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A 26-year-old man, suffering from complex congenital cyanotic heart disease (CCHD) with Eisenmenger complex, presented with seizures. Non-contrast CT (NCCT) scan of brain showed chronic infract with encephalomalacic changes in the left high parietal region with vividly hyperdense intracranial

There is trial-to-trial variability in the reaction time to stimulus presentation. Since this variability exists even in an identical stimulus condition, it reflects the internal neural dynamics of the brain. To understand the neural dynamics that influence the reaction time, we conducted an electroencephalogram (EEG) experiment in which participants were asked to press a response button as quickly as possible when a stimulus was visually presented. Phase-locking factor analysis revealed that phase resetting in two frequency bands, which appeared 0.2 s after the stimulus presentation, characterized the reaction time. The combination of the theta band phase resetting in the left parietal region and the delta band phase resetting mainly in the posterior region was associated with the fastest reaction time, whereas delta band phase resetting without theta band phase resetting was associated with the faster reaction time. The results indicated that there were frequency-dependent effects in the relationships between the EEG phase resetting and reaction time.

The aim of the study is to identify possible cytoarchitectonic features of the structure of the cortex in the superior parietal region of an outstanding and talented scientist-physiologist.Material and methods. The cortex (area 7) of the superior parietal region of a scientist-physiologist and men of the senile age in the control group (8 hemispheres) was studied on the series of frontal brain slices, 20 μ thick, stained with cresyl purple according to Nissl method. The cortex area thickness, the thickness of the cytoarchitectonics layer III, the area of profile field of pyramidal neurons in layers III and V, the density of neurons surrounded by satellite glia and satellite glia density in layers III and V were measured in the cortex (area 7) of the superior parietal region in the left and right hemispheres of the brain.Results. We have identified several features of the cytoarchitectonics structure of the cortex (area 7) in the brain of the scientist-physiologist that may correlate with his outstanding scientific abilities. The cortex of a scientist-physiologist is characterized by a large thickness of the studied cortex and its cytoarchitectonic layers III and V, and a greater value of the area of the profile field of neurons if compared with the cortex in men of the senile age from the control group. A higher value of the neuron density and satellite glia in the cortex of the superior parietal region of the scientist-physiologist was revealed. There was also a lower severity of age-related changes in the cortex of the scientist-physiologist compared with the control group of men.Conclusion. The structure of the cortex (area 7) of the superior parietal region of the scientistphysiologist is characterized by a greater parameter of the cortical thickness and the thickness of the associative layer III, the size of neurons and the density of satellite glia if compared with those in men of the senile age of the control group. These features distinguish the structure of his cortex from the similar cortex of the control group of men and may be related to the features of the cognitive activity of the outstanding scientist-physiologist.

Segmental arterial mediolysis (SAM) is a rare non-arteriosclerotic and non-inflammatory vascular disease. Superficial temporal artery (STA) aneurysms are usually associated with trauma, surgery, and hair transplantation. Spontaneous aneurysms of the STA are uncommon, but an STA aneurysm caused by SAM is rare. We report a 70-year-old woman with a spontaneous aneurysm of the STA. The mass in the left parietal region was pulsatile and gradually enlarged in size without any history of head trauma. The mass was successfully removed by surgery and was proved histopathologically to be a true aneurysm with SAM.

OBJECTIVE Birdsong sounds are often used to inform visually-challenged people about the presence of basic infrastructures, and therefore need to be salient in noisy urban environments. How salient sounds are processed in the brain could inform us about the optimal birdsong in such environments. However, brain activity related to birdsong salience is not yet known. METHODS Oscillatory magnetoencephalographic (MEG) activities and subjective salience induced by six birdsongs under three background noise conditions were measured. Thirteen participants completed the MEG measurements and 11 participants took part in the paired-comparison tests. We estimated the power of induced oscillatory activities, and explored the relationship between subjective salience of birdsongs and the power of induced activities using sparse regression analysis. RESULTS According to sparse regression analysis, the subjective salience was explained by the power of induced alpha (8-13 Hz) in the frontal region, induced beta (13-30 Hz) in the occipital region, and induced gamma (30-50 Hz) in the parietal region. The power of the frontal alpha and parietal gamma activities significantly varied across both birds and noise conditions. CONCLUSION These results indicate that frontal alpha activity is related to the salience of birdsong and that parietal gamma activity is related to differences in salience across noisy environments. These results suggest that salient birdsong under a noisy environment activates the bottom-up attention network.

