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Polycystic ovary syndrome is endocrine related problems associated with infertility among women of reproductive age, results from multiple aetiological factors. However, precise causative factor and in-depth pathophysiological changes those occur during the progression of polycystic ovary syndrome (pcos) are poorly understood. Commonly seen symptoms in pcos are irregular ovulation, hyperandrogenism and presence of multiple cysts on ovaries. Most of research evidences has been reported the lowered level of adiponectin in pcos, derived from adipocytes. It was also validated that lowered adiponectin in pcos has been linked with the risk of developing metabolic syndrome such as alteration in lipid profile and significant increase of insulin resistance. Its imperative to find the effective means to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome among pcos to decrease pathophysiological progression in pcos. Hence with this background present review was extensively dedicated to find the effectiveness of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on adiponectin and lipid profile of pcos subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Maternal nutrition impacts fetal growth and development. The Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) guidelines recommend pregnant women consume 2–3 servings (224–336 g) of fish/seafood per week to support intake of long chain omega 3 fatty acids, given adequate consumption supports numerous health benefits including reduced risk of preterm and early preterm birth. Evidence indicates that pregnant women purposely lower their fish/seafood intake, largely due to fears of methylmercury exposure. The aim of this study was to explore pregnant women’s knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours regarding their fish/seafood consumption during the antenatal period. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted between October 2018 and December 2020 among a purposive sample of 12 pregnant women from the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using an interpretative phenomenological approach. Themes were developed on the women’s lived experience related to fish/seafood knowledge, attitudes, and consumption behaviour. Results The most prominent finding was widespread non-adherence to fish/seafood consumption guidelines. This was largely owing to a lack of proactive health promotion related to the health benefits of fish/seafood throughout pregnancy, including the health promoting roles of long chain omega 3 fatty acids for fetal growth and development. Three themes were identified: nutrition knowledge; sources of health promotion; and barriers and enablers to fish/seafood consumption. Conclusions To support adequate maternal consumption of fish/seafood throughout pregnancy, emphasis should be placed on the benefits of consuming this food group regularly. Additionally, pregnant women should receive education about the health promoting role of long chain omega 3 fatty acids. Dietitians are well placed to provide this information.

Purpose: Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with beneficial health effects, including gastrointestinal disorders. Preclinical studies suggest that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), found in Mediterranean foods like nuts and fish, improve intestinal barrier integrity. Here, we assessed possible effects of n-3 PUFAs on barrier integrity in a randomized controlled trial. Methods: We studied 68 women from the open-label LIBRE trial (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02087592) who followed either a Mediterranean diet (intervention group, IG) or a standard diet (control group, CG). Study visits comprised baseline, month 3, and month 12. Barrier integrity was assessed by plasma lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) and fecal zonulin; fatty acids by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Median and interquartile ranges are shown. Results: Adherence to the Mediterranean diet increased the proportion of the n-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (IG + 1.5% [0.9;2.5, p < 0.001]/ + 0.3% [− 0.1;0.9, p < 0.050] after 3/12 months; CG + 0.9% [0.5;1.6, p < 0.001]/ ± 0%) and decreased plasma LBP (IG − 0.3 µg/ml [− 0.6;0.1, p < 0.010]/ − 0.3 µg/ml [− 1.1; − 0.1, p < 0.001]; CG − 0.2 µg/ml [− 0.8; − 0.1, p < 0.001]/ ± 0 µg/ml) and fecal zonulin levels (IG − 76 ng/mg [− 164; − 12, p < 0.010]/ − 74 ng/mg [− 197;15, p < 0.001]; CG − 59 ng/mg [− 186;15, p < 0.050]/ + 10 ng/mg [− 117;24, p > 0.050]). Plasma DHA and LBP (R2: 0.14–0.42; all p < 0.070), as well as plasma DHA and fecal zonulin (R2: 0.18–0.48; all p < 0.050) were found to be inversely associated in bi- and multivariate analyses. Further multivariate analyses showed that the effect of DHA on barrier integrity was less pronounced than the effect of fecal short-chain fatty acids on barrier integrity. Conclusions: Our data show that n-3 PUFAs can improve intestinal barrier integrity. Trial registration number: The trial was registered prospectively at ClinicalTrials.gov (reference: NCT02087592). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Linum usitatissimum Linn., commonly known as flax seed or linseed, is known to be the richest plant source of alpha linoleic acid, an omega 3 fatty acid, whereas Ashwagandharishta , an Ayurvedic classical formulation, is the treatment remedy for Apasmara (epilepsy), Murchha (syncope), and Unmada (psychosis). Aim: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the antidepressant effect of flax seed oil and Ashwagandharishta on various behavioral and pharmacological models of depression. Materials and methods: The healthy Swiss albino mice were randomly divided into five groups: (i) Normal control i.e., water control, (ii) vehicle control - Milk control (7.4 mL/kg), (iii) flax seed oil with milk (2.6 mL/kg), (iv) Ashwagandharishta (6.5 mL/kg), and (v) flax seed oil with milk followed by Ashwagandharishta (2.6 mL/kg + 7.4 mL/kg+ 6.5 mL/kg). The antidepressant effect was evaluated using behavioral despair test, anti-reserpine test, and L-DOPA potentiation test. Results: Flax seed oil, when administered with milk as the vehicle was found to be an excellent antidepressant in behavioral model of depression [ P < 0.001 [vs. control]; P < 0.05 [vs. milk]] as well as against reserpine-induced depression (P < 0.05). However, it failed to exert a similar effect in the L-DOPA potentiation test. Whereas Ashwagandharishta showed moderate antidepressant activity in behavior despair test (P < 0.05) as well as against reserpine-induced depression (P < 0.01) and failed to exert L-DOPA potentiating effect. Conclusion: Flax seed oil and Ashwagandharishta exhibit a significant antidepressant effect in various behavioral and pharmacological models of depression in Swiss albino mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosehip oil (REO) contains excessive amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as Omega-3 fatty acids (OFA). OFA exhibits instability, poor solubility, and limited bioavailability upon addition to food. In this study, REO nanoemulsion was prepared by probe ultrasonication. Statistically designed experiments were used to optimize Ultrasonication time (5 min), ultrasonication amplitude (37.26 %), and the surfactant (1 %Tween 20) concentration (surfactant to oil ratio of 1.17:1). The spherical morphology of the nanoemulsion was studied using scanning electron microscopy. REO was further characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The droplet size of REO nanoemulsion increased from 60 to 88 nm during storage at 4 ⁰C for 28 days. The nanoemulsion had an encapsulation efficiency of 89.7 %, and it was stable based on thermodynamical study. The fatty acid profile confirmed that REO nanoemulsion could preserve linoleic acid compared to the direct addition of REO in yogurt. The sensory study revealed that REO nanoemulsion could mask the tartness of REO when incorporated into yogurt. This study proved that nanoemulsion is a potential tool to enhance the stability of OFA in food systems.

The paper deals with development of emulsion with special features such as omega-3 fatty acids derived from plant sources and inulin as a core material employing whey protein concentrate, & maltodextrin as wall material as a medium of fortificant. Amongst different combinations of tested amplitude and time of ultrasonication, optimized emulsion exhibited no signs of oil separation until 60 days, when kept under ambient and refrigerated storage conditions. Parameters such as particle size (nm), polydispersity index, zeta potential, and viscosity were helpful to form stable emulsion by means of ultrasonic processor. The optimized emulsion contained Dietary fibre content (7.40%); Alpha linolenic acid, (5.35%); Eicosapentaenoic acid (0.56%) and Docosahexaenoic acid (0.75%). To improve the shelf life, the shelf-stable emulsion was subjected to spray drying process to obtain encapsulated powder by optimizing the inlet and outlet temperature as 160 °C and 80 °C, respectively, for the retention of nutraceuticals. Powder demonstrated the presence of Alpha Linolenic Acid (ALA), Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) @17.8, 1.82, & 1.95% respectively with 95.61% encapsulation efficiency. Bioavailability studies subjected to mimic human gastric and intestinal conditions, paved the way to further food applications which may confer health benefits in the human systems.

