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Leishmaniasis is a neglected parasitic disease. Numerous studies suggested that nanoemulsions could improve drug delivery in the treatment of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. This study aims to determine the effect of chitosan-coated nanoemulsions of ozonated olive oil on Leishmania major promastigote/amastigote in vitro. Nanoemulsions (NEs) were prepared using a sonicator bath at 37 °C for one hour at 1000 W, followed by 24 hours of stirring at pH 5.5. The NE was then supplemented with chitosan and stirred all night long at a low speed. Droplet size, zeta potential, in vitro drug release, and cytotoxicity were examined to optimize the chitosan nanoemulsions (CNE) and chitosan ozonated nanoemulsions (CONE). CONE and CNE were found to have droplet sizes and zeta potentials of 16.86 nm, 19.03 nm, 19.7 mV, and 19.3 mV, respectively. Additionally, the final CONE's drug loading and encapsulation efficiency were determined to be 100% and 3.21%, respectively. The lower doses of CONE had no cytotoxic effects on macrophages. Additionally, it has the ability to inhibit L. major promastigote/amastigote growth. Therefore, the lower doses of the CONE formulation can inhibit the growth of promastigote and amastigote of L. major in vitro while not being toxic to macrophages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic inflammation and insulin resistance lead to metabolic syndrome and there is an urgent need to establish effective treatments and prevention methods. Our previous study reported that obese model Zucker (fa/fa) rats fed with ozonated olive oil alleviated fatty liver and liver damage by suppressing inflammatory factors. However, differences among animal species related to the safety and efficacy of ozonated olive oil administration remain unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of oral intake of ozonated olive oil on lipid metabolism in normal mice and mice in the obesity model. C57BL/6J and db/db mice were fed the following AIN-76 diets for four weeks: the mice were either fed a 0.5% olive oil diet (Control diet) or 0.5% ozonated olive oil diet (Oz-Olive diet) in addition to 6.5% corn oil. The results indicated that four weeks of Oz-Olive intake did not adversely affect growth parameters, hepatic lipids or serum parameters in normal C57BL/6J mice. Subsequent treatment of db/db mice with Oz-Olive for four weeks reduced the levels of hepatic triglycerides, serum alkaline phosphatase, and serum insulin. These effects of Oz-Olive administration might be due to suppression of fatty acid synthesis activity and expression of lipogenic genes, as well as suppression of inflammatory gene expression. In conclusion, this study confirmed the safety of Oz-Olive administration in normal mice and its ability to alleviate hepatic steatosis by inhibiting fatty acid synthesis and inflammation in obese mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Aphthous ulcers are painful and may significantly impact dental hygiene, speech, and eating. the objectives of treatment are to lessen discomfort and to improve healing. Many symptomatic treatment modalities are used for aphthous ulcerations. Topically chlorhexidine gluconate is used most commonly in these ulcerations. Aims: The study aimed to compare the efficacy of topical ozonated olive oil and topical chlorhexidine gluconate in the management of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Methods: This randomized single-blinded study was done with 20 participants who were split into the chlorhexidine gluconate group and the ozonated olive oil group. Treatment response was assessed by measures of pain reduction, erythema reduction, and ulcer duration on the 2nd, 4th, and 6th day. SPSS version 21 was used to conduct the statistical analysis. Results: The ozonated oil group indicated a significant decrease in pain and erythema on day 2 and day 4. There was no pain and erythema on day 6 in the ozonated olive oil group. Conclusions: Applying ozonized olive oil to aphthous ulcers results in decreased pain levels and improved ulcer healing by minimizing the erythema, or period required for healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The complex root canal anatomy of primary teeth keeps it very tricky to attain appropriate cleansing by biomechanical instrumentation, so obtaining an obturating material with excellent antimicrobial properties is a challenge in current clinical pulpectomy practice. So, this study aimed to assess the clinical and radiographic performance of zinc oxide-ozonated olive oil as a primary root canal filling material. Materials and methods: Ninety non-vital primary molars in children ranging from 4 to 8 years were allocated into three groups in which root canals were filled with zinc oxide-ozonated olive oil, zinc oxide-olive oil, and zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE) according to each group after pulpectomy procedure. Clinical and radiographic evaluations were done at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up periods. Statistical analysis was performed for the collected data. Results: All study groups showed a significant improvement regarding clinical signs and symptoms during follow-up periods. Ozonated-olive oil group revealed a significant increase in furcation radiodensity and a decrease in periodontal ligament space at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up intervals compared to other groups. Conclusion: Zinc oxide-ozonated olive oil and zinc oxide-olive oil paste had shown good clinical and radiographic success for primary teeth pulpectomy. Clinical relevance: The intricate torturous primary root canal anatomy, in addition to the child's negative behavior, interferes with the complete debridement, so the long-lasting antibacterial effect of the primary root canal filling material aids in the pulpectomy success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: Nowadays, people have an insatiable desire for white and beautiful teeth. The present in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of experimental toothpaste containing ozonated olive oil commercial whitening toothpaste and ozone-free olive oil toothpaste, on color change and enamel microhardness. Material and Methods: In this in vitro study, 48 bovine incisors were mounted in an acrylic resin. After the immersion of samples in tea solution, each sample was subjected to the Vickers microhardness test and colorimetry (T1). The samples were then randomly assigned to four groups (n=12) and brushed twice a day for two min with an electric toothbrush with toothpaste specific to each group; Group 1: commercial whitening toothpaste (positive control), Group 2: Experimental toothpaste containing ozone-free olive oil , Group 3: Experimental 10 mg/ml ozonated olive oil toothpaste, Group 4: Experimental toothpaste containing ozonated olive oil with an ozone concentration of 15 mg/ml. Surface microhardness measurements and color evaluation were repeated after two (T2) and four weeks (T3). Data were analyzed by, repeated measures analysis of variance, Friedman, ANOVA, and Kruskal-Wallis. Results: The highest mean of color change (DE) was related to toothpaste containing 15 mg/ml ozonated olive oil, and the lowest mean pertained to toothpaste containing ozone-free olive oil (P=0/019). In these four groups, the amount of microhardness increased after the end of the study (P=0.001); nonetheless, these changes were not significant. Conclusions: The addition of ozone to toothpaste in a specific concentration results in teeth whitening; however, it does not significantly affect enamel microhardness.

