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Drying is one of the most commonly used methods for food preservation, and in spice processing, it has a significant impact on quality. In this paper, the influences of drying at room temperature, 60 °C, and 90 °C and freeze-drying on celery and parsley roots and turmeric rhizomes were examined. The highest content of total phenolics was found in celery dried at 60 °C (C60), parsley at room temperature (PRT), and freeze-dried turmeric (TFD) (1.44, 1.58, and 44.92 mg GAE/gdm, respectively). Celery dried at room temperature (CRT), PRT, and TFD showed the highest antioxidant activity regarding the DPPH and ABTS radicals and FRAP. The analysis of color parameters revealed that celery dried at 90 °C (C90); PFD and TFD showed the most similar values to control samples. The drying process was optimized using a combination of standard score (SS) and artificial neural network (ANN) methods. The ANN model effectively evaluated the significance of drying parameters, demonstrating high predictive accuracy for total phenolics, total flavonoids, total flavonols, total flavan-3-ols, IC50ABTS, and FRAP. TFD showed the strongest α-glucosidase inhibitory potential. Also, TFD extract showed good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus but not against Escherichia coli. C90 and PFD extracts did not show antibacterial activity against the tested microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Baghdad Science Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The extraction process is an important step that is widely used in food, agriculture, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, modern and alternative medicine, etc. Because of plants contain low amount of beneficial phytochemicals, obtaining high amounts of the desired compound is important in terms of extraction efficiency. In recent years, modern and green technologies have become more important; they also bring advantages such as high selectivity, less solvent, time, and energy requirements. Apigenin (4′, 5, 7-trihydroxyflavone), a naturally occurring flavonoid, possesses a variety of pharmaceutical properties such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties which are very important for human health. Parsley is one of the most common herbs used in cuisines and is known as the best source of apigenin. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of various extraction methods on the extraction of biologically active compounds from parsley leaves. Conventional (maceration), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and ohmic heating extraction (OHE) methods were compared in terms of yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activities, and apigenin quantities. The results showed that the UAE and OHE techniques had higher extraction efficiency than the maceration method. UAE achieved satisfactory extraction efficiency, shorter processing time, high energy savings, and retention of heat-labile compounds. OHE, as an advanced heating technology, increased the permeability of cell membranes, facilitating the release of bioactive compounds. The results revealed that the OHE technique was the most effective method for apigenin extraction (159.63 ppb) and antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the parsley seed main component, apiol, efficient approach to polymethoxyquinone C3- and C4-acids was developed. The key step of this approach is Baeyer–Villiger rearrangement of carbonyl-substituted polyalkoxybenzenes derived from parsley seed extracts. These acids are the MeO-analogues of natural antioxidants – metabolites of ubiquinone and idebenone. Due to antioxidant properties, they are the potential therapeutic candidates for the treatment of mitochondrial dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resveratrol is a plant-derived polyphenolic compound with numerous biological activities and health-promoting properties. Rice wine is a popular traditional alcoholic beverage made from fermented rice grains, and widely consumed in Asia. To develop resveratrol-enriched rice wine, a heterologous resveratrol biosynthesis pathway was established by integrating the 4-coumaroyl-CoA ligase (Pc4CL) and the stilbene synthase (VvSTS) from Petroselinum crispum and Vitis vinifera at the δ locus sites of industrial rice wine strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae HJ. The resulting S. cerevisiae HJ01 produced a level of 0.6 ± 0.01 mg/L resveratrol. Next, the resveratrol production was increased 16.25-fold through employing the fused protein Pc4CL::VvSTS with a rigidly linked peptide (TPTP, EAAAK). Then, the strains were further modified by removing feedback inhibition of tyrosine through point mutation of ARO4 and ARO7, which integrated at the rDNA region of strain HJ03, and generated strain HJ06, HJ07, and HJ08. Subsequently, the highest resveratrol titer (34.22 ± 3.62 mg/L) was obtained by optimizing fermentation time and precursor addition amount. Finally, resveratrol content of rice wine fermented with strain HJ08 was 2.04 ± 0.08 mg/L and 1.45 ± 0.06 mg/L with or without the addition of 400 mg/L tyrosine after 7 days fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to develop ready-to-eat vegetable–herb mixes with high nutritional and sensory values as well as good storability. In this regard, the suitability of fresh herbs (peppermint, oregano, green basil, red basil, and parsley) was tested for their use in mixes with fresh-cut iceberg lettuce. Lettuce–herb mixtures were stored for 6 days at 5 °C. The reason for the decrease in the appearance of the salads was the browning of the cut surface of the lettuce, as well as discoloration on the cut herbs. Comparing the storage abilities of the cut herbs, red basil and parsley retained the best appearance for 6 d at 5 °C. A small addition of herbs to fresh-cut iceberg lettuce caused a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the contents of pro-health ingredients such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, L-ascorbic acid, and polyphenols in the mixes. There were large discrepancies in the sensory quality of the mixes, but the highest quality and consumer acceptance were found for salads with parsley (5% and 10%) and red basil (5%). After harvest, the fresh herbs were more contaminated by molds than the iceberg lettuce. Bacterial, yeast, and mold contamination increased during storage, but the rate of mold growth was much lower in the mixes with parsley compared to lettuce alone. In conclusion, the addition of parsley and mint contributed the most to the health-promoting and microbiological properties of iceberg lettuce salads. However, according to sensory evaluation, parsley and red basil contributed the most to improving the acceptability of the product in terms of best taste and shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcal food intoxication from Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) species is an important food-borne disease that threatens public health in many countries. Products prepared with fresh vegetables that have not been heat treated and/or not sufficiently disinfected are particularly risky. In this study, the effects of various organic acid (acetic and citric acid) concentrations on S. aureus previously inoculated into parsley and dill vegetables were investigated at storage time of 0, 1., 3., 5, and 7 days. For this purpose, a total of 7 groups were formed: individually with 0.5% and 1.5% acetic and citric acid, as well as their combinations and control. The number of S. aureus was adjusted to 102 and 106 (log CFU/mL) numbers that known to produce toxins by spectrophotometric method. As a result of the study, acetic and citric acid were found to be more effective when combined in S. aureus inhibition. It was observed that this effect varies depending on the microbiological load, acid concentration and storage days of the vegetables. It was also determined that the organic acids used had a better effect on the parsley than the dill vegetable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are highly important in improving plant growth and decreasing the negative effects of contaminants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inoculation of mycorrhizal fungus on the concentration of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) by parsley (Petroselinum sativum) in heavy metal-contaminated soil in the presence of kerosene. This study was carried out as a factorial experiment based on the randomized complete design with four replications under greenhouse