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The investigation on the temporal dynamics of graphene-wrapped core–shell nanoparticles under the illumination of a Gaussian impulse have been carried out. By altering the graphene layers and the aspect ratio of the core–shell structure, we can adjust the resonant modes into typical cases in regime of terahertz. Accordingly, different scenarios for the temporal evolution are detected, which include two kinds of ultrafast oscillation with exponential decay tendency, pure exponential decay, and Gaussian shape, when the pulse duration of the incident pulse is much shorter than, similar to, and much longer than the localized surface plasmon lifetime. To one's interest, when the coupling between two resonant modes exists, one predicts the long-periodic oscillation, whose period is just the difference between the frequencies of the resonant modes. Hence, the intrinsic properties of the ultrafast oscillation can be hardly influenced by the input signals. Further quantitative calculation demonstrate that the periods of the ultrafast oscillations can be tuned by different physical mechanisms, which are, respectively, based on the self-interacting correction of a single resonance and the strong coupling between the resonant modes in frequency domain. Our results may be applicable in the fields of optical sensors, optical information processing, and other nanophotonic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid spin-mechanical systems offer a promising platform for advancing quantum science and technology. However, practical implementation of applications within these hybrid quantum systems demands the seamless integration of supplementary physical components. In this context, we present a proposal for a multi-mode spin-mechanical setup, featuring the utilization of three-mode coupling nanomechanical carbon nanotube (CNT) resonators. These resonators interact with each other via a phase-dependent phonon-exchange mechanism, which is coupled to the same nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. Based on the modulation of the phonon–phonon coupling phase and leveraging the triple Fano-like resonance phenomenon, a tripling of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) becomes achievable within the system. This tripling is accompanied by swift dispersion, leading to a subtle advancement or delay in outcomes. The phenomenon of triple Fano-like resonance, alongside the resulting triple EIT, engenders noteworthy slow-to-fast and fast-to-slow light effects, which is theoretically demonstrated in CNT resonators, with both identical and distinct frequencies. The findings underscore that CNT resonators with varying frequencies can evoke a more pronounced transition in the slow–fast–slow and fast–slow–fast light effects. This study lays the foundation for the application of phonon-mediated optical information storage and processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Understanding strategic situations is essential in sports. There has been relatively little research examining the effectiveness of action observation based on visual cues in strategic situations. This study investigated whether action observation with visual cues can help performers understand the strategic aspects of complex sports by analyzing the effect of text cue-based action observation and graphic cue-based action observation on the accuracy and speed of cognitive information processing in working memory. Methods: Forty-four male and female novice badminton players participated in the experiment. They were randomly assigned to one of four groups: text cue-based action observation (TAO), graphic cue-based action observation (GAO), action observation (AO), and a control group (CON). The experimental design consisted of a pre-test, intervention, and post-test. The experiment analyzed the accuracy and response time of cognitive information processing in working memory. Results: The accuracy and response time analysis showed that the AO group significantly improved their cognitive performance accuracy and response time from pre-test to post-test compared to the control group. The TAO and GAO groups with visual cues significantly outperformed the AO and CON groups for accuracy. However, only the TAO group significantly outperformed the other groups in term of response time. The GAO group improved significantly compared to the CON group but not significantly compared to the AO. Conclusion: These results suggest that visual cues can influence the modulation of cognitive load in working memory and that TAO is a relatively more efficient perceptual-cognitive training method for novices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensitivity to motion direction is a feature of visual neurons that is essential for motion perception. Recent studies have suggested that direction selectivity is re-established at multiple stages throughout the visual hierarchy, which contradicts the traditional assumption that direction selectivity in later stages largely derives from that in earlier stages. By recording laminar responses in areas 17 and 18 of anesthetized cats of both sexes, we aimed to understand how direction selectivity is processed and relayed across 2 successive stages: the input layers and the output layers within the early visual cortices. We found a strong relationship between the strength of direction selectivity in the output layers and the input layers, as well as the preservation of preferred directions across the input and output layers. Moreover, direction selectivity was enhanced in the output layers compared to the input layers, with the response strength maintained in the preferred direction but reduced in other directions and under blank stimuli. We identified a direction-tuned gain mechanism for interlaminar signal transmission, which likely originated from both feedforward connections across the input and output layers and recurrent connections within the output layers. This direction-tuned gain, coupled with nonlinearity, contributed to the enhanced direction selectivity in the output layers. Our findings suggest that direction selectivity in later cortical stages partially inherits characteristics from earlier cortical stages and is further refined by intracortical connections. Motion information is essential for visual information processing, and neurons within the visual system exhibit selectivity for motion direction. This study shows that direction selectivity in later cortical stages inherits characteristics from earlier stages and is further refined through intracortical connections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultraviolet (UV) birefringent crystals have important applications in polarizers, optical isolators and optical information processing. Crystals with large birefringence can enhance the modulation ability of light and realize the miniaturization of devices. However, the birefringence of cyanurates is often limited by the large dihedral angles between anionic groups. In this work, a chiral-driven approach is proposed for the first time to construct cyanurates with large birefringence. We combined racemic or chiral α-methylbenzylamine (α-MBA) molecules with a π-conjugated cyanurate group (CY), which led to the isolation of three organic hybrid cyanurates with wide band gaps >5.10 eV, namely, rac-α-MBACY, R-α-MBACY, and S-α-MBACY. Notably, the presence of chirality leads to a significant reduction of the dihedral angle between the α-MBA cation and (H2C3N3O3)− anion and a threefold increase in birefringence from 0.113@546 nm to 0.344@546 nm and 0.338@546 nm. The birefringence values of R-α-MBACY and S-α-MBACY exceed those of most of the cyanurates and commercial crystals, indicating their potential as UV birefringent crystals. This work provides new insights into the design and syntheses of UV birefringent materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Line‐scan mode enables rapid and high‐throughput imaging through the development of an appropriate optical transverse needle focus. Diffraction gratings allow the generation of a line focus, but they face the challenge of low light power utilization due to multiple high‐order diffractions. In