciones de disciplinamiento ejercidas desde abajo-que articulaban culturas morales plebeyas-, así como la tensión entre los proyectos civilizatorios gubernativos y la cultura campesina en el Antiguo Régimen This article analyses varieties of popular rituals such as rough music, skimmingtons or charivari as well as their meanings and strength in Old Regime rural societies to take part in scientific discussions on social disciplining process (sozialdisziplinierung) in preindustrial societies. The comparative perspective offers information on varieties and changes of these quoted practices in different historical contexts and theyshow popular social discipline options that emerged from below and were expressions of plebeian moral cultures. These had effects -and eventually produce dissension- on acculturation projects from above for thecivilization of Old Regime peasant customs

Education has a key role in the formation of the human role, aimed at preparing participants and being committed to the transformation of society. It is even more true for the educator guide students to understanding, appreciation and positive action on the space - environmental context in which they live, identifying their problems and engaging in search of effective and sustainable solutions for the same, which is of specificity with regard to education in rural areas. In this context, environmental education needs to ally itself to the various areas of human knowledge and recognition of empirical knowledge in order to promote understanding, not disfigure the peasant culture. Based on these considerations , the proposed study has the objective : Understanding the perceptions of students of 4th and 5th years of E. M. San Francisco in relation to the environment in which they live and the interrelationship with the knowledge built in this school , and specific objectives : - To characterize the specifics of working with environmental education in school ; - Investigate the perceptions of students about the environment in which live ; - Develop and evaluate an experiment in environmental education that strives to articulate the reality of Geography settlement . The prime methodology was participatory research, obtaining necessary information by conducting activities with the students, which were analyzed with the theoretical framework, linking theory and practice. Completing the importance of educators know the reality where the student is inserted , in your community , working with the social context , their relationships and interactions in society , making the most significant education. A educação possui um papel fundamental para a formação do ser humano, visando à preparação de seres participantes e comprometidos com a transformação da sociedade. Faz-se ainda mais premente para o educador orientar os alunos para a compreensão, valorização e atuação positiva sobre o contexto espaço-ambiental em que vivem, identificando suas problemáticas e engajando-se na busca de soluções efetivas e sustentáveis para as mesmas, o que se reveste de especificidade no tocante à educação em meio rural. Neste contexto, a educação ambiental precisa aliar-se às diversas áreas do conhecimento humano e ao reconhecimento dos saberes empíricos, a fim de promover a compreensão, sem descaracterizar a cultura campesina. Com base nessas considerações, a presente proposta de estudo tem por objetivo geral: Compreender a percepção dos educandos do 4º e 5º anos da E. M. São Francisco em relação ao meio em que estão inseridos e a inter-relação com os conhecimentos construídos na referida escola; e como objetivos específicos: - Caracterizar as especificidades do trabalho com educação ambiental na escola; - Investigar as percepções dos educandos sobre o meio em que vivem; - Desenvolver e avaliar uma experiência em Educação Ambiental que busca articular a Geografia à realidade do assentamento. A metodologia privilegiada foi a pesquisa participante, obtendo informações necessárias através da realização de atividades com os alunos, que foram analisadas com o referencial teórico, relacionando a teoria e a prática. Concluindo a importância de o educador conhecer a realidade onde o aluno está inserido, na sua comunidade, trabalhar com o contexto social, suas relações e interações na sociedade, tornando o ensino mais significativo.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza cencerradas y rituales populares análogos, así como sus significaciones y vitalidad en sociedades rurales del Antiguo Régimen, con el objeto de participar en el debate historiográfico sobre las formas y concreciones del disciplinamiento social en los siglos de la Edad Moderna. Una perspectiva comparativa permite reconstruir prácticas populares de control moral en sociedades tradicionales, analizar su variedad y dinamismo en el tiempo y espacio, mostrando opciones de disciplinamiento ejercidas desde abajo?que articulaban culturas morales plebeyas-, así como la tensión entre los proyectos civilizatorios gubernativos y la cultura campesina en el Antiguo Régimen. Abstract: This article analyses varieties of popular rituals such as rough music, skimmingtons or charivari as well as their meanings and strength in Old Regime rural societies to take part in scientific discussions on social disciplining process (sozialdisziplinierung) in preindustrial societies. The comparative perspective offers information on varieties and changes of these quoted practices in different historical contexts and theyshow popular social discipline options that emerged from below and were expressions of plebeian moral cultures. These had effects -and eventually produce dissension- on acculturation projects from above for th civilization of Old Regime peasant customs. Esta investigación forma parte del proyecto 'Policia' e identidades urbanas en la España Moderna con referencia HAR2009-13508-C02-01, financiado por el Gobierno de España.