Background: Sequential chemical application for irrigating a root canal during chemomechanical debridement can affect the dentin microstructure. Understanding the effects of various irrigants on chemical properties of dentin can elucidate their effects on physical properties and thereby explain the higher incidence of structural failure in endodontically treated teeth. This in vitro research aimed to compare and evaluate the effects of three different irrigating solutions on the chemical structure of root canal dentin in extracted human teeth. Methods: Forty-eight extracted single-rooted mandibular premolar teeth were sectioned at the cemento–enamel junction by a diamond disc and were then randomly assigned to four groups of twelve samples each. The groups were irrigated using 5.25% NaOCl, ozonated olive oil, silver citrate, or distilled water. Dentin sections measuring 1.5 mm were obtained from the root portion and each section and were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). FTIR and EDS values are reported as means ± standard deviations. Data were analyzed using an ANOVA and a post hoc Bonferroni test (p < 0.05). Results: A comparison of the FTIR and EDS values among the groups using ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences in the organic and inorganic peak values among the groups. An intergroup comparison between NaOCl with silver citrate and ozonated olive oil revealed significant reductions in the carbonate and phosphate peak values in the NaOCl group (p < 0.05). The EDS values tabulated for the carbon, oxygen, phosphorous, and calcium peak levels showed significant differences between the groups using an ANOVA. An SEM analysis was conducted under 1500× magnification, which revealed smear layer removal in the silver citrate group. Conclusions: The silver citrate solution and the ozonated olive oil caused less changes in the organic and mineral contents of dentin than sodium hypochlorite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study compared the antimicrobial efficacy of commercially available ozonated olive oil and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) with and without ultrasonic activation in primary endodontic infections. Materials and Methods: Fifty-six patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected and randomly assigned to four groups (n = 14) according to the irrigant and irrigation technique employed during biomechanical preparation. Group 1: NaOCl, Group 2: NaOCl with passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), Group 3-Ozonated olive oil, and Group 4-Ozonated olive oil with PUI. Bacteriological samples were taken from the canals before (S1) and after (S2) preparation using sterile paper points. Microbiological samples (S1, S2) were incubated and plated on Brain Heart Infusion agar. Colonies were counted after 24 h using the classic bacterial counting method. Collected data were statistically analyzed. Results: Statistically significant reduction (P < 0.05) of bacterial counts was found from S1 to S2 in all four experimental groups. The mean percentage reduction of bacterial counts of Group 1 and Group 3 was found to be lower than that of Group 2 and Group 4. The highest mean percentage bacterial reduction was seen in Group 2 (P < 0.05). Conclusion: PUI significantly enhanced the antimicrobial activity of the experimental groups and ozonated olive oil can be used as an adjunctive irrigant in primary endodontic infections. The antibacterial activity of ozonated olive oil with PUI was found to be comparable with that of NaOCl with PUI.

Ensuring the health of the gums and supporting structures (periodontium) is crucial during dental restoration procedures to achieve optimal function and appearance of the teeth. Understanding the anatomy, the impact of restorative materials, and their interaction with the periodontium is essential for successful treatment outcomes. Crown lengthening is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of gingiva and bone tissue to expose more of the tooth structure, thereby increasing the visible portion of the tooth (clinical crown height). To protect the wound from mechanical trauma and stability of the surgical site during the healing process, periodontal dressing can be applied after surgery. Ozone therapy has demonstrated its effectiveness in promoting the healing of various types of wounds, including chronic and difficult-to-heal wounds, as an antibacterial agent and in modulating the immune system. Thus, this study aimed to compare, evaluate, and assess the use of periodontal dressing with that of ozonated olive oil after the crown lengthening procedure., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Kotecha et al.)

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the supporting tissue of the teeth caused by specific microorganisms or groups of specific microorganisms, resulting in progressive destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone with periodontal pocket formation. Application of ozonated olive oil in dentistry is based on the actions such as antimicrobial and therapeutic agent, needed as adjunctive therapy after periodontal pocket curretage. Collagen is the main constituent of alveolar bone extracellular matrix and needed as a scaffold in the formation of mineralized matrix. The aim of this study was to determine the density of collagen in alveolar bone on periodontitis healing process after adjunctive topical application of ozonated olive oil in periodontal pocket curretage. In this study, 32 Sprague dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups: curetted-topical application of ozonated olive oil as treatment groups and curetted-topical application of 1% CMC-Na as placebo group. Periodontitis induced by placing silk-ligature around submandibular incisors for 7 days. Subsequently, the rats were sacrificed on days 3, 5, 7, and 14 after curetted and topical application, and each group was represented by four rats. The staining was done using Mallory staining method. All the results were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. The results showed that there were significant differences (p

Objectives: Complete elimination of the pathogenic microorganisms from the gingival sulcus area is the ultimate goal of any periodontal therapy. Certain factors such as anatomical variation of teeth, deep periodontal pocket, and tissue-invading ability of some bacteria decrease the effectiveness of conventional nonsurgical periodontal therapy, i.e., scaling and root planing (SRP). Hence, antimicrobial agents could be used as an adjunct to SRP, in order to increase the efficacy of it. Although Chlorhexidine (CHX) is the gold standard as an antiplaque agent, it has several drawbacks. Recently, ozone therapy is being tried for the treatment of several diseases in the field of dentistry. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of local application of CHX and ozonated olive oil as adjunctive to SRP for the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: Thirty individuals who fulfilled the eligibility criteria were selected for this split-mouth randomized controlled trial. The treatment sites from each individual were randomly allocated into two groups. Along with SRP, the local application of CHX and ozonated olive oil was done for the control and test sites, respectively. Pocket probing depth, relative attachment loss, and sulcus bleeding index were measured before and 3 months after the treatment. Intragroup and intergroup differences in the clinical parameters were analyzed by Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Mann-Whitney U test, respectively. Results: Three months' posttreatment, all the parameters showed significant improvement in both the groups. However, the intergroup comparison failed to be significant statistically. Conclusion: Ozonated olive oil could enhance the outcomes of SRP for the treatment of periodontal diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive lipid accumulation in organs and adipocytes results in chronic inflammation. This causes irreversible organ dysfunction and the development of metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Ozonated olive oil shows anti-inflammatory effects when applied directly to the skin; however, there are no reports on its effects on lipid metabolism through its oral administration in rats. Hence, this study investigates the effects of oral ingestion of ozonated olive oil on the pathologies of obese model rats. Obese model Zucker (fa/fa) rats were fed one of the following AIN-76 diets for four weeks: control diet: 6.5% corn oil + 0.5% olive oil, low ozonated oil diet: 6.5% corn oil + 0.45% olive oil + 0.05% ozonated olive oil, high ozonated oil diet: 6.5% corn oil + 0.5% ozonated olive oil. Control diet fed-Zucker lean rats were used as the reference. Growth parameters, hepatic lipids, hepatic enzyme activities, and serum parameters were determined. As the results, there was a dose-dependent improvement of hepatomegaly, fatty liver and elevated levels of hepatic injury markers in Zucker (fa/fa) rat upon ozonated olive oil consumption. Activities of hepatic enzymes related to lipid synthesis and lipid degradation were not affected by ozonated olive oil intake. On the other hand, there was a dose-dependent elimination of hepatic lipid secretion deficiency and suppression of inflammatory factors upon ozonated olive oil consumption. In conclusion, ozonated olive oil intake by Zucker (fa/fa) rats alleviates hepatic steatosis through the inhibition of triglyceride accumulation in the liver and suppression of inflammatory factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study compared the antimicrobial efficacy of commercially available ozonated olive oil and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) with and without ultrasonic activation in primary endodontic infections. Materials and Methods: Fifty-six patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected and randomly assigned to four groups (n = 14) according to the irrigant and irrigation technique employed during biomechanical preparation. Group 1: NaOCl, Group 2: NaOCl with passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), Group 3-Ozonated olive oil, and Group 4-Ozonated olive oil with PUI. Bacteriological samples were taken from the canals before (S1) and after (S2) preparation using sterile paper points. Microbiological samples (S1, S2) were incubated and plated on Brain Heart Infusion agar. Colonies were counted after 24 h using the classic bacterial counting method. Collected data were statistically analyzed. Results: Statistically significant reduction (P < 0.05) of bacterial counts was found from S1 to S2 in all four experimental groups. The mean percentage reduction of bacterial counts of Group 1 and Group 3 was found to be lower than that of Group 2 and Group 4. The highest mean percentage bacterial reduction was seen in Group 2 (P < 0.05). Conclusion: PUI significantly enhanced the antimicrobial activity of the experimental groups and ozonated olive oil can be used as an adjunctive irrigant in primary endodontic infections. The antibacterial activity of ozonated olive oil with PUI was found to be comparable with that of NaOCl with PUI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan contains two reactive groups (amino and hydroxyl), which can be chemically or physically modified, thereby chitosan has a high potential in tissue engineering applications. Chitosan is an ingredient that is often used as a graft material, however, it is less osteoconductive when not combined with other materials. Other ingredient that possess high antioxidants and can be used routinely, both topically and systemically is coenzyme Q10 in the treatment of periodontal conditions. Ozonated olive oil is also used as a therapeutic agent in inflammation to stimulate and accelerate the healing of soft tissues and bones. In the present study, the synergy of chitosanozonated olive oil combination and coenzyme Q10-chitosan gel combination on the increase of bone formation was examined. A purely laboratory experimental study was carried out in this study. Synergy measurement of chitosan combination was delivered by FTIR spectrum test and MTT assay. The results revealed that between the combination of chitosan-ozonated olive oil and chitosan-coenzyme Q10 gel had the same spectrum graph as pure chitosan. This data showed that the combination of both materials did not form a new reaction. Furthermore, the MTT assay showed that the combination of chitosan-ozonated olive oil and chitosan-coenzyme Q10 gel were not toxic and could increase the number of fibroblast cells. In conclusion, the combination of chitosanozonated olive oil and gel chitosan-coenzyme Q10 indicated a synergistic relationship without mutual influence and non-toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ozonated olive oil has been widely used as a local infection therapy to overcome bacterial resistance from antibiotics with systemic administration. However, the disadvantage of systemic antibiotics is it cannot be used in large doses for local infection therapy. Periodontitis is an infectious disease that causes alveolar bone damage. In the periodontitis healing process, osteoblasts and angiogenesis play essential roles in bone regeneration. The study aims to determine the effect of topical application ozonated olive oil to osteoblasts number and angiogenesis of alveolar bone in periodontitis healing process using in vivo study. 32 Sprague Dawley rats were divided into two groups: the treatment and placebo groups, 16 rats in each group. The induction of periodontitis was performed by ligating lower incisor with silk ligature for seven days. The treatment group received ozonated olive oil, and the placebo group received 1 % of CMC-Na twice a day. Four rats from each group were necropsied on day 3, 5, 7, and 14 and then processed into histological sample preparations by hematoxylin-eosin staining and counted the number of osteoblast and blood vessels. All collected data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and posthoc LSD test. The average number of osteoblasts, blood vessels in the treatment group were significantly higher than the placebo group (p

In dentistry, denture stomatitis (DS), a frequent inflammatory illness of the oral mucosa mostly related to denture wearing, is a major concern. DS is a common oral mycotic infection for those who wear partial or total dentures. The most often found species of Candida that may be isolated from both healthy and diseased oral tissues is Candida albicans . DS is associated with uneven denture surfaces, inadequate oral hygiene, or ill-fitting dentures. The diagnosis and management of DS in a 72-year-old male patient is presented in this case study. The patient complained about burning in his palate and having difficulty chewing. Upon clinical examination, erythema and inflammation were seen in the palate region. The history and clinical findings were consistent with DS. The patient was told to completely stop using dentures. Interventions were included in the treatment plan, such as diode laser therapy, topical ozonated oil application, and teaching about denture hygiene. The third day's follow-up visit revealed a progressive healing of the lesions and symptom relief. The lesion fully resolved on the sixth day. This case emphasizes the value of all-encompassing management techniques in treating DS successfully. It also highlights the significance of patient education, good oral hygiene, and focused therapy in producing favorable results., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Kaur et al.)