Lipoma belongs to a group of benign mesenchymal tumors. It is in the form of soft masses of adipose tissue encapsulated by a thin layer of fibrous tissue and usually localized subcutaneously. The tumor most often appears in the upper part of the body. Lipomas tend to grow slowly and are small (less than 5cm) lesions. Larger tumors are rare. In this article, we present the case of a patient with a giant head lipoma in the fronto-temporo-parietal region. Both tumor size and location are unique and no such case has been described in the literature so far.

Growing skull fracture (GSF) is a rare complication of childhood skull fractures, which is caused by progressive diastatic enlargement of the fracture line. Progressive swelling is the most common presenting feature. The most common site is the parietal region. Sutural diastasis is a rare site for development of GSF. Early treatment is must as they cause delayed onset neurological deficit and cranial asymmetry. The aim of this report is to discuss an unusual presentation of GSF with sutural diastasis and review of literature.

Eccrine porocarcinoma is a rare malignant adnexal tumor that develops from the intraepidermal ductal part of eccrine sweat glands. It is commonly seen in the lower extremity and rarely in the scalp, face, ear, body and upper extremity. The surgical treatment of eccrine porocarcinoma is controversial as this is a rare tumor. In this case report, a 38-year-old patient of eccrine porocarcinoma on atypical localization of the scalp is presented.

The aim of the work is to study changes in the profile field of pyramidal neurons in the cortex of field 7 of the brain of men and women in the aging process. A cytoarchitectonic study of the cortex of field 7 of the upper parietal region of the brain of men and women was carried out on a series of frontal paraffin sections stained by the Nissl method. The brain preparations of men and women of three age groups were studied: the groups of mature age (from 20 to 60 years), the elderly group (from 60 to 75 years) and the group of senile age (from 75 years and older). In each age group, 5 preparations of the male brain and 5 preparations of the female brain were studied. Age-related changes in the cytoarchitectonics of the profile field of pyramidal neurons in the cytoarchitectonic layers of the third and fifth cortex fields 7 of the brain of men and women were studied. As a result of the study, it was revealed that in the process of aging of the brain of men and women, changes in similar morphometric indicators of field 7 cortex occur at different age periods, the dynamics of age-related changes in functionally different cytoarchitectonic layers III and V of the cerebral cortex of men and women are also different.

Item does not contain fulltext Objective: Our objective was to unravel the dynamics underlying spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs) characteristic for childhood absence epilepsy. Methods: SWDs were recorded for a cohort of 28 children using magnetoencephalography. Non-linear association analyses and a graph theoretical metric of local connectedness (LoC) were utilized in a sliding window starting one s before till four s after ictal onset. Results: A focal pattern of bilateral frontal and parietal areas with high LoC during the spikes alternated by generalized patterns during the waves was found for all children studied during generalization of the SWDs. In the interval preceding the generalization a focal parietal region was most often (16/28) encountered and less often an occipital (4/28), temporal (5/28) or frontal (3/28) region. 55% of the children with a parietal/occipital focal onset became seizure free after the administration of two anti-epileptic drugs, and only 12.5% with a temporal/frontal focal onset. Conclusions: The transition from interictal to the ictal state is for some of the children characterized by dominant LoC at either the parietal/occipital and for others at the frontal/temporal region. Significance: The focal onset of the SWDs varies in location among the children with a clinical similar profile, who, however, seemingly are differing with regard to seizure control. 9 p.