conditions. Experimental factors were included: 1- microbial inoculation in two levels with mycorrhizal fungus (Rhizophagus irregularis) and control (without inoculation), and 2- kerosene in four levels of 0, 4, 8, and 12 mL kg-1 soil. The results showed that mycorrhizal inoculation led to a significant increase in root (61.1 to 150.1%) and shoot dry weight (9.1 to 51.5%), shoot P, Zn, and Cu concentration and root Pb (18.7 to 97.9%) and Cd (13.3 to 98.6%) concentration, while significantly decreased shoot Pb (10.0 to 29.2%) and Cd (19.6 to 72.1%) concentration. The root bio-concentration factor (BCF) (7.74%) was higher than compared to shoot BCF. The mycorrhizal inoculation decreased the translocation factor (TF) of Pb and Cd. The TF<1 shows that the mycorrhizal fungus immobilized Pb and Cd in the roots and prevented their translocation from the root to the shoot. Hence, mycorrhizal inoculation can be effective in contaminated soils through bioconcentration of Pb and Cd in the root and decrease their translocation to the parsley shoot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants harbor numerous natural bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential, utilized in the synthesis of various drug formulations. While the diverse benefits of herbal formulations have been extensively researched, a toxicity assessment is crucial to establish a wide margin of safety for the therapeutic application of this polyherbal formulation. The recent study aimed to assess the phytochemical profile and potential toxic effects of an aqueous extract derived from a polyherbal formulation containing Petroselinum crispum L., Coriandrum sativum L., and Apium graveolens L. The investigation involved acute and sub-acute toxicity studies conducted in male and female Swiss albino mice, as well as adult rats. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed a rich composition of phytochemical compounds in the extract. In acute toxicity assessments, oral administration of the extract up to 14 g/kg showed no signs of toxicity or fatalities in mice. However, intraperitoneal administration resulted in dose-dependent toxicity, with a calculated LD 50 of 11.8 g/kg. Sub-acute toxicity studies in rats over 28 days showed no significant changes in organ weights, hematological, or biochemical parameters, except for a minor decrease in WBC count. Histopathological examination revealed no morphological disturbances in the liver and kidneys, indicating a wide margin of safety for therapeutic use. [Display omitted] • This is the first report on the toxicity assessment of the Moroccan polyherbal formulation containing Petroselinum crispum L., Coriandrum sativum L., and Apium graveolens l. • The acute and subacute toxicity profiles of the polyherbal formulation aqueous extract in mice and rats. • The lethal dose 50 (LD 50) for the polyherbal formulation via oral administration exceeded 14 g/kg, while it equaled 11.8 g/kg for intraperitoneal administration. • No severe toxic effects on hematological and biochemical parameters, as well as vital organs, were observed in the subacute toxicity test conducted over a period of 28 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to establish the application of fluorescence spectroscopy as a field method for determining post-harvest varietal differences in parsley accessions (Petroselinum crispum). The proposed method includes studies of leaves from four standard varieties of parsley by means of fluorescence spectroscopy. Due to varietal differences of a given genotype, they will be compared in terms of determining the spectral distribution. Specimens were grown under uncontrolled field conditions. This will allow the approach to be practiced non-invasively in the quality control of parsley production in undefined premises and outdoors.The experimental studies were carried out locally on the farm. The spectral installation for generating emission fluorescence spectra is mobile. A system engineering approach based on the classical principles of modern optoelectronics was applied in its setup (optical setup). The results can be used to optimize the time for the analysis of the varietal difference of parsley genotypes after harvest, under uncontrolled conditions. The stability of the breeding variety and its common blacks with an established variety of the same species can be observed by monitoring the intensity of the signal. This will support the process of determining the belonging of a specific accession to a given variety (even for samples of unknown origin, when it is necessary to qualify the result of samples in a short time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. ex A.W. Hill (Parsley) is a culinary and medicinal vegetable of the family Apiaceae, which has been used by humans since ancient time. A molecular genetic diversity study was conducted on 10 Iranian populations of P. crispum using start codon targeted (SCoT) molecular markers to investigate infraspecific genetic diversity and population structure. The nuclear genomes extraction were performed using the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) protocol, then amplified using 10 SCoT primers. We found a large amount of population genetic differentiation index (GST) and total genetic difference in the pooled populations (HT) among the examined populations, which were supported by HS, NM. Additionally, we detected a significant genetic diversity (PhiPT = 0.755, P = 0.001) among the populations and their individuals by the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) test, in which its great proportion was assigned to among populations. We detected the largest amounts of genetic polymorphism in populations 1 and 5, while a reverse condition was observed for population 7. We found four genotype groups among the populations that was similar with phytogeographic mapping. The level of genetic divergence between populations (PhiPT) of each genotype was relatively low. This species produce protandrous florets and cross-pollination plays a significant role in seed production. Therefore, the genetic structure of genotypes must be heterogeneous. In Iran, the genetic structure of all genotypes was nearly homogenous which resulted from a flat rate of gene flow, which agreed with our estimated amount of NM (0.13). We supposed a range of isolation mechanisms including, isolation by distance, isolation by environment, isolation by ecology, and isolation by resistance act as driving forces to create high genetic differentiation among the parsley populations. These genotypes can be used for future genetic and breeding research to develop new cultivars can survive under biotic and abiotic stresses and yield high biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study assessed the efficacy of parsley and dill essential oils (EOs) nanocapsules incorporated into fermented milk in hepato-renal protection against specific food additives. A molecular docking assay was conducted between parsley and dill EOs bioactive molecules and inflammatory cytokines. Freeze-dried parsley and dill EOs nanocapsules were developed, characterized for their morphological structure, particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index and encapsulation efficiency and assessed in fast green dye and sodium benzoate (SB) combination-treated rats. The docking results revealed that the primary constituents of parsley and dill EOs (apiol, myristicin, α-pinene, (−)-carvone, and d-limonene) interacted with the active sites of TNF-α, IL-1β and TGF-1β cytokines with hydrophobic and hydrogen bond interactions. D-limonene had the highest binding affinity (6.4 kcal/mol) for the TNF-α. Apiol and myristicin had the highest binding affinity (5.1, 5.0, 5.0 and 5.0 kcal/mol, respectively) for the IL-1β and TGF-β1 receptors. Biochemically and histopathologically, the excessive co-administration of fast green and SB revealed adverse effects on the liver and the kidney. Whereas the treatment with parsley and dill EOs nanocapsules afford hepato-renal protective effects as manifested by suppression the elevated liver and kidney functions. Parsley and dill EOs nanocapsules showed a significant reduction of the liver (64.08 and 80.5 pg/g, respectively) and kidney (59.3 and 83.6 pg/g, respectively) ROS. Moreover, parsley and dill EOs nanocapsules down-regulated the liver and the kidney inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β and TGF-1β) and lipid peroxidation and up-regulated the antioxidant enzymes. In conclusion, the data suggest a potential hepato-renal protective effects of parsley and dill EOs nanocapsules.