Background: Sequential chemical application for irrigating a root canal during chemomechanical debridement can affect the dentin microstructure. Understanding the effects of various irrigants on chemical properties of dentin can elucidate their effects on physical properties and thereby explain the higher incidence of structural failure in endodontically treated teeth. This in vitro research aimed to compare and evaluate the effects of three different irrigating solutions on the chemical structure of root canal dentin in extracted human teeth. Methods: Forty-eight extracted single-rooted mandibular premolar teeth were sectioned at the cemento–enamel junction by a diamond disc and were then randomly assigned to four groups of twelve samples each. The groups were irrigated using 5.25% NaOCl, ozonated olive oil, silver citrate, or distilled water. Dentin sections measuring 1.5 mm were obtained from the root portion and each section and were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). FTIR and EDS values are reported as means ± standard deviations. Data were analyzed using an ANOVA and a post hoc Bonferroni test (p < 0.05). Results: A comparison of the FTIR and EDS values among the groups using ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences in the organic and inorganic peak values among the groups. An intergroup comparison between NaOCl with silver citrate and ozonated olive oil revealed significant reductions in the carbonate and phosphate peak values in the NaOCl group (p < 0.05). The EDS values tabulated for the carbon, oxygen, phosphorous, and calcium peak levels showed significant differences between the groups using an ANOVA. An SEM analysis was conducted under 1500× magnification, which revealed smear layer removal in the silver citrate group. Conclusions: The silver citrate solution and the ozonated olive oil caused less changes in the organic and mineral contents of dentin than sodium hypochlorite.

Introduction: Ozone is a colourless gas form of oxygen and is present in the atmosphere. It effectively kills bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites at a lower concentration. It is a powerful oxidizer. Ozone has been proposed as an alternative oral antiseptic in dentistry. There are many known actions of ozone on human body such as immunostimulating, analgesic, antihypoxic, detoxicating and antimicrobial properties. Because of these Antibacterial, Antiinflammatory and Healing promoting factors of Ozone, it was conceptualized to be used in a dissolved form as Ozonated Olive Oil to treat patients suffering from Chronic Periodontitis. Aim: • To compare the clinical efficacy of local delivery of ozone oil as an adjunct to scaling and root planing versus scaling and root planing alone in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Study Design: • The study was a split mouth study (Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial). In each recruited patient, teeth with probing pocket depth of 5mm to 7mm was allotted to either: 1. Group A - 15 Test sites (Treated with scaling and root planing + ozonated oil) 2. Group B - 15 Control sites (Treated with scaling and root planing only). Results: Results were compiled and data analysed using SPSS software. Conclusion: This study helped evaluate the efficacy of ozonated olive oil as an adjunct (locally delivered drug) for non surgical treatment of Chronic periodontitis. Ozonated olive oil is effective and would add as a treatment medicament in our already expanding arsenal of locally delivered agents used for combating Chronic Periodontits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of present study is to prepare and characterize camphor-loaded ozonated olive oil nanoemulsions (NEs). In this study, olive oils were ozonated with different times (up to 24 h) and their viscosities were examined. NEs were prepared by high-energy ultrasonication technique and characterized according to droplet size distribution, zeta potential, microscopic evaluation, and storage stability. The effect of oil phase/aqueous phase volume ratio, sonication time, and co-solvent (glycerol) on formulations were evaluated. 6 h ozonated olive oil was chosen for developing NEs due to its liquid form and viscosity (189 mPas). The obtained camphor-loaded NEs (with or without glycerol) had nearly 300 nm droplet size with negative zeta potential. Microscopic analysis revealed the spherical shape of droplets. The long-term stability tests showed that camphor-loaded NEs with glycerol were more stable than NEs without glycerol at 4 ℃ and 25 ℃. According to the results, ozonated olive oil based NEs with glycerol might be promising nanosystems for topical delivery of camphor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: This study was designed to evaluate clinically and radiographically the role of Ozonated olive oil in the management of periodontal status in smoking patients. Materials and Method: The study was performed on twenty four medically free patients having chronic periodontitis. Radiographic bone density evaluation as well as linear alveolar bone level and clinical periodontal parameters were recorded after the initial phase of plaque control then, the patients were instructed to perform oral hygiene measures. The clinical parameters which were included are; plaque index, gingival index, probing depth and clinical attachment loss. The patients were divided into 2 main groups, the first group received Ozonated olive oil while the second group served as control group. At baseline, three and six months, bone density and alveolar bone level were radiographically recorded using CBCT. The statistical analysis of the collected clinical and radiographic data revealed an overall clinical as well as Radiometric and Densitometric measurements improvement by time for the Ozonated olive oil group in comparison to the control group at baseline, three and six months. Results: Ozonated olive oil group showed significant difference regarding the control group. Conclusion: The results of the current study revealed that the use of Ozonated olive oil can enhance bone level and density as well as tissue healing in periodontially affected teeth. In addition, the use of CBCT is considered as an effective method for evaluation of preoperative and postoperative alveolar bone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the treatment outcomes of topical application of boric acid, boron-doped gel, and ozonated olive oil in cases of Microsporum canis-induced dermatophytosis. Furthermore, the outcomes were compared to those of terbinafine administration. We included 39 female Wistar albino rats weighing 200-250 g and created an M. canis-infected area on the skin of their backs. The rats were clinically scored on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 and underwent histopathological evaluation. All the treated groups demonstrated significantly lower clinical scores than the control group (P < 0.05). Fewer inflammation cells were observed in the samples of groups treated with 3% boric acid and sodium pentaborate pentahydrate gel than in those of the control group. According to the histopathological evaluation, the groups treated with 3% boric acid and sodium pentaborate pentahydrate gel were statistically different from the control and other treatment groups (P < 0.05). Our results indicated that treatment with 3% boric acid and sodium pentaborate gel was adequate in resolving M. canis-induced infection in rats. Therefore, gels containing 3% boric acid and sodium pentaborate pentahydrate may be alternatives to antifungal agents such as terbinafine by ensuring easy, reliable, inexpensive, and effective treatment modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olive oil application in the cosmetic industry may be extended by its ozonation, bringing about new oil properties and increased stability. Olive oil treated with 0.04 mole O3 or 0.10 mole O3 per 100 g oil was subjected to chemical parameters evaluation and composition scrutinizing by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) GC-MS analysis. The biological activity of refined and ozonated oil included their antimicrobial properties by the agar diffusion method and cytotoxicity by the MTT assay towards two normal (LLC-PK1, HaCaT) and two cancerous (Caco-2, HeLa) cell lines. The oils served as the basis in cosmetic emulsions. The chosen organoleptic features, preservative efficacy in a challenge test, and persistency during six months of these formulations were assessed. However, the ozonation of the olive oil resulted in a decrease in unsaturated acids; several additional compounds were detected in the ozonated oil, which positively affect the physicochemical, sensory, and functional properties of cosmetic emulsions. Emulsions based on the ozonated olive oil retain their properties longer compared to emulsions based on the refined olive oil. Ozonated oil treated with 0.10 mole O3/100 g oil allowed increasing the shelf life of the non-preserved formulation up to six months. A weak inhibitory effect against Candida albicans and Aspergillus brasiliensis was also demonstrated for this emulsion in the challenge test. Moreover, an interesting aroma, slightly enhanced antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, C. albicans, A. brasiliensis, and a lack of cytotoxicity at concentrations 625 µg mL−1 make the ozonated olive oil a promising raw material for the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.