Prior behavioral and neuroimaging evidence supports a separation between working memory capacities in the phonological and orthographic domains. Although these data indicate distinct buffers for orthographic and phonological information, prior neural evidence does indicate that nearby left inferior parietal regions support both of these working memory capacities. Given that no study has directly compared their neural substrates based on data from the same individuals, it is possible that there is a common left inferior parietal region shared by both working memory capacities. In fact, those endorsing an embedded processes account of working memory might suggest that parietal involvement reflects a domain-general attentional system that directs attention to long-term memory representations in the two domains, implying that the same neural region supports the two capacities. Thus, in this work, a multivariate lesion-symptom mapping approach was used to assess the neural basis of phonological and orthographic working memory using behavioral and lesion data from the same set of 37 individuals. The results showed a separation of the neural substrates, with regions in the angular gyrus supporting orthographic working memory and with regions primarily in the supramarginal gyrus supporting phonological working memory. The results thus argue against the parietal involvement as supporting a domain-general attentional mechanism and support a domain-specific buffer account of working memory.

In functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analysis, many studies have been conducted on inter-subject variability as well as intra-subject reproducibility. These studies indicate that fMRI could have unique characteristics for individuals. In this study, we hypothesized that the dynamic information during 1 min of fMRI was unique and repetitive enough for each subject, so we applied long short-term memory (LSTM) using initial time points of dynamic resting-state fMRI for individual identification. Siamese network is used to obtain robust individual identification performance without additional learning on a new dataset. In particular, by adding a new structure called region of interest–wise average pooling (RAP), individual identification performance could be improved, and key intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) for individual identification were also identified. The average performance of individual identification was 97.88% using the test dataset in eightfold cross-validation analysis. Through the visualization of features learned by Siamese LSTM with RAP, ICNs spanning the parietal region were observed as the key ICNs in identifying individuals. These results suggest the key ICNs in fMRI could represent individual uniqueness.

INTRODUCTIONThe aim of this study was to identify the histopathological correlates of MRI cortical atrophy in (a)typical Alzheimer’s disease (AD) donors.METHODS19 AD and 10 control donors underwent post-mortem in-situ 3T-3DT1-MRI, from which cortical thickness was calculated. Upon subsequent autopsy, 21 cortical brain regions were selected and immunostained for amyloid-beta, phosphorylated-tau, and reactive microglia. MRI-pathology associations were assessed using linear mixed models. Post-mortem MRI was compared to ante-mortem MRI when available.RESULTSHigher amyloid-beta load weakly correlated with a higher cortical thickness globally. Phosphorylated-tau strongly correlated with cortical atrophy in temporo-frontal regions. Reactive microglia load strongly correlated with cortical atrophy in the parietal region. Post-mortem scans showed high concordance with ante-mortem scans acquired DISCUSSIONDistinct histopathological markers differently correlate with cortical atrophy, highlighting their different roles in the neurodegenerative process. This study contributes in understanding the pathological underpinnings of MRI atrophy patterns.

BackgroundCortical excitability changes across conscious states, being higher in unconsciousness compared to normal wakefulness. Anaesthesia offers controlled manipulation to investigate conscious processes and underlying brain dynamics. Among commonly used anaesthetic agents, dexmedetomidine (DEX) effects are not completely known. In this study, we investigated cortical excitability as a function of DEX sedation depth.MethodsTranscranial magnetic stimulation coupled with electroencephalography was recorded in 20 healthy subjects undergoing DEX sedation in four conditions (baseline, light sedation, deep sedation, recovery). Frontal and parietal cortices were stimulated using a neuronavigation system. Cortical excitability was inferred by slope, amplitude, positive and negative peak latencies of the first component (0-30 ms) of the TMS-evoked potential. Four Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) were used to test the effect of condition and brain region over cortical excitability.ResultsDexmedetomidine modulated amplitude (PConclusionsCortical excitability changes non-linearly as a function of the depth of DEX sedation, with a paradoxical non dose-dependent increase. The effect is region-specific, being present in the frontal but not in the parietal region. Future research should extend the current results with other anaesthetics to better understand the link between cortical excitability and depth of sedation.