addition, designing the focus requires the selection of functional materials. Atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides with high dielectric constants provide significant phase shifts to incident light by utilizing phase singularity at zero reflection. However, at zero reflection, no light power is available for utilization, necessitating a balance between phase and amplitude modulation. In this work, the aforementioned issues are addressed by designing a monolayer MoS2 based Fresnel strip metalens. An optical needle primary focus with a transverse length of 40 µm (≈80 λ, the longest value reported to date), a sub‐diffraction‐limited lateral spot, and a broad range of working wavelengths are achieved using the metalens. The metalens not only concentrate light power in the primary diffraction order by overcoming the constraint of momentum conservation but also maintains a constant phase modulation between distinct strips. The novel method for optical manipulation present here holds great promise for applications in biology, oncology, nanofabrication, energy harvesting, and optical information processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical vortices have the tremendous potential to increase data capacity by leveraging the extra degree of freedom of orbital angular momentum. On the other hand, anisotropic 2D materials are promising building blocks for future integrated polarization‐sensitive photonic and optoelectronic devices. Here, highly anisotropic third‐harmonic optical vortex beam generation is demonstrated with fork holograms patterned on ultrathin 2D germanium arsenide flakes. It is shown that the anisotropic nonlinear vortex beam generation can be achieved independent of the fork grating orientation with respect to the crystallographic orientation. Furthermore, 2D fork hologram is designed to generate multiple optical vortices having different topological charges with strong anisotropic responses. These results pave the way toward the advancement of 2D material‐based anisotropic nonlinear optical devices for future applications in photonic integrated circuits, optical communication, and optical information processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Methods Results Conclusion Previous animal studies have found a relationship between spatial frequency and myopia. New research in humans suggest that reduced high spatial content of the visual environment may be a contributing factor for myopia development. This study aims to review the literature and elucidate the potential biological mechanisms linking spatial frequency and myopia.A systematic search was conducted across PubMed and Web of Science databases. The studies published from their inception to August 2024 that have explored the connection between spatial frequency and myopia. Only full‐text articles in English were included. PRISMA was used for data validity.A total of 13 articles were included in this review, comprising seven animal model studies, four population‐based studies, one pictorial analysis and one study on research design. Epidemiological evidence is comparatively limited and has only begun to emerge in recent years. Mid‐ to high spatial frequencies were found to play an important role in the emmetropization process of the eye. Low spatial frequencies can increase the risk of myopia incidence. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms of how spatial frequency affects myopia are summarized as visual information processing characteristics, eye accommodation function and eye movements, contrast sensitivity and relevant molecules involved in the pathway.The evidence suggests that indoor spatial frequency may be related to the development of myopia. Further studies are warranted to understand if the incorporation of changes in indoor environments is helpful in the prevention and control of myopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For visual information processing, the derivation of meaningful low-level spatio-temporal information is challenging. In line with human visualisation and perception in spatial problem-solving, we believe explicit representations hold promise for efficient low-level abstractions. An approach for mapping spatial objects and relations, exploring diagrams' representation power for problem visualisation, is presented. Combined, qualitative spatio-temporal reasoning and diagrammatic reasoning directly influence information visualisation and abstraction over the physical substrate of a problem. The framework preserves objects' low-level spatio-temporal information over time, facilitating the interpretation of unique relationships. A 78% average activity recognition accuracy on the CAVIAR and Mind's Eye datasets demonstrates the effectiveness of the suggested abstraction approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is challenging to observe the polarization information of ships in sea fog weather due to the depolarization phenomenon. Depolarization refers to the phenomenon that the polarization information of incident light is distorted after passing through the scattering medium such as sea fog, which poses a great challenge to polarization remote sensing of ships. Therefore, ship polarization information remote sensing through sea fog is equivalent to recovering the original polarization information of ships. In this paper, a new method is proposed for recovering the original polarization information of ships in sea fog environment. The method is inspired by the visual information processing mechanisms of the retina. In addition, a new type of visual receptive field, called deformable receptive field, is proposed to improve the performance of the polarization information restoration method. The proposed method does not depend on the hazy image formation model, the depth-dependent transmission, and the training on hazy and fog-free image pairs. As a by-product, fog-free images can be recovered using the proposed method. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been verified by an experiment on ship polarization information remote sensing in sea fog weather. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a novel approach for obtaining optical soliton solutions of the higher-order (2+1)-dimensional Schrödinger equation with a fractional beta time derivative. This model is significant as it accurately simulates complex physical phenomena such as the propagation of optical pulses in non-homogeneous media, which is crucial for advancing technologies in optical communications and information processing. The improved modified extended tanh method is employed to derive various types of solutions, including bright solitons, dark solitons, periodic solutions, and exponential solutions. The obtained solutions are graphically simulated for different values of β to showcase the impact of the fractional derivative on the model and its relevance to real-world applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Driven optical cavities containing a nonlinear medium support stable dissipative solitons, cavity solitons, in the form of bright or dark spots of light on a uniformly-lit background. Broadening effects due to diffraction or group velocity dispersion are balanced by the nonlinear interaction with the medium while cavity losses balance the input energy. The history, properties, physical interpretation and wide application of cavity solitons are reviewed. Cavity solitons in the plane perpendicular to light propagation find application in optical information processing, while cavity solitons in the longitudinal direction produce high-quality frequency combs with applications in optical communications, frequency standards, optical clocks, future GPS, astronomy and quantum technologies. This article is part of the theme issue 'The quantum theory of light'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The goal of these experiments was to determine which learning and memory system(s) were necessary for the retention of visual discriminations and subsequent acquisition of a second problem. The dorsal striatum should be involved in the acquisition and expression of this task based on previous work implicating this region in instrumental learning and memory processes. The