Chronic inflammation and insulin resistance lead to metabolic syndrome and there is an urgent need to establish effective treatments and prevention methods. Our previous study reported that obese model Zucker (fa/fa) rats fed with ozonated olive oil alleviated fatty liver and liver damage by suppressing inflammatory factors. However, differences among animal species related to the safety and efficacy of ozonated olive oil administration remain unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of oral intake of ozonated olive oil on lipid metabolism in normal mice and mice in the obesity model. C57BL/6J and db/db mice were fed the following AIN-76 diets for four weeks: the mice were either fed a 0.5% olive oil diet (Control diet) or 0.5% ozonated olive oil diet (Oz-Olive diet) in addition to 6.5% corn oil. The results indicated that four weeks of Oz-Olive intake did not adversely affect growth parameters, hepatic lipids or serum parameters in normal C57BL/6J mice. Subsequent treatment of db/db mice with Oz-Olive for four weeks reduced the levels of hepatic triglycerides, serum alkaline phosphatase, and serum insulin. These effects of Oz-Olive administration might be due to suppression of fatty acid synthesis activity and expression of lipogenic genes, as well as suppression of inflammatory gene expression. In conclusion, this study confirmed the safety of Oz-Olive administration in normal mice and its ability to alleviate hepatic steatosis by inhibiting fatty acid synthesis and inflammation in obese mice.

Objective(s): Leishmaniasis is one of the main health problems in developing countries, caused by intracellular protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus. Although research has been successful in discovering vaccines and anti-parasitic drugs like antimony compounds, their side effects like high toxicity, prolonged regeneration, etc., have raised the replacement importance of natural products with antioxidant and antibacterial properties. It can be said that an appropriate alternative to this is the ozonated olive oil. Ozone by introducing O2 in involved tissues and bloodstream could degrade parasite amastigotes and lead to cleared leishmaniasis infections. So, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of ozonated olive oil in Iranian leishmaniasis patients compared to glucantime, a choice drug for the treatment of Leishmaniasis. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients with confirmed leishmaniasis lesions were included and divided into two groups, 15 cases as control and 15 cases as test with lesions of 30-50 mm2 in diameter. The control group received glucantime intralesionally and the test group ozonated olive oil plus glucantime, 2 times daily. Results: The mean of lesion size was (50.94±33.20) before and (15±14.34) after treatment in control (P<0.00) and (50.88±31.74) before and (9.93±14.18) after treatment in the test group (P<0.00). Moreover, the mean course of therapy was 10.4(±1.84) weeks and 8.93(±2.15) weeks in control and test groups, respectively (P=0.636). Significant differences were reported in lesion size after treatment between the two groups (P<0.00). Conclusion: Data suggested ozonated olive oil can have synergistic effects with glucantime in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research has been carried out with a focus on the assessment of the antimicrobial efficacy of pure nanohydroxyapatite, Cu2+-doped nanohydroxyapatite, ozonated olive oil-loaded nanohydroxyapatite, and Cu2+-doped nanohydroxyapatite, respectively. Their potential antimicrobial activity was investigated against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Candida albicans. Among all tested materials, the highest efficacy was observed in terms of ozonated olive oil. The studies were performed using an Ultraviolet–Visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), electron microscopy, and statistical methods, by determining the value of Colony-Forming Units (CFU/mL) and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC).

This study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial-biofilm activity of chitosan (Ch-NPs), silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), ozonated olive oil (O3-oil) either separately or combined together against endodontic pathogens. While testing the antimicrobial activity, Ch-NPs showed the least minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values exerting eightfold higher bactericidal activity than O3-oil against both Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans as well as fourfold higher fungicidal activity against Candida albicans. Antimicrobial synergy test revealed synergism between O3-oil and Ch-NPs against the test pathogens (FIC index ≤ 0.5). Ch-NPs was superior at inhibiting immature single and mixed-species biofilm formations by 97 and 94%, respectively. Both of O3-oil and Ch-NPs had a complete anti-fibroblast adherent effect. The safety pattern results showed that O3-oil was the safest compound, followed by Ch-NPs. The double combination of Ch-NPs and O3-oil reduced the mature viable biofilm on premolars ex vivo model by 6-log reductions, with a fast kill rate, indicating potential use in treating root canals. Therefore, the double combination has the potential to eradicate mature mixed-species biofilms and hence it is potent, novel and safe.

Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder, considered the male genital variant of lichen sclerosus. Anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used in BXO. We evaluated the effects of an innovative formulation of ozonated olive oil with vitamin E acetate (OZOILE®) on the inflammatory status and tissue remodeling in male children with BXO. The mRNA transcripts of proteins involved either in inflammation or in dynamics of tissue regeneration were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR, in foreskins affected by BXO removed from patients untreated or treated with OZOILE® cream for 7 days before circumcision. We found a significant reduction in mRNA levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, INF-γ, transglutaminase 2 and NOS2 in foreskins treated with OZOILE® in comparison to untreated ones (p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in NF-κB activation in the specimens obtained from treated and untreated patients. Hence, OZOILE® treatment up-regulated hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and E-cadherin gene expression (p < 0.001). The treatment with OZOILE® showed effective results in children affected by BXO by reducing the inflammatory process and stimulating mechanisms for tissue regeneration of the foreskin. A randomized clinical trial on a large number of children affected by BXO might be useful to verify the efficacy of topical treatment with OZOILE®. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have shown that ozonated vegetable oils have been used topically for healing of cutenous wounds. The aim of this study is to evaluate the dose dependent use of ozonated olive oil with high peroxide value (OZ) on the viability of cells for preventing side effects in topical applications. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports investigaing the effect of peroxide value of ozonated olive oil associated with its cytotoxic activity on mouse non-neoplastc fibroblast cell lines (L929). Therefore, the present study was carried out by using OZ alone and/or in combination with glycerol and olive oil. In our study OZ was prepared by using pure olive oil. Both olive oil and glycerol are non-toxic and can be mixed with OZ uniformly. The cytotoxic activity of samples against L929 fibroblasts was assessed using the tetrazolium salt 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The peroxide value of synthesized OZ was found to be in the range of 2700–2900 mEq O2/kg oil. The OZ/olive oil group did not show any cell death at all concentrations tested (p > 0.05) however OZ/glycerol group showed statistically significant reductions in viability at higher concentrations (p = 0.004–0.006) compared to the control group. Conclusively, using OZ/olive oil with a peroxide value of 2700–2900 mEq O2/kg oil for short-term incubation was non-cytotoxic to the L929 fibroblast cell line. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objectives Ozone (O3) has been used for medical purposes more than a century ago. Although, its precise mechanism of action is still unclear, many disease conditions are currently treated by ozone. In Iraq, the use of medical ozone is recent. Herein, we present our first experience. Methods This is a retrospective study of 94 patients (67 females and 27 males) with different painful disorders treated by ozone in a private clinic in Kirkuk, Iraq over 1 year period (July 1, 2016-June 30, 2017). Longevity resources EXT50 Ozone Generator with oxygen tank and CGA870 Oxygen Regulator were used. Ozone was prepared as, O2-O3, ozonized olive oil (OOO) or ozonized platelet rich plasma (OPRP) and given via subcutaneous (S), intra-muscular (IM) or intra-articular (IA) injections. A sample of patient's own blood was used to prepare PRP by a process of two repeated centrifugation and then activated by passing ozone in a concentration of 68.7 gammas. A questionnaire was used to grade the patients' responses as excellent, good, fair and poor. Z-test was used for statistical analysis. Results The mean age was 53 ± 15 years. The two major treated groups were osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee (n = 40) and lower back pain (LBP) (n = 22). Overall, ozone yielded excellent to good results in 68 patients (72.3%) and a poor outcome in 9 (9.5%) patients. Conclusion Ozone therapy is an inexpensive therapy, which seems to be safe and effective in palliating pain of OA and intervertebral disc herniation as well as other pain disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ozonated olive oil was investigated for their capacity to inhibit growth of 38 yeast strains of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, and Saprochaete capitata. Two different ozonated olive oil (OZO1, OZO2) and two different olive oil (OL1, OL2) samples having different biochemical parameters were assessed in terms of their antifungal ability and comparison was made. Fluconazole was chosen as control antifungal agent. Each sample's antifungal activity decreased in the following order: OZO1 > OZO2 > OL1 ≥ OL2. This study demonstrated that ozonated olive oil may help to control some fluconazole-resistant and dosedependent sensitive fungal strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute radiation proctitis is a common complication of pelvic radiation and management of acute radiation proctitis is under evaluation. The beneficial effects of ozonated olive oil (OzOO) have already been shown in the treatment of chronic wounds. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of topical OzOO on acute radiation proctitis. Aims: To evaluate the therapeutic effects of topical OzOO on acute radiation proctitis. Study Design: Animal experimentation. Methods: Rats were divided into three groups: control; irradiation+saline (1 mL); and irradiation +OzOO (1 mL). A single fraction of 17.5 Gy was delivered to each rat. The OzOO was administered rectally each day after irradiation. Each rat was observed daily for signs of proctitis. Irradiated rats were euthanised on days 5 and 10. The mucosal changes were evaluated macroscopically and pathologically. Results: According to the clinical findings, five rats in the irradiation+saline group showed Grade 4 symptoms on the 10th day. Macroscopic finding scores on the 10th day in the irradiation+saline and irradiation+OzOO groups were statistically significantly different. On pathological examination, radiation-induced mucosal damage was the most prominent 10 days after irradiation in saline-treated rats. On the 10th day, the irradiation+OzOO group showed mild inflammation and slight crypt change, which corresponded to Grade 1 pathological findings. Conclusion: OzOO attenuates macroscopic and pathological findings of acute radiation proctitis in rats.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of certain essential oils and ozonated olive oil on Otodectes cynotis infestations in cats. Twenty-eight cats were included in the study. Infestation was diagnosed through the microscopic examination of ear secretions. Clinical findings were evaluated and scored before and after treatment. Cats were randomly assigned to different treatment groups, which included Group 1 treated with ozonated olive oil, Group 2 treated with garlic oil, Group 3 treated with marjoram oil, and Group 4 treated with permethrin. Each treatment was applied to both ears with approximately 5 drops daily per ear for a period of 10 days. The effectiveness of treatments was determined using an efficacy formula. By day 10, G1 and G4 were the groups showing the highest effectiveness. By day 30, effectiveness between the groups ranked as follows: G4 > G1 > G3 > G2. Based on these results, it can be stated that garlic, marjoram, and ozonated olive oil represent cheap, easily applicable, and safe alternatives to conventional treatments with no side effects for O. cynotis infestations in cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder, considered the male genital variant of lichen sclerosus. Anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used in BXO. We evaluated the effects of an innovative formulation of ozonated olive oil with vitamin E acetate (OZOILE®) on the inflammatory status and tissue remodeling in male children with BXO. The mRNA transcripts of proteins involved either in inflammation or in dynamics of tissue regeneration were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR, in foreskins affected by BXO removed from patients untreated or treated with OZOILE® cream for 7 days before circumcision. We found a significant reduction in mRNA levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, INF–γ, transglutaminase 2 and NOS2 in foreskins treated with OZOILE® in comparison to untreated ones (p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in NF-κB activation in the specimens obtained from treated and untreated patients. Hence, OZOILE® treatment up-regulated hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and E-cadherin gene expression (p < 0.001). The treatment with OZOILE® showed effective results in children affected by BXO by reducing the inflammatory process and stimulating mechanisms for tissue regeneration of the foreskin. A randomized clinical trial on a large number of children affected by BXO might be useful to verify the efficacy of topical treatment with OZOILE®.