Childhood atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and recurrent health problem that involves multiple factors, particularly immunological and environmental. We evaluated the impact of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation on prenatal arsenic exposure on the risk of atopic dermatitis in preschool children as part of the POSGRAD (Prenatal Omega-3 fatty acid Supplements, GRowth, And Development) clinical trial study in the city of Morelos, Mexico. Our study population included 300 healthy mother–child pairs. Of these, 146 were in the placebo group and 154 in the supplement group. Information on family history, health, and other variables was obtained through standardized questionnaires used during follow-up. Prenatal exposure to arsenic concentrations, which appear in maternal urine, was measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. To assess the effect of prenatal arsenic exposure on AD risk, we ran a generalized estimating equation model for longitudinal data, adjusting for potential confounders, and testing for interaction by omega-3 fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy. The mean and SD (standard deviation) of arsenic concentration during pregnancy was 0.06 mg/L, SD (0.04 mg/L). We found a marginally significant association between prenatal arsenic exposure and AD (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.26); however, DHA supplementation during pregnancy modified the effect of arsenic on AD risk (p < 0.05). The results of this study strengthen the evidence that arsenic exposure during pregnancy increases the risk of atopic dermatitis early in life. However, supplementation with omega-e fatty acids during pregnancy could modify this association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) have increased cardiovascular risk despite lipid-lowering therapy, and additional therapy is warranted. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) supplements have demonstrated an effect on cardiovascular endpoints in some clinical trials. Platelet-modifying and anti-inflammatory properties are among the proposed beneficial effects of n-3 PUFA. We investigated the effect of a high-dose n-3 PUFA supplement on platelet function and inflammatory markers in FH subjects. We performed a randomized, double-blind trial with a crossover design. Inclusion criteria were genetically verified heterozygous FH, stable disease, statin treatment >12 months, and age 18-75 years. Trial participants were allocated to two treatment periods in random order. The treatment periods (three months each) were separated by a three-month washout period. N-3 PUFA (1840 mg eicosapentaenoic acid and 1520 mg docosahexaenoic acid) and placebo (olive oil) were administered in four capsules daily. Endpoints were platelet function and inflammatory markers, assessed by platelet function analyzer, soluble markers P-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), 27 cytokines, and hematological parameters. Thirty-four heterozygous FH individuals completed the trial. No treatment effect (p = 0.93) from n-3 PUFA on the platelet function analyzer was found (2 s, 95% CI [-13, 6]). In our FH population, n-3 PUFA did not influence the levels of P-selectin (-2.0, 95% CI [-5.0, 2.0], p = 0.41), VCAM (0, 95% CI [-14.2, 14.2], p > 0.99), ICAM (-27.0, 95% CI [-70.1, 16.5]; p = 0.21), cytokine levels, or hematological parameters. In statin-treated FH individuals, high dose n-3 PUFA supplement did not affect platelet function and inflammatory markers. Trial registration number: EUDRACTNR 2012-000505-68; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01813006 Trial studying the effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplements in familial hypercholesterolemia. High-dose omega-3 fatty acids supplements had no impact on platelet function. Cytokine levels were unchanged after three months of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation. No effect of omega-3 fatty acids on C-reactive protein was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accumulating scientific evidence supports the benefits of parenteral nutrition (PN) with fish oil (FO) containing intravenous lipid emulsions (ILEs) on clinical outcomes. Yet, the question of the most effective ILE remains controversial. We conducted a network meta-analysis (NMA) to compare and rank different types of ILEs in terms of their effects on infections, sepsis, ICU and hospital length of stay, and in-hospital mortality in adult patients. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published up to May 2022, investigating ILEs as a part of part of PN covering at least 70% of total energy provision. Lipid emulsions were classified in four categories: FO-ILEs, olive oil (OO)-ILEs, medium-chain triglyceride (MCT)/soybean oil (SO)-ILEs, and pure SO-ILEs. Data were statistically combined through Bayesian NMA and the Surface Under the Cumulative RAnking (SUCRA) was calculated for all outcomes. 1651 publications were retrieved in the original search, 47 RCTs were included in the NMA. For FO-ILEs, very highly credible reductions in infection risk versus SO-ILEs [odds ratio (OR) = 0.43 90% credibility interval (CrI) (0.29–0.63)], MCT/soybean oil-ILEs [0.59 (0.43–0.82)], and OO-ILEs [0.56 (0.33–0.91)], and in sepsis risk versus SO-ILEs [0.22 (0.08–0.59)], as well as substantial reductions in hospital length of stay versus SO-ILEs [mean difference (MD) = −2.31 (−3.14 to −1.59) days] and MCT/SO-ILEs (−2.01 (−2.82 to −1.22 days) were shown. According to SUCRA score, FO-ILEs were ranked first for all five outcomes. In hospitalized patients, FO-ILEs provide significant clinical benefits over all other types of ILEs, ranking first for all outcomes investigated. PROSPERO 2022 CRD42022328660. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is a myriad of metabolic roles of omega-3 fatty acids. More recently, studies have looked at omega-3 fatty acids effects on skeletal muscle. Objectives: The objective was to determine their effects in situations such as physical activity, obesity, sarcopenia and cachexia. Methods: Bibliographic searches focused on the PubMed database, looking in priority at systematic reviews, until November 2023. Twenty-seven papers were finally included. Results: Omega-3 fatty acids could increase protein anabolism, reduce protein catabolism in the context of exercise-related muscle damages, and could induce beneficial mitochondrial modifications. In obesity, omega-3 fatty acids participate in weight loss and its maintenance, and can help decrease insulin resistance. In sarcopenia atrophic conditions, omega 3 fatty acids allow muscle mass and function maintenance. In cancer cachexia, omega 3 fatty acids are more efficient at the pre-cachectic stage, as they can reduce protein catabolism and increase protein anabolism, but cannot reverse energy imbalance. Conclusions: Omega 3 fatty acids have multiple beneficial effects on skeletal muscle in physical activity, obesity, sarcopenia and cachexia. Yet, these effects are mediated by EPA and DHA, whose sources are solely of marine origins. As marine resources are overexploited, finding diverse sources of omega-3 fatty acids is crucial.