Background: Traumatic acute epidural hematomas (EDHs) commonly develop by rupture of the meningeal arteries. EDH caused by an injury of the diploic channel (DC) has not been reported. Case Description: A 21-year-old man suffered a head injury while falling off the skateboard. At presentation, the patient was drowsy but did not exhibit any focal neurological deficits. Cranial computed tomography (CT) revealed a biconvex intracranial hematoma with 18-mm thickness in the high parietal region and a linear fracture that involved both the outer and inner tables and passed above the hematoma. A well-developed and large DC was observed near the hematoma. Patient’s consciousness level decreased at 12 h after admission with considerable growth of the hematoma. A frontoparietal craniotomy revealed an EDH. The dura mater and the meningeal arteries underneath the hematoma were intact. The medial bone cut caused brisk bleeds from the large DC. Postoperative CT revealed the cut of the DC and other finer DCs exhibiting air density and lying near the fracture. Based on these findings, we assumed that the EDH was developed by an injury of the DCs. Conclusion: Traumatic EDH can develop by an injury of the DCs. Careful observation of patient’s neurological status and precise interpretation of neuroimages is important to identify venous EDHs.

This study demonstrates the orientation and the "shape factor" have pronounced effects on the development of the localized pressure fields inside of the helmet. We used anatomically accurate headform to evaluate four modern combat helmets under blast loading conditions in the shock tube. The Advanced Combat Helmet (ACH) is used to capture the effect of the orientation on pressure under the helmet. The three modern combat helmets: Enhanced Combat Helmet (ECH), Ops-Core, and Airframe, were tested in frontal orientation to determine the effect of helmet geometry. Using the unhelmeted headform data as a reference, we characterized pressure distribution inside each helmet and identified pressure focal points. The nature of these localized &ldquo, hot spots&rdquo, is different than the elevated pressure in the parietal region of the headform under the helmet widely recognized as the under-wash effect also observed in our tests. It is the first experimental study which indicates that the helmet presence increased the pressure experienced by the eyes and the forehead (glabella). Pressure fingerprinting using an array of sensors combined with the application of principle component analysis (PCA) helped elucidate the subtle differences between helmets.

El proceso de toma de decisiones motoras se lleva a cabo diariamente, con el fin de seleccionar los pasos necesarios para realizar un movimiento determinado. Se ha identificado ciertas áreas cerebrales que trabajan en conjunto durante los diferentes puntos de selección del objetivo, del movimiento y del efector muscular. El área interparietal, la corteza prefrontal, el área parietal de alcance y otros circuitos frontoparietales, son algunos de los responsables de la coordinación precisa que implica la complejidad del proceso; sin embargo, todavía faltan muchas estructuras contribuyentes por dilucidar. Se presenta un recopilado sobre los diferentes procesos experimentales que se han llevado a cabo a lo largo de los últimos años y, a partir de los cuales se ha definido la participación de las diferentes estructuras encefálicas en el proceso de toma de decisiones motoras.

A 26-year-old young man died shortly after he had suffered craniocerebral impalement from a metal chair leg during an affray at an airport bar. At autopsy a 25 mm diameter circular wound was present in the left parietal region with protruding brain tissue. Death was due to craniocerebral trauma from a penetrating injury to the head. Examination of the chair used in the assault showed a metal chair with smeared blood on the front right leg that matched the blood group of the decedent. The fatal wound had been inflicted by the assailant with the victim leaning forward while kneeling on the floor. The assault had produced an unusual circular patterned defect in the left parietal bone with dimensions corresponding to the chair leg. The location of the defect and the use of a chair leg were two very unusual features in this homicide.

Eighty consecutive Chinese patients diagnosed with Alzheimer disease were assessed for darkening of grey hair. Of the 62 eligible patients (mean age = 79.3 ± 7.9 years; male: female = 1:1.48), 24/62 (38.7%, 95%CI: 26.6 – 51.9) reported hair darkening after prolonged usage of cholinesterase inhibitor for at least 6 months. Of the 24 patients with hair darkening, 17 (70.9%) experienced hair darkening in the occipital region, 3 (12.5%) in the parietal region, 2 (8.3%) patients in the frontal region and 2 (8.3%) patients experienced hair darkening in multiple regions. Analysis of melanin concentration showed no significant difference between darkened hair of patients after prolonged drug use and the dark hair of controls (P = 0.381).