perirhinal cortex has been implicated in learning and memory processes associated with visual information like objects, and pictures and may also play a role in the acquisition and/or retention of visual discriminations. As there is no clear spatial/relational component to the task, the hippocampus should not be involved. Methods: Rats were trained on a two-choice visual discrimination task to criterion performance after which they received lesions to portions of the dorsal striatum (dorso-medial or dorso-lateral striatum) and medial temporal lobe (perirhinal cortex or hippocampus). After surgical recovery, the rats were tested for retention of the original discrimination, followed by training on a second problem on the same task. Results: The results showed that dorsal medial striatal lesions produced a retrograde deficit on picture discrimination, but dorsal lateral striatum lesions did not. Neither dorsal striatal lesion produced a deficit on acquisition of a second problem. Perirhinal cortex did not seem to make an essential contribution to the retention of the original discrimination or acquisition of the second problem. Surprisingly, subjects with hippocampal damage were severely impaired but eventually re-learned the discrimination. Damage to the hippocampus had no impact on acquisition of a second problem. Conclusions: Taken together, the results of the present experiments show that the dorsomedial striatum and the hippocampus may support performance on this instrumental task if intact during acquisition but is not required for acquisition of a new problem. The implications of this pattern of results for our understanding of the organization of learning and memory in mammals is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In daily life, people are adept at extracting task-relevant information from complex visual environment to guide attention more effectively toward the target. This process underpins the contextual cueing effect, where repeated exposure allows individuals to learn associations between contextual cues and targets, thereby enhancing visual search efficiency. However, the cue validity of context —how consistently cues predict target locations—is not always guaranteed in real life. This study focused on cue validity as a critical factor in understanding the contextual cueing effect. Within the study of contextual cueing, cue validity specifically refers to the probability that contextual cues accurately indicate the location of a target. Methods: In Experiment 1, we manipulated three levels of cue validity (100, 75, and 50%) using a classic contextual cueing paradigm. Experiment 2 examined the potential impact of an imbalanced predictable vs unpredictable trial ratio. In Experiment 3, we explored whether the absence of the contextual cueing effect was due to unsuccessful learning or unsuccessful later expression. Results: Results from Experiment 1 revealed that higher cue validity (100 and 75%) significantly elicited the contextual cueing effect, resulting in faster responses for repeated displays, whereas lower cue validity (50%) did not result in this effect because the repeated displays could not be effectively learned. Experiment 2 showed that the contextual cueing effect remained robust despite an imbalanced ratio of predictable to unpredictable displays. Experiment 3 further showed that low cue validity affects the early learning phase of context-target associations rather than the later expression in visual search. Conclusion: Our study highlights the significant role of cue validity in implicit learning from visual cues. High cue validity enhances learning by providing highly stable context-target associations, while low cue validity does not actively facilitate attention allocation, thereby not promoting the learning process. These findings underscore the importance of cue validity in processing visual information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the current stage, 3D graph convolutional algorithms face the following issues: (1) The problem of determining the neighborhood in graph convolution. (2) The issue of fusing features at different depths in deep graph convolutional algorithms. (3) The challenge of feature fusion and recognition in multi-path deep graph convolutional algorithms. Based on these, the paper "Multi-Path Deep Segmentation Network Based on 3D Graph Convolutional Algorithm and Its Application in Point Cloud Segmentation" is proposed. Inspired by visual computing theory, the neighborhood for 3D graph convolution is determined based on the receptive field theory, and a 3D graph convolutional algorithm based on visual selectivity is proposed; A single-link deep feature extraction algorithm for 3D graph convolution based on visual selectivity is proposed, it achieve the fusion of features at different depths learned by the graph convolutional algorithm by a pyramid learning method; A multi-link feature extraction algorithm for 3D graph convolution based on visual selectivity is proposed, and achieve multi-link feature fusion and segmentation to utilize the RPN calculation method. compared with algorithms such as PointNet, PointNet++, KPConv deform, 3D GCN, and My Algorithm, The segmentation performance and geometric invariance of the proposed algorithm are validated on the ShapeNetPart dataset and the custom Mortise_and_Tenon_DB dataset, and Experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is correct and feasible, offers superior 3D point cloud segmentation performance, and exhibits strong geometric invariance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT In this work, inspired by the neural mechanisms of the human brain, a brain‐like biomimetic circuit based on visual information processing is proposed. The circuit is mainly composed of test module, cognitive module, categorization module, and output module. The cognitive module mimics the function of memory neurons in the brain, generating memory potentials to store information while receiving visual information stimuli. The categorization module mimics the function of the visual cortex, enabling the conversion from memory to action. I verified the feasibility of this circuit for information processing using LTspice. This study provides new ideas and insights for the future development of visual information processing technology for electronic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While pictures share global similarities with the real‐world objects they depict, the latter have unique characteristics going beyond 2D representations. Due to its three‐dimensional presentation mode, Virtual Reality (VR) is increasingly used to further approach real‐world visual processing, yet it remains unresolved to what extent VR yields process comparable to real‐world processes. Consequently, our study examined visuospatial processing by a triangular comparison of 2D objects, virtual 3D objects and real 3D objects. The theta band response (TBR) was analysed as an electrophysiological correlate of visual processing, allowing for the differentiation of predominantly stimulus‐driven processes mirrored in the evoked response and internal, complex processing reflected in the induced response. Our results indicate that the differences between conditions driven by sensory features go beyond a binary division into 2D and 3D materials but are based on further sensory features: The evoked posterior TBR differentiated between all conditions but revealed fewer differences between processing of real‐world and VR objects. Moreover, the induced midfrontal TBR indicated higher cognitive load for 2D objects compared to VR and real‐world objects, while no difference between both latter conditions was revealed. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the transferability of 2D‐ and VR‐based findings to real‐world processes depends to some degree on whether predominantly sensory stimulus features or higher cognitive processes are examined. Yet although VR and real‐world processes are not to be equated based on our results, their comparison yielded fewer significant differences relative to the PC condition, advising the use of VR to examine visuospatial processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions To investigate visual cognitive functions, including visual attention, executive function, and visual working memory, in children with anisometropic amblyopia versus those with normal vision.Thirty‐five children with anisometropic amblyopia and 34 with normal vision participated. Visual acuity, stereoacuity, and contrast sensitivity were measured, followed by the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery's six subtests for cognitive evaluation. Visual attention was assessed using reaction time (RTI) and rapid visual information processing (RVP). Executive function was evaluated through the multitasking test (MTT). Visual working memory was assessed with spatial working memory (SWM), delayed matching to sample (DMS), and paired association learning (PAL), all under binocular conditions.The amblyopia group exhibited longer reaction and movement times in the RTI than the control group (p < 0.01). A trend towards lower RVP A' scores, reflecting reduced ability to detect target sequences, appeared in the amblyopia group (p = 0.056). Amblyopic children demonstrated a lower multitasking cost in the MTT compared with the control group (p = 0.04). As difficulty increased in the SWM (from four to six boxes), amblyopic children revisited more (p = 0.01). In the DMS task, while no differences were observed across all delay times (p = 0.55), amblyopic children performed significantly worse than the control group under the 12‐second delay (p = 0.04). In the eight‐pattern PAL condition, the amblyopia group made more errors (p = 0.01).Children with anisometropic amblyopia performed poorly on neuropsychological tests, particularly visual attention and working memory, but outperformed the control group in multitasking. These findings highlight the broader cognitive impacts of anisometropic amblyopia beyond vision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Action video games foster competitive environments that demand rapid spatial navigation and decision-making. Action video gamers often exhibit faster response times and slightly improved accuracy in vision-based sensorimotor tasks. Background/Objectives: However, the underlying functional and structural changes in the two visual streams of the brain that may be contributing to these cognitive improvements have been unclear. Methods: Using functional and diffusion MRI data, this study investigated the differences in connectivity between gamers who play action video games and nongamers in the dorsal and ventral visual streams. Results: We found that action video gamers have enhanced functional and structural connectivity, especially in the dorsal visual stream. Specifically, there is heightened functional connectivity—both undirected and directed—between the left superior occipital gyrus and the left superior parietal lobule during a moving-dot discrimination decision-making task. This increased connectivity correlates with response time in gamers. The structural connectivity in the dorsal stream, as quantified by diffusion fractional anisotropy and quantitative anisotropy measures of the axonal fiber pathways, was also enhanced for gamers compared to nongamers. Conclusions: These findings provide valuable insights into how action video gaming can induce targeted improvements in structural and functional connectivity between specific brain regions in the visual processing pathways. These connectivity changes in the dorsal visual stream underpin the superior performance of action video gamers compared to nongamers in tasks requiring rapid and accurate vision-based decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with lesions in the visual cortex are blind in corresponding regions of the visual field, but they still may process visual information, a phenomenon referred to as residual vision or "blindsight". Here we report behavioral and fMRI observations with a patient who reports conscious vision across an extended area of blindness for moving, but not for stationary stimuli. This completion effect is shown to be of perceptual and not of conceptual origin, most likely mediated by spared representations of the visual field in the striate cortex. The neural output to extra‐striate areas from regions of the deafferented striate cortex is apparently still intact; this is, for instance, indicated by preserved size constancy of visually completed stimuli. Neural responses as measured with fMRI reveal an activation only for moving stimuli, but importantly on the ipsilateral side of the brain. In a conceptual model this shift of activation to the "wrong" hemisphere is explained on the basis of an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory interactions within and between the striate cortices due to the brain injury. The observed neuroplasticity indicated by this shift together with the behavioral observations provide important new insights into the functional architecture of the human visual system and provide new insight into the concept of consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ungerleider and Mishkin, in their influential work that relied on detailed anatomical and ablation studies, suggested that visual information is processed along two distinct pathways: the dorsal "where" pathway, primarily responsible for spatial vision, and the ventral "what" pathway, dedicated to object vision. This strict division of labor has faced challenges in light of compelling evidence revealing robust shape and object selectivity within the putative "where" pathway. This article reviews evidence that supports the presence of shape selectivity in the dorsal pathway. A comparative examination of dorsal and ventral object representations in terms of invariance, task dependency, and representational content reveals similarities and differences between the two pathways. Both exhibit some level of tolerance to image transformations and are influenced by tasks, but responses in the dorsal pathway show weaker tolerance and stronger task modulations than those in the ventral pathway. Furthermore, an examination of their representational content highlights a divergence between the responses in the two pathways, suggesting that they are sensitive to distinct features of objects. Collectively, these findings suggest that two networks exist in the human brain for processing object shapes, one in the dorsal and another in the ventral visual cortex. These studies lay the foundation for future research aimed at revealing the precise roles the two "what" networks play in our ability to understand and interact with objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustained attention is important for maintaining cognitive function and autonomy during ageing, yet older people often show reductions in this domain. The role of the underlying neurobiology is not yet well understood, with most neuroimaging studies primarily focused on fMRI. Here, we utilise sMRI to investigate the relationships between age, structural brain volumes and sustained attention performance. Eighty-nine healthy older adults (50–84 years, M age 65.5 (SD=8.4) years, 74 f) underwent MRI brain scanning and completed two sustained attention tasks: a rapid visual information processing (RVP) task and sustained attention to response task (SART). Independent hierarchical linear regressions demonstrated that greater volumes of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) were associated with worse RVP_ A' performance, whereas greater grey matter volumes were associated with better RVP_ A' performance. Further, greater cerebral white matter volumes were associated with better SART_ d' performance. Importantly, mediation analyses revealed that both grey and white matter volumes completely mediated the relationship between ageing and sustained attention. These results explain disparate attentional findings in older adults, highlighting the intervening role of brain structure. • White matter hyperintensities are significant predictors of sustained attention. • Cerebral grey matter volumes are significant predictors of sustained attention. • Cerebral white matter volumes are significant predictors of sustained attention. • Structural brain volumes completely mediate age effects on sustained attention. • These sMRI findings explain