Objective: To determine the utilization of barley and parsley for managing urolithiasis among the Saudi Arabian population. Methods: This is a prospective cross-sectional survey-based study. The survey comprised questions about the use of barley, parsley, and other therapies for managing urolithiasis. A WhatsApp® message with the link to the study survey was sent out to family, friends, patients, and other acquaintances residing in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Results: A total of 1014 respondents completed the survey, of which 44.8% indicated that they utilized barley, 38.3% stated that they used parsley, and 4.2% indicated that they utilized other non-medical remedies to treat or prevent kidney stones. In contrast, only 29.5% stated that they utilized potassium citrate and/or magnesium citrate, and only 14.4% indicated that they consumed greater amounts of water to treat or prevent kidney stones. Conclusion: Our study findings indicate that among the Saudi Arabian population, non-conventional therapies such as barley and parsley are more commonly utilized for managing urolithiasis rather than established therapies such as increasing water intake and the use of potassium-citrate/ magnesium-citrate. There is a need to conduct large-scale clinical studies to evaluate the efficacy and safety of barley, parsley, and other non-conventional therapies for treating urolithiasis.

The formulation of food products is a very important part of achieving food safety and food security through the provision of healthy and nutritious food products. Success requires proper characterization of the basic components. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the nutritional parameters of some spices and soumbala for formulating a soumbala-based seasoning rich in bioactive compounds. Six spices (onion, parsley, anise, chili, black pepper, and guinea pepper) and soumbala were used for the study. Physicochemical and biochemical parameters were evaluated using standard methods. Results showed that the acidity ranged from 1.22%-4.26% for guinea pepper and Parsley respectively. The pH of onion was most acidic (5.73). Soumbala was slightly basic (7.21). The dry matter content ranged from 86.44%-94.34% for guinea pepper and green aniseed, respectively. Soumbala was richer in protein (35.27%) and green anise had the lowest content (10.54%). Soumbala is richer in lipids, more energetic, while onion was richer in carbohydrates. Considering these high macromolecular contents and their richness in micronutrients and bioactive compounds, formulating with an appropriate blend of these ingredients would provide a nutritious and functional food for the wellbeing of consumers.

BACKGROUND: As a result of its correlation with cardiovascular diseases, salt intake must be reduced. According to multi‐sensory integration, aroma plays an important role in saltiness enhancement; this could enable a food's salt content to be reduced without losing acceptance. We therefore studied the effect of three spices, Curcuma longa, Laurus nobilis L. and Petroselinum crispum L., on saltiness enhancement through sensory tests on consumers. This was followed by olfactometric analysis with the aim of relating the effect to the spices' aromatic composition. RESULTS: According to the odour‐induced salty taste enhancement (OISE) mean values, bay leaf and turmeric had the highest effect on saltiness enhancement, at a similar level to dry‐cured ham aroma, wherwas parsley had a significantly lower OISE value. Only one odour‐active compound (OAC), eugenol, showed a direct correlation with the spices' OISE values. Turmeric primarily had OACs with sweet aroma, whereas bay leaf had more OACs belonging to the spicy‐aroma category. CONCLUSION: The three spices, turmeric, bay leaf and parsley, investigated in the present study appear to enhance the salty taste of mashed potato with a low salt content. The results suggest that an interaction effect among OACs with different aromatic ranges may exist. Therefore, when the global OAC modified frequency value, grouped according to aroma range, was considered, the sweet range appears to counteract the effect of the spicy aroma on saltiness. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to isolation and identify the isolated genetically if candida species from candidiasis infection and study the activity of bioactive compounds. Methods: Samples were obtained from 28 patients from the mouth of patients with oral candidiasis. Samples were collected from the Child Specialized Hospital, Al-Faiha General Hospital Dermatologist Dr. Laith Globe Lazim Al-Kinani (Master of Dermatology, PhD in Dermatology, Iraqi Ministry of Health, AlFayhaa Teaching Hospital) aided in the diagnosis of clinical cases and molecular analysis then tested the activity of the mint plant extract on it and compared it with the antifungal nystatin. Results: Mint leaf extract showed activity against Candida isolates. The extract was non-toxic, and C. albicans was the most common Candida. Conclusions: The methanolic extract of Petroselinum crispum in this study showed good inhibition activity against the isolated Candida species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University / Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacilik Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ankara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Use of phytobiotics as immunostimulant is increasing in aquaculture. In this study, the immune and growth promoting effects of parsley extract (PUE) were examined in the rainbow trout. In this regard, the various dietary levels of parsley extract (PUE), Petroselinum crispum (0, 0.5, 1.5, 3, and 4.5%) was added to the diet of rainbow trout to assay its potentials on immunity, growth, digestive enzymes, and mitigating ammonia-induced stress. A total of 450 fish (15.43±0.06 g; mean ± SE) were distributed into fifteen 300-L fiberglass tanks (30 fish per tank) and fed PUE for 60 days and then challenged with unionized ammonia (0.3 mg/l). According to results, PUE mainly at 3−4.5% levels increased the growth, lipase and protease activities, humoral and mucosal immune components and liver antioxidant enzymes activities. These effects were kept even after ammonia stress, where the immune components were higher in PUE-treated fish than the control group. Furthermore, the