Описание французских солдат, вводящих своих лошадей в церкви, является одной из самых популярных тем в российском фольклоре о войне 1812 г. Есть много достоверных свидетельств, подтверждающих этот факт. Однако автор ста­тьи доказывает, что данный сюжет представляет не прямое отражение действи­тельности фольклором, но совпадение реальных событий и устной традиции. Авторы произведений народного творчества выстраивали образ французов со­гласно давнему образцу иноземного врага, приписывая им все его особенности, включая враждебность к христианским святыням. Одним из проявлений такого традиционного кощунства архетипичного врага было введение лошадей в право­славные храмы. Хотя в действительности французы размещали лошадей в церк­вах только из практической потребности, это примечательное совпадение их поведения с традиционным поведением врага было принято российскими про­стыми людьми как доказательство религиозного характера этой войны вообще. Though the Russian folklore on the war of 1812 against Napoleon is quite abundant, it does not immediately correspond to the real events. The unknown authors of folk songs, tales and legends described this conflict using the same images and verbal constructions as it had been used previously for descriptions of wars of ancient times. But there is one topos that may seem an exception to this rule, namely the image of Orthodox Christian churches turned into stables by the French. The description of the French militaries guiding their horses into Orthodox churches is one of the most popular topics in the Russian folklore on the war of 1812. There exists a lot of reliable evidence that the French did it. Nevertheless, the author of the article demonstrates that the plot in question is not reality reflected by folklore but a coincidence of real events and oral tradition. The authors of Russian folklore constructed the image of the French according to the ancient archetype of foreign enemy, Summary 317 attributing to them all his characteristics, including hostility towards Orthodox Christian sacred places. One of such traditional sacrileges of the archetypical enemy was herding horses into Orthodox churches. Though the real French had no any sacrilege purpose and guided their horses into churches only out of practical need, though they did not commit any other archetypical sacrileges like, i.e. the destruction of temples, this particular coincidence of their behavior with the traditional behavior of the archetypal enemy was accepted by Russian common people as a proof of the religious nature of this war on the whole. Статья подготовлена при поддержке гранта РГНФ. Проект № H-21-170001a/Fra.

In the municipalities Ventaquemada and Turmequé (Boyacá- Colombia), we identified 20 small agricultures by their production systems including the following Andean tubers: Ullucus tuberosus Caldas (ulluco), Oxalis tuberosa Molina (oca), and Tropaeolum tuberosum R. & P. (Mashua), which were important in their family meals and culture, however, their use has declined and the area has not seen research and development processes that provide alternatives for handling, conservation, use and marketing, and now are at the risk of disappearing. This research conducted participatory assessment processes for the characterization of production systems and initiated reassessment processes of territorial heritage, identifying common sub-farm agrobiodiversity and projects for these traditional Andean tuber crops in order to enhance the special and knowhow knowledge surrounding the production.

This article is about a historical problem on which there is no consensus among the scholars. In the 1930s, peasants came to Moscow to work in the industry in very great numbers: did these workers remain peasants, was Moscow a peasant metropolis, to quote a celebrated book? Or could the authorities integrate these migrants into the enterprises and make them into urban workers? The article examines the arguments of the historians who argued for the first thesis or the second thesis and concludes in a balanced way.; Cet article pose un problème historique qui divise les chercheurs : compte tenu des très importantes arrivées de paysans venus travailler dans l'industrie à Moscou dans les années trente, doit-on considérer que ces ouvriers sont au fond restés des paysans et que Moscou n'était qu'une métropole paysanne, pour reprendre un titre célèbre ?. Ou les autorités ont-elles réussi à intégrer ces migrants dans les entreprises et à les transformer en ouvriers ?. L'article examine les arguments des chercheurs qui ont soutenu l'une ou l'autre thèse et conclut de façon équilibrée.

U radu se razmatra širenje djelovanja kulturno-prosvjetne organizacije Hrvatske seljačke stranke Seljačke sloge u Slavoniji u godinama njezina djelovanja između dva svjetska rata (1925.-1929., 1935.-1941.)., The cultural and educational organisation Seljačka sloga was a subsidiary association of the HSS (Croatian Peasant Party) and consequently shared the good and the bad with it. In the relatively short periods in which political repression slackened, Seljačka sloga managed to cram in an extraordinary amount of work in all the areas of Croatia (1925 – 1929, 1935 – 1941). Slavonia did not lag behind, and if indeed the expansion of the branch network was a little late during the 1920s, the difference in the density of distribution and in the activities of the Slavonian branches and those of the central area of north west Croatia from which the movement spread could no longer be felt after 1935. Up to 1929, 52 branches were founded in Slavonia, but almost half of this number was set up in the last months of the work of the organisation, partly out of protest against the assassination of HSS delegates in the Parliament in 1928. In this period the area of Western Slavonia was much more thickly covered. During the 1930s, this difference disappeared, and Eastern Slavonia was equally involved in the work of Seljačka sloga. Of the 209 branches working in the area in this period, as many as 61 were founded or revived in the first winter (1935 – 1936), and the level of activity was stepped up again when Banovina Hrvatska was created (winter 1939 – 1940). According to the idea of the leadership of Seljačka sloga, primarily of the president, Rudolf Herceg, all the work in the branches was meant to be taken on by the peasants themselves, and in the 1930s this was largely achieved. The local educated class was fairly well in evidence up to 1929, and later is hardly mentioned. An advance was made in the attraction of women to the branches, in which Slavonia, in spite of the occasional complaint, was much better off than other parts of Croatia. In just a few years of work, Seljačka sloga managed to carry out a great deal of multifarious work: getting rid of illiteracy and encouraging writing mong the peasantry, the preservation of national art, costume and songs, the organisation of educational get-togethers in the countryside and reviews and shows (in Zagreb), still going on today, the foundation of a court of good and honest people (actually creating their own legal system), and many economic initiatives (co-operative societies, accident insurance, charity campaigns). There were at least 9,000 members gathered together in the cause in Slavonia, all ready to carry out its broadly based aims. Unfortunately, the war destroyed most of the foundations that Seljačka sloga had built up so devotedly and with so much self-sacrifice.

Quan Maspons i Anglasell definia els trets de la família catalana,' afirmava que «havia aconseguit I'equilibri preadíssim de sostenir un element de la tradició pairal arrelada profundament a la terra i, alhora, un element de constant renovació impulsada per l'afany de millorament