People often associate features or stimuli across senses, and these crossmodal correspondences also function as criteria for judging whether a pair of features or stimuli is crossmodally congruent or incongruent. We conducted two studies to examine whether the crossmodal congruency between a drink color and a flavor could also elicit more positive ratings of this drink. In Study 1, the experimental task was to simultaneously view a photo of a colored drink and to taste a beverage whose flavor was either congruent or incongruent with the color. Consequently, the color-flavor congruent drinks received more positive ratings than the color-flavor incongruent ones. In Study 2, we conducted an EEG experiment to investigate both behavioral and oscillatory brain responses to the crossmodal congruency between the successively presented color and flavor. The results of subjective ratings did not reveal any significant difference between the color-flavor congruent and incongruent stimuli. However, the time-frequency analyses on the EEG data revealed that rating the color-flavor incongruent beverages elicited greater alpha band power in the parietal region, compared to the color-flavor congruent stimuli. Collectively, these findings revealed the influence of color-flavor congruency on the subjective ratings of beverages, and demonstrated how this effect was modulated by the temporal synchrony of the color and flavor cues.

In this study an EEG and EMG signal is analyzed for startle type epilepsy. Future, ten subject were involved in this study, for hearing a sound or sudden touch on a particular area of the body especially the right side leg, initially induces a jerk which leads to subsequent tonic contraction. The modeling technique and Correlation technique have analyzed for both acquired EEG and EMG signal. The result demonstrates the electrode Fz, Cz, and Pz show the correlation between the EEG and EMG signal of the right leg. Also, the gain of signal also shows the similarity of these electrodes Fz, Cz, and Pz during the event along with the right leg. The Relative Gain Array (RGA) shows the interaction between the EEG electrode and EMG. The feature Inter quartile Range (IQR), skewness and entropy shows the strong correlation between the EEG and EMG right leg, For left leg it shows poor correlation. From the RGA we infer that the event is provoked at the central of frontal and parietal region of the brain.

The crossbow is an ancient ranged weapon originally conceived for war and hunting. Although nowadays its use in warfare has been surpassed by firearms, it continues to be used in hunting, sports and recreation. The authors present the case of a 40-year-old man who suffered from severe depression. When his condition further deteriorated, doctors ordered a forced hospitalization but, just a few hours before the measure became effective, the man committed suicide using a crossbow. The autopsy and police investigation showed possession of the crossbow darts which the man used to shoot himself in the head. The forensic pathologist found the dart stuck in the skull: the entry wound was in the suprahyoid region while the arrow tip emerged in the left parietal region meaning the arrow crossed the tongue, the middle fossa, the brain and the cranial wall. All the wounds presented a three-pointed star shape consistent with the three sharp blades of the dart. An extensive blood infiltration affected the subdural and subarachnoid space, particularly where the dart had passed. The severe brain injury, extensive subdural and subarachnoid bleeding and brain swelling following the trauma caused the death. Even though the use of the crossbow is only permitted in sporting/hunting contexts, the reported case highlights the sharp contrast between its potential for harm and the easy access to this kind of weapon, even for those affected by mental illness.

By the method of biomicroscopy it was shown that a single application of a dissolved glycine on the parietal region of the rat brain (“open window” technique) leads to a vasodilatation - an increase in arteriolar diameter about 1.5-2 times.

Objective The functional network analysis of whole brain is an emerging field for research in depression. We initiated this study to investigate which subnetwork is significantly altered within the functional connectome in major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods The study enrolled 52 first-episode medication-naive patients with MDD and 40 controls for functional network analysis. All participants received the resting-state functional imaging using a 3-Tesla magnetic resonance scanner. After preprocessing, we calculated the connectivity matrix of functional connectivity in whole brain for each subject. The network-based statistics of connectome was used to perform group comparisons between patients and controls. The correlations between functional connectivity and clinical parameters were also performed. Results MDD patients had significant alterations in the network involving “theory of mind” regions, such as the left precentral gyrus, left angular gyrus, bilateral rolandic operculums and left inferior frontal gyrus. The center node of significant network was the left angular gyrus. No significant correlations of functional connectivity within the subnetwork and clinical parameters were noted. Conclusion Functional connectivity of “theory of mind” subnetwork may be the core issue for pathophysiology in MDD. In addition, the center role of parietal region should be emphasized in future study.