dietary PUE reduced ammonia-related oxidative stress, as malondialdehyde (MDA) values (as the indicator of lipid peroxidation) decreased in fish fed PUE. The concentrations of liver metabolic enzymes in blood, both before and after ammonia stress declined in the fish fed PUE. Our findings demonstrated the growth and immune boosting and ammonia-stress mitigating properties of PUE in rainbow trout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urolithiasis is a prevalent urological disorder that contributes significantly to global morbidity. This study aimed to assess the anti-urolithic effects of Cymbopogon proximus (Halfa Bar) and Petroselinum crispum (parsley) seed ethanolic extract /Gum Arabic (GA) emulsion, and its nanogel form against ethylene glycol (EG) and ammonium chloride (AC)-induced experimental urolithiasis in rats. Rats were divided into four groups: group 1 served as the normal control, group 2 received EG with AC in drinking water for 14 days to induce urolithiasis, groups 3 and 4 were orally administered emulsion (600 mg/kg/day) and nanogel emulsion (600 mg/kg/day) for 7 days, followed by co-administration with EG and AC in drinking water for 14 days. Urolithiatic rats exhibited a significant decrease in urinary excreted magnesium, and non-enzymic antioxidant glutathione and catalase activity. Moreover, they showed an increase in oxalate crystal numbers and various urolithiasis promoters, including excreted calcium, oxalate, phosphate, and uric acid. Renal function parameters and lipid peroxidation were intensified. Treatment with either emulsion or nanogel emulsion significantly elevated urolithiasis inhibitors, excreted magnesium, glutathione levels, and catalase activities. Reduced oxalate crystal numbers, urolithiasis promoters' excretion, renal function parameters, and lipid peroxidation while improving histopathological changes. Moreover, it decreased renal crystal deposition score and the expression of Tumer necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and cleaved caspase-3. Notably, nanogel emulsion showed superior effects compared to the emulsion. Cymbopogon proximus (C. proximus) and Petroselinum crispum (P. crispum) seed ethanolic extracts/GA nanogel emulsion demonstrated protective effects against ethylene glycol induced renal stones by mitigating kidney dysfunction, oxalate crystal formation, and histological alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the utilization of barley and parsley for managing urolithiasis among the Saudi Arabian population. Methods: This is a prospective cross-sectional survey-based study. The survey comprised questions about the use of barley, parsley, and other therapies for managing urolithiasis. A WhatsApp® message with the link to the study survey was sent out to family, friends, patients, and other acquaintances residing in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Results: A total of 1014 respondents completed the survey, of which 44.8% indicated that they utilized barley, 38.3% stated that they used parsley, and 4.2% indicated that they utilized other non-medical remedies to treat or prevent kidney stones. In contrast, only 29.5% stated that they utilized potassium citrate and/or magnesium citrate, and only 14.4% indicated that they consumed greater amounts of water to treat or prevent kidney stones. Conclusion: Our study findings indicate that among the Saudi Arabian population, non-conventional therapies such as barley and parsley are more commonly utilized for managing urolithiasis rather than established therapies such as increasing water intake and the use of potassium-citrate/magnesium-citrate. There is a need to conduct large-scale clinical studies to evaluate the efficacy and safety of barley, parsley, and other non-conventional therapies for treating urolithiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss (Apiaceae), popularly known as parsley, is a ubiquitous aromatic herb used for culinary and medicinal purposes worldwide. In addition to the richness in nutrients, several bioactive secondary metabolites, especially the flavone apigenin and its glycosides, have been described in this species. Parsley has already been shown to have several health-promoting activities, such as antithrombotic, antihypertensive, and hypolipidemic properties. The multiple studies conducted in animal models so far suggest this species is a potential source of cardioprotective agents. This review provides up-to-date information and perspectives on the potential of parsley and its bioactive compounds for the development of nutraceutical products and drugs for promoting cardiovascular health. It includes not only a discussion of parsley's reported bioactivities but also the knowledge of supplements and food additives developed as innovative parsley-based products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has proven that magnetic field application enhanced the percentage of germinated seed and shortened the period of seed germination. In present research in order to evaluation of the effect of magnetic field on seed germination and seedling growth indices of smooth leaf type parsley seeds and also the stability of magnetic properties on this seed, the quadrupole magnetic field was used. The experiment was conducted as factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. Factors include; magnetic field intensity (150, 300 and 450 mT), time exposure (30, 60 and 90 min) and culture time (0, 7 and 14 days after the magnetic field application). The results of ANOVA showed the magnetic field had a significant effect on shoot length, fresh root weight and dry shoot weight (p≥0.01) and on fresh shoot weight (p≥0.05). Duration of the field application (time exposure), significantly affected on root length (p≥0.01). Culture time had a significant effect on root length, fresh root weight and dry shoot weight (p≥0.01) and also had a significant effect on other factors (p≥0.05). Culture time without delay after applying magnetic field (0 day) increased the root length and culture time at the 14 days after applying magnetic field increased the shoot length, fresh weight of root, fresh shoot weight, dry root weight and dry root weight. Our results suggest that magnetic field and culture time treatments can be used as a physical technique to improve the most of seedling growth indices of parsley seeds.