Nariño (Colombia) has high dairy potential; however, their herds present difficulties in the nutritional component (energy imbalance) of the cows, affecting their productivity. This research evaluated the effect of a bypass fat supplement on lipid concentration in milk and the reproductive efficiency of dairy cows. The study was based on 21 Holstein x Simmental cows between first and third calving and the following was supplied: forage + concentrate (T1); forage + concentrate + 250 g/day of bypass fat (T2) and forage + concentrate + 250 g/day of bypass fat enriched with omega-three (T3). The experiment was conducted from day 15 pre-calving until day 105 of lactation. During this period, milk quantity, quality, composition, and reproductive behavior were recorded. For data analysis, a repeated measure mixed design with time-series data was used, where the fixed effects were the treatments, periods, and their interaction, the animals represented the random effect, and the covariable was the estimated milk yield during lactation. The results showed normal mobilization of adipose tissue; the compositional quality of the milk did not vary across treatments, although T2 presented a higher estimated production per lactation, and T3 presented a higher percentage of fatty acid C18:2. In the reproductive indicators, they were not influenced between the treatments; concluding that the base diet offered in the herd presents a nutritional balance appropriate to the requirements of the cows in production.

Shrimp processing by-products are a source of valuable bioactive/biomaterials such as lipids and astaxanthin. As such, extracting lipids/astaxanthin would reduce the environmental burden and enhance the industry's finances. However, to determine the feasibility, the quality, and quantity of lipids/astaxanthin in the by-product as a function of extraction conditions and pretreatment is required. This work provides, for the first time, a comprehensive analysis of lipid distributions and lipid/ASX mixture distributions in the extract from Atlantic shrimp by-products as a function of water removal and the extraction solvent. Lipid yields varied from 2–8.69 dry wt% for wet shrimp by-product to 1–4 dry wt% for the freeze-dried. Astaxanthin yields ranged from 57–88 µg/gwaste for the wet by-product to 118–218 µg/gwaste for the freeze-dried. Lipid extracts are rich in omega-3 fatty acids and phospholipids. Lipid classes varied with solvent(s) and pretreatment. Overall, pretreatment to remove water decreased lipid yield but increased astaxanthin yield/quality. This information will impact the value and final application of the extract in downstream processes and can be used as a reference for the evaluation/development of scalable extraction processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of Review: Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) lower triglycerides, have anti-inflammatory properties, and improve metabolism. Clinical evidence of cardiovascular benefit with omega-3 fatty acids is mixed. We discuss mechanisms providing biological plausibility of benefit of omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular risk reduction and review clinical trials investigating the benefits of prescription omega-3 fatty acids in dyslipidemia, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), and diabetes. Recent Findings: Although early trials showed no benefit of omega-3 fatty acids in ASCVD, the REDUCE-IT trial noted significant risk reduction in ASCVD events with highly purified EPA (icosapent ethyl) use which has changed the landscape for currently available therapeutic options. However, other large trials like STRENGTH and VITAL, which used different formulations of prescription omega-3 fatty acids, did not note significant cardiovascular risk reduction. Thus the effectiveness of omega-3 fatty acids for cardiovascular disease prevention is an ongoing topic of debate. A relative paucity of studies examining benefits for glycemic outcomes in persons with diabetes exists; however, few studies have suggested lack of benefit to date. Summary: Significant residual cardiovascular risk exists for individuals with hypertriglyceridemia. Prescription omega-3 fatty acids are more commonly used for CV risk reduction in these patients. Clinical guideline statements now recommend icosapent ethyl use for selected individuals with hypertriglyceridemia to reduce cardiovascular events given recent evidence from the REDUCE-IT trial. Nonetheless, data from other large scale trials has been mixed, and future research is needed to better understand how different preparations of omega-3 may differ in their cardiovascular and metabolic effects, and the mechanisms for their benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring and making use of underutilized marine