Background: Medial temporal lobectomy (MTLy) poses a surgical challenge due to convoluted anatomy of medial temporal lobe (MTL). Various approaches have been described to access MTL for removing various pathologies. We, hereby, describe the parietal transventricular approach for removing a concurrent medial temporal glioma in a patient with recurrent parietal glioma. Case Description: A 40-year-old female operated and diagnosed case of the right parietal anaplastic astrocytoma presented to us with a recurrence in parietal region. In addition, a fresh lesion was observed in the right MTL suggestive of a separate temporal glioma. The patient underwent excision of both parietal and temporal gliomas through the parietal approach only. Complete excision of parietal recurrence and near-total excision of medial temporal glioma was achieved. Conclusion: The parietal approach can be used for excision of medial temporal lesions, especially those involving or extending into its posterior limits. In the presence of concurrent parietal and MTL lesions, both lesions can be removed through a single parietal approach rather than a separate approach for MTLy. It offers additional advantages of the preservation of optic radiations as well as the temporal neocortex. The visual orientation of MTL structures is different when viewed from the parietal approach as compared to the temporal approaches. The parietal approach provides in line orientation of medial temporal structures contrary to the perpendicular orientation visualized in temporal approaches. An understanding of MTL anatomy as viewed from a parietal vantage point and its three-dimensional conceptualization is very important to successfully remove lesions of MTL through the parietal approach.

Presence, the feeling of being there, is an important factor that affects the overall experience of Virtual Reality (VR). Higher presence commonly provides a better experience in VR than lower presence. However, presence is commonly measured subjectively through postexperience questionnaires, which can suffer from participant biases, dishonest answers, and fatigue. It can also be difficult for subjects to accurately remember their feelings of presence after they have left the VR experience. In this paper, we measured the effects of different levels of presence (high and low) in VR using physiological and neurological signals. The experiment involved 24 participants in a between-subjects design. Results indicated a significant effect of presence on both physiological and neurological signals. We noticed that higher presence results in higher heart rate, less visual stress, higher theta and beta activities in the frontal region, and higher alpha activities in the parietal region. These findings and insights could lead to an alternative objective measure of presence. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

When observing others' behavior, it is important to perceive not only the identity of the observed actions (OAs), but also the number of times they were performed. Given the mounting evidence implicating posterior parietal cortex in action observation, and in particular that of manipulative actions, the aim of this study was to identify the parietal region, if any, that contributes to the processing of observed manipulative action (OMA) numerosity, using the functional magnetic resonance imaging technique. Twenty‐one right‐handed healthy volunteers performed two discrimination tasks while in the scanner, responding to video stimuli in which an actor performed manipulative actions on colored target balls that appeared four times consecutively. The subjects discriminated between two small numerosities of either OMAs (“Action” condition) or colors of balls (“Ball” condition). A significant difference between the “Action” and “Ball” conditions was observed in occipito‐temporal cortex and the putative human anterior intraparietal sulcus (phAIP) area as well as the third topographic map of numerosity‐selective neurons at the post‐central sulcus (NPC3) of the left parietal cortex. A further region of interest analysis of the group‐average data showed that at the single voxel level the latter area, more than any other parietal or occipito‐temporal numerosity map, favored numerosity of OAs. These results suggest that phAIP processes the identity of OMAs, while neighboring NPC3 likely processes the numerosity of the identified OAs., When compared the “numerosity of observed manipulative actions” condition to “numerosity of colors of balls” condition, statistical parametric maps revealed a significant activation in the 3rd topographic map of numerosity‐selective neurons at the post‐central sulcus (NPC3, black diamond) of the left parietal cortex in addition to regions known as the action observation network. Further single voxel analysis suggested that NPC3 likely processes the numerosity of the identified observed actions.

El síndrome de Gerstman se caracteriza porque los pacientes presentan 4 síntomas: alteraciones en la capacidad de expresar ideas por la escritura (agrafia), incapacidad para contar y realizar operaciones aritméticas sencillas (acalculia), imposibilidad de reconocer los dedos de la mano (agnosia digital) y desorientación derecha izquierda. Se asocia habitualmente con la lesión de una parte específica del cerebro, el giro angular del lóbulo parietal del hemisferio izquierdo. Habitualmente suele ser secundario a un accidentecerebro-vascular cerebral que afecta el territorio de la arteria cerebral media. La importancia del cuadro radica en su pronta detección por las consecuencias como afectación del lóbulo parietal posterior dominante para el lenguaje. El objetivo: es hacer una correlación anátomo-clínico-quirúrgica de este síndrome. A continuación se enmarca un caso de malformación arteriovenosa en la región parietal izquierda una paciente que consultó al departamento de Neurocirugía del Hospital Roosevelt por cefalea y alteración conductual.