the attentional variability prevailing in older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with challenges facing the promotion of robot vision and alleviating restrictions on deep learning systems in processing visual information. In the context of our increasingly interconnected world, artificial intelligence (AI) transforms many industries, with a noticeable effect on independent vision through specialized nerve networks. However, these systems often face problems related to weakness and reliability. This research examines hostile attacks on vision systems, secure treatment processing strategies, and the protection of nerve networks. By using advanced technologies such as noise fillers, engineering transfers, and data increase, the strength of these networks against attacks has been significantly improved. The study deals with weaknesses in current defense technologies and explores the application of image transfers as a major strategy. In addition, concepts such as litigation, class learning, confidence improvement, and obstetric models are discussed. In affirming the development and publication of artificial intelligence, the study reviews realistic state studies to highlight the effectiveness and possible challenges of these innovative technologies. The results emphasize the importance of strong defense mechanisms in developing artificial intelligence applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Phase holography is a critical optical imaging and information processing technique with applications ranging from microscopy to optical communications. However, optimizing phase hologram generation remains a significant challenge due to the non-convex nature of the optimization problem. This paper presents a novel multiplane optimization approach for phase hologram generation to minimize the reconstruction error across multiple focal planes. We significantly improve holographic reconstruction quality by integrating advanced machine learning algorithms like RMSprop and Adam with GPU acceleration. The proposed method utilizes TensorFlow to implement custom propagation layers, optimizing the phase hologram to reduce errors at strategically selected distances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reading ability of English readers has been shown to correlate with psychophysical measurements of dynamic visual information processing. This study investigated the relationship between reading ability and dynamic visual information processing in healthy adult native Japanese readers (n = 46). Reading ability was assessed using three different tests: the Japanese Adult Reading Test (JART), transposed-letter detection task, and oral reading. Principal component analysis was performed on the scores on the three reading tests to quantify reading ability. Psychophysical thresholds were measured for contrast detection and speed discrimination with a drifting grating stimulus as well as for tracking two targets among concentrically revolving objects, providing an upper speed limit for attentional tracking. Simple correlation analysis revealed that one of the principal components correlated with the tracking speed limit. In addition, another principal component correlated with the speed-discrimination threshold, which is consistent with previous findings in English readers. These results suggest that Japanese reading ability involves at least two different processes, each sharing underlying mechanisms with visual motion and attentional processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Event cameras have shown unprecedented success in various computer vision applications due to their unique ability to capture dynamic scenes with high temporal resolution and low latency. However, many existing approaches for event data representation are typically algorithm-based, limiting their utilization and hardware deployment. This study explores a hardware event representation approach for event data utilizing a reservoir encoder implemented with analog memristor. The inherent stochastic and non-linear characteristics of the memristors enable the effective and low-cost feature extraction of temporal information from event streams as a reservoir encoder. We propose a simplified memristor model and memristor-based reservoir circuit specifically for processing dynamic visual information and extracting feature in event data. Experimental results with four event datasets demonstrate that our approach achieves superior accuracy over other methods, highlighting the potential of memristor-based event processing system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous pattern electroretinogram studies indicate reduced retinal contrast gain in patients with a major depressive disorder (MDD) which may contribute to alterations in visual perception. In line, psychophysical investigations reported elevated contrast thresholds in MDD. This study aims to gain insights into higher-level processing of visual information in MDD by evaluating contrast suppression. We examined contrast suppression of 21 MDD patients and 23 healthy controls (HC) using four different stimulus conditions (spatial frequencies 6.3 and 12.6 cpd at 30% and 60% background contrast) in a psychophysical test. Participants were instructed to adjust perceived contrasts between two vertical target patches, embedded in a horizontally or vertically oriented grid background. With finer stimulus gratings, MDD patients exhibited less contrast suppression compared to HC, particularly when the stimulus contrast was high (p = 0.006; MDD vs. HC = − 45%). Contrast suppression in the HC group was significantly reduced for the coarse compared to the fine grating, while contrast suppression scores in MDD did not change with the spatial properties of the stimulus. The reduced contrast suppression in patients with MDD supports the hypothesis of altered dopaminergic neurotransmission and could be attributed to alterations in the retinal receptive fields or in dysfunctional adaptation mechanisms in depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chemical discrimination system based on photonic reservoir computing is demonstrated experimentally for the first time. The system is inspired by the way humans perceive and process visual sensory information. The electro-optical reservoir computing system is a photonic analogue of the human nervous system with the read-out layer acting as the 'brain', and the sensor that of the human eye. A task-specific optimisation of the system is implemented, and the performance of the system for the discrimination between three chemicals is presented. The results are compared to the previously published numerical simulation (Anufriev et al. in Opt Mater Express 12:1767–1783, 2022, 10.1364/OME.449036). This publication provides a feasibility assessment and a demonstration of a practical realisation of photonic reservoir computing for a new neuromorphic sensing system - the next generation sensor with a built-in 'intelligence' which can be trained to 'understand' and to make a real time sensing decision based on the training data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marmosets are expected to serve as a valuable model for studying the primate visuomotor system due to their similar oculomotor behaviors to humans and macaques. Despite these similarities, differences exist; challenges in training marmosets on tasks requiring suppression of unwanted saccades, having consistently shorter, yet more variable saccade reaction times (SRT) compared to humans and macaques. This study investigates whether the short and variable SRT in marmosets is related to differences in visual signal transduction and variability in inhibitory control. We refined a computational SRT model, adjusting parameters to better capture the marmoset SRT distribution in a gap saccade task. Our findings indicate that visual information processing is faster in marmosets, and that saccadic inhibition is more variable compared to other species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We employed a double-layer coupled diffractive optical element, based on metasurfaces and diffraction gratings, which exhibits wavefront modulation and chromatic dispersion compensation. Utilizing