resources can be a sustainable approach to achieve future demands of fish consumption by the ever-growing population. Five species, namely European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), European flounder (Platichthys flesus), lemon sole (Microstomus kitt), megrim (Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis), and thornback ray (Raja clavate), often captured as by-catch in Norway, were characterized for their nutritional value and potential accumulation of hazardous components. The proximate composition, protein profile, fatty acid profile as well as essential and toxic trace elements and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were analyzed. Digestible indispensable amino acid (DIAA) ratios and scores (DIAAS) and contributions of omega-3 fatty acids to the diet were calculated. Analysis on proximate composition revealed low fat contents of 0.74 to 1.25% and sufficient protein contents between 16.9 and 24% in the five species. Results of DIAA indicate a profitable distribution, with contributions exceeding the daily intake recommendations for an adult person related to a 200 g fillet. Moreover, findings on the distribution of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) showed remarkable results, considering that the investigated species are lean fish. All five investigated fish exceed the recommended average daily intake level (AI) of EPA + DHA in a 200 g portion. As to toxic trace elements and PCBs, no significantly elevated levels were found considering a portion size of 200 g. Consequently, the nutritional quality of the investigated fish can be regarded as profitable with overall low potential health risks.

Some dietary supplements are recommended to athletes based on data that supports improved exercise performance. Other dietary supplements are not ergogenic per se, but may improve health, adaptation to exercise, or recovery from injury, and so could help athletes to train and/or compete more effectively. In this review, we describe several dietary supplements that may improve health, exercise adaptation, or recovery. Creatine monohydrate may improve recovery from and adaptation to intense training, recovery from periods of injury with extreme inactivity, cognitive processing, and reduce severity of or enhance recovery from mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Omega 3-fatty acid supplementation may also reduce severity of or enhance recovery from mTBI. Replenishment of vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency will likely improve some aspects of immune, bone, and muscle health. Probiotic supplementation can reduce the incidence, duration, and severity of upper respiratory tract infection, which may indirectly improve training or competitive performance. Preliminary data show that gelatin and/or collagen may improve connective tissue health. Some anti-inflammatory supplements, such as curcumin or tart cherry juice, may reduce inflammation and possibly delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) does not consistently increase strength and/or lean mass or reduce markers of muscle damage, but more research on recovery from injury that includes periods of extreme inactivity is needed. Several dietary supplements, including creatine monohydrate, omega 3-fatty acids, vitamin D, probiotics, gelatin, and curcumin/tart cherry juice could help athletes train and/or compete more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Of Review: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States with incidence expected to increase in the coming decades. Recent years have produced a variety of new and novel therapeutics aimed at reducing the global burden of cardiovascular disease. This review highlights these recent advancements.Recent Findings: In addition to more rigorous therapeutic thresholds for traditional LDL lowering agents such as statins, recent studies have developed new pathways of lipid lowering for both typical cardiovascular disease and complex, genetic lipid disorders. This includes inhibition of the cholesterol synthesis enzyme ATP citrate lyase with bempedoic acid, prevention of PCSK9 mRNA translation with inclisiran, inhibition of the lipoprotein lipase inhibitor angiopoetin like 3 protein with evinacumab and the use of anti-sense oligonucleotides to lower lipoprotein(a) levels. Icosapent ethyl, while remaining a topic of debate and controversy, demonstrates efficacy in cardiovascular risk reduction when all available data are examined. Lastly fibrate therapy continues to produce negative results in terms of cardiovascular disease reduction.Summary: Recent years have yielded breadth and depth to cardiovascular treatments. This expanded armamentarium will allow for more effective and more consistent treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]