ObjectiveVarious imaging modalities have been used to explore pathogenic mechanisms and stratify the severity of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). The hypothesis of this meta-analysis was that there is a progressive identifiable derangement of imaging measures using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) related to the severity of the HE.MethodsStudies with more than 10 cases and HE diagnosis were identified from the electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Literatura Latino Americana em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) through July 25, 2018. Participants were stratified into healthy controls and patients with non-HE (NHE) (cirrhosis without HE), minimal HE (MHE), and overt HE (OHE). Analyses were organized by metabolite studied and brain region examined. Statistical meta-analysis was performed using the metafor package in R (v3.4.1). Pooled standardized mean differences between patient groups were calculated using a random effects model.ResultsWe identified 31 studies (1,481 patients) that included data for cirrhosis-related HE. We found the parietal region to be the most reliable in differentiating between patients with and without MHE, with standard mean differences of +0.82 (95% confidence interval [CI] +0.49 to +1.15, p < 0.0001, I2 = 37.45%) for glutamine/glutamate, −0.36 (95% CI −0.61 to −0.10, p = 0.007, I2 = 20.00%) for choline, and−0.77 (95% CI −1.19 to −0.34, p = 0.0004, I2 = 67.48%) for myo-inositol. We also found that glutamine/glutamate was the metabolite that reliably correlated with HE grade in all brain regions.ConclusionsThe meta-analysis reveals that MRS changes in glutamine/glutamate, choline, and myo-inositol, particularly in the parietal lobe, correlate with the severity of HE. MRS may be of value in the assessment of HE.

International audience; Human adults can typically visually discriminate the faces of unfamiliar individuals accurately, rapidly, and automatically, i.e. even without the explicit intention to do so. Recent studies have used fast periodic visual stimulation (FPVS) coupled with electroencephalography (EEG) to measure this process with objectivity and high sensitivity during simple non-face related tasks (Liu-Shuang et al., 2014). Here we consider to what extent fast individual face discrimination measured in the human brain with this approach is modulated by a direct face-related task. We recorded 128-channel EEG while participants viewed 70s sequences of a random female face identity (A) repeating at 6 Hz. Female faces of different identities (B, C…), interleaved regularly every 7th image (AAAAAABAAAAAAC…) led to significant periodic responses at 0.857 Hz (i.e., 6 Hz/7) and its harmonics, thereby indexing individual face discrimination. Participants performed two tasks: (1) an orthogonal Fixation task, monitoring random colour changes of the central fixation cross, and (2) a Face task, detecting male faces randomly replacing a female face. While the implicit Fixation task elicited robust individual face discrimination responses peaking over the (right) occipito-temporal region, the Face task led to significantly greater overall response amplitude (∼100% increase). However, this attentional boost strongly reduced response specificity by disproportionately recruiting prefrontal and central parietal regions, thereby blurring the occipito-temporal topography typical of specialized high-level face processing. The individual face discrimination response over face-selective occipito-temporal cortex was modulated by the face-sex task starting from 180 ms onset, followed by activations over prefrontal and central parietal region from 200 ms to 450 ms, respectively. Overall, these findings show that even a robust automatic individual face discrimination response can be further enhanced when explicitly searching for face-related information, albeit with a decrease in response specificity.