Drying is one of the most commonly used methods for food preservation, and in spice processing, it has a significant impact on quality. In this paper, the influences of drying at room temperature, 60 °C, and 90 °C and freeze-drying on celery and parsley roots and turmeric rhizomes were examined. The highest content of total phenolics was found in celery dried at 60 °C (C60), parsley at room temperature (PRT), and freeze-dried turmeric (TFD) (1.44, 1.58, and 44.92 mg GAE/gdm, respectively). Celery dried at room temperature (CRT), PRT, and TFD showed the highest antioxidant activity regarding the DPPH and ABTS radicals and FRAP. The analysis of color parameters revealed that celery dried at 90 °C (C90); PFD and TFD showed the most similar values to control samples. The drying process was optimized using a combination of standard score (SS) and artificial neural network (ANN) methods. The ANN model effectively evaluated the significance of drying parameters, demonstrating high predictive accuracy for total phenolics, total flavonoids, total flavonols, total flavan-3-ols, IC50ABTS, and FRAP. TFD showed the strongest α-glucosidase inhibitory potential. Also, TFD extract showed good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus but not against Escherichia coli. C90 and PFD extracts did not show antibacterial activity against the tested microorganisms.

The status of parsley as a well-known folk medicine noted for its nutritional and medicinal properties prompted the exploration of its potential as a functional food and natural remedy. The paper aims to investigate the potential of parsley to enhance muscle function and alleviate psoriasiform dermatitis, eventually establishing it as a natural, well-tolerated alternative with specific benefits for both muscles and skin. This study examines the tolerability of parsley in a cohort of 937 participants by assessing immunoglobulin G (IgG) reactions. The findings reveal high tolerability, as 96.26% of participants experienced no adverse effects. Among the 902 individuals lacking hypersensitivity, 37.02% reported muscle cramps, with a notable 15.02% reduction observed in the subgroup consuming parsley juice. In the subset of 32 subjects with dermatitis, the application of parsley extract ointment led to a significant decrease in dermatological parameters (redness, thickness, scaling). While the control group exhibited improvements, statistical significance was not observed. Notably, four categories of affected area reduction were identified, with scaling demonstrating the most pronounced impact. The results propose that parsley holds promise for favorable tolerability, contributing to the alleviation of muscle cramps and presenting an effective alternative in dermatitis treatment. Nonetheless, sustained validation through long-term studies is imperative to substantiate these preliminary findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food & Dairy Sciences is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The impact of the housing environment and hen strain on the welfare and behavior of laying hens was the focus of this study. Lohmann LSL Classic (W) and Lohmann Sandy (S) were assessed under deep litter without outdoor access (DL), deep litter with access to outdoor pens covered with either Mentha piperita (MP), Petroselinum crispum (PC) or Medicago sativa (MS). Duration of tonic immobility, feather condition, footpad dermatitis, and temperatures (comb, breast region, footpad surface, and rectal) were determined at 31, 42, and 52 weeks of age. Hen's behaviors were observed at 32, 42, and 52 weeks of age. Blood parameters were assessed at 52 weeks of hen age. Duration of tonic immobility was similar between hen strains and across ages of hens (p > 0.05) but nearly reached significant levels due to the housing environment (p = 0.070). There was a significant effect of age (p < 0.001), housing environment (p < 0.001), and hen strain (p < 0.05) on total feather score. Age-related effects were observed for all the body region temperatures (p < 0.001), and only the comb and rectal temperatures differed between hen strains (p < 0.001; p < 0.05). The housing environment did not affect the body surface temperatures (p > 0.05). Blood parameters did not differ between hen strains and housing environments (p > 0.05). There was a significant effect of age, housing environment, and hen strain on the proportion of hens expressing some behaviors (p < 0.001; p < 0.05). Time of the day influenced the proportion of birds expressing wing flapping and dust bathing behaviors (p < 0.05). It was concluded that feather condition varies with the housing environment and hen strain, duration of tonic immobility may differ across housing environments, but other welfare traits remain to be refined. Also, housing environment but not strain modulates the expression of most behaviors of hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a method to upgrade epoxy-functionalized carriers for covalent enzyme immobilization to selective carriers suitable for covalent immobilization of metal affinity-tagged enzymes without the need of preliminary enzyme purification. Affinity function doping of the epoxy-functionalized surface introduces an advanced possibility to avoid the costly and time-consuming downstream processes required for efficient immobilization on non-selective epoxy carriers. Our approach is based on the partial functionalization of surface epoxides via a proper diamine-derived linker and an ethylenediaminetetraacetic dianhydride-based chelator charged with cobalt ions. The solid macroporous carriers, doped with metal affinity functions, have both coordinative binding ability (rapid anchoring the metal affinity-tagged enzymes to the surface) and subsequent covalent bond-forming ability (preferred binding of the tagged enzyme to the surface after proper washing by the residual epoxide functions), enabling a single operation for the enrichment and immobilization of a recombinant phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from parsley fused to a polyhistidine affinity tag. The immobilized PcPAL was applied in the ammonia elimination of racemic phenylalanine, 4-chlorophenylalanine, and 4-bromophenylalanine to produce the corresponding d-phenylalanines, in addition to the formation of (E)-cinnamates, as well as in ammonia addition reactions to (E)-cinnamates, yielding the corresponding enantiopure l-phenylalanines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parsley is an herb/vegetable rich in nutritional compounds such as carbohydrates, vitamins, protein, crude fiber, minerals (especially potassium), phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, iron, and essential oils. Limited information is available in the literature on the quality of parsley roots depending on the cultivation technology used in the form of macronutrients and micronutrients, preparations to stimulate plant growth and development, as well as plant-protection products. A three-year study was undertaken to determine the effect of applying mineral fertilization with nitrogen, including magnesium on the nutritional value of parsley roots in terms of the content of ascorbic