In order to meet one of the greatest problems of food technology, i.e. unwanted food spoilage caused by the action of microorganisms, active or intelligent packaging is being created and used with increasing frequency. At the same time, substitutes for plastics are being sought in order to protect the environment. Biodegradable polymer composites seem to be an extremely promising material that could replace synthetic materials in the future. By encapsulating biologically active substances in a polymer matrix, directional action and controlled release of the substance are possible. The use of ozone, which has become more and more popular especially recently, allows to limit the growth of microorganisms, and the production of ozone derivatives of unsaturated fats allows to reduce the short time of its decomposition. The aim of this study was to analyse the physicochemical and bacteriostatic properties of innovative chitosan-based films containing encapsulated nanocapsules of ozonated olive oil in two concentrations. The morphology and size of the obtained nanocapsules were determined using Scanning Electron Microscopy and DLS. The largest particle size was observed for the film containing the lower ozone concentration – up to 4900 nm, in the control film 3500 nm, for the film with the highest ozone concentration, the particle size was the smallest, with the majority in the range of 100–1000 nm. Ozone content was determined by peroxidation number. The properties of the composites were characterised by infrared (IR) which proved that chitosan is a good matrix for the formation of capsules and ultraviolet (UV) which showed that the obtained composite absorbs light in the range of blue and near ultraviolet light, and the addition of nanocapsules of ozonated olive oil increased the degree of absorption and decreased the transparency. We also performed photoluminescence spectroscopy before and after storage of pork meat proving that films are sensitive to the physico-chemical and biochemical transformation products formed as a result of meat spoilage. The study of the microbiological properties included the analysis of the microbiological quality of pork meat stored under the obtained films as a function of time. The films have a bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect and the addition of ozonated olive oil capsules increases the bactericidal effect against Gram-negative bacteria. Contact angles, Water Vapour Transmission Rate and transparency were also determined and they were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis. Water absorption, solubility and liquid absorption capacity were determined. All tested samples show high hydrophobicity and low solubility, and the ozone content directly influences these parameters. • Innovative, environmentally friendly chitosan-based films containing nano- and microcapsules of ozonized olive oil have been developed. • Addition of ozonated oils to the matrix reduced Water solubility, transparency and significantly enhanced the photoluminescence of the composite. • Composites have a bactericidal effect so they can prolong shelf life. • Films with potential for use as active biodegradable packaging materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute radiation proctitis is a common complication of pelvic radiation and management of acute radiation proctitis is under evaluation. The beneficial effects of ozonated olive oil (OzOO) have already been shown in the treatment of chronic wounds. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of topical OzOO on acute radiation proctitis. Aims: To evaluate the therapeutic effects of topical OzOO on acute radiation proctitis. Study Design: Animal experimentation. Methods: Rats were divided into three groups: control; irradiation+saline (1 mL); and irradiation +OzOO (1 mL). A single fraction of 17.5 Gy was delivered to each rat. The OzOO was administered rectally each day after irradiation. Each rat was observed daily for signs of proctitis. Irradiated rats were euthanised on days 5 and 10. The mucosal changes were evaluated macroscopically and pathologically. Results: According to the clinical findings, five rats in the irradiation+saline group showed Grade 4 symptoms on the 10th day. Macroscopic finding scores on the 10th day in the irradiation+saline and irradiation+OzOO groups were statistically significantly different. On pathological examination, radiation- induced mucosal damage was the most prominent 10 days after irradiation in saline-treated rats. On the 10th day, the irradiation+OzOO group showed mild inflammation and slight crypt change, which corresponded to Grade 1 pathological findings. Conclusion: OzOO attenuates macroscopic and pathological findings of acute radiation proctitis in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this work the effect of ozonation on olive oil, soybean oil, oleic-, linoleic- and linolenic acid was studied. The effects of ozonation time on the oils and acids were analyzed by 1H, 13C NMR. Further, the peroxide- and acid values, the viscosity and the molar mass were determined for pure and ozonated oils. The fatty chains in both ozonated oils showed a gradual decrease of unsaturation with the gradual increase of ozonation time. Reaction products were identified according to Criegee mechanism. The major product in the early stage of the reaction was ozonide. The disappearance of unsaturation and formation of ozonide was almost equal. Ozonation increased the peroxide and acid values for both oils, the increase being higher for soybean oil. After long ozonation times higher molar mass species, as well as low molar mass species were observed. These are interpreted as oligomeric ozonides and cross-ozonides, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The curative effect of ozonated olive oil was evaluated using mouse models of cut wounds and pressure ulcers (decubitus or bedsores). Although ozonated olive oil did not significantly accelerate or decelerate wound contraction in either model, some histological modifications were observed. Ozonated olive oil induced blood coagulation in the hypodermis and cell infiltration in the dermis 1 day after its application. Moreover, it enhanced the formation of granulation tissue 10 days after application. These results indicate that ozonated olive oil promotes granulation tissue formation and is effective in the healing of wounds and pressure ulcers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive lipid accumulation in organs and adipocytes results in chronic inflammation. This causes irreversible organ dysfunction and the development of metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Ozonated olive oil shows anti-inflammatory effects when applied directly to the skin; however, there are no reports on its effects on lipid metabolism through its oral administration in rats. Hence, this study investigates the effects of oral ingestion of ozonated olive oil on the pathologies of obese model rats. Obese model Zucker (fa/fa) rats were fed one of the following AIN-76 diets for four weeks: control diet: 6.5% corn oil + 0.5% olive oil, low ozonated oil diet: 6.5% corn oil + 0.45% olive oil + 0.05% ozonated olive oil, high ozonated oil diet: 6.5% corn oil + 0.5% ozonated olive oil. Control diet fed-Zucker lean rats were used as the reference. Growth parameters, hepatic lipids, hepatic enzyme activities, and serum parameters were determined. As the results, there was a dose-dependent improvement of hepatomegaly, fatty liver and elevated levels of hepatic injury markers in Zucker (fa/fa) rat upon ozonated olive oil consumption. Activities of hepatic enzymes related to lipid synthesis and lipid degradation were not affected by ozonated olive oil intake. On the other hand, there was a dose-dependent elimination of hepatic lipid secretion deficiency and suppression of inflammatory factors upon ozonated olive oil consumption. In conclusion, ozonated olive oil intake by Zucker (fa/fa) rats alleviates hepatic steatosis through the inhibition of triglyceride accumulation in the liver and suppression of inflammatory factors.