We investigated the effect of organic germanium compound (Ge-132) on experimental dermal injury in rats and cultured human dermal fibroblasts cells. For in vivo studies, the dermal wound was formed by extracting a full-thickness skin of parietal region in rats. The dermal wound was treated with 250 μl of 1.8% Ge-132 isotonic solution or physiological saline solution as a control once a day. At 1, 3, 7, and 14 days, the area of wound was measured and the dermal wound part was subjected to the histopathological examination. For in vitro studies, Hs68 cells were treated with Ge-132 (0.1–10 μg/ml) for 24 h, and then wound contraction was measured by collagen gel contraction assay and TGF-β1 and α-SMA mRNA expressions were measured by RT-PCR. A group without the addition of Ge-132 served as a control. We found that Ge-132 significantly reduced the wound area at 7 (P

Osamu Katayama,1,2 Michihiro Osumi,3 Takayuki Kodama,4 Shu Morioka,1,3 1Department of Neurorehabilitation, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kio University, Nara, 2Department of Rehabilitation, Watanabe Hospital, Aichi, 3Department of Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, Nara, 4Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kyoto Tachibana University, Kyoto, Japan Objectives: Pathological pain such as phantom limb pain is caused by sensorimotor incongruence. Several studies with healthy participants have clearly indicated that dysesthesia, which is similar to pathological pain, is caused by incongruence between proprioception and/or motor intention and visual feedback. It is not clear to what extent dysesthesia may be caused by incongruence between motor intention and visual feedback or by incongruence between proprioception and visual feedback. The aim of this study was to clarify the neurophysiology of these factors by analyzing electroencephalograms (EEGs).Methods: In total, 18 healthy participants were recruited for this study. Participants were asked to perform repetitive flexion/extension exercises with their elbows in a congruent/incongruent position while viewing the activity in a mirror. EEGs were performed to determine cortical activation during sensorimotor congruence and incongruence.Results: In the high-frequency alpha band (10–12Hz), numeric rating scale scores of a feeling of peculiarity were significantly correlated with event-related desynchronization/synchronization under the incongruence and proprioception conditions associated with motor intention and visual feedback (right inferior parietal region; r=−0.63, P

WOS:000379695200008 Ophisops elegans is a widely distributed lizard species. Like other lacertids, O. elegans has characteristic head plates. In this paper, the variation of the head plate morphology between sexes was studied in the subspecies Ophisops elegans centralanatoliae. According to our results, both size and shape of the head plates show sexual dimorphism. The most remarkable shape difference between sexes is observed in the parietal region. In addition, the ontogentic allometry of the head plate shapes was investigated.

While phonologic errors may be one of the salient features of the logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia (lvPPA), sparse data are available on their neuroimaging correlates. The purpose of this study was to identify brain regions associated with different types of phonologic errors across several tasks for participants with lvPPA. Correlational analyses between phonologic errors across tasks most likely to elicit such errors and specific left hemisphere gray matter volume regions were conducted for 20 participants. Findings point to the inferior parietal lobe and supramarginal gyrus as being the most relevant correlates. Atrophy in these regions may increase the likelihood of making phonologic errors in lvPPA, particularly substitution error types. Our results provide support for neuroanatomical correlates of phonologic errors in the parietal region, which is consistent with previous findings of temporoparietal cortex involvement/atrophy in lvPPA.

A 21-year-old male presented with sudden severe headache. CT and MRI revealed a small cerebral hematoma in the left parietal region. DSA was done 6 weeks after the hemorrhage. A small AVM was seen in left parietal region with feeder from parietal branch of left PCA (Fig. 69.1a, b). The draining vein was joining the superior sagittal sinus.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a syndrome characterized by a decrease in cognitive abilities, while daily function is maintained. This condition, which is associated with an increased risk for the development of Alzheimer’s disease, has no known definitive treatment at present. In this open-label pilot study we explored the possible benefits of neurofeedback for subjects with MCI. Eleven participants diagnosed with MCI were trained to increase the power of their individual upper alpha band of the electroencephalogram (EEG) signal over the central parietal region. This was achieved using an EEG-based neurofeedback training protocol. Training comprised ten 30-min sessions delivered over 5 weeks. Cognitive and electroencephalographic assessments were conducted before and after training and at 30 days following the last training session. A dose-dependent increase in peak alpha frequency was observed throughout the period of training. Memory performance also improved significantly following training, and this improvement was maintained at 30-day follow-up, while peak alpha frequency returned to baseline at this evaluation. Our findings suggest that neurofeedback may improve memory performance in subjects with mild cognitive impairment, and this benefit may be maintained beyond the training period.