acid, total and reducing sugars, and minerals: (total N, K, Mg, Ca). The research material was the root of Petroselinum crispum ssp. tuberosum from an experiment where nitrogen was applied in soil at (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha−1) and magnesium at (0, 30 kg MgO ha−1). Nitrogen fertilization increased the nutritional value in terms of total and reducing sugars, as well as total N and Ca content. Applied magnesium fertilization caused a significant increase in the content of all tested nutrients. The most total sugars (127.7 g kg−1 f. m.), reducing sugars (16.8 g kg−1 f. m.), and total N (12.13 g kg−1 d. m.) were accumulated by roots from the object where nitrogen was applied at a maximum rate of 120 kg N ha−1, including magnesium. On the other hand, for the content of K (19.09 g kg−1 d. m.) in the roots, a dose of 80 N ha−1 was sufficient. For ascorbic acid (263.2 g kg−1 f. m.) and Ca (0.461 g kg−1 d. m.), a dose of 40 kg N ha−1 with a constant fertilization of 30 kg MgO ha−1 was sufficient. When applying high doses of nitrogen, lower doses of magnesium are recommended. This is sufficient due to the high nutritional value of parsley roots. Due to the worsening magnesium deficiency in soils in recent years, the use of this nutrient in the cultivation of root vegetables is as justified and timely as possible. Quality-assessment studies of root vegetables should be continued with higher amounts of magnesium fertilization. Different ways of applying magnesium in parsley cultivation should also be tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary As demand for the automation of biological assays has increased over recent years, the range of measurement types implemented by multiwell plate readers has broadened and the list of published software packages that caters to their analysis has grown. However, most plate readers export data in esoteric formats with little or no metadata, while most analytical software packages are built to work with tidy data accompanied by associated metadata. 'Parser' functions are therefore required to prepare raw data for analysis. Such functions are instrument- and data type-specific, and to date, no generic tool exists that can parse data from multiple data types or multiple plate readers, despite the potential for such a tool to speed up access to analysed data and remove an important barrier for less confident coders. We have developed the interactive web application, Parsley, to bridge this gap. Unlike conventional programmatic parser functions, Parsley makes few assumptions about exported data, instead employing user inputs to identify and extract data from data files. In doing so, it is designed to enable any user to parse plate reader data and can handle a wide variety of instruments (10+) and data types (53+). Parsley is freely available via a web interface, enabling access to its unique plate reader data parsing functionality, without the need to install software or write code. Availability and implementation The Parsley web application can be accessed at: https://gbstan.shinyapps.io/parsleyapp/. The source code is available at: https://github.com/ec363/parsleyapp and is archived on Zenodo: https://zenodo.org/records/10011752. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing interest in innovative solutions for addressing bone defects has driven research into the use of Bioactive Mesoporous Glasses (MBGs). These materials, distinguished by their well-ordered mesoporous structure, possess the capability to accommodate plant extracts with well-established osteogenic properties, including bovine lactoferrin (bLF), as part of their 3D scaffold composition. This harmonizes seamlessly with the ongoing advancements in the field of biomedicine. In this study, we fabricated 3D scaffolds utilizing MBGs loaded with extracts from parsley leaves (PL) and embryogenic cultures (EC), rich in bioactive compounds such as apigenin and kaempferol, which hold potential benefits for bone metabolism. Gelatin Methacryloyl (GelMa) served as the polymer, and bLF was included in the formulation. Cytocompatibility, Runx2 gene expression, ALP enzyme activity, and biomineralization were assessed in preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cell cultures. MBGs effectively integrated PL and EC extracts with loadings between 22.6 ± 0.1 and 43.6 ± 0.3 µM for PL and 26.3 ± 0.3 and 46.8 ± 0.4 µM for EC, ensuring cell viability through a release percentage between 28.3% and 59.9%. The incorporation of bLF in the 3D scaffold formulation showed significant differences compared to the control in all assays, even at concentrations below 0.2 µM. Combinations, especially PL + bLF at 0.19 µM, demonstrated additive potential, with superior biomineralization compared to EC. In summary, this study highlights the effectiveness of MBGs in incorporating PL and EC extracts, along with bLF, into 3D scaffolds. The results underscore cytocompatibility, osteogenic activity, and biomineralization, offering exciting potential for future in vivo applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses instances of mimicry as they appear in Danticat's historiographic fiction, The Farming of Bones. More specifically, it will examine why and how some characters appear accomplices in the brutal Parsley Massacre provoked by the Trujillo regime. Besides its literary dimension, the analysis can be said to be relevant from a cultural and socio-historical perspective as well because it seeks to reveal the emergence of a process which will be called inner colonisation and a new version of the native informant, which will be referred to as the neo-colonial informant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flavonoid glycoside apiin (apigenin 7-O-[β-D-apiosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucoside]) is abundant in apiaceous and asteraceous plants, including celery and parsley. Although several enzymes involved in apiin biosynthesis have been identified in celery, many of the enzymes in parsley (Petroselinum crispum) have not been identified. In this study, we identified parsley genes encoding the glucosyltransferase, PcGlcT, and the apiosyltransferase, PcApiT, that catalyze the glycosylation steps of apiin biosynthesis. Their substrate specificities showed that they were involved in the biosynthesis of some flavonoid 7-O-apiosylglucosides, including apiin. The expression profiles of PcGlcT and PcApiT were closely correlated with the accumulation of flavonoid 7-O-apiosylglucosides in parsley organs and developmental stages. These findings support the idea that PcGlcT and PcApiT are involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoid 7-O-apiosylglucosides in parsley. The identification of these genes will elucidate the physiological significance of apiin and the development of apiin production methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has proven that magnetic field application enhanced the percentage of germinated seed and shortened the period of seed germination. In present research in order to evaluation of the effect of magnetic field on seed germination and seedling growth indices of smooth leaf type parsley seeds and also