this double-layer coupled diffractive optical element in the optical information transmission process of a diffractive waveguide allows for the transmission of color image information using a single-layer waveguide structure. Our results demonstrate that, under the conditions of a field of view of 47° × 47°, an entrance pupil size of 2.9 × 2.9 mm2, and an exit pupil extension size of 8.9 mm, the uniformity of the brightness for each monochromatic field reached 85%, while the uniformity of color transmission efficiency exceeded 95%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient and accurate object identification and 3D reconstruction are crucial for processing image information in visual imaging. Here, we propose a novel scheme for all-optical 2D contour identification and 3D reconstruction based on optical Brewster interfaces. It is revealed that 2D amplitude and phase contours for high-contrast and low-contrast objects can be identified, which is attributed to the 1D and 2D light fields manipulated by the photonic spin Hall and the Brewster effects. The 3D model can be reconstructed by rotating or slicing the high-contrast objects and by inverting the thickness of the low-contrast objects. The study potentially opens up opportunities in applications such as intelligent driving and microscopic imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well-known that multitasking impairs the performance of one or both of the concomitant ongoing tasks. Previous studies have mainly focused on how a secondary task can compromise visual or auditory information processing. However, despite dual tasking being critical to motor performance, the effects of dual-task performance on proprioceptive information processing have not been studied yet. The purpose of the present study was, therefore, to investigate whether sensorimotor task performance would be affected by the dual task and if so, in which phase of the sensorimotor task performance would this negative effect occur. The kinematic variables of passive and active knee movements elicited by the leg drop test were analyzed. Thirteen young adults participated in the study. The dual task consisted of performing serial subtractions. The results showed that the dual task increased both the reaction time to counteract passive knee–joint movements in the leg drop test and the threshold to detect those movements. The dual task did not affect the speed and time during the active knee movement and the absolute angle error between the final and the target knee angles. Furthermore, the results showed that the time to complete the sensorimotor task was prolonged in dual tasking. Our findings suggest that dual tasking reduces motor performance due to slowing down proprioceptive information processing without affecting movement execution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exponential growth of data from sensors and internet‐connected devices has challenged traditional electronic computing, particularly in processing speed and power efficiency. Optical information processing, with its inherent high speed and parallelism, offers a promising solution. Moreover, optical processing is vital for developing all‐optical networks, where all‐optical imaging is essential. In this paper, a novel all‐optical imaging technique that leverages in situ anion exchange reactions between perovskite nanocrystals to create an array of pixels with tunable emission wavelengths is proposed. This method enables the conversion of UV light, whether transmitted or reflected by an object, into the visible spectrum, thereby establishing a direct correlation between spectral and spatial information. By employing wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), the approach reduces the dimensionality of information acquisition from two dimensions to one, enhancing imaging speed. This innovation paves the way for significant advancements in all‐optical imaging and image processing, offering new possibilities for faster and more efficient imaging technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infants differ in their level of eye movement control, which at the extreme could be linked to autism. We assessed eye movements in 450 twins (225 pairs, 57% monozygotic, 46% female, aged 5–6 months) using the gap‐overlap eye‐tracking task. Shorter latency in the gap condition was associated with having more parent‐rated autistic traits at 2 years. Latency across the task's three conditions was primarily explained by one highly heritable latent factor likely representing individual differences in basic oculomotor efficiency and/or in visual information processing. Additionally, disengagement of attention was linked to unique genetic factors, suggesting that genetic factors involved in visual attention are different from those involved in basic visual information processing and oculomotor efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The retina plays a crucial role in processing and decoding visual information, both in normal development and during myopia progression. Recent advancements have introduced a library-independent approach for data-independent acquisition (DIA) analyses. This study demonstrates deep proteome identification and quantification in individual mice retinas during myopia development, with an average of 6,263 ± 86 unique protein groups. We anticipate that the use of a predicted retinal-specific spectral library combined with the robust quantification achieved within this dataset will contribute to a better understanding of the proteome complexity. Furthermore, a comprehensive mice retinal-specific spectral library was generated, encompassing a total identification of 9,401 protein groups, 70,041 peptides, 95,339 precursors, and 761,868 transitions acquired using SWATH-MS acquisition on a ZenoTOF 7600 mass spectrometer. This dataset surpasses the spectral library generated through high-pH reversed-phase fractionation by data-dependent acquisition (DDA). The data is available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD046983. It will also serve as an indispensable reference for investigations in myopia research and other retinal or neurological diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural scenes are highly dynamic, challenging the reliability of visual processing. Yet, humans and many animals perform accurate visual behaviors, whereas computer vision devices struggle with rapidly changing background luminance. How does animal vision achieve this? Here, we reveal the algorithms and mechanisms of rapid luminance gain control in Drosophila, resulting in stable visual processing. We identify specific transmedullary neurons as the site of luminance gain control, which pass this property to direction-selective cells. The circuitry further involves wide-field neurons, matching computational predictions that local spatial pooling drive optimal contrast processing in natural scenes when light conditions change rapidly. Experiments and theory argue that a spatially pooled luminance signal achieves luminance gain control via divisive normalization. This process relies on shunting inhibition using the glutamate-gated chloride channel GluClα. Our work describes how the fly robustly processes visual information in dynamically changing natural scenes, a common challenge of all visual systems. Stable vision in quickly changing environments requires a mechanism that ensures that contrast is computed correctly when light conditions change rapidly. Here authors identify the circuits and algorithm of this mechanism in the fruit fly Drosophila. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Migraine is a frequent incapacitating neurovascular illness characterized by severe headache bouts. Individuals suffering from migraine appear to process auditory and visual information differently from those without migraine. The visual-evoked potential (VEP) is a commonly used standardized test to measure excitability in the occipital cortex. Patients with migraine exhibit amplification rather than habituation of stimulus-induced brain responses, between attacks. Our objective is to compare the amplitude of P100 and the latencies of N75, P100, and N145 (N and P represent negative and positive peaks, respectively, with average latency being subscripted with the alphabet) in the fourth block between migraine patients and controls and to determine the various clinical factors associated with the P100 mean amplitude and latency differences between the first and the fourth block in migraine patients. Materials and Methods: The study compared 20 migraine patients (with or without aura) and 20 apparently healthy subjects with no history of migraines or secondary headaches, focusing on the habituation of the VEP. Four blocks of 200 responses were recorded during the headache-free period, and the latencies and amplitudes of N75, P100, and N145 components were analyzed. Results: There was a statistically significant (P < 0.05) decrement in the P100 amplitude in the fourth block when compared to the first block in both eyes in the controls as well as migraine patients. In addition, there was no statistically significant difference between controls and migraine sufferers in the P100 amplitude of the fourth block in either eye. The N145 latency in the fourth block was shorter in both eyes in migraine patients compared to controls (P < 0.05). The mean P100 amplitude difference between the first and fourth block correlated negatively with age and positively with headache frequency, while there was a moderate negative correlation with headache duration. The mean P100 latency difference between the first and fourth block correlated positively with age and negatively with headache frequency, while there was a moderate positive correlation with headache duration. Conclusion: In our study, VEP habituation was not lacking in migraine patients which means that habituation of the P100 wave was noted in migraineurs. The VEP reveals neurological changes due to ischemia injury or neurotransmitter imbalances. Migraine alters cortical excitability, but it is unclear if these changes are due to altered excitatory connections, damaged inhibitory networks or subcortical pre-activation. Our findings suggest that at least during the interictal period, lack of habituation cannot be employed as a consistent neurophysiological marker of migraine across laboratories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People vary in their ability to recognize objects visually. Individual differences for matching and recognizing objects visually is supported by a domain-general ability capturing common variance across different tasks (e.g., Richler et al., Psychological Review, 126, 226–251, 2019). Behavioral (e.g., Cooke et al., Neuropsychologia, 45, 484–495, 2007) and neural evidence (e.g., Amedi, Cerebral Cortex, 12, 1202–1212, 2002) suggest overlapping mechanisms in the processing of visual and haptic information in the service of object recognition, but it is unclear whether such group-average results generalize to individual differences. Psychometrically validated measures are required, which have been lacking in the haptic modality. We investigate whether object recognition ability is specific to vision or extends to haptics using psychometric measures we have developed. We use multiple visual and haptic tests with different objects and different formats to measure domain-general visual and haptic abilities and to test for relations across them. We measured object recognition abilities using two visual tests and four haptic tests (two each for two kinds of haptic exploration) in 97 participants. Partial correlation and confirmatory factor analyses converge to support the existence of a domain-general haptic object recognition ability that is moderately correlated with domain-general visual object recognition ability. Visual and haptic abilities share about 25% of their variance, supporting the existence of a multisensory domain-general ability while leaving a substantial amount of residual variance for modality-specific abilities. These results extend our understanding of the structure of object recognition abilities; while there are mechanisms that may generalize across categories, tasks, and modalities, there are still other mechanisms that are distinct between modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Walking, a basic physical movement of the human body, is a resource for observers in forming interpersonal impressions. We have previously investigated the expression and perception of the attractiveness of female gaits. In this paper, drawing on our previous research, additional analysis, and reviewing previous studies, we seek to deepen our understanding of the function of gait attractiveness. First, we review previous research on gait as nonverbal information. Then, we show that fashion models' gaits reflect sociocultural genderlessness, while nonmodels express reproductive-related biological attractiveness. Next, we discuss the functions of gait attractiveness based on statistical models that link gait parameters and attractiveness scores. Finally, we focus on observers' perception of attractiveness, constructing a model of the visual information processing with respect to gait attractiveness. Overall, our results suggest that there are not only biological but also sociocultural criteria for gait attractiveness, and men and women place greater importance on the former and latter criteria, respectively, when assessing female gait attractiveness. This paper forms a major step forward in neuroaesthetics to understand the beauty of the human body and the generation of biological motions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (aADHD) represents a heterogeneous entity incorporating different subgroups in terms of symptomatology, course, and neurocognition. Although neurocognitive dysfunction is generally associated with aADHD, its severity, association with self-reported symptoms, and differences between subtypes remain unclear. We investigated 61 outpatients (65.6% male, mean age 31.5 ± 9.5) diagnosed using DSM-5 criteria together with age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy controls (HC) (n = 58, 63.8% male, mean age 32.3 ± 9.6). Neurocognitive alterations were assessed using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) and compared between groups using the generalized linear model (GLM) method. Multivariate effects were tested by principal component analysis combined with multivariate pattern analysis. Self-reported symptom severity was tested for correlations with neurocognitive performance. GLM analyses revealed nominally significant differences between the aADHD and HC groups in several domains, however, only the Rapid Visual Information Processing measures survived correction, indicating impaired sustained attention and response inhibition in the aADHD group. Comparison of the predominantly inattentive and the hyperactive-impulsive/combined subtypes yielded nominally significant differences with higher levels of dysfunction in the inattentive group. In the stepwise discriminant analysis aADHD and HC groups were best separated with 2 factors representing sustained attention and reaction time. We found only weak correlations between symptom severity and CANTAB factors. aADHD patients are neuropsychologically heterogeneous and subtypes show different neurocognitive profiles. Differences between the aADHD and HC groups were driven primarily by the inattentive subtype. Sustained attention and its factor derivative showed the most significant alterations in aADHD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within organizations, managers' specific responsibilities and domain expertise shape their interests in the output of social network analysis. Our proposed visualization approach is tailored to meet the operation-directed needs and preferences for visual analysis of specific tasks. This method prioritizes an overall geographical map with focal-contextual dynamics within the network. To enable a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of pinpointed focal areas, we customize an analytical framework for analyzing inter-community networks. We extract focal sub-networks from specific nodes to create graph visualization for detailed analysis, represent rich types of domain-specific graphic properties, and provide direct zoom+filtering interactions to allow easy pattern recognition and knowledge discovery. We