Purpose: In the present study, antifungal activity of ozonated olive oil (OZO) and ozonated distilled water (ODW) in the treatment of experimentally induced keratitis with C. albicans in rabbits were investigated., Methods: The Groups were composed of as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 (n = 5 rabbits, 10 eyes/in each group) and Group 6 (n = 10 rabbits, 20 eyes/in the group). Fourty-eight hours after C. albicans inoculation; Group 1 received fluconazle (FLU)+OZO drops, Group 2 received FLU drop, Group 3 received OZO drop, Group 4 received FLU+ODW drops, Group 5 received ODW drop, Group 6 (infected control group) and Group 7 received PBS drop (negative control group). Treatment continued in all groups for 22 days for every 8 hours., Results: Cornea cultures made 24 days post inoculation revealed statistically significant differences ( p < 0,05) with concern to C. albicans amounts between Group 6 and Group 1-5. Statistical comparison of corneal opacity and corneal ulcer and conjunctivitis values among the Group 6 and Group 1-5 were also different significantly ( p < 0,05) on days 20 and 24 post inoculation., Conclusion: OZO and ODW were found to be effective in treating C. albicans keratitis in the present study. It has also been proven by this study that ODW contain 26 μg/ml was the most effective in the treatment of C. albicans keratitis.

Olive oil application in the cosmetic industry may be extended by its ozonation, bringing about new oil properties and increased stability. Olive oil treated with 0.04 mole O3 or 0.10 mole O3 per 100 g oil was subjected to chemical parameters evaluation and composition scrutinizing by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) GC-MS analysis. The biological activity of refined and ozonated oil included their antimicrobial properties by the agar diffusion method and cytotoxicity by the MTT assay towards two normal (LLC-PK1, HaCaT) and two cancerous (Caco-2, HeLa) cell lines. The oils served as the basis in cosmetic emulsions. The chosen organoleptic features, preservative efficacy in a challenge test, and persistency during six months of these formulations were assessed. However, the ozonation of the olive oil resulted in a decrease in unsaturated acids; several additional compounds were detected in the ozonated oil, which positively affect the physicochemical, sensory, and functional properties of cosmetic emulsions. Emulsions based on the ozonated olive oil retain their properties longer compared to emulsions based on the refined olive oil. Ozonated oil treated with 0.10 mole O3/100 g oil allowed increasing the shelf life of the non-preserved formulation up to six months. A weak inhibitory effect against Candida albicans and Aspergillus brasiliensis was also demonstrated for this emulsion in the challenge test. Moreover, an interesting aroma, slightly enhanced antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, C. albicans, A. brasiliensis, and a lack of cytotoxicity at concentrations 625 µg mL−1 make the ozonated olive oil a promising raw material for the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research has been carried out with a focus on the assessment of the antimicrobial efficacy of pure nanohydroxyapatite, Cu2+-doped nanohydroxyapatite, ozonated olive oil-loaded nanohydroxyapatite, and Cu2+-doped nanohydroxyapatite, respectively. Their potential antimicrobial activity was investigated against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Candida albicans. Among all tested materials, the highest efficacy was observed in terms of ozonated olive oil. The studies were performed using an Ultraviolet–Visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), electron microscopy, and statistical methods, by determining the value of Colony-Forming Units (CFU/mL) and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Ozone (O3) proved to oxidize organic and inorganic compounds, and its efficacy against bacteria, viruses and fungi plasma membranes was of interest. Ozone vehicle can be a gaseous form, ozonated water or ozonized oil. The aim of this in-vitro study was to evaluate the efficacy of ozonated olive oil against Streptococcus mutans . (2) Methods: Two different commercial mouthwashes were tested: Ialozon Blu (IB) (Gemavip, Cagliari, Italy), with ozonated olive oil, and Ialozon Rose (IR) (Gemavip, Cagliari, Italy), with ozonated olive oil, hyaluronic acid and vitamin E. All formulates were analyzed in a dilution range from 2- to 256-folds in saline solution, as to reproduce the salivary dilution. Streptococcus mutans CIP103220 strain was used for the antimicrobial susceptibility test, and the Kirby-Bauer inhibition method was performed to evaluate the Minimum Inhibitory (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal (MBC), and Minimum Biofilm Inhibitory Concentration (MBIC). (3) Results: Both formulates showed the same antimicrobial activity. MIC, MBC, and MBIC were observed for dilution factors of 1/32, 1/8 and 1/8, respectively. The mean value of inhibition zone diameter was 16.5 mm for IB, and 18 mm for IR. (4) Conclusions: The results suggested that ozonized olive oil formulates were able to inactivate Streptococcus mutans avoiding the salivary dilution effect in the oral cavity.