the stability of magnetic properties on this seed, the quadrupole magnetic field was used. The experiment was conducted as factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. Factors include; magnetic field intensity (150, 300 and 450 mT), time exposure (30, 60 and 90 min) and culture time (0, 7 and 14 days after the magnetic field application). The results of ANOVA showed the magnetic field had a significant effect on shoot length, fresh root weight and dry shoot weight (p=0.01) and on fresh shoot weight (p =0.05). Duration of the field application (time exposure), significantly affected on root length (p=0.01). Culture time had a significant effect on root length, fresh root weight and dry shoot weight (p=0.01) and also had a significant effect on other factors (p=0.05). Culture time without delay after applying magnetic field (0 day) increased the root length and culture time at the 14 days after applying magnetic field increased the shoot length, fresh weight of root, fresh shoot weight, dry root weight and dry root weight. Our results suggest that magnetic field and culture time treatments can be used as a physical technique to improve the most of seedling growth indices of parsley seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is a major health concern associated with serious conditions such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. This study investigated the potential anti-obesity effects of heat-treated parsley and mallow extracts (PE and ME, respectively) in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats. The selected herbs underwent three heat treatments (boiling, blanching, and microwaving), and the most effective treatment was orally administered to the HFD rats for eight weeks. All three treatments effectively increased the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity of the herbs, with boiling treatment exhibiting the most significant increase. Boiled herbs demonstrated approximately 29% higher TPC and an impressive 348% increase in antioxidant activity compared to the other treatments. Oral administration of the boiled herb extracts to the HFD rats resulted in significant reductions in body weight, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol levels, while elevating the HDL cholesterol levels compared to the positive control rats. Additionally, the boiled herb extracts exhibited antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective effects. Notably, PE displayed more significant anti-obesity properties compared to ME, potentially due to higher TPC and antioxidant activity observed in PE compared to ME. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential positive effects of boiled parsley against obesity and recommends boiling treatment as the preferred method when heat treatment is required for herbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petroselinum sativum, known as parsley, is a fragrant herb that possesses a rich heritage of utilization in traditional medicinal practices. In this study, we annotated the phytocontents of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of P. sativum and investigated their antioxidant, cytoprotective, antiaging, wound healing, and antibacterial activities. LC–MS/MS analysis of both extracts revealed the presence of 47 compounds belonging to diverse groups including organic acids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. By MTT assay, the extracts were fully biocompatible on immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT) while they inhibited intracellular ROS formation (DCFDA assay) and prevented GSH depletion (DTNB assay) upon UVA exposure. In addition, the extracts were potent in inhibiting the in vitro activities of skin-related enzymes mainly elastase, tyrosinase, collagenase and hyaluronidase. Using the scratch assay, P. sativum aqueous extract significantly enhanced wound closure when compared to untreated HaCaT cells. Moreover, both extracts inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa’s growth, reduced biofilm formation, and impaired the swimming and swarming motilities. Also, the aqueous extract was able to inhibit the production of bacterial pigments on plates. These findings strongly suggest the usefulness of P. sativum as a source of phytochemicals suitable for dermo-cosmeceutical applications.

Der Anbau von Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen in Deutschland ist oftmals mit Wuchsdepressionen und Ertragseinbußen assoziiert. Häufig werden Wurzelgallen­nematoden der Gattung Meloidogyne als Ursache vermutet, da sie ein breites Wirtsspektrum aufweisen und zahlreiche Kulturpflanzen, wie zum Beispiel Möhren, Zwiebeln und Kartoffeln schädigen. Aktuelle Daten zum Auftreten und Schadpotenzial von Meloidogyne an Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen liegen für Deutschland nicht vor. Ziel des Verbundprojektes NemaAG war es, die Verbreitung von Meloidogyne an Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen in Deutschland zu untersuchen und deren Schadpotenzial an ausgewählten Kulturen, wie Pfefferminze Multimentha, Petersilie und Baldrian zu erfassen. Die Untersuchungen wurden in Kooperation mit Partnern aus der Praxis und Beratung durchgeführt. Das Forschungsvorhaben wurde gefördert durch das Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft aufgrund eines Beschlusses des Bundestages. Die Auswertung der 533 Bodenproben von insgesamt 119 Anbauflächen aus den Jahren 2020-2022 zeigte, dass pflanzenparasitäre Nematoden an Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen grundsätzlich weit verbreitet sind, die Befallshäufigkeit der Gattung Meloidogyne mit < 8 % aber recht gering ist. Auf Befallsflächen betrug die durchschnittliche Besatzdichte Meloidogyne 33 Tiere/100 ml Boden und lag damit nicht im kritischen Bereich. Die Schadwirkung der in Deutschland am häufigsten vorkommenden Art, M. hapla, wurde an Pfefferminze Multimentha, Apfelminze, Spearmint, Fränkische Pfefferminze, Petersilie und Baldrian im Gefäßversuch untersucht. Die Versuche zeigten, dass Pfefferminze Multimentha, Spearmint, Petersilie und Baldrian eine gute Wirtspflanze für M. hapla sind, wohingegen Apfelminze und Fränkische Pfefferminze schlechte Wirte waren. Im nächsten Schritt wurde untersucht, ob sich die Schadwirkung zwischen verschiedenen Meloidogyne-Arten unterscheidet. Dies wurde mit M. hapla, M. chitwoodi, M. fallax und M. incognita an Pfefferminze Multimentha und Petersilie durchgeführt. Hier zeigte sich, dass Pfefferminze Multimentha eine schlechte Wirtspflanze für M. incognita ist und keine Wirtpflanze für M. chitwoodi und M. fallax. Petersilie wiederum erwies sich als eine gute Wirtspflanze für alle vier Meloidogyne-Arten. Im Vergleich zu der sehr guten Wirtspflanze Tomate waren die Vermehrungsraten an allen getesteten Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen allerdings deutlich geringer. Weiterhin konnte in Gewächshausversuchen gezeigt werden, dass Nematodendichten von 2500 Tieren/Pflanze keinen negativen Einfluss auf das Wachstum der untersuchten Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen hatten und am oberirdischen Aufwuchs keine nematodenspezifischen Symptome verursachten.