applied our approach to visualizing the data from interactions among 300 city-based truck communities on the largest occupational platform for truckers in China. We also conduct a case study to demonstrate that our approach is effective in supporting managers' network analysis and knowledge discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to explore the impact of different persuasive strategies, as delineated in the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), on attentional processes using event-related potentials (ERPs). Introduction: This study aimed to investigate how central versus peripheral persuasion methods, delivered through rational and emotional persuasion strategies, influence cognitive engagement and information processing during visual search tasks. Methods: Participants were allocated into four groups based on the media type (video vs. text) and the persuasion route (central vs. peripheral). The early and late stages of attentional processing were examined through the N1, P2, and P3 ERP components. Results: The results demonstrated a pronounced N1 amplitude in response to text-based peripheral persuasion, indicating enhanced early attentional engagement. Additionally, parallel search tasks revealed a larger P3 amplitude for central versus peripheral routes, suggesting significant cognitive resource allocation during tasks requiring higher attention. Discussion: These findings underscore the nuanced role of persuasive strategies in modulating attentional resources and cognitive processing. The study offers insights into designing more effective communication messages and highlights the potential for tailored persuasion approaches to influence audience engagement and information processing, with implications for public health campaigns and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To survive in nature, it is crucial for animals to promptly and appropriately respond to visual information, specifically to animacy cues that pose a threat. The subcortical visual pathway is thought to be implicated in the processing of visual information necessary for these responses. In primates, this pathway consists of retina-superior colliculus-pulvinar-amygdala, functioning as a visual pathway that bypasses the geniculo-striate system (retina-lateral geniculate nucleus-primary visual cortex). In this mini review, we summarize recent neurophysiological studies that have revealed neural responses to threatening animacy cues, namely snake images, in different parts of the subcortical visual pathway and closely related brain regions in primates. The results of these studies provide new insights on (1) the role of the subcortical visual pathway in innate cognitivemechanisms for predator recognition that are evolutionarily conserved, and (2) the possible role of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in the development of fear conditioning to cues that should be instinctively avoided based on signals from the subcortical visual pathway, as well as their function in excessive aversive responses to animacy cues observed in conditions such as ophidiophobia (snake phobia). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum emitters in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have recently emerged as a promising platform for generating single photons for optical quantum information processing. In this work, we present an approach for deterministically controlling the polarization of fabricated quantum emitters in a tungsten diselenide (WSe2) monolayer. We employ novel nanopillar geometries with long and sharp tips to induce a controlled directional strain in the monolayer, and we report on fabricated WSe2 emitters producing single photons with a high degree of polarization (99 ± 4%) and high purity (g(2)(0) = 0.030 ± 0.025). Our work paves the way for the deterministic integration of TMD-based quantum emitters for future photonic quantum technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multidimensional solitons are prevalent in numerous research fields. In orientationally ordered soft matter system, three-dimensional director solitons exemplify the localized distortion of molecular orientation. However, their precise manipulation remains challenging due to unpredictable and uncontrolled generation. Here, we utilize preimposed programmable photopatterning in nematics to control the kinetics of director solitons. This enables both unidirectional and bidirectional generation at specific locations and times, confinement within micron-scaled patterns of diverse shapes, and directed propagation along predefined trajectories. A focused dynamical model provides insight into the origins of these solitons and aligns closely with experimental observations, underscoring the pivotal role of anchoring conditions in soliton manipulation. Our findings pave the way for diverse fundamental research avenues and promising applications, including microcargo transportation and optical information processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Color is an important visual feature that informs behavior, and the retinal basis for color vision has been studied across various vertebrate species. While many studies have investigated how color information is processed in visual brain areas of primate species, we have limited understanding of how it is organized beyond the retina in other species, including most dichromatic mammals. In this study, we systematically characterized how color is represented in the primary visual cortex (V1) of mice. Using large-scale neuronal recordings and a luminance and color noise stimulus, we found that more than a third of neurons in mouse V1 are color-opponent in their receptive field center, while the receptive field surround predominantly captures luminance contrast. Furthermore, we found that color-opponency is especially pronounced in posterior V1 that encodes the sky, matching the statistics of natural scenes experienced by mice. Using unsupervised clustering, we demonstrate that the asymmetry in color representations across cortex can be explained by an uneven distribution of green-On/UV-Off color-opponent response types that are represented in the upper visual field. Finally, a simple model with natural scene-inspired parametric stimuli shows that green-On/UV-Off color-opponent response types may enhance the detection of 'predatory'-like dark UV-objects in noisy daylight scenes. The results from this study highlight the relevance of color processing in the mouse visual system and contribute to our understanding of how color information is organized in the visual hierarchy across species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The lack of care to the development of logical reasoning by means of didactic games limits the cognitive capacity of university students. Objective: To evaluate the logical function from the work memory for mental health and cognitive well-being. Methods: The study was carried out at AMTAWI Center of Advanced Investigations and Higher Training in Education, Health and Environment, Ica, Peru between July and December, 2022. From a population of 22 high performance university students of research seedbed, 13 were selected by means of a non-probabilistic sampling by convenience. Two didactic games were applied: colors cubes guessing riddle (concentration and visual retention), marking and recognition of three marine shells (information processing and visual memory). Work memory capacity was only registered for the second game. The results were analyzed with the test of U from Mann-Whitney being considered significant the results at 99 % of confidence. Results: An average of 2 errors was registered for the first reply, but in the second one was reduced to 1 error. The value U was 11.0 and the value p was 0.25, where there were no significant differences among medians. However, variability was observed in the performance from the visual retention. Conclusions: Didactic games stimulated the cognitive and emotional development of students, strengthening the logical function and work memory. Its integration in the teaching process improves the retention of information and foments essential abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]