In this study we assessed the applicability of the recently reported ancestral l -amino acid oxidase (AncLAAO), for the development of an enzyme-coupled phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity assay. Firstly, the expression and isolation of the AncLAAO-N1 was optimized, followed by activity tests of the obtained octameric N-terminal His-tagged enzyme towards various phenylalanine analogues to assess the compatibility of its substrate scope with that of the well-characterized PALs. AncLAAO-N1 showed high catalytic efficiency towards phenylalanines mono-, di-, or multiple-substituted in the meta- or para- positions, with ortho- substituted substrates being poorly transformed, these results highlighting the significant overlap between its substrate scope and those of PALs. After successful set-up of the AncLAAO-PAL coupled solid phase assay, in a 'proof of concept' approach we demonstrated its applicability for the high-throughput activity screens of PAL-libraries, by screening the saturation mutagenesis-derived I460NNK variant library of PAL from Petroselinum crispum , using p -MeO-phenylalanine as model substrate. Notably, the hits revealed by the coupled assay comprised all the active PAL variants: I460V, I460T, I460S, I460L, previously identified from the tested PAL-library by other assays. Our results validate the applicability of AncLAAO for coupled enzyme systems with phenylalanine ammonia-lyases, including cell-based assays suitable for the high-throughput screening of directed evolution-derived PAL-libraries. • Substrate scope of ancestral L -amino acid oxidases extends to various phenylalanines. • AncLAAO and phenylalanine ammonia-lyases (PALs) share overlapping substrate domains. • High-throughput, AncLAAO-coupled, solid-phase PAL-activity assay was developed • Screening efficiency of the assay validated on engineered PAL variant library. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing pollution of the environment by toxic metals has become a public concern. Heavy metals may enter the plant through the soil where agricultural and horticultural crops are grown. Many methods have been investigated to solve this problem. As a new method, the almond shell has been used for the bio-sorbent of heavy metals in this study. Almond shells untreated and treated with phosphoric acid at different concentrations were added to the soil of the studied plant. Harvested parsley samples were prepared according to AOAC standards. The amount of heavy metals in parsleys were measured with an atomic absorption spectrometer. The results showed positive effects of almond shell, treated with 1% phosphoric acid, and added to soil at 10% (w/w) concentration. Results indicated a 93% reduction in lead of contaminated parsley. Bio-sorbents start their activity as soon as they are added to the soil and continued without the conflicting and destructive effect of the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils, such as sweets and juice flavorings, are widely used in the perfume, fragrance, and food industries. In addition, they are used as components of pharmaceuticals, antiseptics, and aromatherapy products. In this research, parsley essential oils from the Apiaceae family were investigated. Parsley was harvested in three consecutive months of spring and after each harvest, was carefully transported to the laboratory. After drying at ambient temperature and extraction of the essential oils of parsley by clevenger, its essential oils were analyzed by GC/MS. The family of chemical compounds was specified precisely. The results indicated that more compounds were detected in the third harvest. Parsley indicator compounds were present in all three harvests. The most identified compound from the first to the third harvest was Myristcin in the first and second harvests and 1,3,8-p-Menthatriene in the third. The amounts of these compounds would be various due to the different conditions of the product's surrounding circumstances (such as light or temperature). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Parsley is a common green vegetable produced and consumed in many countries of the world. Showing leaf spots and softening on the stem parsleys were collected to identify the causal pathogen in the central Anatolia region. Morphological, biochemical, and 16S rRNA sequence analysis were used to identify the causal pathogen. Substrate utilization was revealed in detail by using the VITEK-II system. Antibiotic resistance and reaction to copper sulphate pentahydrate were also determined. Strains were observed as pink pigmented colonies on NA. Pathogenicity tests revealed that virulence level of the strains were different. All strains were Gram-negative, fermentative, oxidase negative, catalase-positive, and caused HR on tobacco leaves. Discriminative test results of the strains were, negative on the methyl red test, positive on Voges-Proskauer, and negative for the usage of dulcitol, glycerol, melezitose and D-xylitol. The strains showed different resistance to copper sulphate pentahydrate in different concentrations. All strains were susceptible to kanamycin and streptomycin, resistant to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, nalidixic acid and penicillin. 16Sr RNA sequence of the strains was identical to the reference strains of Erwinia persicina in the GenBank deposited sequences. Species specific primer pairs derived from rec A housekeeping gene was also amplified for the specific discrimination of strains from other pink pigmented Erwinia spp. The causal agent of leaf and stem spot and stem soft rot of leaf parsley was identified as Erwinia persicina. The results of this study revealed that the pathogen Erwinia persicina could be an opportunistic pathogen that infects its host plant in case of a wound for the leaf parsley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Herbal medicine is commonly integrated with conventional medicine in Saudi Arabia, especially for the management of digestive disorders. However, the majority of Saudis use herbal remedies without prior consultation with a physician, which raises concerns about their appropriate and safe use. The aim of this study was to assess the level of awareness among the Saudi population regarding the proper utilization and potential adverse effects of frequently used herbs for the treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Saudi Arabia from January to March 2021. An electronic self-administered questionnaire was distributed. Results: A total of 543 participants from different age groups, educational levels, and cities across Saudi Arabia completed the study questionnaire. The most commonly used herbs at home by the participants were: myrrh, parsley, black seed, chamomile, mint, anise, clove, and green tea. 57.7% of the participants perceived herbs as safer than conventional medicines; 27.3% reported that using herbal remedies over conventional medicine was a family tradition, and 21.4% used herbs because they were cheaper than conventional medicines. Conclusion: Herbal remedies, including myrrh, parsley, blackseed, chamomile, mint, and anise, are commonly employed for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in Saudi Arabia. However, the knowledge level of participants regarding potential side effects and drug-herb interactions was found to be deficient. As such, there is a pressing need for educational campaigns and community awareness programs to elucidate the proper usage of herbal remedies and to caution against their potential adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]